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GEO-HEAT CENTER
International Geothermal Days 1 Oregon Institute of Technology
John W. Lund 3201 Campus Drive
Klamath Falls, OR 97601
Small Power Plants: Recent 5 Phone: 541-885-1750
Developments in Geothermal Email: geoheat@oit.edu
Power Generation in New
Zealand All articles for the Bulletin are solicited. If you wish to
Michael Dunstall contribute a paper, please contact the editor at the above
address.
Geothermal Heat Pumps 13
EDITOR
Four Plus Decades of Experience
R. Gordon Bloomquist John W. Lund
Typesetting/Layout - Donna Gibson
Curing Blocks and Drying 19 Graphics - Tonya Toni Boyd
Fruit in Guatemala
Luis Merida WEBSITE http://www.oit.edu/~geoheat
SUBSCRIPTIONS
Cover: Conference field trips: (top) Wineagle
600 kW (net) binary power plant, The Bulletin is mailed free of charge. Please send your
Litchfield, CA and (bottom) Group photo name and address to the Geo-Heat Center for addition
at Medicine Lake (Glass Mtn.), CA. to the mailing list.
Name _____________________________________
Address ___________________________________
Country ___________________________________
INTERNATIONAL GEOTHERMAL DAYS
OREGON 1999
John W. Lund
Geo-Heat Center
For the first time, the International Summer School on of St. Clement Ohridski University, Bitola, Macedonia , and the
Direct Application of Geothermal Energy (ISS), “International 25th anniversary of the International Geothermal Conference on
Geothermal Days - Oregon 1999", was held outside of Europe. “Multipurpose Use of Geothermal Energy” held on the Oregon
A total of 114 participants from 30 countries attended the Institute of Technology campus - and was the start of the then
conference on the Oregon Institute of Technology campus Geo-Heat Utilization Center. The founders of the Center, Gene
from October 9 to 16, 1999, including a large delegation of city Culver, Paul Lienau and John Lund all made presentations at
mayors and provincial governors from Turkey. The both conferences..
conference, hosted by the Geo-Heat Center, was supported by The first official function of the conference was the
funds from the U.S. Department of Energy and donations from Medicine Lake field trip lead by David McClain, a consultant
Fuji Electric Corporation of America, Calpine Corporation, from Portland, OR. His detailed knowledge of the
Ormat International, Inc. and the Shaw Historical Library environmental work and local geologic setting for the two
Foundation. power project provided interesting discussion for all,
The Conference was composed of the following especially during our stop for lunch at Medicine Lake under
sessions: beautiful fall weather. Subjects from the impact of noise from
the power plants and the visual impact of the power line, to
• International Workshop on Small-Scale Power addressing local Indian and summer resident’s concerns were
Projects presented and explained how they would be mitigated. We
• International Workshop on Geothermal Heat Pumps ended the day by visiting several geologic structures in Lava
• International Course on Direct Utilization of Beds National Monument, including a chance to cool off in
Geothermal Energy Skull Cave - a large collapsed lava tube. A reception was held
• Evening Seminar on Computer Software for that evening on the OIT campus, hosted by the Shaw
Geothermal Heat Pumps Historical Library Foundation.
• Evening Seminar on HEATMAP© Computer The conference was officially opened on Monday by
Software Utilization welcome talks from the President of Oregon Institute of
Technology, Dr. Martha Anne Dow, the Mayor of the City of
Four field trips were also undertaken to nearby Klamath Falls, Todd Kellstom, and the chairman of the Klamath
geothermal projects and geologic sites: County Commissioners, Steve West. Dr. Kiril Popovski,
representing the International Summer School and Dr. John W.
• Crater Lake National Park (for early arrivals) Lund, representing the Geo-Heat Center, also welcomed the
• Medicine Lake, CA to visit the potential sites of two attendees and presented some of the background history on
50-MWe geothermal power plants (Fourmile Hill by the conference.
Calpine Corporation and Telephone Flats by The one and a half day session on Small-Scale
CalEnergy Company geothermal projects). This field Electric Power Generation was introduced with an excellent
trip also included a visit to Lava Beds National summary paper by Ron DiPippo (see Vol. 20, No. 2). His paper
Monument. was followed by the topic of slim hole drilling presented by Jim
• Direct-use projects in the Klamath Basin, including Combs and John Pritchett. Liz Battocletti presented material
the Oregon Institute of Technology mini-heating on financing, and then Gordon Bloomquist and David
district, the Klamath Falls district heating system, a McClain discussed legal, institutional and environmental
local residential heating system using a downhole issues. That evening, a dinner, complete with local Native
heat exchanger, and a combined greenhouse and American, Wocus Bay Singers, dancers and drummers, was
aquaculture heating project. hosted by Calpine Corporation. The audience participated in
• A final field trip from Klamath Falls to Reno, NV one of the ring dances and drumming - to the delight of all.
visiting along the way two potential geothermal For many, this was their first exposure to Indian culture and
projects at Canby, CA, and a hybrid plant (wood traditions.
waste and geothermal) and binary geothermal plant The next day, power plant case histories were
(Wineagle) near Litchfield, CA. presented by Dan Schochet of Ormat, Ken Nichols of Barber-
Nichols , Richard Campbell on the Mammoth, CA project
This conference was also the 10th anniversary of the developed by Ben Holt Company, Gerardo Hiriart on CFE
International Summer School founded by Dr. Kiril Popovski projects in Mexico, Yuri Esaki on projects in Japan, Mike
WHAT IS SMALL SCALE? thought to be one of the largest in New Zealand, containing an
None of the recent New Zealand power plant estimated 2700PJ of useable heat (Hunt, 1998).
developments truly qualify as “small” on a field wide basis. Fracture permeability is the main means of fluid
The size of the individual units in these projects is however, movement at Rotokawa as the andesitic reservoir rocks are
quite small. Over the last four years fourteen geothermal relatively impermeable. The wells are generally good
generation units have been installed in New Zealand, eleven producers providing high temperature fluids with high
of these having a capacity of less than 5MWe. Prior to the enthalpy. Because of the high enthalpy, the power station
recent period of activity three small units were installed at installed at Rotokawa has an output double that of the Ngawha
Kawerau; each of these units were also less than 5MWe in plant, while processing about the same mass flow.
output. Silica content at Rotokawa is high so the fluid
All the recent construction has been undertaken by separation pressure is maintained at 20-25 barg to prevent
individuals, local power companies, or by trustees of local scaling problems. The non-condensable gas contains a
Maori tribes, often as joint venture projects. New Zealand's considerable quantity of H2S, but due to the relatively small
first two geothermal power stations, Wairakei and Ohaaki, size of the development this does not produce an odour
were both large. They were built using NZ Government nuisance when the gas is vented to atmosphere.
money in 1958 and 1989 respectively. The Rotokawa power station (Fig.1) utilises a 16MW
steam turbine which exhausts at just over 1 barg to two air-
RECENT NEW ZEALAND DEVELOPMENTS cooled ORMAT binary cycle units. The hot brine from the
Four new geothermal stations have been erected in separator is used in a third ORMAT binary cycle unit. Total
New Zealand since 1996. One plant (Poihipi) uses output of the plant is 24MWe. The plant is supplied by two
conventional steam turbine technology, while the three smaller production wells, about 1000m deep. After two-phase
plants (Rotokawa, Ngawha and Mokai) use binary cycle transmission the steam and water are separated at the power
technology. Two older binary cycle plants also operate at plant, passing separately through the units, and are then
Kawerau. recombined before reinjection. Three shallow reinjection
wells are used (~400m); a relatively impermeable layer exists
Poihipi: Mercury-Geothermal (July 1996) between the production and reinjection horizons preventing
This 55-MW power station was imported to New cold fluid returns.
Zealand as a second hand unit, having been built for the
Geysers geothermal field but never run. The complete power
plant was reconfigured to generate at 50Hz (60Hz is used in
the USA) and has been erected in the western part of the
Wairakei geothermal field, tapping a shallow steam zone.
Electricity output is restricted by a resource consent that does
not allow the plant enough steam to run fully loaded 24 hours
per day. To get the maximum possible revenue it is run at
high load 14 hours per day, when electricity tariffs are high,
and runs at very low output (~3MW) during the night. It is
New Zealand’s only non-base load geothermal station.
Figure 7. Tarawera ORMAT Installation 2.6 MW (Kawerau field - east side of Tarawera River).
New Zealand’s high temperature geothermal fields RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ELECTRICITY
are in a strategically good location, near load centres on the REFORM
North Island (Fig 10). Ngawha is the exception to this, lying Up until 1988, the Geothermal Energy Act 1953 was
in Northland, but is relatively strategic to that area, which has the main legislation controlling the development of geothermal
no major power stations following the closure of the Marsden resources for electricity. It was set up to allow development
Point oil fired stations. at Wairakei and gave the Minister of Energy, through the
Ministry of Works and the New Zealand Electricity
NEW ZEALAND ELECTRICITY MARKET Department, quite sweeping powers. The “Minister may
New Zealand’s electricity market has also undergone authorise search for geothermal energy and give power to
a period of rapid change while continuing to show about 3% enter land”. The Public Works Act also gave the Government
annual demand growth. Electricity is now sold 1/2 hourly on power to take land needed for geothermal development,
a wholesale market, where competitive retail and generation although this was never used.
sectors bid for the supply and purchase of electricity. The Geothermal Energy Act was amended in 1988
In theory, an electricity retailer can now make when the Ministries were converted into State Owned
electricity sales in any part of the country, but in practice Enterprises (Government owned companies). The regulations
retailers have mainly stuck with their traditional local covering safe use of geothermal passed to the Health and
customers. Distribution of electricity on a national level is Safety in Employment Act 1992 and allocation of geothermal
handled by TransPower, the grid operator, and at a local level resources for utilisation fell under the newly created Resource
by smaller distribution (lines) companies. Management Act 1991 (RMA). The purpose of the RMA was
Table 1. Government funded wells drilled into systems now classified as “Development Systems.”
BLOTECA
In the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, poor construction
materials caused most of the destruction. Most of the houses
where built with adobe bricks, and casualties where not really
from falling objects, but from collapse and suffocation. From
this experience the goverment implemented new building
regulations mainly for house construction.
Because of these regulations, a group of investors de-
cided to setup a construction block factory since few existed
in the market. Since Amatitlan was just 30 km away from the
city it offered a good spot, not only because it reduced
transportation costs, but due to the fact that it was located in
a volcanic zone where suitable materials are located close by.
The materials used are pumice, gravel, limestone, etc., which
are very abundant in a volcanic zone; however, it never
occurred to use geothermal steam to supply the factory for the
Figure 1. Geothermal areas of Guatemala. curing process of the plant.
The answer came up while drilling a well to obtain a how much steam they do not have to produce by burning fuel.
water supply. The drilling had to stop because the water was A plant with this capacity needs to consume around 16,000 gal
too hot. The well actually started flowing steam and water and (57 tonnes) of diesel fuel a month. The price on Guatemala of
the geothermal resource was discovered. A few geophysical diesel fuel in Guatemala is about US$ 1.50/gal ($0.40/liter);
studies where conducted, like electrical resistivity and electric so, this come up to a savings of US$ 24,000 a month.
potential. This showed the most favorable site to drill a All of the installation including the drilling of the
production well. well, cyclone separator and distribution lines came up to
In May 1994, a second well, B-2, was drilled to a around US$ 200,000. So the investment was paid of in less
depth of 700 feet (213 m) and with a downhole temperature of than one year and if we multiply the next three years of
185 C. This wells produces enough steam to supply the needs operation, we come up to a benefit of US$ 864,000. This is a
of the plant. benefit not just economically for the plant but for Guatemala
The system consists of two different lines that control not having to depend on the import of fuel. It also qualifies
the flow of the well, one that goes into a silencer and then into Bloteca as a plant with a environmental friendly process.
a weir to measure the water before injection, and the other line
that goes into a cyclone separator. Since the steam is not
needed all the time, it is controlled by regulating the flow that
goes into the cyclone separator and then to the distribution
lines.
ECO-FRUIT
Agroindustrias La Laguna was originally just a
experimental and demostration project on which it was
intended to prove in Guatemala that geothermal energy could
be applied in a agroindustrial project. In this case, dehy-
Figure 5. Cyclone separator. dration was the process selected. The pilot plant was setup
and proven and while the investors decided to find a way to
Although in Bloteca they are concerned on how much make it economically attractive they decided to dry fruit.
steam this well can produce, they are concerned more on
CONCLUSIONS
I believe that, although direct-use projects are
generally smaller in scale that power generation, they have a
greater economical benefit in countries like Guatemala. You
have to build something around the use of the geothermal
energy use. You keep more people involved at all times so in
the long run they will create a larger development in a country
like Guatemala.
REFERENCES
Lienau, P., 1999. “Industrial Applications,” Geothermal
Direct-Use Engineering and Design Guidebook. Geo-Heat
Center, Klamath Falls, OR.
Rafferty, K. and G. Culver, 1991. “Heat Exchangers,” Figure 11. Steps in processing the fruit.
Geothermal Direct-Use Engineering and Design Guidebook.
Geo-Heat Center, Klamath Falls, OR.
TUSCANY
In several west Tuscany towns, ENEL utilizes part of
the steam available from power generation or, more often,
steam unsuitable for electricity production because of low
pressure or temperature, for direct uses (mainly space
heating). Geothermal energy supplied to several centralized
and district heating plants in the ENEL area amounts to about
7,000 TOE/year.
The largest share (70%) is utilized in the Pomarance
Municipality where DH systems are installed in four suburbs
(Larderello, Montecerboli, Serrazzano and Lustignano). In
Larderello, offices and living quarters of ENEL are served
Figure 7. Vicenza heat pumps. directly; while, the other heat systems are owned and operated
Figure 8. Sasso heat plant scheme: 1) to/from DH grid, 2) power steam line, 3) heat meter, 4) heat exchanger, 5)
shallow production wells, 6) gas disposal, 7) pond and 8) to reinjection wells.
Available Now!
Stories from a Heated Earth
Exciting New Publication Details Our Geothermal
Heritage Through the Ages and Around the World
A
new and exciting book is hot off the dition, never before recorded. And antique by the gods for the benefit of mankind. Hot
presswith a fresh but timeless quotations in over 30 languages were ex- springs and fumaroles were described as
topicthe history of mankind living tracted for the book from pottery, drawings, Wakan Tanka (Great Mystery) by the
on a geothermal planet. Published by the maps, votive statues, shrines, stelae, myths American Dakota Sioux, and as tapu (sa-
Geothermal Resources Council and the In- and legends. All contribute to the fascinat- cred) by the Maori. These beliefs, expressed
ternational Geothermal Association, Stories ing reading offered within the covers of this in popular customs, traditions, religious feel-
from a Heated Earth, Our Geothermal engrossing, must have addition to both ings and rituals, were handed down through
Heritage, is neither a science text nor a geothermal and historical libraries. hundreds of generations and still influence
technical treatise. Instead, its focus is on From the dawn of history, people have our customs and though today.
people, and how geothermal phenomena been entranced by the wonder and benefits With their awe-inspiring beauty and
have affected cultures around the world. of geothermal manifestations. Prehistoric sometimes destructive power forever com-
Stories from a Heated Earth was pains- tribes and civilizations in antiquity consid- manding our attention, volcanoes have in-
takingly compiled and edited by Raffaele ered the Fire of the Earth as a gift bestowed spired religious practises, provided fertile
Cataldi (geothermal consultant-Italy), Su-
san Hodgson (California Division of Oil,
Gas & Geothermal Resources) and John
Lund (Oregon Institute of Technology Geo-
Heat Center). Created to collect, preserve,
interpret and distribute global geothermal
history prior to the Industrial Revolution,
the 588-page volume with 215 photographs
and illustrations is a unique amalgamation
of both fact and fictiontrue and imagi-
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unlike anything ever published before.
Covering more than 25 countries, this
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ten in an easy, nontechnical style designed
for broad appeal. The 47 international au-
thors of Stories from a Heated Earth found
the historical information presented by this
superb volume in the works of archaeolo-
gists, historians, geographers, anthropolo-
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flowed from artists, photographers, poets,
philosophers, and literary figureswith
geothermal quotations from Chinese and
Japanese poets, Homer, Shakespeare,
Pushkin, Herman Melville, Mark Twain and
Edgar Allan Poe.
In addition, Stories from a Heated
Earth derives interesting tales and practices
from ancient manuscripts and the oral tra-
GRC Publications
soils for farming, and rock for buildings and Thermo-mineral muds collected for With these and other highlights, Sto-
tools. A drawing from a neolithic village in skin care through the millennia from the ries from a Heated Earth is an historical
Turkey dated at 6200 B.C. shows multi- edges of hot springs and other geothermal guide to our geothermal world. Turning
story rectangular homes flanking an erupt- features now sell for high prices at beauty from an exquisite painting on the cover of
ing volcanolava, tuff and volcanic bombs counters in exclusive stores for the same a small boy gazing at Japans Mount Fiji,
flying from the crater. But time and again purposes. Pumice, always used for though the book embarks on its journey of our geo-
people returned to the looming slopes, as cleansing, is still sold commercially as a skin thermal globe with an essay on Easter Is-
they do today, for the good offered by the abrasive and a key ingredient in land, then spans the world, ending in the
Earths fire overwhelms the bad. extra-strength soaps. final chapter among the peaks of the Andes
Does soaking in thermal water cure ill- At Chaudes-Aigues in the heart of in South America. Coming full-circle, the
ness? Through time immemorial, people France, the worlds first geothermal district books inside back cover brings the reader
around the world have thought so. With little heating system started up in the 14th century once again to Easter Island, the most iso-
more to guide them than curiosity and their and is still going strong. Stories from a lated inhabited island on Earthand one
own experiences, people from Asia and Heated Earth highlights old tax records, pipe with a rich geothermal heritage.
Africa to Europe and the Americas have making and distribution methods, legal dis- Stories from a Heated Earth offers a
bathed in hot springs to alleviate arthritis, putes, and the great success of this project fascinating journey through time, focused
rheumatism, psoriasis and leprosy. Many started so long ago. The Icelandic chapter on the cultural influences of geothermal
North American Indian Tribesincluding laments that early Nordic settlers on the is- phenomena on the peoples of the world. As
those at The Geysers in northern Califor- land did not use geothermal resources in the you open the book for the first time, its au-
niaretained health-giving hot springs as same way, suffering unnecessarily for cen- thors and editors hope you will enjoy the
neutral ground, open to the use of all. turies in cold, unheated houses. trip.
Order Form
Stories from a Heated Earth Our Geothermal Heritage
Edited by Raffaele Cataldi, Susan Hodgson and John Lund
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