03-2 N Series Hydraulic Section PDF

N Series Loader Backhoe
Hydraulic System
Case N series Service Training Manual – 5/11/2011

Hydraulic System

Hydraulic System
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 6
Common Components .................................................................................................................... 8
Hydraulic Oil Reservoir................................................................................................................ 8
Hydraulic Oil Filter ...................................................................................................................... 9
Hydraulic Filter Restriction Switch ............................................................................................ 10
580N Hydraulic System ................................................................................................................. 11
Mechanical Controlled Backhoe System Overview .................................................................. 11
Pilot Controlled Backhoe System Overview ............................................................................. 12
580N Gear Pump ....................................................................................................................... 13
580N Gear Pump Priority Spool Operation .......................................................................... 14
580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN Hydraulic System .......................................................................... 16
Mechanical Backhoe Controls without Power lift Overview .................................................... 16
Mechanical Control Backhoe with Power Lift System Overview.............................................. 18
Pilot control backhoe system overview .................................................................................... 20
Rexroth Variable Volume Axial Piston Pump ............................................................................ 22
Pump displacement and system pressure control ............................................................... 24
HPCO spool operation........................................................................................................... 25
LS Spool Operation................................................................................................................ 26
Torque Control ...................................................................................................................... 28
Power Lift Feature..................................................................................................................... 35
Power Lift Valve for Mechanical Control Backhoe ............................................................... 36
Power Lift Valve for Pilot Control Backhoe........................................................................... 37

Hydraulic System
Power Lift Relief Valve Operation ......................................................................................... 38
Power Lift System Pressure Control – Mechanical Control Backhoe ................................... 40
Power Lift System Pressure Control – Pilot Control Backhoe............................................... 42
Attenuator hose ........................................................................................................................ 44
Monoblock Open Center Loader Valve......................................................................................... 46
Priority Spool (580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN) ......................................................................... 50
Load Check Valve ...................................................................................................................... 50
Main Relief Valve (580N with mechanical backhoe controls) .................................................. 50
Spike Clipper (580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN) .......................................................................... 50
Two stage Relief Valve (580N with pilot control backhoe) ...................................................... 51
Anti Cavitation Valve................................................................................................................. 52
Circuit Relief Valve .................................................................................................................... 53
Monoblock Open Center Backhoe Valve ...................................................................................... 54
Low Leak Check Valve (Boom “B” port only) ............................................................................ 60
Regeneration Valve ................................................................................................................... 61
Load Check Valve ...................................................................................................................... 61
Circuit Relief / Anti cavitation Valve ......................................................................................... 61
Rexroth Closed Center Sectional Loader Valve ............................................................................ 62
Inlet Section and Priority Spool ................................................................................................ 64
Working Sections ...................................................................................................................... 68
Pilot Operated Sectional Backhoe Control Valve.......................................................................... 72
Inlet Section with Open Center Flow Control Valve Operation ................................................ 76
Inlet Section with Flushing Valve and Spike Clipper ................................................................. 78

Hydraulic System
SX14 “S Slice” Work Section...................................................................................................... 79
SX14 “Classic” Work Section ..................................................................................................... 79
Stabilizer Section ....................................................................................................................... 81
Adjustable circuit relief / Anti Cavitation Valve (SX14 Classic Sections) .................................. 82
Fixed Circuit Relief / Anti Cavitation Valve (SX14 S-slice Sections............................................ 82
Pilot Control System...................................................................................................................... 83
Pilot Manifold............................................................................................................................ 84
Pilot Joystick .............................................................................................................................. 87
Pilot control hose routing ......................................................................................................... 89
Swing Dampening Valve (Pro Control).......................................................................................... 91
Stabilizer Lock Valve...................................................................................................................... 95
Backhoe Auxiliary Hydraulics ........................................................................................................ 97
Open Center Uni-Directional Auxiliary Valve............................................................................ 98
Closed Center Uni-Directional Auxiliary Valve........................................................................ 100
Dual Auxiliary Hydraulics ........................................................................................................ 102
Steering ....................................................................................................................................... 104
Standard Steering ................................................................................................................... 105
Comfort Steer Option ............................................................................................................. 106
Loader EH Clam Option ............................................................................................................... 108
Hydraulic Bucket Quick Coupler ................................................................................................. 110
Ride Control ................................................................................................................................ 114

Hydraulic System
Introduction
This section of the training manual explains the operation of the hydraulic systems and the
different configurations used on the Case N series loader backhoe. This training manual is part
of the service training course for the N Series Loader Backhoes, and it is not intended to take
the place of the service or repair manual.
There are a number of differences between the hydraulic systems of the four different models
of the Case N series loader backhoe.
• The 580N uses a single section gear pump with a steering priority spool in the pump end
housing. It can have either mechanical or pilot operated backhoe controls, and all hydraulic
configurations of this model are considered open center hydraulic systems.
• The 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models use a variable volume axial piston pump. A
steering priority spool is located in the inlet section of the loader valve. These models are
available with mechanical or pilot operated backhoe controls. Machines with mechanical
backhoe controls use open center, monoblock casting loader and backhoe valves, while
machines with pilot backhoe controls use closed center, sectional loader and backhoe
valves.
• A new Power Lift feature is available on 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models which uses
increased hydraulic system pressures to enhance backhoe performance. This feature is
optional on 580SN with mechanical backhoe controls, and standard on all other
configurations within these 3 models.
• The variable volume axial piston pump used on the 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models
incorporates a feature called Torque Control. Torque Control cuts back the hydraulic pump
flow output at higher pressures in order to manage the horsepower requirements of the
hydraulic system at optimum levels for the engine capacity. Torque Control has two modes,
loader or backhoe, as the horsepower requirements of the engine are higher when using
the loader due to the additional drivetrain loads.

Hydraulic System
There are a total of five distinctly different hydraulic systems which are used, depending on the
model and configuration:
o 580N with mechanical backhoe controls
o 580N with pilot backhoe controls
o 580SN with mechanical backhoe controls and no Power Lift
o 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN with mechanical backhoe controls and Power Lift
o 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN with pilot backhoe controls and Power Lift
The following table lists the available hydraulic options used on the Case N series loader
backhoe models:
Power
Model Controls Pump Loader Valve Backhoe Valve
Lift
Husco (black) open

Mechanical Not available Husco (black) open center
Parker 52cc center
580N Gear pump Husco (black) open Rexroth (blue) closed center with
Pilot Not available
center open center inlet compensator
Husco (black) open
Mechanical Optional Rexroth 71 cc Husco (black) open center
center
580SN variable piston
Rexroth (blue) closed Rexroth (blue) closed center with
Pilot Standard pump
center minimum flushing valve
Husco (black) open
Mechanical Standard Rexroth 71 cc Husco (black) open center
center
580SNWT variable piston
Pilot Standard pump
Husco (black) open
Mechanical Standard Rexroth 74 cc Husco (black) open center
center
590SN variable piston
Pilot Standard pump
It is important to identify the model and configuration before beginning hydraulic system
diagnosis and adjustments, as the system operation, component location, and component
function varies greatly.
A general system overview will be given for each of these five hydraulic systems, with a detailed
look at each component and how it works given in subsequent sections.

Hydraulic System
Common Components
All models and configurations of the N-Series loader backhoe share some common hydraulic
components. Common components are:
• The hydraulic oil reservoir
• The hydraulic oil filter
• The hydraulic filter restriction switch
Hydraulic Oil Reservoir

The pressurized hydraulic oil reservoir is bolted to the right-hand side of the main frame of the
machine. The hydraulic oil level can be checked from ground level, by viewing the sight gauge
mounted on the front side of the tank. Hydraulic oil is added from the ground level through the
hydraulic filler mounted on the top of the tank. The filler cap is unvented.
The reservoir breather is at the rear of the hydraulic reservoir under the loader hydraulic tube
lines. This breather regulates the internal reservoir pressure to a slight pressure of 0.6 – 0.8 bar
(9 to 11 psi). This small positive pressure helps supply oil into the pump inlet and prevent
cavitation. There is a vacuum check valve that opens at 2 to 3 inches Hg ( –1 to –1.5 psi) to
protect the reservoir.
The battery compartment is located inside the cover on the outside of the hydraulic oil
reservoir. There can be one battery (standard) or two batteries (cold weather starting option)
inside the battery compartment.
Hydraulic Filler cap

reservoir
breather
Battery
Fluid level
compartment
sight gauge
cover

Hydraulic System
Hydraulic Oil Filter
The hydraulic oil filter is located inside the left frame rail. The oil returning from the loader and
backhoe control valves flows into the inlet port of the hydraulic filter base and passes through
the spin-on filter element from the outside of the filter media to the inside, then to the outlet
port. When the filter element is restricted or the oil is cold, it may bypass the filter by forcing
the filter bypass valve off its seat. The filter bypass valve is set to open at 50 psi differential
pressure.
From the center area of the filter base, the oil flows unrestricted to the hydraulic oil cooler,
mounted in front of the radiator. If the oil cooler will not accept the full system flow, the oil can
flow directly back to the reservoir by forcing open the cooler bypass valve located in the filter
base. This valve opens at 70 psi pressure differential to protect the oil cooler. The oil that flows
through the oil cooler returns directly to the tank at the hydraulic pump inlet port, supplying
the pump with the coolest and cleanest oil possible.
Note that the filter is a new design and style for the N series as compared with the previous
Case backhoes, and the filter elements are not interchangeable.
50 psi filter
bypass valve
Inlet port
Cooler out port
Inlet port
70 psi cooler
bypass valve
Spin on filter
element

Hydraulic System
Hydraulic Filter Restriction Switch
A filter restriction switch, located in the hydraulic filter base, senses the inlet and outlet
pressure of the filter element. The pressure on the inlet side of the element is ported to the
outboard, non-spring, end of the nylon piston. The pressure on the downstream side of the
element is ported to the inboard, spring end, of the nylon piston. The sensing spring forces the
nylon piston towards the inlet area, until the pressure differential across the element is greater
than the strength of the spring. When the filter inlet pressure exceeds the outlet pressure by
more than the strength of the spring, the nylon piston moves inward until the grounding
washer contacts the ledge in the filter head. The pressure switch should close at approximately
45-psi differential pressure, just before the filter bypass valve opens.
When the oil is cold the thick oil viscosity may create enough pressure differential in the filter
to activate this filter restriction switch. The hydraulic filter restriction indicator light on the
instrument cluster may remain on until the oil warms up. If the filter restriction light does not
turn off when the oil warms up, then the filter may need changing.
10

Hydraulic System
580N Hydraulic System

The 580N is available with two different hydraulic systems, both using a fixed displacement
gear pump:
• Mechanical controlled backhoe
• Pilot controlled backhoe.
Mechanical Controlled Backhoe System Overview

A single section gear pump provides hydraulic flow, and incorporates a priority spool which
makes sure that steering (and coupler valve, if equipped) have priority over other functions.
Excess oil not required by the steering flows to the open center monoblock loader valve
through the EF port to operate loader functions. If the loader is not being used the oil flows
through the open center monoblock loader control valve, through the open center hammer
valve (if equipped), then to the inlet of the open center monoblock mechanical backhoe valve
for backhoe operations. If neither the loader nor the backhoe functions are being used the oil
flows through the open center backhoe valve to the hydraulic filter, the oil cooler, and then
returns to the hydraulic reservoir. Hydraulic system pressure is controlled and adjusted at a
single main relief valve located in the inlet of the loader control valve set to 3300 +/- 50 psi (228
+/- 3.5 bar).
11

Hydraulic System
Pilot Controlled Backhoe System Overview
On 580N machines with the pilot operated backhoe, the hydraulic flow through the system is
similar to the mechanical controlled backhoe, except that the backhoe valve is a sectional
closed center design with an open center inlet section. The hammer valve (if equipped) is also
closed center design and is in parallel flow with the backhoe valve. The inlet of the backhoe
valve houses a 275 psi (18 Bar) flow control valve that allows the output of the pump to return
to the filter, oil cooler, and the hydraulic reservoir when none of the backhoe functions are
being used. An load sense (LS) pressure signal to the flow control valve when backhoe
functions are used forces the flow control valve closed, routing flow to the backhoe valve work
sections.
Hydraulic system pressure is controlled and adjusted at two relief valves, a two stage relief
valve located at the inlet of the loader valve which controls pressure for the loader functions,
and an LS relief valve in the inlet section of the backhoe valve which controls pressure for the
backhoe functions. During backhoe operations, the two stage loader relief valve gets overset
by a pressure signal downstream from the loader valve. The LS relief acts as the main relief
valve protecting the hydraulic system during backhoe operations. Both relief valves are set to a
system pressure of 3300 +/- 50 psi (228 +/- 3.5 bar).
12

Hydraulic System
580N Gear Pump
The 580N uses a single section gear pump mounted at the rear of the transmission to supply
the hydraulic system flow. The pump output is 28.5gpm at 3000 psi at 2200 rpm (108 L/min at
207 bar at 2200 r/min). The pump flow outputs through a priority spool mounted in the rear
pump housing. The design of the priority spool is to send priority oil through the control flow
(CF) port to steering and bucket coupler valve (if equipped) when a load sense (LS) signal is sent
to the pump from those functions. Any excess oil not required by the steering or bucket
coupler valves flows out of the excess flow (EF) port to rest of the open center hydraulic system.
LS port (from
steering valve)
Suction port
(not shown)
CF port (to
steering) EF port (to
loader valve)
Priority spool is
under the plug at
this location
13

Hydraulic System
580N Gear Pump Priority Spool Operation

At initial startup, the priority spool is held in the priority (CF) position by the springs. The
position of the priority spool is that the EF port is blocked from the pump outlet, so oil flow
flows from the pump outlet cavity to the CF cavity, and then enters the center of the priority
spool filling the side of the spool next to the plug. Because there is no place for oil to flow in
the CF circuit (steering valve is closed center), pressure begins to build behind priority spool.
When the pressure builds to 150 psi, the spring tension is overcome (there is no LS pressure at
this time), and the priority spool will shift over, opening oil flow to the EF port. The priority
spool never fully blocks flow to the CF port, as some CF oil flow must be present to maintain the
150psi pressure to compress the springs and keep the priority spool shifted. The small dynamic
sensing orifice in the priority spool keeps a small amount of flow constantly present in the LS
circuit.
14

Hydraulic System
When the steering valve (or coupler valve, if equipped) is actuated, it sends an LS pressure
signal back to the LS port of the pump, and the LS pressure combines with the spring pressure
to shift the priority spool back to the CF position, blocking flow to the EF port. Pressure will
continue to build in the CF port and the priority spool will remain in the CF position until the
pressure in the CF port pressure can overcome the combined LS pressure + spring pressure. A
relief valve in the LS circuit limits the LS pressure, and when the CF port pressure rises to be
150psi above the LS pressure (overcoming the spring tension), the priority spool will shift to the
EF position, and allow any pump flow not required by the CF port to flow out of the EF port.
15

Hydraulic System
580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN Hydraulic System

The 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN is available with three different hydraulic system
configurations, all using a variable volume piston pump:
• Mechanical controlled backhoe without power lift (580SN only),
• Mechanical controlled backhoe with power lift (580SN, 580SNWT, or 590SN)
• Pilot controlled backhoe (580SN, 580SNWT, or 590SN)
Mechanical Backhoe Controls without Power lift Overview

This configuration is only available on the 580SN, as the 580SNWT and 590SN come with Power
Lift as a standard feature.
A variable volume piston pump supplies hydraulic oil flow to the loader valve, and the pump
swash plate is at a fully stroked (full flow) position upon startup and with the hydraulic controls
in neutral. A priority spool in the inlet section of the loader valve ensures that the steering and
coupler valve (if equipped) have oil flow before all other functions. Oil exits from the priority
spool and flows through the open center monoblock loader valve. If the loader functions are
not being used, the oil flows through the open center hammer valve (if equipped), then to the
inlet of the open center monoblock mechanical backhoe valve for backhoe operations. If the
backhoe functions are not being used then oil flows through the open center backhoe valve to
the hydraulic filter, the oil cooler, and then returns to the suction side of the pump.
The variable volume piston pump remains on stroke at all pressures below 3450 psi (238 bar).
Hydraulic system pressure control and adjustment is achieved with the high pressure cut off
(HPCO) spool at the rear of the variable volume piston pump by destroking the hydraulic pump
when 3450psi (238 bar) is achieved.
The spike clipper, located at the inlet of the loader valve, serves two purposes:
• It is used as a safety valve to relieve hydraulic pump flow in the event of a pump control
malfunction where the pump cannot fully destroke.
• Because the action of pump destroking takes time to complete, momentary pressure
spikes can be normally generated in the system. The spike clipper will alleviate those
momentary pressure spikes.
16

Hydraulic System
17

Hydraulic System
Mechanical Control Backhoe with Power Lift System Overview
When the power lift feature is added, the system is identical to the above description, except
that the HPCO spool on the pump has changed to an LS spool, and a Power Lift valve is added at
the rear of the pump.
Pressure control and adjustment is now achieved with two relief valves in the Power lift valve.
A main relief valve is for normal system pressure, and a Power Lift relief valve for when Power
lift is activated.
• Normal operating pressure for all machines is 3450 +/- 50 psi (238 +/- 3.5 bar).
• 580SN, 590SN Power Lift Pressure is 3625 +/- 50 psi (250 +/- 3.5 bar)
• 580SN WT Power Lift Pressure is 3780 +/- 50 psi (261 +/- 3.5 bar)
A detailed look at the Power lift valve operation is in subsequent sections.
18

Hydraulic System
19

Hydraulic System
Pilot control backhoe system overview
On 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN machines equipped with pilot controlled backhoe, a
traditional pressure and flow compensated (PFC), closed center hydraulic system is used. The
loader and backhoe control valves are both sectional, closed center design, and a closed center
hammer valve is used, if equipped.
A priority spool for steering (and coupler valve, if equipped) is in the inlet section of the loader
valve.
A spike clipper is in the inlet section of the backhoe control valve, and its function is the same
as in the mechanical control backhoe system.
With all of the functions in a neutral position, the pump will be destroked at the LS
compensator spring pressure of 290 psi (20 bar). When a hydraulic function is activated, an LS
signal is sent to the power lift valve and on to the LS compensator of the pump to cause the
pump to come on stroke and generate flow in the system.
Pressure will build until the LS relief valve setting is reached. There are two LS relief valves in
the system, a main relief to control normal system pressures, and a Power Lift relief valve is
used when the Power Lift feature is activated. When the LS relief setting is reached, the pump
will destroke.
A detailed look at the Power Lift valve operation is covered in subsequent sections of this
manual.
System pressure control and adjustment is achieved at the power lift valve located at the rear
of the hydraulic pump.
• Normal operating pressure for all machines is 3450 +/- 50 psi (238 +/- 3.5 bar).
• 580SN, 590SN Power Lift Pressure is 3625 +/- 50 psi (250 +/- 3.5 bar)
• 580SN WT Power Lift Pressure is 3780 +/- 50 psi (261 +/- 3.5 bar)
20

Hydraulic System
21

Hydraulic System
Rexroth Variable Volume Axial Piston Pump
Torque Control HPCO or LS Gauge Torque Control

compensator compensator port Variable Relief
Valve
Pump
output port Case drain
port
Pump suction
port
Torque Control
Torque Control Tubes, DO NOT
Mode Selector LIFT USING
Solenoid THE TUBES AS
A HANDLE
22

Hydraulic System
The hydraulic pump on the 580SN, 580SNWT and 590SN Series is a Rexroth, variable volume
axial piston pump. The pump comes with two displacements, depending on model:
• The 580SN and 580SNWT pump is a displacement of 71cc/revolution, with a pump

output of approximately 37gpm (140 liter / min) @ 2200rpm @ 2175psi (150 bar)
• The 590SN pump is a displacement of 74cc/revolution, with a pump output of

approximately 39gpm (147 liter / min) @ 2200rpm @ 2175psi (150 bar)
The variable volume axial piston pump uses a swash plate to control output flow. The swash
plate is spring loaded to the full flow position with the on-stroke piston and can be destroked
to a minimum flow position by the hydraulically controlled destroking piston. There is no
minimum displacement stop, so the pump is capable of destroking to zero flow position.
Swash Pump Spring loaded on-

plate piston stroke piston
Pump input Hydraulic de-

shaft stroking piston
23

Hydraulic System
Pump displacement and system pressure control
There is no full flow relief valve used in the hydraulic system on machines equipped with the
variable volume piston pump. Instead, the hydraulic system pressure is controlled by
destroking the swash plate of the pump when pressure limits are achieved. Because the pump
output is reduced to no flow, the system pressure will not continue to increase. When the
pump has destroked under these conditions , the hydraulic pump will remain just slightly on
stroke at a minimum flow position which maintains the pressure setting and accounts for
system internal leakage.
The destroking piston hydraulic pressure is controlled by two spools at the rear of the hydraulic
pump.
• The spool toward the front of the pump is the high pressure cut off (HPCO) compensator
(machines without power lift) or the load sense (LS) compensator (machines with power
lift).
• The spool toward the rear of the pump is the Torque Control compensator (all models).
HPCO or LS
compensator.
Torque Control
compensator,
do NOT adjust.
24

Hydraulic System
HPCO spool operation
On 580SN machines without power lift, the HPCO spool is used to control system pressure.
The pump output pressure is ported to

the left side of the HPCO spool . The
spring on the right of the HPCO spool is
set to 3450 psi. The HPCO spool keeps
the pump on full stroke until the pump
output pressure of 3450 psi +/- 50 psi
(238 +/- 3.5 bar) is reached.
When pump output pressure is greater

than this HPCO spring setting, the spool
shifts to the right. Pump output
pressure is applied to the destroking
piston in the pump and the pump is
destroked to minimum flow. System
maximum pressure is adjusted at the
HPCO spool adjustment screw.
25

Hydraulic System
LS Spool Operation
On all machines with power lift, an LS spool is used to control system pressure. Operation is
similar to the HPCO operation in the previous description, but an LS pressure signal is applied,
in addition to the spring pressure, to the LS spool.
The pump output pressure is ported to the

left side of the LS spool pressing against the
spool. The spring on the right of the LS
spool is set to a margin pressure of 290 psi.
An LS pressure signal is added to the spring
pressure. The LS pressure signal comes
from the Power Lift valve (see Power Lift
valve section of this manual). The LS spool
keeps the pump on full stroke until the
pump output pressure is greater than the
sum of 290 psi (20 bar) spring pressure+ LS
signal pressure.
When pump output pressure is greater than

the LS spool spring setting + the LS signal
pressure setting, the spool shifts to the
right. Pump output pressure is applied to
the destroking piston in the pump and the
pump is destroked to minimum flow.
System maximum pressure is adjusted at
the Power Lift valve (see Power Lift valve
section of this manual).
26

Hydraulic System
27

Hydraulic System
Torque Control
Torque Control is a system built into the hydraulic pump that limits the pump flow at higher
pressures.
Why is Torque Control needed? On the N-Series loader backhoes, the hydraulic system
operating pressures have increased from M Series 3 but the flow has not changed. This would
mean the hydraulic system requires more power input to operate. Since the N series uses
exactly the same Tier 3 NEF engines as the M series 3 and the available power was not
increased, the power input requirements of the hydraulic system must to be limited. Cutting
back the pump output flow at higher pressures achieves this requirement.
Torque Control is active at all times, but has two modes of operation.
• Backhoe mode - For backhoe operation the full engine power available is needed to give
the maximum backhoe productivity possible. The torque control is set to a higher
power level.
• Loader mode - When using the loader the hydraulic system must “share” power with
the drivetrain. The torque control is shifted to a lower power level so the machine is not
overloaded.
These two modes of operation are switched by an electrically activated solenoid located at the
rear of the hydraulic pump.
The logic of the solenoid is:
• Solenoid energized = loader torque mode
• Solenoid not energized = backhoe torque control mode
The solenoid is controlled by the seat position switch:
• Seat facing forward = loader torque mode
• Seat facing rearward = backhoe torque mode
The “default” mode for the torque control system is the backhoe, or higher power level, mode.
A variable relief valve is externally attached to the pump at the location of the axis of the swash
plate. This relief valve is attached to the swash plate pivot shaft, and swash plate shaft
increases and decreases the tension on the relief valve springs as it rotates through its angle of
28

Hydraulic System
motion of the swash plate. This action varies the relief valve setting based on pump flow rate
(swash plate angle). The action is as follows:
• Higher swashplate angle = higher displacement = lower TC relief valve pressure setting.
• Lower swashplate angle = lower displacement = higher TC relief valve pressure setting.
The TC compensator is located at the rear of the pump, and its spool is balancing pump output
pressure on one side of the spool with spring pressure (245-275 psi / 17-19 bar) + TC relief
pressure on the opposite side of the spool.
Torque Control Tube Torque Control

DO NOT LIFT PUMP Variable Relief
USING THE TUBE AS Valve
Torque Control A HANDLE
compensator
Torque Control Tube

DO NOT LIFT PUMP
USING THE TUBE AS
Torque Control A HANDLE
Mode Selector
Solenoid
29

Hydraulic System
Torque Control Operation – TC Relief Valve Closed
At lower pressures, a pump output pressure signal is sent out to the left side of the TC spool
and the TC orifice. The pressure signal is also sent to the TC Mode Solenoid, but note that it is
shown in the loader mode at this time, so the valve is closed. The pressure signal also travels
across the TC orifice where pressure is applied to the right side of the TC spool and to the TC
variable relief valve. Because the TC variable relief valve is closed, the TC circuit flow is static
(no flow), and there is no pressure differential across the TC orifice. The TC spool stays shifted
to the left because pump output pressure on the left side of the spool is less than the sum of
pump output pressure + spring pressure on the right side of the spool. The pump stays at full
stroke because no pressure is applied to the destroking piston.
30

Hydraulic System
Torque Control Operation – TC Relief Valve Opens
As pump output pressure increases, the TC variable relief valve opens and flow begins in the TC
circuit. As oil flows across the TC orifice, a pressure drop develops. Now the TC spool will shift
to the right, because pump output pressure on the left side of the spool overcomes the sum of
the spring pressure + TC signal pressure on the right side of the spool. When the spool shifts to
the right, pump output pressure is applied to the destroking piston, and the pump begins to
destroke. However, the pump does not destroke fully, because as the swash plate angle
decreases, the TC variable relief valve pressure setting increases, closing the TC relief valve,
stopping the flow in the TC circuit, and equalizing the pressure drop across the TC orifice. Thus
the TC spool shifts back to the left, cutting off pressure from the destroking piston. This process
is constantly modulating, balancing the swash plate angle and the TC circuit pressure.
31

Hydraulic System
Torque Control Operation – Backhoe Mode
In the previous examples, Torque Control has been shown in the loader mode (solenoid
energized). When the solenoid is de-energized for the backhoe mode, the TC mode solenoid
opens up additional flow, through a second orifice, into the TC relief valve circuit. This means
that a higher flow in the TC circuit is required in order to create the pressure drop at the right
side of the TC spool, allowing the spool to shift and destroke the pump. The TC relief valve
must open farther in order to create this additional flow. Thus the swash plate will be at a
higher angle setting for a given pressure before Torque Control begins destroking the pump, in
comparison with the loader mode.
32

Hydraulic System
Torque Control Setting and Adjustment
There are a number of adjustments which can be made to the torque control system, but it is
not recommended to tamper with or adjust these Torque Control settings as they are factory
set from Rexroth. The long, tedious, and sensitive procedure to test and adjust the Torque
Control system should only be utilized if the machine shows symptoms of low hydraulic power,
and ALL other troubleshooting has been exhausted. Periodic adjustment, as a matter of
maintenance, is NOT recommended.
As an informational guideline, torque control is set so the pump flow partially decreases as a
curve at higher pressures, until full destroking takes place, as noted in the following graph of an
example 580SN pump in loader mode:
33

Hydraulic System
Torque Control Specifications
All specifications are with the hydraulic oil at a temperature of 120 - 175 deg F (50 - 79 deg C).
• Torque Control compensator spool margin (spring) setting: 245 - 275 psi (17 - 19 bar).
580SN / 580SNWT variable relief valve set points (in loader mode) @ 2000rpm:
• 33.0 to 35.7 gpm (125 to 135 l/min) @ 2400psi (165 bar)
590SN variable relief valve set points (in loader mode):
• 25.1 to 27.7 gpm (95 – 105 l/min) @ 3200psi (221 bar)
The relief valve set points in backhoe mode are not recorded. The design is that when the
loader mode is set correctly, the backhoe mode will automatically be correct.
34

Hydraulic System
Power Lift Feature
The new Power lift feature is optional on 580SN with mechanical controls. On 580SN with pilot
controls, all 580SNWT, and all 590SN, Power lift is standard.
Power lift is engaged by a switch at the rear

side console, and will only operate while
operating the backhoe (which is determined
by operator seat position), and an error
message will display on the VCM if Power
Lift is activated while the seat is forward in
the loader position.
When power lift is engaged, the hydraulic system switches to a higher pressure relief setting,
increasing breakout force and lifting capacity. The engine RPM also drops to 1400 rpm, which
slows down the hydraulic system, increasing precision when placing loads.
A Power Lift valve is mounted to a bracket on the rear of the hydraulic pump. There are 4
different Power Lift valve part numbers available, depending on machine model and control
type. To ensure easy identification, the machine model and type is engraved into the Power Lift
valve body.
The Power Lift valve contains two relief valves, a normal relief valve and a higher pressure
Power Lift relief valve, and an electrically controlled solenoid which switches the relief valve
operation.
Power Lift valve operation in controlling pressure varies slightly on whether the machine has a
mechanical or pilot controlled backhoe:
• On mechanical controlled backhoe (open center hydraulic system) the pump output
is directly sent directly to the Power Lift valve “LS in” port, flows across a small
orifice, and then goes directly to the LS compensator on the variable volume piston
pump via the “LS out” port.
• On pilot controlled backhoe (closed center hydraulic system) the LS signal from the
loader and backhoe valves is sent to the Power Lift valve “LS in” port, flows across a
large orifice, and then goes directly to the LS compensator on the variable volume
piston pump via the “LS out” port. The LS drain cartridge is also incorporated into
the Power Lift valve.
35

Hydraulic System
Power Lift Valve for Mechanical Control Backhoe
36

Hydraulic System
Power Lift Valve for Pilot Control Backhoe
DO NOT
ADJUST!
37

Hydraulic System
Power Lift Relief Valve Operation
During normal operation both relief valves
are in the system. When the RV1 relief
pressure is reached it opens flows into the
tank return. The LS pressure signal to the
LS compensator spool on the pump is
limited to the setting of the relief valve.
The Power Lift relief RV2 does not open
because it is set at a higher pressure than
the normal relief.
When Power Lift is engaged, the solenoid

valve shifts taking the normal pressure
relief RV1 out of the system. The higher
pressure Power Lift relief RV2 is the only
remaining relief valve, so the LS pressure
will now build to the Power Lift relief RV2
pressure setting.
Because the Power Lift relief valve is ALWAYS present in the circuit, regardless of the solenoid
valve position, it is important to set the higher pressure Power Lift relief valve BEFORE setting
the normal relief valve. Failure to adjust the relief valves in this order may result in an inability
to adjust the normal relief pressure setting correctly.
38

Hydraulic System
39

Hydraulic System
Power Lift System Pressure Control – Mechanical Control Backhoe
On machines equipped with mechanical control backhoe, hydraulic pump output pressure is
sent directly to the “LS in” port of the Power Lift valve from the pump output. This pressure
signal goes across the small .059 inch (1.50 mm) orifice in the “LS in” port, to the relief valves,
and then to the LS compensator spool of the pump. With the relief valves closed, the LS circuit
is static (no flow), so there is no pressure drop across the orifice. At the LS spool of the pump,
the pressure on both sides of the spool is equal, so the spring holds the LS spool to the left,
keeping destroking piston vented to tank, and the pump remains fully stroked.
40

Hydraulic System
When pressure builds and the Power Lift valve relief opens, flow begins in the LS circuit as the
oil exits the relief valve. This flow creates a pressure drop across the orifice, and the pressure
signal at the right side of the LS compensator spool drops. When the pressure drops to 290 psi
(20 bar) below the pump output pressure, the pump output pressure on the left side of the
spool will overcome the LS pressure + spring pressure on the right side of the spool, the LS
spool will shift to the right, sending pump output pressure to the destroking piston, and the
pump will destroke. Note in this system that the pressure drop across the spool will equal the
spring pressure of the LS compensator in the pump, and the relief valve will only open to the
point at which the flow will create this pressure drop.
41

Hydraulic System
Power Lift System Pressure Control – Pilot Control Backhoe
On machines equipped a with pilot control backhoe, hydraulic pump output pressure is NOT
sent directly to the “LS in” port of the Power Lift valve. Instead, the LS pressure signal
originating from the backhoe or loader valves (or hammer valve, if equipped) is sent to the “LS
in” port of the Power Lift valve. The orifice at the “LS in” port is much larger than that used in
mechanical control backhoe, and it does not create a pressure drop as previously described
when the unit has mechanical backhoe controls. Instead it is only used for LS pressure signal
stability.
This LS pressure signal is sent to the pressure relief valves and to the LS compensator spool of
the pump. The system will build pressure until the pump output pressure at the left side of the
LS spool is 290 psi (20 bar) higher than the LS signal pressure, then the LS spool will overcome
the spring tension, shift to the right, send pump output pressure to the destroking piston, and
the pump will go to minimum flow.
With all hydraulic functions in a neutral position, minimal LS pressure is present, so the pump
will build to 290psi (20 bar), the LS spool will shift to the right, and the pump will destroke.
When a function is activated, LS pressure is sent to the Power Lift valve, the relief valves, and
the LS compensator spool. With the LS pressure at the right side of the LS spool, the spool will
shift to the left, the destroking piston pressure will vent to tank, and the swash plate will go to
full flow. LS pressure will continue to rise (until the relief valve opens), and the pump output
pressure will then rise until the LS spool is shifted back to the right, again destroking the pump.
Because the LS pressure signal is connected to the work port of the function which is actuated,
the pump will always modulate the swash plate and thus pump output to maintain the pressure
and flow requirement of the actuated function (or functions).
An LS drain is also incorporated into the Power Lift valve. The LS drain is a 0.7 liter/min “leak”
designed into the LS circuit, and allows the LS signal pressure to drain off quickly when a
hydraulic function is returned to neutral. If the “leak” is too small, the pump may hang on
stroke when a function is returned to neutral, but if the “leak” is too large, then the pump may
be slow to, or will not, come on stroke when a function is activated.
Do NOT attempt to adjust the LS drain cartridge, even though it appears to be adjustable. If a
problem with the LS drain is suspected, then replace it with a new one.
42

Hydraulic System
43

Hydraulic System
Attenuator hose
On all 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN, an attenuator hose is attached with a tee at the outlet of
the piston pump. This hose serves two purposes:
• The attenuator hose dampens harmonic noise from the pump due to a tuned hose
length and diameter design which cancels sound waves. When replacing this hose,
always ensure that an identical hose is used, and air should be bled from this hose if it is
disconnected for service.
• It provides a convenient place to attach a pressure gauge for hydraulic system testing. A
quick disconnect fitting is on all machines at the end of this hose.
Attenuator Hose
Hydraulic System
Pressure Test Port
44

Hydraulic System
45

Hydraulic System
Monoblock Open Center Loader Valve

A monoblock casting, open center loader control valve is used on ALL models equipped with
mechanical backhoe controls, as well as the 580N equipped with pilot backhoe controls. This
loader valve is available in a two function (loader lift and bucket) or three function (loader lift,
bucket, and clam) design. In the event that a customer wishes to add the third function to a
two spool loader valve, the entire loader valve assembly must be replaced with the three spool
design.
A steering priority spool is at the inlet of the loader valve on 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN
models. An LS pressure signal from the steering (or coupler valve, if equipped) will shift the
priority spool to send oil flow out of the priority flow (labeled “PF”) port of the housing. The
model 580N contains a “blank” spool with no springs in this position, since the steering priority
spool is contained in the gear pump rear housing on the 580N.
There are up to three working spools in the valve:
1. Bucket Spool – mechanically operated three position, and has an electrically operated
magnetic detent for the Return To Dig feature. A 3625 psi (250 bar) circuit relief / anti
cavitation valve is included in each of the work ports.
2. Lift Spool – mechanically operated four position (fourth position is float), and has a
mechanical detent to hold the spool in the float position. An anti cavitation valve is
included in each of the work ports.
3. Clam Spool (optional) – pilot operated, three position. There is no provision for circuit
relief valves or anti cavitation valves in the work ports.
With the working spools in a neutral position, oil flows through the open center passages of the
valve and exits out of the power beyond (labeled “PB”) port where the oil flows on to the rest
of the hydraulic system. When one of the working spools are moved, the open center flow is
blocked, and oil is routed across a load check valve to the work port of the function. Since the
bucket spool is the first spool in the series of oil flow, the lift spool will not receive any oil if the
bucket spool is fully stroked. However, if the optional clam spool is present, a parallel passage
will allow use of the clam function simultaneously with the bucket or loader lift. The work port
“A” ports are the side closest to the spool clevis attachment end, with the opposing side being
the “B” port. Return oil from the work functions flows out through the tank (labeled “T”) port
and goes directly to the filter, oil cooler, and the hydraulic reservoir.
46

Hydraulic System
Power Beyond Port Tank Port
Clam Spool Load Check

Valve
Lift Spool
Bucket Spool
LS Signal Port (for

priority spool)
Main Relief Valve / Spike Clipper
Priority Flow Port Pressure In Port
47

Hydraulic System
Bucket Spool Lift Spool Clam Spool
Priority Spool
Pressure
In Port
Tank
Port
Load Sense Port
(for priority spool)
Pilot End Cap

(for EH clam)
Float (Mechanical)
Detent
Return to Dig Solenoid
(Magnetic Detent)
48

Hydraulic System
“A” Circuit Relief
Valve (bucket
spool only)
“A” work port
Load check valve
Parallel passage
(to clam spool)
“B” work port
“B” Circuit Relief

Valve (bucket
spool only)
49

Hydraulic System
Priority Spool (580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN)
A steering priority spool on 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN. The operation of the steering
priority spool is similar to the explanation given in the 580N gear pump section, so this will not
be repeated here. The 580N contains a “blank” spool in place of the priority spool since the
steering priority is contained in the gear pump on this model.
Load Check Valve

All 3 work sections contain a load check valve to prevent the load from moving unexpectedly.
If a function is activated and the pressure in the work port is greater than the pressure in the
open center core of the valve (for example, if the work cylinder is overloaded, or engine is not
running), then the load check valve prevents the oil from back-flowing through the valve and
lowering the load. A faulty or leaking load check valve is often seen as a momentary drop in the
load when opening a spool to perform a function.
Main Relief Valve (580N with mechanical backhoe controls)

On a model 580N with mechanical backhoe
controls, the main system relief valve is a
adjustable relief valve, and main system
pressure is adjusted at this relief valve.
Spike Clipper (580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN)

A 4000 psi (276 bar) spike clipper is used in normally generated in the system.
all machines equipped with the variable The spike clipper will alleviate those
volume piston pump and it serves two momentary pressure spikes.
purposes:
1. It is used as a safety valve to relieve

hydraulic pump flow in the event of
a pump control malfunction where
the pump cannot fully destroke.
2. Because the action of pump

destroking takes time to complete,
momentary pressure spikes can be
50

Hydraulic System
Two stage Relief Valve (580N with pilot control backhoe)

On the model 580N equipped with pilot
backhoe controls, the main relief valve in
the inlet of the loader valve is a two stage
relief valve. The first, or lower pressure
stage, serves as the main system relief valve
when operating loader control valve
functions. A pilot pressure line from a tee
at the PB port of the loader valve is routed
to the top of the two stage relief valve and
it activates a second stage pressure
approximately 500 PSI higher than the
nominal setting. This overset of the
pressure is engaged anytime a function
downstream of the loader valve (backhoe
or hammer) is actuated. This pilot pressure
will cause the overset piston to move
downward causing an increase in spring
tension of the pilot poppet, raising the
pressure at which the high pressure poppet
will open. In this condition, the maximum
hydraulic system pressure will then be
controlled by the LS relief valve in the inlet
section of the pilot operated backhoe
control valve.
51

Hydraulic System
Anti Cavitation Valve
The loader section of the loader control valve contains an anti cavitation valve in each of the
work ports. An anti cavitation check valve to allows make-up oil to enter the circuit if the oil
flow required to move the cylinder exceeds the available pump supply.
In the lift circuit where the loader is lowered quickly, especially at low engine rpm, gravity can
cause the cylinder to move faster than the pump can supply oil flow, causing a vacuum. When
the pressure of the oil in the circuit is less than the pressure in the tank passage, the poppet in
the anti cavitation check valve will open to allow the oil in the tank passage to flow into the
circuit to keep the circuit full, and prevent cavitation (vacuum bubbles in the oil) from occuring.
Evidence of hydraulic cavitation is spongy or springy cylinder movement and a pause or delay in
cylinder movement when activated.
52

Hydraulic System
Circuit Relief Valve
The bucket section of the loader control valves with pressure specifications lower
valve contains a circuit relief valve in each than the main relief setting. The main relief
of the work ports. The purpose of a circuit valve setting should never be raised to test
relief valve is to limit the maximum or adjust a circuit relief.
pressure in a circuit when the control spool
The most common cause of a circuit relief
is in neutral. The circuit relief valve also
valve failure is contamination.
provides an anti-cavitation check valve to
allow make-up oil to enter the circuit if the
oil flow required to move the cylinder
exceeds the available pump supply.
When the pressure of the oil in the circuit is

less than the setting of the circuit relief
spring(s), the pressure-regulating poppet
does not allow oil to enter the return
passage.
The circuit relief valve pressure is factory

preset and cannot be adjusted as the
adjustment screw is staked after the
pressure is set. In most circuits, the setting
of the circuit relief is higher than the main
relief. When the setting is greater than the
main relief, the only time that the circuit
relief will open is when the control spool is
in the neutral position and an external force
is applied to the circuit.
Circuit reliefs should be removed from the

valve and tested for proper operation when
one is suspected of malfunctioning. An easy
test is to swap a circuit relief valve with a
know good valve from anther port. A hand
pump and test fixture are required to test
and adjust circuit relief valves, even on
53

Hydraulic System
Monoblock Open Center Backhoe Valve

A monoblock casting, open center backhoe control valve is used on ALL models equipped with
mechanical backhoe controls. This loader valve is available in a six or seven function (swing,
boom, left stabilizer, right stabilizer, dipper, bucket, and optional extendahoe) configuration,
with an additional section which is added to the end of the monoblock casting for the optional
bi-directional auxiliary hydraulic function. All of the “A” work ports are toward the spool clevis
attachment end of the valve, while the “B” work ports are toward the opposing end. An anti
cavitation regeneration valve connecting the inlet and outlet passages is contained at the end
of the valve casting.
The order of the control valve spools from left to right (as seated in the backhoe position) is as
follows:
1. Swing spool – contains a restricted orifice at the spool inlet passage to slow down the
speed of the swing function. Two non adjustable 3000 psi (207 bar) circuit relief / anti
cavitation valves are used in the work ports. An externally located swing dampening
valve is for the swing function to provide increased operating smoothness.
2. Boom spool – contains a regeneration spool inside of the main boom spool to provide
additional oil for the boom cylinder during full speed boom lowering and prevent
cylinder cavitation. A non adjustable 3335 psi (230 bar) circuit relief / anti cavitation
valve is in the boom down (A) work port, and a non adjustable 4930 psi (340 bar) circuit
relief valve is in the boom up (B) work port. A low-leak check valve is also contained in
the boom up (B) work port to limit leak down of the boom.
3. Left stabilizer spool – no load check valves or circuit relief / anti cavitation valves are
used for this function. The work ports exit the opposite side of the valve from all other
functions.
4. Right stabilizer spool – no load check valve or circuit relief / anti cavitation valves are
used for this function. The work ports exit the opposite side of the valve from all other
functions.
5. Dipper spool – Two non adjustable 4100 psi (283 bar) circuit relief / anti cavitation
valves are contained in the work ports.
6. Bucket spool - A non adjustable 4290 psi (296 bar) circuit relief / anti cavitation valve is
in the bucket dump (A) work port, and a non adjustable 4100 psi (283 bar) circuit relief /
anti cavitation valve is in the bucket curl (B) work port.
54

Hydraulic System
7. Extendahoe – No circuit relief / anti cavitation valves are used in the work ports for this
function.
8. The additional separate section for the bi-directional auxiliary function contains two
adjustable circuit relief / anti cavitation valves in the work ports, which are initially set
to 3190 psi (220 bar). The technician can adjust these circuit relief valves as required for
the auxiliary attachment being used. A spool lock solenoid is used on the bidirectional
auxiliary spool to prevent inadvertent operation when using the uni-directional auxiliary
hydraulics.
Hydraulic flow enters the valve at the inlet port, and with all controls in neutral, the oil travels
through the open center valve spools and exits the valve at the outlet port. When a spool is
actuated, the open center flow is blocked, forcing the oil flow across the load check valve, and
into the work port of the actuated function. Return oil flow from the cylinder is directed
through the spool to the outlet port. An inlet parallel passage ensures flow sharing for all
functions in the monoblock casting, so multi-functioning by the operator can be accomplished.
Note that in this system, the function with the lowest pressure demand will have the priority
for the oil flow, and the operator must manually meter the control valve spools to share the
flow between functions. The optional bi-directional auxiliary section is not connected to the
parallel passage, so oil flow is not available to this section when other backhoe functions are
being used and the open center passage is blocked.
55

Hydraulic System
RH Stab spool Bi-directional

auxiliary spool
LH Stab spool Dipper spool
Boom spool Bucket spool
Swing spool Extendahoe

spool
Regen-
eration
valve
Inlet port
Spool
LH Stabilizer RH Stabilizer lock
“A” port “B” port Outlet port solenoid
LH Stabilizer RH Stabilizer
“B” port “A” port
56

Hydraulic System
Bi-directional auxiliary Dipper Boom “A”

adjustable “A” port “A” port port circuit
circuit relief relief
Swing “A”
port circuit
Bucket “A” Dipper “A” Boom “A”
relief
port circuit port circuit port
relief relief
Regen-
eration
valve
Load
check
valve
Extendahoe
“B” port
Dipper Boom Swing
Bucket “B” port “B” port “B” port
Bi-directional
auxiliary adjustable “B” port
“B” port circuit Boom low
relief leak check
valve
57

Hydraulic System
Regeneration valve
Swing spool
Boom spool
LH Stab spool
RH Stab spool
Dipper spool
Bucket spool
Extendahoe spool
Bi-directional
auxiliary spool
58

Hydraulic System
Boom “B” port low Boom load Boom “A” Boom “A”
leak check valve check valve port port circuit
relief
Boom spool
Boom regeneration spool

(inside boom spool) Parallel passage
Swing load Boom load Parallel Extendahoe Bi-directional

check valve check valve passage load check auxiliary load
and orifice valve check valve
Regeneration Bi-directional
valve Inlet port Boom spool Outlet port auxiliary spool
59

Hydraulic System
Low Leak Check Valve (Boom “B” port only)
There is a pilot operated check valve in the boom up (“B”) work port to help hold loads in a
raised position.
With the spool in a neutral position, the oil

on both sides of the check valve is captured,
so the spring holds the valve closed,
eliminating normal spool leakage from
causing the boom to lower over time.
When the spool is shifted and pressurized

oil flows out of the “B” port, the check valve
is pushed open and the oil continues out to
raise the boom cylinder.
When the spool is shifted to send oil out the

boom “A” port to lower the boom, and oil
returns from the boom cylinder to the “B”
port, the back side of the check valve is
vented to tank by the spool, so the check
valve opens and allows the return oil to
continue from the work port to the spool.
60

Hydraulic System
Regeneration Valve
The regeneration valve located at the inlet side of the backhoe valve operates in the same
manner as the anti cavitation valve used in the monoblock open center loader control valve.
Load Check Valve

The load check valve at each of the spools operates in the same manner as used in the
monoblock open center loader control valve.
Circuit Relief / Anti cavitation Valve

The circuit relief /anti-cavitation valve at each of the work ports operates in the same manner
as used in the monoblock open center loader control valve.
61

Hydraulic System
Rexroth Closed Center Sectional Loader Valve

On 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models equipped with pilot backhoe controls, a Rexroth
closed center sectional loader valve is used.
The valve is composed of an inlet section and two work sections, with an additional third work
section being added if the optional loader clam control is installed:
1. Closed center inlet section containing a priority spool for dynamic load sensing (DLS)
steering (and hydraulic coupler valve, if equipped).
2. Loader lift section is manually actuated, has a four position spool (additional float
position) with a mechanical detent, and an anti cavitation valve in each work port. A
sectional compensator provides flow sharing and load sensing capabilities, and
incorporates the load check valve into its design.
3. Loader bucket section is manually actuated, has a three position spool with a magnetic
detent for the return to dig (RTD) feature, and a 3625 psi (250 bar) circuit relief / anti
cavitation valve in each work port. A sectional compensator provides flow sharing and
load sensing capabilities, and incorporates the load check valve into its design.
4. Loader clam section is pilot actuated, has a three position spool, and contains no circuit
relief valves or anti cavitation valves (a core plug is installed in their place). A sectional
compensator provides flow sharing and load sensing capabilities, and incorporates the
load check valve into its design.
The work “A” ports are toward the clevis end of the spool, and the “B” ports are on the
opposing side.
62

Hydraulic System
Clam spool Bucket spool Lift spool

(pilot actuated)
Bucket “A” LS port

port circuit
relief / anti
Outlet port
cav valve
Clam “A” port
Clam sectional
compensator /
load check valve
Clam “B” port
Bucket
Priority
“B” port
flow port
(to steering)
Inlet port
Bucket “B”
port circuit Magnetic
detent for Lift “B” port Priority spool
relief / anti
cav valve bucket spool anti cav valve
DLS port not
visible, adjacent
to priority spool
63

Hydraulic System
Inlet Section and Priority Spool
Oil flows into the loader valve at the inlet section “P” port. The priority spool in the inlet
section will first divert oil flow out of the priority flow (labeled “D”) port. Since the steering
valve (or coupler valve, if equipped) is closed center, pressure will begin to build in the P port
and overcome the priority spool spring tension. Because there is minimal DLS pressure when
steering is in neutral, the priority spool will shift, blocking flow to the D port, and diverting flow
on to the work sections of the control valve assembly. The priority spool will maintain a
position in which a small amount of flow will still be maintained in the D port to keep the
priority spool shifted and account for the designed in leakage of the DLS circuit.
LS pressure
(isolated
from DLS
pressure by
check valve
D port to
steering
Pressure In
Pressure to
rest of valve
Priority Spool
DLS pressure
(from steering)
and spring
64

Hydraulic System
When the steering (or coupler valve, if equipped) sends a pressure signal to the DLS port, the
DLS pressure is combined with the priority spool spring pressure. This will shift the priority
spool, blocking flow the the pressure core of the control valve, and diverting priority flow to the
D port of the inlet section. Note that an orifice and screen is present in the DLS end of the
priority spool (not seen in the image below), which keeps a small amount of oil always flowing
from the pressure in to the DLS circuit. This dynamic flow ensures quick response from the
steering valve when activated, and helps maintain uniform temperature in the steering valve.
LS pressure
(isolated
from DLS
pressure by
check valve
D port to
steering
Pressure In
Pressure to
rest of valve
Priority Spool
DLS pressure
(from steering)
and spring
65

Hydraulic System
The DLS is isolated from the rest of the LS by a check valve in the inlet section. This check valve
allows DLS pressure to flow into the LS circuit when steering is activated to signal the piston
pump to come on stroke. However, the check valve blocks the LS circuit from flowing into the
DLS circuit, making sure the priority spool stays shifted to direct flow to the control valve work
sections.
Core plugs
blocking tank
passage from
LS passage
Pressure to
valve work
LS pressure port
sections
DLS isolation
check valve Return
(tank)
passage
DLS pressure port
66

Hydraulic System
67

Hydraulic System
Working Sections
Each of the loader, bucket, and clam working sections of the loader control valve are Rexroth
SX14 “S slice” valves. In the example below, a generic pilot operated SX14 “S Slice” valve
section is shown with a circuit relief /anti cav valve in the A port, and a core plug in the B port.
Blocking
core plug
Tank (Return)
port
“B” work
port
Pressure
In Port
Sectional
Compensator Load Check
Valve
“A” work
Main Control
port
Spool
Circuit Tank (Return)

Relief Valve port
68

Hydraulic System
Oil flow enters the valve at the center core (pressure in) passage. In a neutral position, all
hydraulic flow is blocked by the closed center spool.
69

Hydraulic System
When the spool is actuated, oil flows across the closed center passage and to the sectional
compensator. The sectional compensator incorporates a load check valve into its design,and
the load check valve pushed opened. Flow crosses the load check valve and returns to the main
spool where oil is routed to the work port. The work port pressure signal is then sent through
the center of the sectional compensator passages to the LS passage, sending the work port
pressure signal to the piston pump controls. Return oil is routed to the tank passage by the
spool.
70

Hydraulic System
If a second function is actuated in which the work port pressure demand requires a higher
pressure than the first function, the LS pressure signal from the second function is applied to
the sectional compensator through the LS passage. Since this pressure is higher than the work
port pressure of the first function, the sectional compensator shifts, restricting flow to the work
port. This system design will always prioritize the function with the higher pressure demand.
71

Hydraulic System
Pilot Operated Sectional Backhoe Control Valve

On all models equipped with pilot backhoe controls, a Rexroth sectional backhoe valve is used.
The valve is composed of an inlet section and six work sections, with an additional seventh and
eight work section being added if the optional extendahoe and bi-directional auxiliary is
installed. All work sections contain pilot operated, three position spools, and a sectional
compensator (except the stabilizer sections) provides flow sharing and load sensing capabilities.
The A ports are located toward the top of the valve, and the B ports are toward the bottom of
the valve assembly, as it is installed in the machine. The order of installation of the valve
sections is as follows, from left to right (as seated in the backhoe position):
1. The inlet section can be two configurations, depending on whether the valve is installed
in a 580N (gear pump) or 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN (piston pump). The 580N uses
an open center inlet flow control valve, and the LS relief and LS drain cartridge are also
in this inlet section. The 580SN, 580SNWT, or 590SN use a closed center inlet with a
spike clipper and flushing valve, but the LS relief and drain cartridge locations are
plugged off with core plugs.
2. The swing section is an SX14 “Classic” section and contains two adjustable 2975 psi (205
bar) circuit relief / anti cavitation valves.
3. The boom section is an SX14 “S slice” section and contains two non adjustable circuit
relief / anti cavitation valves. The “A” port circuit relief setting is 4930 psi (340 bar), and
the “B” port circuit relief setting is 3340 psi (230 bar). The boom spool incorporates a
regeneration spool inside of the main spool to help prevent boom cylinder cavitation in
high speed boom down operation.
4. The LH stabilizer section is a special SX14 “S slice” section and contains no circuit relief
or anti cavitation valves, and has no provision for them.
5. The RH stabilizer section is a special SX14 “S slice” section and contains no circuit relief
or anti cavitation valves, and has no provision for them.
6. The dipper section is an SX14 “S slice” section and contains two non adjustable circuit
relief / anti cavitation valves. The “A” and “B” port circuit relief setting is 4100 psi (283
bar).
72

Hydraulic System
7. The bucket section is an SX14 “S slice” section and contains two non adjustable circuit
relief / anti cavitation valves. The “A” port circuit relief setting is 4300 psi (29 bar), and
the “B” circuit relief setting is 4100 psi (283 bar).
8. The extendahoe section is an SX14 “S slice” section and contains no circuit relief or anti
cav valves, and core plugs are installed in their place to block the passages.
9. The bi-directional auxiliary section is an SX14 “Classic” section and contains two
adjustable 3190 psi (220 bar) circuit relief / anti cav valves .
10. An end section is used with a crossover tank passage.
Bi-aux Bucket RH stab Boom Inlet
End Extend Dipper LH stab Swing T1

port
LS
port
Adjustable Circuit Fixed Circuit Relief Tank Return Pressure In

Relief / Anti Cav Valve / Anti Cav Valve Port port
73

Hydraulic System
74

Hydraulic System
75

Hydraulic System
Inlet Section with Open Center Flow Control Valve Operation
On the model 580N (with pilot controls) ONLY, the inlet section contains an open center flow
control valve, a LS relief valve, and an LS drain valve.
The flow control valve has a 275 psi (19 bar) spring, and the valve spool is balancing pump
output pressure on one side and LS pressure on the other side of the spool. When no LS
pressure is present, pump output pressure will build to 275 psi and the flow control valve will
open, allowing the full hydraulic flow to go back to the reservoir through the tank port. When a
function is actuated, LS pressure is sent to the flow control spool, and the LS pressure combined
with spring pressure closes the flow control valve. Pressure will continue to build until the LS
relief valve opens, limiting the LS pressure. The pump output pressure will continue to rise an
additional 275 psi, then the flow control valve will open allowing the pump output to flow out
of the tank port.
The LS drain is a 0.7 liter/min “leak” designed into the LS circuit, and allows the LS signal
pressure to drain off quickly when a hydraulic function is returned to neutral. If the “leak” is
too small, the pump may hang on pressure when a function is returned to neutral, but if the
“leak” is too large, then the backhoe may be weak or unresponsive. In cases of slow or weak
backhoe function, a faulty or sticking LS drain or relief is the most likely cause of trouble.
Note also that the T1 return from the LS relief and drain valve is separated from the main
return oil exiting the T port. The T1 return must go directly to the hydraulic reservoir with no
blockage, or the LS relief and drain would fail to function and hydraulic pressures could go
extremely high.
76

Hydraulic System
LS relief valve
LS drain valve
Flow control valve
LS drain valve
Flow control valve LS relief valve
T1 tank
port
T tank
port
P2 pressure
LS port in port
77

Hydraulic System
Inlet Section with Flushing Valve and Spike Clipper
On 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN machines (with pilot control backhoe), a flushing valve and
4000 psi (276 bar) spike clipper is located in the inlet section of the Rexroth sectional closed
center backhoe control valve. The ports for the LS relief and drain are plugged off.
The flushing valve places a slight load on the pump when in a destroked, low rpm condition. In
development it was found that the load on the pump was so light, that the input shaft splines
would make noise, and this valve is necessary to create a slight hydraulic load to prevent this
condition. It circulates about 35 liter/min back to tank with all controls in neutral, and this will
also help with hydraulic system warm up and anti-cavitation valve performance. Note that the
flushing valve does make a slight hissing noise when open, and clicks each time it closes.
The flushing valve is located inside the spike clipper spool in the backhoe valve inlet section.
Note that the spool has pump output pressure on one side of the piston, and LS pressure on the
other side. When no LS pressure is present, the flushing valve spool opens and allows some oil
to flow back to tank. Due to the differential area of the flushing valve piston, as soon as a
hydraulic function is activated and LS pressure builds to around 360 psi (25 bar), the flushing
valve piston shifts to the closed position, cutting off the flow to tank, and ensuring full hydraulic
flow is available to the hydraulic functions.
Flushing Valve
Spike Clipper
78

Hydraulic System
SX14 “S Slice” Work Section
The boom, dipper, bucket, and extendahoe all use similar Rexroth SX14 “S slice” sections. The
operation is identical to that shown in the previous description of the Rexroth loader valve
work section.
SX14 “Classic” Work Section

The swing and bi-directional auxiliary sections are a Rexroth SX14 “Classic” section. The design
is a bit different from the “S slice” sections in regard to the load check valve, sectional
compensator, and circuit relief design. Two separate load check valves are used for each work
passage, but this is functionally shown as one load check valve on the schematic.
Tank (Return)
Circuit Relief / port
Anti cav valve
Main Control
“A” work
port Spool
“A” Load Pressure

Check Valve In Port
Sectional
Compensator
“B” Load
Check Valve
“B” work
port
Circuit Relief /
Anti cav valve
79

Hydraulic System
When the spool is actuated, oil flows across the closed center passage to the sectional
compensator. The sectional compensator shifts upward, opening flow to the adjacent load
check valve. Flow crosses the load check valve and returns to the main spool where oil flow is
routed to the work port. A work port pressure signal is sent through the center of the sectional
compensator passages to the LS passage, sending the work port pressure signal to the LS
compensator of the pump. If a second function is actuated in which the work port pressure
demand requires a higher pressure than the first function, the LS pressure signal from the
second function is applied to the sectional compensator through the LS passage. Since this
pressure is higher than the work port pressure of the first function, the sectional compensator
will shift back, restricting flow to the work port, and blocking the sectional compensator LS
passage. This system design will always prioritize the function with the higher pressure demand.
80

Hydraulic System
Stabilizer Section
The stabilizer section is a special Rexroth SX14 “S slice” section. There is no sectional
compensator, and no provision for circuit relief / anti cav valves. When the spool is actuated,
oil flows across the load check and back to the spool where it is redirected to the work port. An
LS pressure signal is sent through an orifice to the LS passage. A small check valve isolates the
LS pressure so if higher pressure is present in the LS passage than in the stabilizer work port (for
example if performing another function simultaneously), it does not leak LS flow into the lower
pressure stabilizer work port.
“A” Port
LS
isolation
Pressure In
check
valve
LS
passage
Load Check Valve
“B” Port
81

Hydraulic System
Adjustable circuit relief / Anti Cavitation Valve (SX14 Classic Sections)
Adjustable circuit relief valves with built in
anti cavitation valves are installed in the
SX14 “Classic” work ports of the swing and
bi-directional auxiliary sections.
Fixed Circuit Relief / Anti Cavitation Valve (SX14 S-slice Sections

No art work is available at this time.
82

Hydraulic System
Pilot Control System

All models equipped with pilot backhoe controls use the same components and configuration
for the pilot control system. The Rexroth sectional backhoe control valve spools are pilot
actuated, and this pilot oil is precisely metered and sent to the spools in two different manners,
depending on the function.
The swing, boom, dipper, and bucket functions are sent pilot pressure which is manually
metered by the two joysticks of the backhoe controls.
The stabilizers, extendahoe, and bi-directional aux functions are sent pilot pressure metered
from pulse width modulated (PWM) electric solenoids at the pilot control manifold.
83

Hydraulic System
Pilot Manifold
The electrical portion of the pilot control system is covered in the Electrical section of this
training manual.
Hydraulic oil enter the pilot manifold “P” port where it travels across the orifice, pressure
reducing valve and the check valve. Pilot pressure is reduced to 450 psi (31 bar) by the pressure
reducing valve. The check valve and accumulator maintain a consistent and steady pilot
pressure despite main system pressure fluctuations and also allow the pilot controls to be
actuated in the event that the engine dies or shuts down.
The accumulator and check valve can be tested by turning off the engine, returning the key to
the on position, enabling the pilot controls, and activating the joystick functions. The functions
should still operate the control valve spools for several cycles of joystick actuation. Note that
BEFORE servicing the pilot system, the stored pilot system pressure must be bled off by
performing this action.
There are several control solenoids on the pilot manifold including the joystick enable solenoid,
the pattern change solenoids, and the PWM function solenoids.
Note that pilot pressure is present at the four stabilizer PWM solenoids even with the joystick
enable solenoid off. When the joystick enable solenoid is engaged, pilot pressure is then sent
to the joysticks and the extendahoe and bi-directional auxiliary PWM solenoids. The schematic
is shown with the joystick enable solenoid energized.
The two pattern change solenoids engage simultaneously when the pattern is switched. If one
of the solenoids does not engage for some reason, then the pattern will be divided between the
two joysticks, with each joystick controlling one direction of the dipper and boom functions.
84

Hydraulic System
85

Hydraulic System
Pattern Pressure RH stab Extendahoe
Change Reducing Retract Retract PWM
Solenoids Valve PWM
Check LH stab Bi-dir Aux

Valve Orifice Retract B port PWM
PWM
Accumulator Extension block

port added for optional
extendahoe and b-
dir auxiliary
Joystick functions.
Enable
Solenoid RH stab Extendahoe
Extend Extend
PWM PWM
LH stab Bi-dir Aux A

Extend port PWM
PWM
86

Hydraulic System
Pilot Joystick
The pilot joystick control valves at the top of each of the control towers hydraulically control
pilot oil to the boom, bucket, dipper and swing control valve spools. The joystick valves take
the pilot pressure and apply it to the circuits in proportion to the operator control inputs.
When the pilot joystick is in neutral and the pilot enable switch enabled, the pilot supply oil is
available to the (P) Port of the valve. The return springs on the spools bring the joystick control
spools to the neutral position connecting all four of the control ports to the tank (T) port.
87

Hydraulic System
Moving the lever activates the pilot joystick pressing down on one of the the spool plungers.
Depending on the amount of movement of the joystick handle, the joystick control valve
meters the pilot oil to the output port. The more the joystick handle is moved, the more force
is applied to the plunger and the spool. As the spool begins to move, the pilot oil at the (P) port
is ported through the lower end of the spool. The pressure begins to rise at that control port
causing the backhoe control valve spool for the selected circuit to begin moving. This rising
pressure also reacts on the lower end of the spool, causing the control spring to partially
collapse returning the control spool to an almost shut off position, depending on the lever
position and the pilot pressure. When the operator wants more speed from the backhoe
control valve the joystick handle is moved further causing more tension on the plunger,
pressing the spool down further and opening the orifice more to allow more pilot oil through to
the selected circuit.
88

Hydraulic System
Pilot control hose routing
The chart below shows the connections of the hoses and tubes of the pilot control system. The
hoses are color coded with colored nylon tie straps at each end of the hose connector. The
tubes are color coded with colored tape for location identification. Note that the boom and
dipper pilot hoses go from the joystick to the pilot manifold where they are routed according to
the pattern change solenoids, but the swing and bucket pilot hoses go directly from the joystick
to the backhoe control valve spool end caps.
89

Hydraulic System
90

Hydraulic System
Swing Dampening Valve (Pro Control)

When the backhoe is swinging and the control spool returns to the neutral position, returning
oil flow from the cylinder to the control valve builds pressure and opens the port relief. The
inertia in the backhoe causes the cylinders to continue to stroke, which creates high pressure in
the return circuit and a negative pressure in the supply side of the circuit. When the backhoe
stops moving, there is a pressure difference on each side of the swing cylinder pistons. This
difference may cause the backhoe to move in the opposite direction, which shows as a
bouncing back and forth of the hoe when it returns to the digging position.
The swing dampening valve meters oil from one side of the swing cylinder circuit to the other as
the control spool is returned to the neutral position to prevent the bouncing and harsh stop of
the hoe during swing operation.
In a standby mode, the swing dampening is not active and the oil does not transfer. Pressure is
equal on both sides of the spool assembly and the spring holds the spool closed.
91

Hydraulic System
In an acceleration mode, the swing dampening valve does not function. The pressure side is
isolated from the return side of the cylinders. Pressure is equal on both sides of the main spool
assembly and the spring holds the spool closed.
92

Hydraulic System
During deceleration as the control valve is returned to neutral, the inertia from the swinging
hoe increases the pressure on the return side causing flow to go over the swing circuit relief.
The flow through and pressure drop across the 100 psi check valve and orifice causes a pressure
differential across the main spool assembly of the swing dampening valve, which shifts the
spool to the open position. Flow from the return side transfers to the opposing side of the
cylinders across the spool assembly. When there is no more flow across the 100 psi check valve
and orifice and the pressure equalizes, the spool assembly shifts back into the closed position.
93

Hydraulic System
If the temperature is not above approximately 65 degrees F, the thermal compensating valve
and orfice equalizes the two pilot pressures at either end of the spool and the spool will not
open, due to the spring force holding the spool closed.
Customers may notice a small amount of swing drift, when traveling from job to job with the
machine. This does not always indicate a problem with the system. The movement of the
machine may cause the swing to drift to one side. Installing the swing lock pin when traveling
will resolve this issue.
When working on the swing dampening valve, always remember that this system is designed to
allow some oil to bypass. It is designed to allow the swing to come to a cushioned stop at the
center position. This is accomplished by allowing a small amount of oil to bypass, as the swing
control is returned to neutral. In some situations, this may allow the swing to move a small
amount.
With the machine setting on a flat surface, warm the hydraulic system up to operating
temperature. Extend the BOOM, DIPPER, and BUCKET horizontal to the ground. Using a
stabilizer, raise one side of the machine until one tire is about 5" off the ground. Lower the
bucket to the ground and make a mark. Raise the bucket up about 5" from the ground. Turn the
machine off and wait 5 minutes. Lower the bucket back to the ground and measure how much
the swing has moved. This distance should be approximately 5" on a 580SN. Center the
backhoe and lower the machine back to the ground. Raise the other side up to about 5" and
check the same way. This distance should be approximately 5" on a 580SN.
If the measurement is more than 5", bypass the swing dampening valve and retest. If the swing
drift is resolved without the swing dampening valve in the system, then the swing dampening
valve should be changed.
Another test method is to center the backhoe swing and install the swing pin. With the engine
running at full RPM, hold the swing in one direction and check for hot spots at the swing circuit
relief valves, both swing cylinders and the swing dampening valve.
Allow the machine to cool down. Perform the same test as above, but holding the swing in the
opposite direction.
A noticeable hot spot location indicates that the source of the leakage is directly adjacent inside
the component.
Note that the swing dampening valve is one of the most contamination sensitive components in
the hydraulic system.
94

Hydraulic System
Stabilizer Lock Valve

A stabilizer lock valve is in place for each stabilizer cylinder, inside the frame rail at the cylinder
location. The stabilizer lock valve holds the stabilizer cylinder in position, eliminating normal
control valve spool leakage contributing to cylinder leak down. C1 and C2 ports, connected to
the hydraulic cylinder ports are isolated and sealed by the check valve poppets. V1 and V2
ports are connected to the work ports for that stabilizer control valve section.
When actuated, pressure is sent from the control valve work port to lock valve port V1, which
opens the check valve poppet and flows on to the hydraulic cylinder through port C1. Return
oil from the cylinder enters the lock valve at port C2, but is blocked by the check valve poppet.
Pressure in port V1, which is higher than the pressure in port V2, causes the spool to shift and
push open the check valve poppet in V2, allowing the oil from C2 to exit the lock valve via port
V2 and return to the control valve work port.
95

Hydraulic System
96

Hydraulic System
Backhoe Auxiliary Hydraulics

All models of the N series backhoes are available with two auxiliary hydraulic options:
• Uni-directional hydraulics only for using a hammer or other single direction flow
attachment
• A combination of both uni-directional and bi-directional hydraulics so either a single

direction or two direction attachment can be used. This is referred to as the “Dual
Auxiliary” option.
The bi-directional auxiliary hydraulics are not available by themselves. The operation of the bi-
directional auxiliary control valve section is covered in the portions of this training manual
pertaining to the backhoe control valve.
The uni-directional hydraulic (hammer) valve is a separate valve from the other valves in the
hydraulic system. There are two types and configurations of the hammer valve which are used.
• All machines with mechanical backhoe controls are an open center valve which is in
series with the open center flow between the loader and the backhoe valve.
• All machines with pilot backhoe controls are a closed center valve which is in parallel
flow with the backhoe control valve.
Both types of hammer valves use a six detent position flow control valve and adjustable circuit
pressure relief valve to control flow to the hammer circuit. The flow control valve is easily
adjusted by a cable routed to a knob between the cab and hydraulic tank next to the hydraulic
tank breather. The six flow settings are:
Knob Position Flow Setting Knob Position Flow Setting
1 16 gpm (61 lpm) 4 29 gpm (110 lpm)
2 20 gpm (76 lpm) 5 32 gpm (121 lpm)
3 25gpm (95 lpm) 6 36 gpm (136 lpm)
Note that on the 580N positions 4, 5, and 6 are the same , as the pump is not capable of higher
flow.
The pressure relief valve is adjustable and is preset to 1670 psi (115 bar). Adjustable range of
the pressure relief valve is 1520 – 3050 psi (105 – 210 bar).
97

Hydraulic System
Open Center Uni-Directional Auxiliary Valve
The open center hammer valve is used on machines equipped with mechanical backhoe
controls in series with the system flow between the loader and the backhoe valves.
Oil enters the valve “P” port and encounters a priority spool which supplies priority flow to the
hammer valve “A” port. The priority spool is balancing A port pressure on one side of the spool
with spring pressure combined with an internal LS pressure on the other side. When the
solenoid is not energized, internal LS signal is vented to tank, and the spring holds the spool in a
position to send the open center flow to the B port which is connected to the inlet of the
backhoe valve.
When the solenoid energizes to run the hammer or other attachment, the LS pressure being
vented to tank is blocked, and the hydraulic pressure on both sides of the spool is equalized.
This causes the spring pressure to shift the spool back to the position to send all flow out of the
A port and to the hammer.
As flow is sent to the hammer the adjustable flow control will create a pressure drop based on
hydraulic flow, and this pressure drop is also working to create a pressure differential across
the two sides of the priority spool. The priority spool modulates, sending any excess flow not
needed by the hammer to be sent out of the B port.
98

Hydraulic System
Pressure in the hammer circuit can continue to rise until the relief valve opens. When the relief
valve opens, the internal LS circuit begins to flow causing a pressure drop across the orifice and
a pressure differential to again take place across the priority spool. The priority spool then
diverts any excess oil flow out the B port of the valve, maintaining just enough flow into the
hammer circuit to hold the pressure setting.
A gauge port (GP) is used to send an A port pressure signal to the dual auxiliary return valve
when a machine is equipped with the dual auxiliary option.
B port to Pressure relief

backhoe valve valve
A port to
hammer
Guage Port
Tank (GP) on side
(return) (not visible)
port used on
machines
equipped with
Hammer dual auxiliairy
engagement option
Solenoid
Pressure In (P)
Flow control
port on bottom
adjustment
(not visible) from
loader valve
99

Hydraulic System
Closed Center Uni-Directional Auxiliary Valve
On all machines equipped with pilot backhoe controls, a closed center hammer valve is used in
parallel flow with the backhoe control valve.
Operation of the closed center valve is very similar to the previous description of the open
center valve. However, in this case there is no B port, and the priority spool simply blocks flow
to the A port as commanded by the internal LS pressure signal. Another LS pressure signal from
the A port is sent out of the valve LS port with two possible destinations, depending on model:
• On 580N models, the LS pressure signal is sent to the inlet compensator of the backhoe
control valve. Any excess open center system flow not required by the hammer is sent
out of the inlet compensator at the backhoe control valve inlet section.
• On 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models, the LS pressure signal is joined to the other
valve’s LS signals and sent to the piston pump controls, and system flow is controlled by
the piston pump.
This LS pressure signal is isolated from the rest of the system LS by a check valve to prevent LS
pressure signal leakage back into the hammer valve.
100

Hydraulic System
101

Hydraulic System
Dual Auxiliary Hydraulics
On machines equipped with the dual auxiliary option, a few extra components are added to the
auxiliary system.
Only two hoses go out to the dipper in the dual auxiliary system for both uni- and bi-directional
auxiliary functions.
A two position electric selector switch

allows the operator to pick which mode he
will be using. Depending on the position of
the switch, the controls are isolated to
prevent inadvertent hydraulic pressure
from being applied to attachments.
• On machines equipped with mechanical backhoe controls, the switch sends power to
one of two components.
o In uni-directional auxiliary mode, power is sent to the hammer switch (pedal).

The bi directional section control spool is held immovable by a spool lock
solenoid located on the backhoe control valve.
o In bi-directional auxiliary mode, the spool lock solenoid is energized, freeing the
bi-directional control spool to be used, and no power is sent to the hammer
switch.
• On machines equipped with pilot backhoe controls, the same buttons on the left
joystick control both the uni and bi-directional aux, depending on selector switch
position. Power from the selector switch is sent to the pilot electronic controller, which
uses that signal to determine whether to power the hammer valve solenoid, or the bi-
directional PWM solenoids based on the commands of the joystick buttons. More
information on the electrical side of the pilot control system is in the electrical section of
this training manual.
A 75 psi (5 bar) check valve is added hammer output hose to prevent pressure from the bi-
directional lines from back feeding into the hammer valve.
A dual auxiliary return valve is added to the tank return line. This valve is normally closed,
blocking return flow for bi-directional auxiliary operation. Anytime the hammer valve activates,
a pressure signal from the hammer valve GP port is sent to the dual aux return valve, shifting its
spool, and opening return flow to go directly back to the hydraulic return.
102

Hydraulic System
Uni-directional Aux 75 psi Check
(Hammer)Valve Valve Bi-directional
Aux Section of
Backhoe Valve
Hydraulic
Return Filter
Dual Auxiliary Auxiliary Lines go

Return Valve to end of dipper
103

Hydraulic System
Steering
The Case N series backhoes all use a dynamic load sensing orbital steering valve with a built in
hand pump. The 580SNWT and 590SN use a slightly larger capacity hand pump.
The dynamic load sense (DLS) circuit uses a small designed leak to keep a small amount of flow
constantly circulating. This constant flow improves steering response and helps ensure uniform
component temperature with the rest of the hydraulic system during periods of inactivity.
When steering is actuated, the DLS pressure signal is applied to the priority spool located at the
hydraulic pump (580N model) or loader valve inlet (580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models).
A 2465 psi (170 bar) LS relief valve is built into the assembly and is not adjustable or replaceable.
If a faulty steering LS relief valve is found, then the only option is to replace the steering unit
assembly.
The steering hand pump is rotated by the steering wheel and has two purposes:
• To meter the flow rate of oil to the steering cylinder as the steering wheel is rotated.
• To provide emergency steering if a hydraulic system malfunction takes place or the

engine stops running.
The steering unit is also a “modified load reaction” design where feedback from the steering
cylinder is “felt” in the steering wheel, providing better roading operation.
Left Work Port Right Work Port Hand Pump
Load Sense
Port
Input Shaft Pressure

Spline In Port
Tank Port
104

Hydraulic System
Standard Steering
When the steering wheel is not turned, the work ports are blocked, although restrictions in the
orbital valve do allow the cylinder ports to flow to the hand pump, providing steering wheel
feedback. When the steering wheel is turned, an internal torsion spring deflects moving the
orbital valve to line up the ports to send oil to move the steering cylinder. Pressure oil through
the orbital valve is sent through an orifice to the LS port to shift the priority spool and to the
hand pump, where it is then metered back to the orbital valve (by steering wheel rotation) to
be directed out of the work port. The flow rate to the cylinder is determined by how quickly
the hand pump is turned by the steering wheel. When the steering wheel stops being turned
by the operator, the torsion spring centers the orbital valve, blocking the ports, and stopping
the steering cylinder movement.
105

Hydraulic System
Comfort Steer Option
Comfort Steer Option provides a much faster steering speed for fast maneuvering in tight areas
while doing loader work. With standard steering it takes about 3 full turns of the steering
wheel to go from full left turn lock to full right turn lock. With Comfort Steer activated, it will
only take about 1.5 turns to go from lock to lock.
Comfort Steer is engaged by a 3 position

switch on the left side of the front console.
The switch positions are off – on – enable
(momentary position). The enable position
must be first engaged in order to turn
Comfort Steer solenoid on.
Due to the extremely fast steering response, Comfort Steer only works in the transmission 1st
or 2nd gear and is locked out when the transmission 3rd or 4th gear has been selected for
safety reasons. If the transmission is shifted to 3rd or 4th gear, then shifted back to 1st or 2nd,
the Comfort Steer switch must be re-enabled for the feature to again be operational.
The Comfort Steer system consists of a different steering unit from standard steering with 2
hand pump sections and a solenoid valve located adjacent to the hydraulic return filter which
sends a pilot pressure signal to the steering unit to engage comfort steer when the solenoid is
energized.
Hydraulic Pump
Comfort
Steering
Unit
Comfort Steer
Solenoid Valve
106

Hydraulic System
Left Work Port Right Work Port Comfort Steer
Pilot Port
Input Shaft
Spline
Tank Port
1st Hand Pump 2nd Hand Pump

Pressure In Port Section Section
In normal steering mode, only one hand pump section is in the circuit, so normal steering speed
is used. When the steering unit receives the pilot pressure signal from the Comfort Steer valve,
the internal spool shifts, which places two hand pump sections in parallel flow to the work port,
effectively doubling the work port output flow to the steering cylinder.
107

Hydraulic System
Loader EH Clam Option

When the optional 3rd function (4 x 1 bucket clam) is installed on the loader valve, the clam
spool is pilot operated by a separate EH clam valve.
The clam control is activated through a

proportional electrical rocker switch located
on the loader control handle. The switch in
the loader control handle contains a built in
electronic controller which sends a varying
PWM electrical signal to the EH clam valve
solenoids.
The pilot pressure to actuate the clam spool comes from the Electro – Hydraulic (EH) clam valve
which is located adjacent to the loader control valve on the right side frame. The clam valve
contains a pressure reducing valve, a check valve, an accumulator, and two electrical PWM
solenoids which send a variable pressure signal to move the spool.
The accumulator and check valve can be tested by turning off the engine with the clam in the
open position, returning the key to the on position, and engaging the clam close switch. The
function should still operate for several cycles of switch actuation. Note that BEFORE servicing
the EH clam system, the stored pilot system pressure must be bled off by performing this action.
I Port to PWM
Pressure loader valve solenoid
Reducing Valve
K Port to Accumulator
loader valve
PWM
solenoid
P port
T port
108

Hydraulic System
Pressure oil is sent to the EH clam valve P port where it travels across an orifice and pressure
reducing valve which drops the pressure to 450 psi (31 bar). The pilot pressure oil flows across
a check valve and the accumulator is charged. The check valve and accumulator maintain a
consistent and steady pilot pressure despite main system pressure fluctuations and also allow
the pilot controls to be actuated in the event that the engine dies or shuts down.
When the electrical PWM signal is sent to the EH clam valve solenoid, the solenoid valve shifts
and sends pilot pressure oil to actuate the loader control valve clam spool and send oil pressure
to move the clam cylinders.
A lock valve is located on the clam bucket, and this pilot operated check valve locks the barrel
end of the clam cylinders to keep the clam from bleeding open and dropping a clamped load. A
pressure signal from the rod side hydraulic line opens the check valve and allows the oil from
the base end of the cylinders to return.
109

Hydraulic System
Hydraulic Bucket Quick Coupler

A quick attach hydraulic tool coupler is available on all models for the loader. A hydraulic
coupler is also available for the backhoe bucket on 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN. These
hydraulic quick couplers allow the operator to change loader and backhoe attachments without
leaving the seat.
The coupler valve is installed on the inside of the LH frame. The coupler valve can be two styles,
a two solenoid valve for machines equipped with one hydraulic coupler (loader or backhoe), or
a three solenoid valve for machines equipped with both a loader and backhoe hydraulic coupler.
The three solenoid valve is shown below.
A 2750 psi (190 bar) LS pressure relief valve is in the coupler valve to limit LS pressure when the
coupler valve is activated
Backhoe Retract Loader Retract

Solenoid Solenoid
Load Sense
Activate
solenoid
Backhoe Loader “B”

“A” port port, on
side of
Backhoe valve
“A” port
Loader “A”
LS port, on
Relief side of
Valve valve
LS port P port T port
110

Hydraulic System
With none of the coupler valve solenoids activated, pump output pressure is sent directly to the
the coupler valve extend “B” ports at all times, and the retract “A” ports are connected to the
tank (return) port. To extend the couplers when minimal pump output pressure is present
(with all other functions in neutral), the LS Activate solenoid is energized. This will send an LS
pressure signal back through the DLS circuit (same circuit as the steering), and shift the priority
spool in the pump (580N) or the loader valve (580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN), and direct oil flow
to be sent to the coupler valve.
To retract either of the coupler cylinders, the LS activate solenoid is energized to send the LS
pressure signal back to the priority spool to direct flow to the coupler valve, and one of the
coupler retract solenoids is also engaged to route the pressure to retract the cylinder pistons.
Because the coupler valve LS signal is in the same hydraulic circuit as the steering DLS, the
steering can be used to help diagnose problems if the coupler valve is not working to retract
the pins. If turning the steering at the while attempting to retract the coupler pins results in the
coupler pins retracting, then this would indicate that the LS activate solenoid is not working.
111

Hydraulic System
The backhoe bucket hydraulic quick coupler cylinder is built onto the dipper end, held into
place by pressed in bushings.
To retract the bucket pins, oil enters port "A", pulling the pistons (2) back into the cylinder,
retracting the step pins, and releasing the bucket ears.
To extend the bucket pins, oil enters port B, pushing the pistons (2) outward, extending the
step pins into the bucket ears.
112

Hydraulic System
113

Hydraulic System
Ride Control
Ride Control is an option that improves the
ride of the machine on rough terrain,
especially when roading with a load in the
loader bucket. Ride Control is selected by a
two position switch on the side console.
The Ride Control system is composed of the ride control valve with 2 electric solenoid valves
and a large accumulator. These components are mounted to the right side of the frame
adjacent to the loader valve.
Tee Connections at
Loader Lift Tubes
Ride Control
Accumulator
Ride Control
Valve
Tank Connection
at Filter Head
114

Hydraulic System
When Ride Control is turned on, two electric solenoids simultaneously engage on the Ride
control valve. One solenoid connects the base end of the loader lift cylinders to a hydraulic
accumulator, and the second solenoid connects the rod end of the loader lift cylinders to tank.
This allows the loader lift arms to be suspended on the accumulator which acts as a spring.
Note that when Ride Control is turned on, there is NO loader down pressure, as the rod end of
the cylinders is connected directly back to tank.
To test the Ride Control operation, with the loader at mid height, turn on the ride control
switch. The loader arm should lower a couple of inches as the accumulator is filled. If the
loader arm does not move, then Ride Control valve accumulator solenoid is not engaging.
Next turn back off the Ride Control Switch and and lower the loader to raise the front of the
machine off the ground slightly. Turn on the Ride Control switch. The loader arms should raise
and the machine lower to the ground. If the machine does not lower, then the Ride Control
valve tank solenoid is not engaging.
115

03-2 N Series Hydraulic Section PDF

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N Series Loader Backhoe

Case N series Service Training Manual – 5/11/2011

Case N series Service Training Manual – 5/11/2011

Common Components .................................................................................................................... 8

Hydraulic Oil Reservoir................................................................................................................ 8

Hydraulic Oil Filter ...................................................................................................................... 9

Hydraulic Filter Restriction Switch ............................................................................................ 10

580N Hydraulic System ................................................................................................................. 11

Mechanical Controlled Backhoe System Overview .................................................................. 11

Pilot Controlled Backhoe System Overview ............................................................................. 12

580N Gear Pump ....................................................................................................................... 13

580N Gear Pump Priority Spool Operation .......................................................................... 14

580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN Hydraulic System .......................................................................... 16

Mechanical Backhoe Controls without Power lift Overview .................................................... 16

Mechanical Control Backhoe with Power Lift System Overview.............................................. 18

Pilot control backhoe system overview .................................................................................... 20

Rexroth Variable Volume Axial Piston Pump ............................................................................ 22

Pump displacement and system pressure control ............................................................... 24

HPCO spool operation........................................................................................................... 25

Torque Control ...................................................................................................................... 28

Power Lift Feature..................................................................................................................... 35

Power Lift Valve for Mechanical Control Backhoe ............................................................... 36

Power Lift Valve for Pilot Control Backhoe........................................................................... 37

Case N series Service Training Manual – 5/11/2011

Power Lift System Pressure Control – Mechanical Control Backhoe ................................... 40

Power Lift System Pressure Control – Pilot Control Backhoe............................................... 42

Attenuator hose ........................................................................................................................ 44

Monoblock Open Center Loader Valve......................................................................................... 46

Priority Spool (580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN) ......................................................................... 50

Load Check Valve ...................................................................................................................... 50

Main Relief Valve (580N with mechanical backhoe controls) .................................................. 50

Spike Clipper (580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN) .......................................................................... 50

Anti Cavitation Valve................................................................................................................. 52

Circuit Relief Valve .................................................................................................................... 53

Monoblock Open Center Backhoe Valve ...................................................................................... 54

Low Leak Check Valve (Boom “B” port only) ............................................................................ 60

Regeneration Valve ................................................................................................................... 61

Load Check Valve ...................................................................................................................... 61

Circuit Relief / Anti cavitation Valve ......................................................................................... 61

Rexroth Closed Center Sectional Loader Valve ............................................................................ 62

Inlet Section and Priority Spool ................................................................................................ 64

Working Sections ...................................................................................................................... 68

Pilot Operated Sectional Backhoe Control Valve.......................................................................... 72

Inlet Section with Flushing Valve and Spike Clipper ................................................................. 78

Case N series Service Training Manual – 5/11/2011

SX14 “Classic” Work Section ..................................................................................................... 79

Stabilizer Section ....................................................................................................................... 81

Fixed Circuit Relief / Anti Cavitation Valve (SX14 S-slice Sections............................................ 82

Pilot Control System...................................................................................................................... 83

Pilot Joystick .............................................................................................................................. 87

Pilot control hose routing ......................................................................................................... 89

Swing Dampening Valve (Pro Control).......................................................................................... 91

Stabilizer Lock Valve...................................................................................................................... 95

Backhoe Auxiliary Hydraulics ........................................................................................................ 97

Open Center Uni-Directional Auxiliary Valve............................................................................ 98

Closed Center Uni-Directional Auxiliary Valve........................................................................ 100

Dual Auxiliary Hydraulics ........................................................................................................ 102

Steering ....................................................................................................................................... 104

Standard Steering ................................................................................................................... 105

Comfort Steer Option ............................................................................................................. 106

Loader EH Clam Option ............................................................................................................... 108

Hydraulic Bucket Quick Coupler ................................................................................................. 110

Ride Control ................................................................................................................................ 114