International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2019 ISSN 2319 - 4847

An Approach to Study Vibration Phenomena

Using Field Data Based Mathematical Modeling
in Spinning Machine
Shilpa P. Bhorkar1, Vinod.N. Bhaiswar2 and Jayant P. Modak3
1
Research Scholar, Mechanical Engineering Department GHRCE, Nagpur
2
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department GHRCE, Nagpur
3
Professor, Dean R&D Mechanical Engineering Department, PCE, Nagpur

ABSTRACT
The present paper describes about the formation of Mathematical Model. Model resembles about the relationship
between independent variables and dependant variables. It gives us the impact of independent variables on dependant
one. So here Mathematical model (log – log model) has been formed along with the optimization of model, so that one
can ensure how much is the optimized and which input factor basically affects on output has been predicted. One can
take remedial action in future by the observation of this model and can implement it too for the smoother and food
outputs of the spinning machine.

Keywords: Spinning Machine, vibration amplitude, mathematical model

1. INTRODUCTION
Spinning machine is one of the gift given to India by Gandhiji in the form of Charkha or hand-spinning wheel.
Charkha was an efficient instrument not only for the self sufficiency in cloth by hand spinners but also for inculcating
the lessons of self – help and profitable use to eliminate crushing poverty. And therefore such an instrument needs
more attention so that productivity, health and wealth of village artisans, as well as quality of yarn should be optimized.
The search for an improved charkha in 1923, there was a need in research in evolving a better and more efficient
charkha. So that Charkha must be capable of being introduced and operated in the smallest of India’s cottages and
must produce yarn of good quality and it should be served and manufactured by village artisans. Thus began the
nation’s search for a charkha of Gandhiji’s dream. But still some lacunas are there and hence the necessity of research
in this area has been aroused.
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon wherein body oscillates about its mean position. Sometimes vibrations are
desirable for example in case of tuning fork, musical instruments, mobile phones, etc. However in mechanical
operation vibrations are not desirable. For example in engines, electric motors, mechanical devices etc. So here in this
paper it has been tried to minimize the vibration raised in spinning machine so that one can get good quality yarn,
more productivity, less energy consumption and less processing time. So for this an approach of field database
mathematical modeling has been chosen.
The term Field Database Mathematical Modeling (FDBM) refers to the origin of an suitable equation that is developed
for system of various variables and parameters. FDBM is applicable to any man machine. It is used for enhancing the
performance of the structure by making or modifying input which may lead to improve output. Mathematical model
shows the relationship between independent and dependent variable that is responses.
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2019 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Fig.1 Spinning Machine

3 METHOD TO FORMULATE FDBM

3.1 Experimentation Procedure

Various experiments were already conducted to study the impact of various machine operating parameters on
vibrations, productivity and energy consumption. The experience of this study is carried out to find out impact on
various parameters like input variables and environmental parameters on the vibrations, productivity and energy
consumption. The dependants is measured has been saved in computer for more analysis. In spinning process along
with dissimilar machine operating parameters, three shift and seasons is also used during experimentation to analyze
the effect of environmental parameters.
3.2 Experimental approach
Formulation of the mathematical model which is logic based is not possible in the case of complex phenomenon. So
there is no prospect of formulation of theoretical model which is logic based, only the alternative missing is
experimental data based model formulation. Hence, for this research investigation the above approach is chosen.
[1].This is given below.
3.3 Identification of variables
The term variable is used for any corporal quantity that changes with respect to operating conditions. Independent
variable is a physical measure which can be changed self-determining with respect to other quantities. Dependant
variables changes when there is change in one or more self determining variable. Extraneous variables are those
which are in uncontrolled manner. The chosen independent and dependent variables are as shown given below:

Table 1: Independent And Dependant Variables

Dimensional
Sr.No. Variables Type Symbol Unit
formula
-1
1 Motor speed Independent Nm Rpm T

-1
2 Speed of main shaft Independent Ns Rpm T

1
3 Diameter of main shaft Independent Ds Mm L
1
4 Length of shaft Independent Ls Mm L
3 1 3
5 material density of shaft Independent s gm/mm ML

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2019 ISSN 2319 - 4847
1
6 centre distance between machine pulleys Independent Cp1-Cp8 Mm L
3 1 3
7 material density of machine pulleys Independent rhop gm/mm ML
3 3
8 Volume of machine pulley Independent Volp mm L
1
9 Machine pulley diameter Independent Dp1-Dp9 mm L
1
10 Mean radius of bearing cap Independent Rmb mm L

1
11 Thickness of bearing cap Independent Tb mm L

1
12 Width of bearing cap Independent Bbcap mm L
3 1 3
13 Material density of bearing cap Independent bcap gm/mm ML
Modulus of elasticity of bearing cap material 2 1 -1 -2
14 Independent Ebcap gm/mm s ML T
Inner diameter of bearing 1
15 Independent dbi mm L
Outer diameter of bearing 1
16 Independent dbo mm L
bearing width 1
17 Independent Bb mm L
Material density of gear 3 1 3
18 Independent g gm/mm ML
Gear ratio
19 Independent G Dimensionless Dimensionless
Gap between feed rollers 1
20 Independent gf1-gf2 mm L
Length of feed rollers 1
21 Independent Lf1-Lf3 mm L
Diameter of feed rollers 1
22 Independent Df1-Df3 mm L
Material density of top arm(rubber) 3 1 3
23 Independent t gm/mm ML
speed of spindles -1
24 Independent Nsp rpm T
Length of spindles 1
25 Independent Lsp mm L
number of spindles
26 Independent n Dimensionless Dimensionless
Length of thread from machine pulley 1
27 Independent Lthr mm L
to spind;e through tension pulley
Length of oscilating roller follower 1
28 Independent Lorf p mm L
from pin joint to roller
Length of oscilating roller follower 1
29 Independent Lorf c mm L
from pin joint to cam centre
Material density of roller 3 1 3
30 Independent rolf gm/mm ML
Weight of cam 1
31 Independent Wcam gm M
Length of lever from roller to plate of spindle 1
32 Independent Llev mm L
Moisture content in roving 1
33 Independent Wmro gm M

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Quantity of roving processed in certain time 1

34 Independent Qnrov gm M
Thickness of follower lever 1
35 Independent Tlev mm L
Total quantity of roving 1
36 Independent Qtyr gm M
Acceleration due to gravity 2 1 -2
37 Independent G mm/s LT
Vibration amplitude 1 -1
38 Dependent Y1 mm/s LT
Processing time 1
39 Dependent PT sec T
Energy consumed 2 2 1 2 -2
40 Dependent EC gm-mm /s MLT
1- -1
41 Productivity Dependent P gm/s M T

3.4 Reduction of variables

As per Theories of Engineering experimentation [1] Most of systems needs at least three primary dimension, but the
researcher can go for any reasonable set of his choice In this research all variables are expressed in terms of mass(M),
length(L) ,time(T).
Various independent and dependent variables along with their dimensional formula are mentioned in above table 1.
Buckinghum’s pie theorem is used for dimensional analysis and displayed below:

Table 2: Dimensionless Pie - Terms

Sr. Dependent Pi terms (πd) Independent Pi terms (π)
No
π1=Ns/Nsp;

πd1= (
π2= ds*Cp1-Cp8*Tb*dbi*Bb*Lf1-Lf3*Lsp*Lorfp*Llev)/
(Ls*Dp1-Dp9*Bbcap*dbo*gf1-gf3*Df1-Df3*Lthr*Lorfc*tlev;
π3=rho g*rho rolf*Volp*Wcam*Qnrov)/
(rho t*rho bcap*rmb3*Wmrov*Qtyr);
π4=(Ebcap*g*G*n)/(rho bcap*(Nm4*Rmb3)
πd2=

πd3=

πd4=

πd5=

πd6=

πd7=

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2019 ISSN 2319 - 4847

πd8=

πd9=

πd10 =Y2*Nm

πd11 = Y3/(rho bcap*Nm2*Rmb5)

πd12=Y4/(Nm*rho bcap*Rmb3)

3.5 Mathematical Model for dependent π - terms

A mathematical model is a mathematical equation that represents a correlation between dependent variable and
independent variables. In the present case mathematical models have been formed for dependent variables viz.
Vibration Amplitude (Motor), Vibration Amplitude (main shaft bearings) , Vibration Amplitude (spindles)measured in
horizontal, vertical and axial direction respectively, Processing time, Energy consumption, Productivity. The detailed
procedure to obtain a mathematical model is explained in ANNUXURE I.

The equation for the corresponding models formed is as under:

Model for Vibration Amplitude (Motor) in horizontal direction
πd1= ____________(1)

Model for Vibration Amplitude (Motor) in vertical direction

πd2= ____________(2)

Model for Vibration Amplitude (Motor) in axial direction

πd3= ______________(3)

Model for Vibration Amplitude (main shaft bearings) in horizontal direction

πd4= ____________(4)

Model for Vibration Amplitude (main shaft bearings) in vertical direction

πd5= 0.25 ______________(5)

Model for Vibration Amplitude (main shaft bearings) in axial direction

πd6 = ____________(6)

Model for Vibration Amplitude (spindles) in horizontal direction

πd7 = ____________(7)

Model for Vibration Amplitude (spindles) in vertical direction

πd8 = _____________(8)

Model for Vibration Amplitude (spindles) in axial direction

πd9 = ____________(9)

Model for Process time

πd10 = ____________(10)
Model for Energy consumption
πd11= _____________(11)

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Model for Productivity

πd12= ___________(12)
4. Result analysis
4.1. Qualitative Discussion of Mathematical Model
The mathematical models need to be interpreted therefore interpretation of above models are notified in the form of
certain aspects namely (1) various outputs influenced by the order of various inputs (2) Curve fitting constant K
interpretation.

4.1.1. Order of Influence of Various Inputs on dependent Variable

Model of vibration response in horizontal direction (Y1H)
The equation (1) is formulated based on experimental data obtained during experimentation. In this model, the highest
influencing π term is considered as a π2.This pie term is related to geometric properties, whereas the least influence is
observed for π3 as -0.0022, this pie term shows weight and volume. The π1, π4 related to speed and miscellaneous
properties, which have moderate influence as 0.011 and 0.022 respectively.

4.1.2. Curve fitting constant K interpretation

Curve fitting constant value for the above model is 0.012. The value shows collective effect of extraneous variables.
Similarly, the value is non negative; which shows that, large numbers of inputs, which have control on increasing
effect.

In similar way the effect of independent π terms on the dependent π can be seen from the formulated model of the
respective influencing variable. And hence the extent of effect can be interpreted for the respective model from table 3.

Table 3: Interpretation Of Curve Fitting Constant (K)

Dependent π- Curve fitting Value of indices Value of indices for
Value of indices for π1 Value of indices for π2
term, πd constant for π3 π4
k a b c d
πd1 0.0118 0.011 1.5339 0.0217 -0.0023
πd2 0.0022 -0.0625 1.292 -0.0581 0.0244
πd3 0.014352 0.4396 0.4742 -0.1025 0.0581
πd4 0.087378 -0.4156 1.3646 -0.0268 -0.0194
πd5 0.250496 -0.0553 0.3796 0.0148 0.0431
πd6 2.161723 -0.164 0.8883 -0.0134 -0.0211
πd7 0.166533 0.0466 -0.619 0.0153 -0.0329
πd8 0.007194 -0.5959 0.7466 -0.0488 0.0618
πd9 2.241816 -0.212 -0.5323 0.0438 -0.0039
πd10 1030.623 0.2218 -2.1761 0.0403 0.0167
πd11 0.001379 0.9753 1.311 0.0419 0.2137
πd12 0.0076 -0.0724 1.2727 0.0195 -0.0072

4.2. Model optimization

The main objective of the researcher is to find out the best set of independent parameters in mathematical model.
These set of independent parameters gives maximum or minimum values of dependent parameters. In this research,
the main aim of the researcher is to reduce down the vibration amplitude. Present model represents a nonlinear form.
For the optimization of this model, it should be converted into linear form by taking log of both the sides. Technique
used is discussed below.
For the Vibration amplitude π term, we have
πd1= ( 13)
by taking Log of both the side of above equation gives,
Log (πd1) =Log k1 + a Log (π1)+b Log (π2) + c Log (π3)+d Log(*(π4) (14 )
Let, Log (πd1) =Z; Log k1 =K ; Log (π1)=X1 ; Log (π2)=X2 ; Log (π3)= X3, Log (π4)=X4;
Then the mathematical model which is linear shown in first degree of polynomial is given by,
Z=k + a * X1 + b * X2 + c * X3 + d * X4 ( 15)
In this case, vibration amplitude is the objective function. Next to this, relevance of constraints to the problem is
required. During data collection assured series of independent π-terms is achieved. Even this series contains minimum
and maximum value. And hence, constrains for this problem is nothing but the assured series during data collection.

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Let, π1 max and π1 min, shows maximum ,minimum value of independent π- term. It is obtained by taking Log and
by substituting the value of multipliers of all other variables excluding the one which is considered as zero. Let the log
limits can be described by C1 and C2 (i.e. C1= Log π1 max), (i.e. C2= Log π1 min).
for that reason constraints equation becomes.
1*X1 + 0*X2 + 0*X3 + 0*X4 ≤ C1 (16)
1*X1 + 0*X2 + 0*X3 + 0*X4 ≥ C2 (17)
The other constraints are also found to be.
0*X1 + 1*X2 + 0*X3 + 0*X4 ≤ C3 (18)
0*X1 + 1*X2 + 0*X3 + 0*X4 ≥ C4 (19)
0*X1 + 0*X2 + 1*X3 + 0*X4 ≤ C5 (20)
0*X1 + 0*X2 + 1*X3 + 0*X4 ≥ C6 (21)
0*X1 + 0*X2 + 0*X3 + 1*X4 ≤ C7 (22)
0*X1 + 0*X2 + 0*X3 + 1*X4 ≥ C8 (23)
On solving minimum value of Z is obtained by good values of independent pi terms.Tthough, dependent π- term and
independent π- terms values could be achieved by taking antilog of Z, X1, X2, X3 and X4. The above equations of linear
programming is solved in MS Solver in Ms - Excel. One would get values given in table 4.
Table 4: Optimized Values Of Independent Terms

5. Conclusion:
Field data base mathematical modeling is one of the best tool used for the analysis of spinning machine. Here
dimensionless π – terms gives simplicity to the problem and it reduces multiple independent variables into few terms.
These are characterized by the properties of terms like few of them are related to geometry; weight and volume, speed
and some are miscellaneous.
The mathematical models developed for vibration, processing time, energy consumption and productivity gives crystal
clear idea about the relationship between independent and dependant variables. Also it shows which factor is more
influencing on dependant variable so that one can overcome the drawback and able to optimized the outputs of system.

Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2019 Page 36

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2019 ISSN 2319 - 4847

References
[1] “Theory of Engineering Experimentation” by H. Shank Jr.
[2] “Formulation of Mathematical Models for establishing Processing time of Stirrup making operation using human
powered flywheel motor” by S.N. Waghmare, Dr. C.N. Sakhale published in International Journal of Application
or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2015 ISSN 2319 – 4847
[3] “Formulation of Various Mathematical Models for the Investigation of tool life in Boring Process using Carbide and
CBN Tools” by R.S. Kadu1, Dr. G.K. Awari, Dr. C.N. Sakhale, Dr. J.P. Modak published in International Journal
of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014 ISSN
2319 - 4847

Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2019 Page 37