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26
26.1 INTRODUCTION
In the previous lesson, we have defined trigonometric ratios for acute angles and developed
some relationship between them. In this lesson, we shall find the values of trigonometric ratios
of angels of 30°, 45° and 60° by using our knowledge of geometry. We will also use the
knowledge of trigonometry to solve simple problems based on heights and distances taken from
day to day life.
26.2 OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, the learner will be able to :
z find geometrically the trigonometric ratios for the angles of 30°, 45° and 60°.
z find trigonometric ratios of complementary angles.
z solve daily life problems of heights and distances, using trigonometric ratios.
⇒ OP = 2a
PM a = 1
Now, sin 45° = OP = ⇒ cosec 45°= 2
2a 2
OM a = 1
cos 45° = OP = ⇒ sec 45°= 2
2a 2
PM = a = 1
and tan 45° = ⇒ cot 45°= 1
OM a
264 Mathematics
1
sin 45° = ; cosec 45° = 2
2
1
cos 45° = ; sec 45° = 2
2
tan 45° = 1; cot 45° = 1
Let a ray OA rotate in the anticlockwise direction and make an angle of 30° with its initial
position OX.
Draw PM ⊥ OX.
OM = OM (Common)
∴ OP = OP′
Let PM = a
= a + a = 2a
⇒ OM2 = 4a2 – a2
= 3a2
⇒ OM = 3a
PM a 1
Hence, sin 30° = = = ⇒ cosec 30° = 2
OP 2a 2
OM 3a 3 2
cos 30° = = = ⇒ sec 30° =
OP 2a 2 3
PM a 1
and tan 30° = = = ⇒ cot 30° = 3
OM 3a 3
1
sin 30° = ; cosec 30° = 2
2
1
tan 30° = ; cot 30° = 3
3
2
sin 60° = PM = 3a = 3 ⇒ cosec 60° =
OP 2a 2 3
OM = a = 1
cos 60° = ⇒ sec 60° = 2
OP 2a 2
PM = 3 1
and tan 60° = ⇒ cot 60° =
OM 3
Table for Trigonometric Ratios for an angle of 60°
3 2
sin 60° = 2 ; cosec 60° =
3
1
cos 60° = ; sec 60° = 2
2
1
tan 60° = 3; cot 60° =
3
0 1 2 3 4
sin θ
4 4 4 4 4
4 3 2 1 0
cos θ
4 4 4 4 4
0 1 2 3
tan θ Not defined
4−0 4 −1 4−2 4−3
3 2 1 0
cot θ Not defined
4−3 4−2 4 −1 4−0
4 4 4 4
cosec θ Not defined
1 2 3 4
4 4 4 4
sec θ Not defined
4 3 2 1
Let us now take some examples to illustrate the use of these trigonometric ratios.
Example 26.1: Find the value of
tan260° – sin230°
Solution : We know that
tan 60° = 3
1
and sin 30° =
2
d 3i − FH 21 IK
2 2
∴ tan260° – sin230° =
1 11
= 3− =
4 4
268 Mathematics
11
Hence, tan260° – sin230° = .
4
Example 26.2 : Find the value of
tan260° cosec245° + sec245° sin30°
Solution : We know that
1
sec 45° = 2 ; sin 30° = 2
= d 3i d 2 i + d 2 i
2 2 2 1
2
1
= 3× 2 + 2 ×
2
=6 + 1 = 7
Hence, tan260° cosec245° + sec245° sin 30° = 7
Example 26.3 : Verify that
cot 30° = 3
3 , sin 60° = 2 ,
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 269
1
cosec 60° = 2 and tan 30° =
3 3
4 cot 2 30°+3 sin 2 60°−2 cosec 2 60°− 3 tan 2 30°
L.H.S. =
3 4
d i FGH 23 IJK FG IJ FG 1 IJ
2 2 2
4 2
= × +3 −2 2 −3
3
3
H K
3 4 H 3K
4 × 3+ 3× 3 − 2 × 4 − 3 × 1
=
3 4 3 4 3
9 8 1 10
= 4+ − − = = R.H.S.
4 3 4 3
Example 26.5 : Verify that
1 2 1
cot 60° = , sec 30° = , sin 45° =
3 3 2
3 1
sin 60° = and cos 45° =
2 2
4 cot 2 60°+ sec 2 30°−2 sin2 45°
L.H.S. =
sin 2 60°+ cos2 45°
4×
FG 1 IJ + FG 2 IJ − 2 × FG 1 IJ
2 2 2
=
H 3K H 3K H 2 K
FG 3 IJ + FG 1 IJ
2 2
H 2 K H 2K
4× 1+ 4 −2× 1
= 3 3 2 = 4 = R.H.S.
3+1 3
4 2
Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Example 26.6 : If θ = 30°, verify that
2 tan θ
tan 2θ =
1 − tan 2 θ
Solution : We have θ = 30°
L.H.S = tan 2θ
= tan 60°
= 3
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1 2
2× 3
3
= = 1
1−
FG IJ
1
2
1−
H K
3
3
2×3 3
= =
3×2 3
= 3
Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Example 26.7 : Taking A = 30°, verify that
sin 3A = 3 sinA – 4 sin3A
Solution : We know that A = 30°
L.H.S. = sin 3A
=sin 90°
=1
R.H.S. = 3 sin A – 4 sin3A
= 3 sin 30° – 4 sin3 30°
= 3× 1 − 4 × 1
2 2
FH IK 3
3−1
= =1
2 2
Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
1 1 7
(ii) tan 2 30°+ sin 2 45°+ cos2 30°+ cot 2 60° =
2 3 6
2 2 2
(iii) 5 sin 30°+ cos 45°−4 tan 30° =
2 sin 30° cos 30°+ tan 45°
5 2− 3
6 d i
3. If ∠A = 30°, verify that
2 tan A
(i) tan 2A =
1 − tan 2 A
4. Taking 2A = 60°, find sin 30° and cos 30° using cos 2A = 2 cos2A – 1.
PM OM PM
sin θ = , cos θ = and tan θ =
OP OP OM
OP OP OM
cosec θ = , sec θ = and cot θ =
PM OM PM
For reference angle (90° – θ), we have in right-angled ∆OPM
OM
sin (90° – θ) = = cos θ
OP
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PM
cos (90° – θ) = = sin θ
OP
OM
tan (90° – θ) = = cot θ
PM
PM
cot (90° – θ) = = tan θ
OM
OP
cosec (90° – θ) = = sec θ
OM
OP
and sec (90° – θ) = = cosec θ
PM
Let us take some examples to illustrate the above
Example 26.8 : Prove that tan 11° = cot 79°.
Solution : We know that,
tan (90° – θ) = cot θ
∴ R.H.S. = cot 79° = cot (90° – 11°)
= tan 11°
= L.H.S.
Example 26.9 : Evaluate sin240° – cos250°.
Solution. We know that,
cos (90° – θ) = sin θ
cos 50° = cos (90 – 40)°
= sin 40°
Hence, sin240° – cos250° = sin240° – sin240° = 0
= b gb
3 tan 7° .cot 7° tan 23° cot 23° g
= 3 × 1× 1
= 3
= R.H.S.
cos θ + sin θ
Example 26.12 : Prove that
b g
sin 90°−θ cos 90°−θ
=2
b g
Solution : We know that,
cos θ + sin θ
L.H.S. =
b g
sin 90°−θ cos 90°−θ b g
cos θ + sin θ
= = 1 + 1 = 2 = R.H.S.
cos θ sin θ
sin 90°−θ b
cos 90°−θ
Example 26.13 : Prove that cosec 90°−θ + sec 90°−θ = 1
g b g
b g b g
Solution : We know that
b
sin 90°−θ g
cos 90°−θ
L.H.S. = cosec 90°−θ + sec 90°−θ
b g
b g b g
cos θ sin θ
= +
sec θ cosec θ
= cos2θ + sin2θ
=1
= R.H.S.
Example 26.14 : Express tan 68° + sec 68° in terms of angles between 0° and 45°.
1. Show that
(ii) FH cos
sin 47° I + F cos 43° I
2
3. Prove that
(i) sin θ cos(90° – θ) + cos θ sin (90° – θ) = 1
(ii) cos θ cos (90° – θ) – sin θ sin (90° – θ) = 0
b
cos 90°−θ g1 + sin 90°−θ b
(iii) 1 + sin 90°−θ + cos 90°−θ = 2 cosec θ
g
b g b g
tan 90°−θ b g
(iv) sin (90° – θ) cos (90° – θ) = 1 + tan 2 90°−θ
b g
4. Express each of the following in terms of angles between 0° and 45°.
(i) cos 55° + sin 68°
(ii) cot 75° + cosec 75°
(iii) sec262° + sec269°
Example 26.15 : A ladder leaning against a window of a house makes an angle of 60° with
the ground. The length of the ladder is 8 m. Find the distance of the foot of the ladder from
the well.
Solution : Let AC be a ladder leaning against the wall AB making an angle of 60° with the
level ground BC.
276 Mathematics
Let BC = x m
Now, in right-angled triangle ABC
BC x
cos 60° = =
AC 8
1 x
⇒ =
2 8
⇒ x=4
Fig. 26.7
Hence, the foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall.
Example 26.16 : A balloon is connected to a meteorological ground station by a cable of length
100 m inclined at 60° to the horizontal. Determine the height of the balloon from the ground.
Assume that there is no slack in the cable.
Solution : Let A be the position of the balloon, attached to a string AC of length 100 m which
makes an angle of 60° with the level ground BC.
Let AB = x m
Now, in right-angled ∆ABC
AB = x
sin 60° =
AC 100
3 = x
2 100
⇒ x = 50 × 3 m
= 86.6 m
Hence, the balloon is at a height of 86.6 m. Fig. 26.8
Example 26.17 : The upper part of a tree is broken by the action of wind. The top of the tree
makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal ground. The distance between the base of a tree
and the point where it touches the ground is 10 m. Find the height of the tree.
Solution : Let AB represent a tree. Let C be a point from where the tree was
broken by the action of the wind in two parts upper part makes an angle of 30°
at D with level ground such that BD = 10 m
Let BC = x m
Now, in right-angled ∆CBD
BC = x
tan 30° =
BD 10
1 x
⇒ =
3 10
Fig. 26.9
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 277
10 × 3
x= ...(i)
3
We know that
The height of the tree = BC + CD
Now we shall find CD
In right-angled ∆CBD
BC = x
sin 30° =
DC DC
1 x
⇒ =
2 DC
⇒ DC = 2x
10 3
= 2× [From (i)]
3
20 3
=
3
10 3 20 3
∴ Height of the tree = m+ m
3 3
= 10 3 = 17.32 m.
Example 26.18 : A vertical flagstaff AB stands on a horizontal plane. At a point P, which is
200 m away from its foot, the top of the flagstaff makes an angle APB = 30°, where A is the
top of the flagstaff. Find the length AB of the flagstaff.
Solution : In right-angled ∆ABP
AB = x
tan 30° =
PB 200
1 x
⇒ =
3 200
Fig. 26.10
200
⇒ x=
3
= 200 3 = 2 × 173.2
200 × 3
=
3 3 3
346.4
= = 115.5 m (app.)
3
Hence, the length AB of the flagstaff is 115.5 m. (app.)
278 Mathematics
Example 26.19 : At a point on level ground, the angle θ made by the top of the tower with
it is found to be such that tan θ = 5 12 . On walking 192 m towards the foot of the tower, the
tangent of the angle becomes 3/4. Find the height of the tower.
Solution : Let AB be a tower and C, D be the two positions of the observer such that
CD = 192 m. Let AB = h m and BC = x m.
5 3
We are given that tan θ = and tan C = .
12 4
h
tan C =
x
3 h
= Fig. 26.11
4 x
4h
⇒ x= ...(i)
3
Again, in right-angled ∆ABD
h
tan θ =
192 + x
5 h
=
12 192 + 4 h
3
3h
=
576 + 4 h
⇒ 36 h = 2880 + 20 h
⇒ 16 h = 2880
⇒ h = 180
Hence, the height of the tower is 180 m.
Example 26.20 : Standing on the top of a tower 100 high, Swati observes two cars on the
opposite side of the tower. If their angles of depression are 45° and 60°, find the distance
between the two cars.
Solution : Let PQ be a tower which is 100 m high. Let A and B be the position of the two
cars. Let the angle of depression of the car at A be 60° and for the car at B be 45° as shown
in Fig. 26.12
Now, ∠RPA = ∠PAB = 60°
and ∠SPB = ∠PBQ = 45°
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 279
PQ 100
tan 45° = QB = QB
100
⇒ 1 = QB ⇒ QB = 100 m
100
3 = QA
1. A ladder leaning against a vertical wall makes an angle of 60° with the ground. The foot
of the ladder is at a distance of 3 m from the wall. Find the length of the ladder.
2. At a point 50 m away from the base of a tower, an observer measures the angle of elevation
of the top of the tower to be 60°. Find the height of the tower.
3. The angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 30° from a point 150 m away from its
base. Find the height of the tower.
4. The string of a kite is 100 m long. It makes an angle of 60° with the horizontal ground.
Find the height of the kite, assuming that there is no slack in the string.
5. A kite is flying at a height of 100 m from the level ground. If the string of kite makes
an angle of 60° with a point on the ground, find the length of the string, assuming that
there is no slack in the string.
6. The angle of elevation of tower at a point is 45°. After going 40 m towards the foot of
the tower, the angle of elevation becomes 60°. Find the height of the tower.
7. Two men are on either side of a cliff which is 80 m high. They observe the angles of
elevation of the top of the cliff to be 30° and 60° respectively. Find the distance between
the two men.
8. One of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle is 18 2 m. If the angle of its vertex is
90°, find the length of the base.
280 Mathematics
9. From the top of a building 60 m high, the angles of depression of the top and bottom
of a tower are observed to be 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the tower and
its distance from the building.
10. A ladder of length 4 m makes an angle of 30° with the level ground while leaning against
a window of a room. The foot of the ladder is kept fixed on the same point of the level
ground. It is made to lean against a window of another room on its opposite side, making
an angle of 60° with the level ground. Find the distance between these two rooms.
LET US SUM UP
1. The following are the relation between trigonometrical ratios for the complementary
angles :
(i) sin (90° – θ) = cos θ
(ii) cos (90° – θ) = sin θ
(iii) tan (90° – θ) = cot θ
(iv) cosec (90° – θ) = sec θ
(v) sec (90° – θ) = cosec θ
(vi) cot (90° – θ) = tan θ
2. The following table illustrates the values of trigonometric ratios for the angle θ such that
0° ≤ θ ≤ 90° :
Table of Values of Trigonometric Ratios
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. Find the value of each of the following :
(i) 4cos260° + 4sin245° – sin230°
(ii) sin245° – tan245° + 3(sin290° + tan230°)
2. Prove that
3 2 5
(i) 2cot230° – 2cos260° – sin 45° – 4sec230° = –
4 24
2 tan θ
(i) tan 2θ =
1 − tan 2 θ
2 tan θ
(ii) sin 2θ =
1 + tan 2 θ
(iii)
b g b
sin 90°− A cos 90°− A g
= sin2(90° – A)
tan A
b
cos 90°− A g
1 + sin 90°− A b g
b g
(v) 1 + sin 90°− A + cos 90°− A
b g
= 2 sec (90° – A)
282 Mathematics
6. The length of a string without slack, between a kite and a point on the ground is 150
m. If the string makes an angle θ with the horizontal plane such at sin θ = 4 15 , determine
the height of the kite.
7. A ladder leaning against a vertical wall makes an angle θ with the ground such that
tan θ = 4 3 . The foot of the ladder is 3 m away from the wall. Determine the length of
the ladder.
8. Two pillars of equal height stand on either side of a roadway which is 150 m wide. At
a point on the roadway between the pillars, the elevation of the top of the pillars are 60°
and 30°. Find the height of the pillars and the position of the point.
9. An observer standing 40 m from a building notices that the angles of elevation of the
top and bottom of a flagstaff, which is surmounted on the building, are 60° and 45°
respectively. Find the height of the tower and the flag staff.
10. From the top of a hill, the angle of depression of two consecutive kilometer stones due
east are found to be 30° and 60°. Find the height of the hill.
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 283
ANSWERS
5 5
1. (i) (ii) (iii) 0 (iv) 2 (v) 0
4 2
1
4. sin 30° = ; cos 30° = 3
2 2
Terminal Exercise
11 7 40
1. (i) (ii) (iii)
4 2 121
6. 40 m 7. 5 m 8. 64.95 m, 37.5 m
9. 40 m, 29.28 m
10. 433 m