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Austalopithecus
- Austalopithecus earliest hominids originated and confined in Africa. First discovered in 1924 by Raymond Dart at Taung.
- Two Variants
4. Brow ridge (supra orbital ridge) poorly developed than ape but larger than man.
5. Forehead is receding.
Dentition
4. 4Molars - Wearing pattern of molar crown is similar to modern man and is downwards.
Post Cranial Feature - Show bipedalism supported by following features.
1. Broad illium in pelvic girdle.
3. Femur with large torsion angle and presence of linea aspera on it for muscle attachment.
Cultural status
According to raymond dart they had osteo-kerato-dontic coluture.I.e .bone tooth-body culture.they used
choopers,cleavers,scrappers, flakes etc.
Phylogenetic status
Scholar agree that thare was single line of australopithecine in africa which evolved into 2 or 3 branches. Only branch [gracile]
survived and gave rise to homo.
Johanson gave two branch theory in 1979,and was accepted untill 1985 till the discovery of A aethiopithecus which
replaced it by 3 branch theory of Alan walker.
Extint h.sapiens
a.boisei H.neanderthal
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Homo habilis
A. Atricanus
3-branch theory [alan walker,1985]
Thus australopithecus is earliest fossil man which gave rise to modern man through homohabilis,h.erectus , H.neanderthalensis.
Though they resemble modern man but they differ from it so placed in seperate genus australopithecine.
Homo habilis
-Most famous specimen of homo habilis lineage is ER-1470 in 1972 by Richard lake turkang[kenya]
Physical features
-developed frontal lobe which is seat of mental abilities, not found in australopithecine, but present in us.
-mandible less massive, foremen magnum downwaedly.
-longer arms ,shorter legs,indicating imperfect bipedal locomotion,more dextrous hands with longer thumb.
CULTURE
-they made first stone tools like oldowan pebble choppers,rounded pebbles.
Phylogenetic status
Recent views is that homo hibilis was east african version of australopithecus.
Homo erectus
The first undisputed genus homo was present in africa, europe and asia from 1.6-0.2 myA.they had advanced features over
australopithecines and primitive features over modern man. They had developed and diversified culture. They were perhaps
direct anceostor to modern man.
Distribution
Europe-georgia
Africa-koobifora[kenya]
Ternifine[algeria]
Advanced featires
Cranium
5. Chin absent.
Dentition
-recending forehead .
-there were several passanger for nerves and blood vessels present in jaw of erectus.
Socio-culture status
-they belonged to chellean and acheullian culture of lower paleolithic ages characterized by choppers,hammers in initial
phases.hand axe and cleavers refined in later phases. Also refined flankes appeared.
-they hunted big game animals like elephant [as large number elephant deposit found].big game required group activity. They
were nomadic people lived in small group.
-language and communication practice of tool making,hunting,group activites, fire etc acted as selective forces to those with
developed occipital lobe,frontal lobe etc. Singnifying development of language as a mean of communication.
-cannisalism-fractured hominid sone in china with enlarged foramen magnum suggested cannibalism.
Phylogentic status
-bernard and other palaeontologist divided erectus into homo ergaster and homo erectus.
-homo ergaster arose earlier in africa and later migrated out of africa.
Nearderthal man exited between 1.2 lakh-300000year ago in europe,near east and central asia.they were fore runner to modern
man,thay belonged to mausterian culture.two forms classical type and progressive type in neandthal had existed.
Distribution
Progressive type
Mt.carmel israel
Shanider-iraq
Physical features
Cranial part
In classical.
-progressive were longer and had complete erect posture,classical were shorter and had imperfect erect posture.
-femur had well developed linea aspera in progressive but less developed in classical.
Cultural feature
Nearnderthal belonged to mausterial culture of middle paleolithic age,culture included clothing,ritualistie burials,family
cemetery and bear cult.
Phylogenetic status
Phylogenetic status of neanderthal debatable.three intertation between nearderthal and homo sapiens exist’’,as shown in
phylogenetic tree,
1. uniliner evolution
2. Seperate lineage
3. Pre-neanderthal.
-seperate linear believes that nearnderthal branched out from homo erectus into seperate species but got extinct.
-pre-neanderthal theory believer that a preneanderthal evolved from homo erectus in between the evolution process of homo
sapience from homoerectus.preneanderthal evolved into homo sapience neanderthalensis,got extict.
Rhodesian man
Fossil related to rhodesian man were found at beoken hill in northern rhodesia,africa. Fossil assigned date 2 lakh years ago.
Physical feature
-cranial capacity-1280-1400cc.
-foramen magnum anteriorly placed,occupied central position indicating perfect balance of skull on vertebral column erect
posuture.
-forhead receding
-no tourodontism
-sacrum,pelvis,legbones were like human with no ape like feature.they were however larger and very robust with massive jionts.
Cultural status
They used bone and stone implements.these implements shows similarity to those used by modern bushman of africa.
Taxomic status
Woodward on the basis of position of foramen magnum considers it to be human and assigned homo rhodesiensis.pycraft
believe that rhodesia had no erect posture as indicated by pelvis and assigned it cyphanthropus rhodesiensis.
However hooton saw sufficient likeness between neanderthal and rhodesian man and regarded it as a variant of former.