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Application of Jute Geotextiles

a
Utpalendu Datta
a
BioGeoTex , Hastings Jute Mill (a division of Murlidhar Ratanlal Exports, Ltd.) , 15B,
Hemanta Basu Sarani, Kolkata, 700001, India E-mail: www.biogeotex.com
Published online: 14 Aug 2009.

To cite this article: Utpalendu Datta (2007) Application of Jute Geotextiles, Journal of Natural Fibers, 4:3, 67-82

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J395v04n03_05

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 Application of Jute Geotextiles
Utpalendu Datta

ABSTRACT. Jute geotextiles have been found useful for control of sur-
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face soil erosion, construction of embankment on weak soil as well as

strengthening road pavement and surface for separation, drainage and
temporary reinforcement. As a filter it can be used for revetment of river
and canal bank. Durability of the geotextiles is enhanced with the help of
proper chemical treatment. After degradation it becomes part of the soil
and so there is no chance of pollution out of it. Specification of the
geotextiles and technical evaluation of the application areas have been
discussed in the paper. It has been observed that the materials performed
the geotechnical functions at a less cost. doi:10.1300/J395v04n03_05 [Arti-
cle copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service:
1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: <docdelivery@haworthpress.com> Web-
site: <http://www.HaworthPress.com> © 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All
rights reserved.]

Utpalendu Datta is affiliated with BioGeoTex, Hastings Jute Mill (a division of

Murlidhar Ratanlal Exports, Ltd.), 15B, Hemanta Basu Sarani, Kolkata–700001, India
(E-mail-ud@laganjute.com, web site: www.biogeotex.com).
The author is an M.Sc of the University of Calcutta, India and worked in the Indian
Jute Industries Research Association, Kolkata, India for 35 years in various capacities
and retired as Principal Project Coordinator in 2001. The fields of work were Process
Control, Process & Product Development and Natural Geotextiles & Agrotextiles.
During the service tenure he successfully completed UNIDO Fellowship in the School
of Textiles, University of Clemson, Clemson, South Carolina, USA in Fabric Engi-
neering and worked as a Project Leader in the UNDP programme on Development &
Application of Jute Geotextiles in India and abroad for ten years. He has about 50 pub-
lications in the national and international journals and proceedings of conferences and
seminars and three patents. At present he is working as a Consultant (Product Develop-
ment) in the BioGeoTex Division, Hastings Jute Mill (a division of Murlidhar Ratanlal
Exports, Ltd.), Kolkata, India.
The author is grateful to the management of the Hastings Jute Mill for their kind
permission to publish the paper.
Journal of Natural Fibers, Vol. 4(3) 2007
Available online at http://jnf.haworthpress.com
© 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1300/J395v04n03_05 67
 68 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS

KEYWORDS. Jute geotextiles, erosion control, road construction,

river/canal bank protection and vegetation

INTRODUCTION

Jute industry, a large agro-based industry in India supports livelihood

of four million farmers, 0.25 million direct workers and about a million
traders in the eastern part of the country. The industry is more than a
century and a half years old and running the primitive machinery of
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softening, carding, drawing, spinning and weaving. Modernization

could enter in the drawing and the spinning sections only in the sixties.
Hence, the industry is labor intensive and various efforts to increase
productivity and reduce cost are in progress. Step by step the hands/t of
jute goods, which is the index of labor productivity of the industry has
reduced by 50% within a span of fifty years. The production capacity of
the industry at present is 1.5 million t per annum, while global produc-
tion is about 3 million. The country being the highest jute grower in the
world has the major responsibility to protect the fibre and the employ-
ment of millions of her citizens. The Govt. of India has taken a number
of measures to protect the fibre and funded different programmes for
promotion of the fibre through product development through diversi-
fied applications other than the conventional like packaging and mat-
ting. The process started in the seventies and some of the products like
sale yarn, shopping bag, jute reinforced plastic and jute geotextiles are
seeing light of the day. The products were developed with the financial
assistance of the Govt. of India as well as other organizations like
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Common Fund for Com-
modities (CFC) etc. But demand of the diversified products is not very
high and is about 15% of the production capacity of the industry. On the
other hand the traditional products are gradually losing market in com-
petition with their synthetic counter parts and the industry is looking for
a big market of the diversified products. In this context the experts and
the planners feel that jute geotextiles could play the key role to fill up the
gap (Datta, U., et al, 1996). Jute Manufactures Development Council
(JMDC), a statutory body under the Govt. of India and the Indian Jute
Mills Association (IJMA), a recognized body of the jute industry are
jointly working hard to promote the products.
Hastings, one of the oldest jute mills in India has been associated
with such developments since inception and developed geotextiles for
 Utpalendu Datta 69

different applications with the technical assistance and support of R and

D organizations working in this field. The mill has also set up a Techni-
cal Textile Division to look after the growing demand of the products
and diverse requirement of the buyers. The mill has wide experience of
producing Soil Saver, an erosion control material supplying to America
and Europe in millions of meter over the past fifty years. The jute
geo-textiles are problem specific and made as per requirement of the
buyers.
Besides, Soil Saver jute geotextiles were developed for construction
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and repair of road, protection of river and canal bank. The properties of
the geotextiles and their applications with case studies have been re-
ported in this paper.

APPLICATION OF JUTE GEOTEXTILES

Application of jute geotextiles for control of surface soil erosion is

well known in the developed countries for a few decades. However,
from the seventies other materials natural and synthetic have replaced
jute to a great extent. Jute fabrics have been specially developed to per-
form the geotechnical functions like separation, filtration, drainage and
initial reinforcement. These functions are required for application in
road construction, repair and surfacing as well as riverbank protection
work.

EROSION CONTROL OF SURFACE SOIL

Material and Methods

Over the years, the natural fibres including jute are used mainly for
control of surface soil erosion and the specification of the most common
materials that are used for the purpose are given in Table 1.
Materials of other specifications are also manufactured as suggested
by buyers.
Other applications of the materials are

1. Beautification and vegetation and

2. Fast forestation in semi arid zone, where retention of moisture in
the dry season is a problem.
 70 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS

TABLE 1 Specification of jute geotextiles for control of surface soil erosion by

rain and wind
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Specialty of the products is as below.

1. Highly flexible and easily takes shape of soil contour.

2. Open space in between threads helps grow vegetation fast and
healthily. Detached soil particles of the open areas by raindrops
are arrested in between the threads of the fabric in firm contact
with the soil surface.
3. The threads across the slope work as miniature check dams, which
reduce velocity of runoff while excess water flows along the
threads down the slope.
4. After degradation, the geotextiles become part of the soil and en-
hance water absorption capacity of the soil.

A few case studies on the application are appended below.

Case Study I

The study was conducted by the Central Soil & Water Conservation
Research and Training Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Re-
search, Derhadoon, India to stabilize and vegetate a 64 ha lime stone
quarry watershed at an altitude of 800 to 1300 m from MSL in the Doon
Valley in the Lesser Himalayan range in India (Juyal, G. P., et al.,
1994). Annual rainfall of the region is about 3000 mm, 80% of which is
received during June to September. Unscientific mining of limestone
over the years made the place full of debris of the mining waste. The
 Utpalendu Datta 71

spoil was composed of sandy loam with high gravel content (more than
60% of size above 16 mm), alkaline (pH–8.1), with Calcium–55%, poor
fertility (Organic matter–0.13%, Nitrogen–0.02%) and Potassium–5.4
kg/ha. The slope of the area was about 50% and at places 100%. High
rainfall and steep slope caused heavy debris movement from the water-
shed and disrupted vehicular movement of the adjoining area. The
maintenance cost was recurring and huge.

Material and Methods

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The institute applied jute geotextile 500 g/m2 and a synthetic erosion
control material for comparison over an area of 10,000 m2 of slope of
30-70% for each of the products. The materials were laid as per instruc-
tion manual and seeds of trees, grass, bush, etc., were either spread over
the treated area or planted through the opening of the fabrics. Seeds of
local plant species like Acacia catechu Leucaena were spread @ 2-3 t/
ha. Grasses like Saccharum spontaneum, Thysanolaena maxima and
cuttings of Ipomea carnea, Vitex negunds, Arundo donax and Hybrid
napier were planted.

Results and Discussion

After a period of three years, when the jute geotextiles were degraded
and became part of the soil, growth of vegetation was examined. It was
observed that two of the grass species could survive and grow under the
conditions, while others including the plant species had insignificant
growth. The results are furnished in Table 2.
The vegetation in the land treated with synthetic erosion control ma-
terial and with the same plant species did not show any significant

TABLE 2. Vegetation on the slopes treated with jute geotextile and without any
treatment control
 72 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS

change like the area treated with jute. The area treated with jute had
about 80% vegetative cover. From the above Table it is clear that the
vegetative growth of the treated areas was much higher than that of the
control.

Conclusion

The scientists observed that the root system of the vegetation an-
chored the debris beyond slip due to rain in the region and chances of
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movement of the debris reduced due to increased shear strength of the

soil. The rest of the area was similarly treated and after a period of 10
years the abandoned place has become a valuable land attracting tour-
ists.

Case Study II

Soil Management Division of the Tea Research Association, Assam,

India studied effectiveness of jute geo-textiles for control of surface soil
erosion of tea gardens in Cachar, where soil is very soft, fertile and sub-
ject to high rate of erosion (Barooah, A.K., et al, 1997). The annual rate
of erosion is about 40 t/ha and it is said that the organic matters depos-
ited on the surface over 100 years is washed out by rain of one monsoon
only. The erosion starts as soon as a bushy land is cleaned for plantation
and continues till the tea bushes are grown enough to cover the entire
area by their canopies. The conventional method of control of erosion is
by cutting contour drains across the slope at intervals and through
planting green crop and applying mulch.

Material and Methods

The study was conducted in two tea gardens in the area with slope of
the land 15-30%, rainfall 3000-3500 mm spread over May to October.
The soil was sandy loam with Sand–60-70%, Silt–15-20% and Clay–
10-15%.
The scientists of the institute decided to use the geotextile 292g/m2
for the purpose and laid the material in between rows of the young
plants recently planted and fixed with the ground to avoid shifting with
the help of wooden pegs. Area covered in the experiment in the two gar-
dens was 5000 m2 each and similar areas were kept for comparison
without any treatment as well as a similar area was treated with conven-
tional treatment like green mulch and contour drains. The sediments
 Utpalendu Datta 73

were collected under each of the experimental plots and weighed at reg-
ular interval of time during rainy seasons. The study continued for two
years, while the fabrics started degrading after one and a half years.

Results and Discussion

The results of surface soil loss for two years were estimated for the
treatments separately and are highlighted in Table 3.
Table 3 indicates the reduction of soil loss by the jute geo-textile is
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the maximum (above 90%), while by the conventional method it is

around 80%. After the study period the young plants grew enough to
cover about 75% of the ground by their canopies reducing chance of
erosion to a great extent.

Conclusion

It was observed that jute geotextile controlled soil erosion more ef-
fectively than that by the conventional method and retained soil nutri-
ents as well as soil moisture in the dry season. However, its effect on
yield could not be studied since the plants were not matured enough for
harvesting.

TABLE 3. Comparison of soil loss by jute geotextile and conventional method

as well as control
 74 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS

ROAD APPLICATION

In this application it was used for construction of embankment on

weak soil for initial reinforcement to improve stability during construc-
tion and quick consolidation of foundation soil (Rao, P. J., et al., 1996).
It was also applied for improving bearing capacity of soil reducing
chance of failure due to weak sub-grade during construction. Its use in
between water bound macadam (WBM) and seal coat increased dura-
bility of road surface reducing number of potholes and crack area. Case
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studies on the above application are highlighted below.

Case Study I

Geotechnical Engineering Division of the Central Road Research In-

stitute (CRRI), New Delhi designed construction of a road embankment
using jute geotextile on a very weak soil of a reclaimed land in South
India. The object was to prevent subsidence of fill material during con-
struction and excessive post construction settlement and lateral spread-
ing of the fill, which were experienced in the earlier constructions in the
area. It was estimated that about 30% of fill material sank into the soft
sub-soil during spreading of fill itself pushing up the cost of construc-
tion.
The sub-soil was soft silt clay and the water table was at 0.5m below
the ground level and 2m below the ground there was black plastic clay.
Soil moisture was 70 to 85% with bulk density varying between 1.3 and
1.45 g/cc. Un-drained shear strength was found to be 4.6 to 6.0 kN/m2.

Material and Methods

The engineers of the CRRI designed the construction of embankment

on the weak soil applying woven jute geotextile on the ground level for
initial reinforcement of the soil and drainage of excess water through
capillary action. The ground was cleaned and jute geotextiles were laid
with an over lapping of 30 cm. A thin layer of sand cushion was spread
over the geotextiles to avoid rupture of the fabrics by wheel load by any
chance. Fill material was uniformly laid over the sand for making the
pavement.
The 110-m portion of the road was treated with the jute geotextile
specified in the Table 4 and similar length was left untreated.
 Utpalendu Datta 75

TABLE 4. Specification of jute geotextile for road construction on weak soil

Results and Discussion

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The treated and untreated portions of the road were kept under CRRI
investigation for one and a half years. They reported that the treated por-
tion had no problem of subsidence and lateral movement of the fill,
while the untreated potion failed at places. The road was made for trans-
portation of heavy cargo materials on trucks. Even after a severe cy-
clone in the area, the treated potion did not show any damage, while the
untreated portion developed very heavy damages.
The fabrics were treated with rot resistant chemicals to make it dura-
ble under the soil at least for one year.

Conclusion

The results convinced the engineers about the effectiveness of the

fabrics for construction of durable roads on weak soil and all the roads
in the area were constructed using jute geotextiles afterwards.

Case Study II

Public Works Department (PWD), Roads, Govt. of West Bengal ap-

plied the above fabric for widening and strengthening a district road for
a portion measuring 2 km identified as trouble stretch of the road. The
type of soil is inorganic clay and inorganic silt clay having the charac-
teristics as shown in the Table 5 before treatment.

Material and Methods

The PWD engineers tested the soil and decided to apply jute geotex-
tile of the specification mentioned in the Table 4. The material was ap-
plied following the method given below.
 76 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS

TABLE 5. Comparison of properties of the soil before and after treatment with
jute geotextile
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The sub-soil of the extended portion was compacted and the fabrics
were laid with a overlapping of 30 cm side by side. Over the fabrics the
aggregates were laid and compacted as usual and finished with WBM
top. The road was under investigation of the Civil Engineering Depart-
ment of the Jadavpur University for examination of soil characteristics
before and after treatment.

Results and Discussion

After a year treated portion of the road was broken at 5 places and
geo-textile was exhumed with care. Soil samples were also collected
from the places for testing in the laboratory. The exhumed geotextiles
were observed too weak to be tested, but soil below the pavement was
found highly compacted and the test results are furnished below.
From the Table, it implies that the strength of the sub-soil has in-
creased by about 70% by application of jute geotextile.

Conclusion

The fabrics initially reinforced the soil increasing its bearing capacity
and ultimately drained out excess moisture in the soil helping it to con-
solidate and retain the increased strength. However, being contami-
nated with soil moisture the fabrics degraded and lost strength. But the
fibres present in the soil help drainage of excess water till they become
part of the soil.

Case Study III

PWD (Roads), Govt. of West Bengal applied jute geotextiles for

strengthening surface of a city road, when the road developed pot holes
and the surface was damaged with the time. It was a routine mainte-
 Utpalendu Datta 77

nance work and 2 km of the road, near a busy railway station was se-
lected for the trial since vehicular load on this portion is very high.
Material and Methods
The engineers wanted to reinforce the surface with suitable geotex-
tile to make it durable since every year the road is to be repaired making
a fresh surface. For surfacing, 292 g/m2 fabrics specified in the Table 1
was applied using the following method.
The potholes were repaired, leveled with aggregates and rolled. The
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surface was cleaned and tack coat was applied. On the tack coat open
mesh jute geotextiles with an overlapping of 30 cm were laid without
any wrinkles. Another coat of bitumen was applied on it followed by a
layer of mixture of sand, bitumen and stone chips and compacted as
usual. One km was repaired applying jute geotextile and the rest as
usual for comparison.
Results and Discussion
Performance of the road was evaluated by the Civil Engineering De-
partment, Jadavpur University and compared it with that of the adjacent
untreated road after one year of completion. The comparison is given in
Table 6.
The application of jute geotextile has increased cost by about 5%,
however the improvement in performance has definitely justified it.
Conclusion
It appears that 90% reduction of pothole formation and 80% in crack
area of the road is a significant achievement of the geotextile applica-
tion. The engineers are looking forward for repair after every three
years instead of every year.

TABLE 6. Comparison of performance of the treated and untreated road sur-

face with jute geotextile
 78 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS

RIVER/CANAL BANK PROTECTION

Another application of jute geotextiles is filter under revetment of

river/canal bank for protection of the bank from erosion by flowing wa-
ter and wave action. Geotextiles have replaced the use of conventional
granular filter materials in this application for the advantages like easy
to handle, uniform thickness and pore size, less cost and quality work
(Sanyal, T., et al., 1994). Case studies on the application are highlighted
below.
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Case Study I

Application of jute geotextiles for riverbank protection was initiated

by the Hydraulic Study Department, Calcutta Port Trust for protection
of bank of the Hooghly opposite to Haldia Port. The hydrological data
of the river are given in Table 7.

TABLE 7. Characteristics of the river Hooghly

 Utpalendu Datta 79

Soil at different depths of the bank was tested taking samples from
various locations of the bank length to be treated and the results are
shown in Table 8.
Organic matter content ranges from 0.5% to 2.0%, pH varies with
seasonal variation and salinity varies from 6 ppt during freshets to 18
ppt in the post freshet season.

Material and Methods

The bank slope was re-graded to the desired slope 2.5:1; the geotex-
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tiles were laid with overlapping of 30 cm and a riprap of 30 cm height

was built on it. A length of 1.5 km of the bank was treated applying the
jute geo-textile specified in Table 9.
The fabrics were treated with bitumen to make them water repellant
and increase durability under water.

Results and Discussion

The bank was under observation of the engineers of the Hydraulic

Study Department. After two years when silt covered the riprap, perfor-

TABLE 8. Composition of bank soil at different depths of the site

TABLE 9. Properties of jute geotextile used for bank protection of the river
Hooghly
 80 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS

mance of the treated bank was evaluated by the department and the fol-
lowing observations were made.

1. No subsidence of the protected stretch

2. Strength of the geotextile in both the directions reduced by 70%
3. Silt height over the riprap was 50 cm.

Conclusion
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After a period of ten years the Civil Engineering Department, Jadavpur

University inspected the site and collected soil samples from below the
riprap. They reported the condition of the bank to be stable and tested
the soil samples in the laboratory. The results were as follows.
Sand (%):- 0-14, Silt (%):- 48-55 and Clay (%):- 40-52, Bulk den-
sity:- 1.64-1.67, NMC (%):- 46-54 and MC density:- 55-58 while
permittivity (m/s):- 6.7*10⫺5- 3.6*10⫺4.
It was concluded that over the years the geotextile has performed its
desired functions and helped natural consolidation of the bank soil.

Case Study II

The Planning and Investigation Circle, Irrigation Department, Govt.

of West Bengal tried the material for protection of a riverbank by the
side of a remote village. Bank erosion at the rate of 20 m per year threat-
ened the existence of the village. The Circle planned to protect 200 m
bank length facing the village and to compare the performance of the
material with that of conventional granular filter.

Material and Methods

In the plan of river bank protection only the granular filter was re-
placed by jute geotextiles, which were anchored at the top and bottom in
trenches of 1μlm on the bank slope to avoid shifting.
The river is unidirectional and carries about 27000 cusec of water
during July to October and becomes stagnant during December and
May. The soil composition at different depths of the site taking samples
from 5 different places over the length to be treated was tested and is
given in Table 10.
The slope of the bank was re-graded at a slope 2:1 as per design;
trenches were dug at the top and bottom for anchorage of the fabrics.
After anchoring at the top, the fabrics were unrolled with an overlap-
 Utpalendu Datta 81

TABLE 10. Soil properties at different depths of the site

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ping of 30 cm and fixed at the bottom trench. Two layers of boulders of

size 30 cm were placed on the fabrics with sufficient care so that the fab-
rics below were not ruptured by any chance. One hundred m of the bank
length was treated with jute geotextiles of specification shown in Table
4 treated with bitumen to enhance its durability in water. The rest 100 m
of the bank length was treated applying conventional granular filter of
15 cm thickness on which boulders were placed.

Results and Discussion

The revetment was constructed in the stagnant period of the river

March-April. After the monsoon and subsequent flood in October, the
site was examined by the engineers of the Investigation Circle. The
observations made by the engineers are highlighted below.

1. The cost of the granular filter was 25% higher than that of the jute
geotextile.
2. The surface of the riprap over jute geotextile had no subsidence,
while the riprap on the conventional filter developed subsidences
at a number of places.
3. The Circle suggested to apply the material in place of conven-
tional filter material to reduce cost and to achieve better perfor-
mance.

Conclusion

After a period of 7 years, engineers of the department visited the site

and found the condition satisfactory and dense vegetation on top of the
bank indicating stability of the soil treated with jute geotextile in place
of granular filter. The Irrigation Department afterwards applied the ma-
 82 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS

terial for revetment work of riverbank at various other locations under

their control.

CONCLUSION

The above three applications are very important and promising in the
developing and under developed countries, where synthetic materials
are expensive. The developed countries prefer the natural products for
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erosion control of surface soil. However, the natural products–particu-

larly jute–have the ability to perform the functions like protection of
surface soil as well as separation, filtration, drainage and temporary
reinorcement.
Jute has a definite service life in soil, over soil as well as within water
and can be increased by proper chemical treatment depending on nature
of soil and application. After that time the geotextiles become part of
soil. The above case studies are the glaring examples how jute geotex-
tiles function and take care of the soil for its betterment.

REFERENCES
Barooah, A.K, et al. Biodegradable Jute Geo-textiles for Integrated Soil and Crop Man-
agement in Tea, Work Shop on Jute Geo-textiles, IJMA-JMDC, Kolkata, India,
1997.
Datta, U., et al. Jute Geo-textiles, Proc. Intl. Con. on Geo-synthetics, Atlanta, USA,
1996, 1155-1160.
Juyal, G.P., et al. Rehabilitation of a Mined Land in Himalayas by Geojute and other
Measures, Proc. 5th. Intl. Con. on Geotextiles, Geomembranes and Related Prod-
ucts, Singapore, 1994, Vol. 2, 891-894.
Rao, P.J., et al. Jute Geo-textile for Improving the Performance of Highway Embank-
ment on Soft Marine Soil, National Seminar on Jute based Geo-textiles, CRRI-
IJMA, New-Delhi, India, 1996.
Sanyal, T., et al. Application of Bitumenised Jute Textile in Bank Protection Work in
the Hooghly Estuary, Geotextiles & Geomembranes, Elsevier Science Publishers,
England, 1994, Vol. 13, 127-132.

SUBMITTED: March 2, 2005

REVIEWED: February 20, 2006
ACCEPTED: December 22, 2006

doi:10.1300/J395v04n03_05