TOPIC: COMMERCIAL EFFECTS OF

ANTACIDS

ROLL NUMBER: ____________________

 This is to certify that this chemistry project is a bonafide
work completed in the school laboratory during the
academic year:-2014-2015
under my supervision ,guidance and authorization and the
report has been submitted well in time by:

NAME: DEBMALYA NAG

CLASS: XII SCIENCE
ROLL NUMBER: _____________________
NAME OF THE EXAMINATON: A.I.S.S.C.E 2015

____________________________ ______ __________________________________

(EXTERNAL EXAMINER’S SIGNATURE ) (INTERNAL EXAMINER’S SIGNATURE)

 I have been fortunate enough to get the guidance and support of:

 Ms. Nandita Dastidar

(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)
 Ms. Sayantani Samanto
(CHEMISTRY TEACHER)
 Mr. D.Banerjee
(LAB ASSISTANT)

in completion of this project successfully.

I am especially indebted to them for the way they have encouraged me all the way.

A warm and hearty thanks also should be given to my other group members namely:

 DEBMALYA NAG
 DIPTO SHUBHRO CHAKRABORTY
 ARNAB BHATTACHARYA
 ANGAN MANDAL
 POULAMI DAS
 KRISHNENDU BOSE
 SREEJIT GHOSH

Lastly, it’s only fair to thank our parents for their able support.
  What is Antacid?

An antacid may be defined as a substance (chemical drug or any other chemical) which reduces or
neutralises the stomach acidity. In general, antacids are weak inorganic bases.

In our body system, digestion involves the break-down of foods, particularly carbohydrates, lipids,
and proteins into forms that can be metabolized in the cells. For example, amylase found in saliva
begins the breakdown of starches while, breakdown of proteins occurs primarily in the stomach
through the action of the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid. The walls of the stomach are lined
with cells that secrete mucus, pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric acid
concentration of the stomach ranges from 0.03 M to 0.003 M which corresponds to a pH range of
about 1.5 to 2.5. The mucus lining of the stomach protects the stomach walls from the action of
stomach acid.

 Effects of Antacid

When during the digestion of food excess acid is produced, a condition known as acid indigestion
results. If this excess acid is forced into the esophagus, acid reflux or “heart burn” results. The
high acid concentrations can damage the stomach lining and ultimately resulting in ulcers. Excess
stomach acid results in a state of discomfort known as acid indigestion. Acid indigestion may
result from a variety of factors including: overeating, alcohol consumption, eating of certain foods,
anxiety, smoking, ingestion of certain drugs, e.g. aspirin.

 Why is an antacid required?

Antacids are primarily used to take care of the hyperacidity problem. Antacids either directly
neutralize acidity increasing the pH, or reversibly reduce or block the secretion of acid by gastric
cells to reduce acidity in the stomach. Hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia simply means increase of
acidity in the stomach. The human stomach secretes hydrochloric acid which is necessary for the
digestion of food. When the stomach contains an excessive amount of hydrochloric acid, the
condition is called as hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia. Sometimes, hyperacidity is confused for a
simple bellyache. This is because people with hyperacidity usually generally get pains in their
stomachs with similar symptoms as bellyaches. However, hyperacidity can be found out with the
sour belching and aftertaste of the already eaten food in the mouth.

The prime medical factors of hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia are:

(i) Stomach Ulcers: Ulcers in the stomach are one of the prime causes of hyperacidity. Once this is
diagnosed, the treatment will be done by the surgical removal of the stomach ulcers.

(ii) Acid Reflux Disease: Some people have a gastric disorder called as the acid reflux disease. In
this condition, the acids of the stomach, i.e. gastric acids or hydrochloric acid, get refluxed up to
the food pipe, which is biologically called as the esophagus. When this happens, it builds up the
level of acidity in the stomach.

(iii) Stomach Cancers: Stomach cancers can also cause hyperacidity as one of their symptoms.
This is a very rare case, but the mortality rate is quite high. Hence, a hyperacidity that lasts more
than two weeks must be immediately shown to the doctor and got checked for any cancer. A timely
diagnosis can enable complete treatment of the disease.

In addition to neutralizing excess stomach acid, anatcids may be helpful in preventing

inflammation, relieving pain and discomfort, and allowing the mucus layer in the stomach lining to
heal. The antacids are often used to treat ulcers by preventing the stomach acids from attacking the
stomach lining allowing it to heal.
 o Types of Antacids

Most antacids are weak inorganic bases and the common examples include: CaCO 3, NaHCO3,
Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, MgO and Mg(OH)2 (or, commonly known as Milk of Magnesia). They react with
HCl in the stomach according to the following reactions:

 CaCO3 + 2 HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 (↑)

 NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + CO2 (↑)

 Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl  AlCl3 + 3 H2O

 Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl  MgCl2 + 2 H2O

 MgO + 2 HCl  MgCl2 + H2O

Apart from the above types of inorganic bases, certain other substances are also used to tackle the
acidity problem.

For example, aliginates float on the stomach contents to form a neutralizing layer preventing reflux
of stomach acids up into the esophagus. Hence they help to prevent acid reflux or heart burn. Anti-
foaming agents such as simethicone (dimethicone) prevent the formation of gases and reduce
flatulence.

H2 blockers (Famotidine or Pepcid AC, Cimetidine or, Tagamet, Ranitidine or Zantac), for example,
can impede the acid production in the stomach by blocking the actions of histamine, a substance
produced by the body that encourages acid secretion in the stomach.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (Rabeprazole ,Lansoprazole, Omeprazole , Esomeprazole) reduce the

production of acid by blocking the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid.

 Advantages of Antacids

Antacids help to reduce the problem of acid dyspepsia (particularly, old age people suffer from it),
help to cure the stomach ulcer caused due to the acute problems of hyperacidity. Antacids also
alter the profile of prostaglandins produced by gastroduodenal mucosa and this may promote
mucosal healing and can be related to its therapeutic effect.
  Disadvantages of Antacids

Antacids are relatively harmless but they can have minor contraindications. For example,
Magnesium based compounds may cause diarrhea as they have laxative properties. Magnesium
may accumulate in patients with kidney failure leading to hypermagnesemia, with cardiovascular
and neurological complications.

Aluminum based compounds may cause constipation and they also may interfere with the
adsorption of phosphates in the formation of bones with a risk
for hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. This is more likely to be true if they are taken for an
extended period of time. Although aluminium has a low absorption, accumulation may occur mainly
in the presence of decreased kidney function. Aluminium-containing drugs often
cause constipation and are neurotoxic. Aluminium-containing drugs are contraindicated in
pregnancy.

On the other hand, Carbonates may generate carbon dioxide leading to headaches and decreased
muscle flexibility apart from causing gastric distension which may not be well tolerated. Its regular
high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result in altered excretion of other drugs, and
kidney stones.

Antacid preparations by suppressing acid mediated break down of proteins, lead to an elevated risk
of developing food and drug allergies. This happens due to undigested proteins passing into the
gastrointestinal tract. It is unclear whether this risk occurs only with long-term use or with short-
term use as well. Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired ability to digest and absorb
certain nutrients, such as iron and the B vitamins. Since the low pH of the stomach normally kills
ingested bacteria, antacids increase the vulnerability to infection. It could also result in
reduced bioavailability of some drugs.

Side effects from antacids vary depending on the individual, and on other medications they may be
taking at the time. Those who experience side effects most commonly suffer from changes in bowel
functions, such as diarrhea, constipation, or flatulence.

Although reactions to any drug may vary from person to person, generally those medications that
contain aluminum or calcium are the likeliest to cause constipation, those that contain magnesium
are the likeliest to cause diarrhea. Some productscombine these ingredients, which essentially
cancels them out, to forestall unpleasant side effects.
 To find the antacid which
is most effective out of a given
number of samples of various
types of antacids.
 AIM: To analyse the given samples of commercial antacids by determining the
amount of hydrochloric acid (HCL) they can neutralize.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Burettes, pipettes, titration flasks, measuring

flasks, beakers, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3),
hydrochloric acid, phenolphthalein.

PROCEDURE:
 1 litre of N/10 HCl solution is prepared by diluting 10 ml. of concentrated acid to 1 litre.
 Similarly 1 litre of N/10 NaOH solution is prepared by dissolving 4 gms. Of NaOH to prepare
1 litre of solution.
 N/10 Na2CO3 solution is prepared by weighing exactly 1.325 gms. of anhydrous Na2CO3 and
then dissolving it in water to prepare exactly 0.25 litre of solution.
 HCl solution is standardized by titrating it against Na2CO3 solution using methyl orange as
indicator.
 Similarly NaOH solution is standardized by titrating it against standardized HCl solution
using phenolphthalein as an indicator.
 Various samples of antacid tablets are powdered and 1 gm. of each sample is prepared.
 A specific volume of standardized HCl solution is added to each of the weighed samples
taken in conical flasks.
 2 drops of phenolphthalein is added to the flask and it is warmed till most of powder
dissolves.
 Solution is filtered off to eliminate insoluble materials.
 The solution thus obtained is titrated against the standardized NaOH solution
till a permanent pinkish tinge is observed.
 The above procedure is repeated for the other commercial powdered antacid samples.
OBSERVATIONS:

GOVERNING REACTION:

 HCl + Al(OH)3 --------------------> AlCl3+H2O

OBSERVATIONS:

Normality calculations of standard Na2CO3 solution

Mass of Na2CO3:. 3.65 grams

Normality of standard Na2CO3= Gram equivalent/volume

= (3.65×1000)/(53×250)=3650/(53×25)=0.27 N

Standardisation of HCl using Na2CO3 solution:

SERIAL NUMBER INITIAL FINAL VOLUME OF

VOLUME(ml.) VOLUME(ml.) Na2CO3 USED(ml.)
1. 0 29.4 29.4
2. 0 29.4 29.4
3. 0 29.4 29.4
Concordant reading: 29.4ml.

N1= Normality of Na2CO3 =0.27 N N2=Normality of HCl = ?

V1= Volume of Na2CO3 = 20.0 ml V2= Volume of HCl = 29.4 ml

WORKING FORMULA

N1V1=N2V2

0.27×20.0=N2 × 29.4 ⇒ N2 = 0.18 N

Standardisation of NaOH using HCl solution:

SERIAL NUMBER INITIAL FINAL VOLUME OF ACID

VOLUME(ml.) VOLUME(ml.) USED(ml.)
1. 0 21.4 21.4
2. 0 21.4 21.4
3. 0 21.4 21.4
Concordant reading: 21.4ml.

N1= Normality of HCl = 0.18 N N2=Normality of NaOH =?

V1= Volume of HCl = 21.4 ml V2= Volume of NaOH = 20.0 ml

WORKING FORMULA

N1V1=N2V2

0.18×21.4=N2×20 ⇒ N2 = 0.19 N
OBSERVATION TABLES FOR ANTACID SAMPLES:

50 ml. of HCl was added to each below mentioned antacid samples and each sample
was titrated against NaOH solution as shown below.

SAMPLE ‘A’:

SERIAL INITIAL VOLUME(ml.) FINAL VOLUME(ml.) VOLUME OF NaOH

NUMBER USED(ml.)
1. 0.0 0.2 0.2

SAMPLE ‘B’:

SERIAL INITIAL VOLUME(ml.) FINAL VOLUME(ml.) VOLUME OF NaOH

NUMBER USED(ml.)
1. 0.0 4.3 4.3
SAMPLE ‘C’:

SERIAL INITIAL VOLUME(ml.) FINAL VOLUME(ml.) VOLUME OF NaOH

NUMBER USED(ml.)
1. 0.0 0.3 0.3

SAMPLE ‘D’:

SERIAL INITIAL VOLUME(ml.) FINAL VOLUME(ml.) VOLUME OF NaOH

NUMBER USED(ml.)
1. 30.0 30.0 30.0

SAMPLE ‘E’:

SERIAL INITIAL VOLUME(ml.) FINAL VOLUME(ml.) VOLUME OF NaOH

NUMBER USED(ml.)
1. 42.5 42.5 42.5
 CONCLUSION:
 The strongest antacid neutralizes the maximum amount of the acid present in
the titration flask and consequently less amount of the acid will be present.
 So, the antacid sample for which the minimum amount of NaOH was required
for titration is the most powerful antacid out of a given number of samples.

 Thus, from the experimental data obtained we can say that SAMPLE ‘A’ is the
most effective commercial antacid.

RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS

Strongest Antacid
Relative Strength of Acid

Weakest Antacid

Sample ‘A’ Sample ‘B’ Sample ‘C’ Sample ‘D’ Sample ‘E’

‘A‘A’ ‘A‘A’ ‘A‘A’Antacids

Different Commercial ‘A‘A’ ‘A‘A’
 CHEMISTRY CLASS-XII N.C.E.R.T TEXT BOOKS
(PART-1&PART-2)

 CHEMISTRY COMPREHENSIVE TEXT BOOK CLASS-XII

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 EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/ANTACIDS

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