DISCOVERING THE NANOSCALE

S. RANGANATHAN

Department of Materials Engineering

& Digital Information Services Centre
Indian Institute of Science
& School of Humanities
National Institute of Advanced Studies
& Jawaharlal Nehru Centre
for Advanced Scientific Research
Bangalore

Advances in Manufacturing Technology

Anna University 1
March 10, 2007
Nano

Denoting a factor of 10 –9

One billionth

Origin from Greek

nanos
Also means Mega-Funds!!
‘dwarf’
2
 Lord Vämanadeva, the Dwarf Incarnation
Srimad Bhagavatam 8the Canto 18th Chapter 3
Science or Science Fiction?!

• Prey
• Fantastic voyage
• I, Robot

4
Dawn of the Diamond Age

Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,

But to be young was very heaven!

In diamond, then, a dense network of strong bonds

Creates a strong, light, and stiff material.
Indeed, just as we named the Stone Age, the Bronze Age,
and the Steel Age after the materials
that humans could make,
we might call the new technological epoch we are entering
the Diamond Age. 5
 DIMENSIONS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Outline
1. Prologue
2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Atom Manipulation
3. Imaging Nanomaterials: Seeing an Atom
4. Nanomaterials: Nanogold, Nanocarbon, Nanosilicon
5. Properties- Structural ,Functional , Biological
6. Impact on Information Technology
7. Impact on Biotechnology
8. Convergence of Technologies:NBIC
9. Safety and Ethics Issues
10.Indian and Global Scenario
6
 The Prelude
Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,
But to be young was very heaven!

William Wordsworth

7
Artists have almost always needed the support of patrons (scientists too!).
Here, the artist, shortly after discovering how to move atoms
with the STM, found a way to give something back to the corporation
which gave him a job when he needed one 8
and provided him with the tools he needed in order to be successful
The Kanji characters
for "atom.“
The literal translation is
something
like "original child."

[Lutz & Eigler,IBM)

9
10
Impact of Technology on Society

Intended Impacts

Unintended Impacts

Undesirable Consequences

11
12
Stained Glass Window from a Cathedral (near Cologne)

13
Samurai Swords

An early example of Nanolaminates 14

 European Life before 1750
• Society
– Rural / farmers
– Self-sufficient
– Either Rich or Poor - -

• Transportation
– Narrow roads
• Economics
– Few banks / bartering
• Technology
– Very little

15
European Life after 1850
• Society
– Urban / Factory worker
– Growing Middle Class
• Transportation
– Canals, bridges, railroads,
steamships
• Economics
– Big financial institutions
– Capitalism
• Technology
– Lots everywhere
– (except for 1811 Luddites)

16
New Steel Processes
• Cast Iron (high carbon)
– Good Corrosion Resistance
– Structurally weak
• Wootz => Sheffield
– Wrought iron + charcoal
– Roast in closed clay pot
– Great swords, knives
• Puddling to remove carbon
– Slow process
• 1856 Henry Bessemer invented the
Converter

17
 •Mechanical: Superplasticity
•High strength
Materials
•Toughness Hypertetrahedron
•Damascus Swords
Wootz Steel

Image002.gif •Ultra high carbon Steel

•Ferrite and carbide

•Crucible steel making

•Forging

15

Materials hypertetrahedron for Wootz steel

18
 Red Herring, May 2002

Commonality: Railroad, auto, computer, nanotech

all are enabling technologies 19
20
An Interdisciplinary Field of Research

21
“ I can hardly doubt that when we have some control
of the arrangement of things ON A SMALL SCALE
we will get an enormously greater range of possible
properties that substances can have.”
….. R. FEYNMAN

California Institute of Technology, December 26, 1959

22
Taken from Nanotechnology by Ratner and Ratner.

23
24
 What is Nanotechnology?

Capability to manipulate, control,

assemble, produce and manufacture
things at atomic precision

Coined in 1974 by Nori Taniguchi to mean precision

machining with tolerances of a micrometer or less

Popularized by Drexler in 1986

By analogy with microtechnology

micro = one-millionth (10-6)

nano = one-billionth (10-9)

Actually, 10-100 nm

25
 SYNTHESIS

Material is the Device!

• “Top down” approach
– First proposed by Feynman in 1959
– Currently used in Computer Chip
Manufacturing
– Miniaturization
Created by IBM with STM
– Lithography/Etching

• “Bottom up” approach

– Biological
• Biomimetics, DNA, proteins
– Atom Manipulation
• Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
• Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
• Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
26
Directed Assembly/Patterning at the Nanoscale

AFM tip

100 nm

500 nm
4μm
Substrate: Si, SiO2
Protein Nanoarrays DNA Nanoarrays Electrochemical
Sol-Gel Nanopatterns Whittling

2 nm 350 nm 350 nm

Self-Assembly on Liquid Phase Selective Chemistry

Angle-Resolved NSL FCL Templates Nanolithography on FIO Templates
27
 Yashoda's Vision: Microscopy at All Levels
S. Ranganathan
Materials Challenges for the 21st Century feature

"Structure is all."
-Cyril Stanley Smith

The poet William Blake wanted

"to see a world in a grain of sand

and heaven in a flower.“

Yashoda, the foster mother of Lord Krishna, saw

in Krishna's wide-open mouth all the galaxies and the universe.
These poetic and mystic visions are turning into reality. 28
29
 Nanostructures &
Electron Microscopy
“ I can hardly doubt that when we have some control of the arrangement
of things ON A SMALL SCALE we will get an enormously greater range
of possible properties that substances can have.”

“ It would be very easy to make an analysis of any complicated chemical

substance;all one would have to do would be to look at it and see where
the atoms are. The only trouble is that the electron microscope is one
hundred times too poor…I put this out as a challenge:Is there no way to
make the ELECTRON MICROSCOPE more powerful?”

Richard P. Feynman

“There’s plenty of Room at the Bottom”

At the Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society,
California Institute of Technology, December 26, 1959 30
HRTEM of grain boundaries in
nanocrystalline palladium

31
Scanning tunneling microscope STM

32
Atomic Force Microscopy
(AFM)

33
Tuning Properties by Varying
Size
•PHYSICAL
•Melting
•MECHANICAL
•Hardness
•MAGNETIC
•Domain wall width
•OPTICAL
•Surface plasmons
•ELECTRICAL
•Quantum Confinement
•Quantum dots, wires and wells
34
35
36
 Fullerene & Carbon Nanotubes

1 nanometer
37
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES

38
An image taken from our
simulation for d = 20 nm
and zz = 47 GPa.
Only a thin slab (0.7 nm wide)
is shown.
The shock has traveled for 30 ps,
from bottom to top, producing
a high density of partial dislocatio
(attached to GBs) together with
perfect dislocations
("isolated" inside grains, fig. S3)
and nanotwins

39
 Promise of Nanotechnology Consumer Products

•Nanoscale powders, in their free foIl11, without consolidation or

blending, used by cosmetics manufacturers :
- Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide powders
for facial base creams and sunscreen lotions.
- Iron Oxide powders as base material for rouge
and lipstick

•Improved wear and corrosion resistance.

•Nanocomposite materials, with increased impact
strength, for automobiles.

40
 NanoTechnology Impact in
Information Technology

Photonic crystals, based on nanoscale phenomena, for

multiplexing and all-optical switching in optical
networks.
Atomically thin layers of nanostructure material used
to substantia1ly increase the information storage
density.
Information technology revolution brought by
miniaturization of silicon transistors
Further miniaturization possible: Fundamental
physical limit of transistor dimension 10-20 nm, 10 to
15 years 41
Magnetic Properties

42
Nano
iPod
Take everything you lov
about iPod and shrink it
Now shrink it again.
With 2GB (500 songs)
and 4GB (1,000 songs)
models starting at $199,
the pencil-thin iPod nan
packs the entire iPod
experience into an
impossibly small design
So small, it will take you
music places you
43
never dreamed of.
Nanocoatings for Mobile Devices

Nano-composite
housing
44
 Nano-Bio-technology

The Next Frontier

* Unique time in the history of mankind

* Engineering systems and basic living organisms:
same scale
- Opportunity to sense probe interrogate and
learn from living systems
- Biology: a new engineering substrate
leading to
enhanced understanding of life and new
treatments
45
 Exquisite nanoscale/mesoscale structures in nature

Diatoms (marine organisms, Magnetotactic bacteria

amorphous silica) (magnetite nanoparticles)

Biomimetic approach to advanced materials, particularly

nanomaterials.
46
 “Nano” Medicine
Sensing Diagnostics Therapeutics

Presence Specificity Delivery

Î Patterning
Î Specificity: ÎSite- and Target Specificity
Receptor-Ligand Binding ÎControlled- and Timed Release
Î Signal Transduction ÎBinding, reaction and diffusion
Î Signal Detection

47
48
 Risks

• Will the technology perform as promised?

• Will it create new illnesses or exacerbate
existing ones?
• Can self replicating nanomachines, or
"nanobots" mutate during their replication
cycle?
• Will improved health care lead to either
over-population of earth or to a decrease in
the population?
• Will the reintroduction of extinct plants or
animals will alter ecosystems?

49
 Longer-Term Ethical and Social Issues
• Nanotechnology will give us more "god-like" powers
• It has the potential to alter the ecology of life (e.g.
assembling beef instead of slaughtering cows,
constructing cells rather than from reproduction)
• May lead to undetectable surveillance, Right to Privacy
could be jeopardized
• Do we have a duty to help and provide for other
countries with this technology? (e.g. agriculture)
• What international laws should be made regarding the
safe development of nanotechnology? And who would
enforce them?
• What would be the social implications of keeping
people alive well into their 100s, but connected to
dozens of expensive little machines?
50
 21st Century Nanotechnology
Research & Development Act of 2003
• Signed by the President Bush on Dec. 3,
2003
• Put into law ongoing activities
• Authorized $3.7 billion in FY2005-FY2008
among 5 agencies
• “Established” a National Nanotechnology
Coordination Office
• Calls for periodic planning and reporting
by the NSET Subcommittee
• Calls for the President to establish or
designate a National Nanotechnology
Advisory Panel
• Calls for a triennial review by the National
Research Council
51
 The Grand Challenges
• Shrink the entire contents of the Library of
Congress to the size of a sugar cube
• Materials that are 10 times stronger than steel for
land, sea ,air, space vehicles
• Drug delivery to detect cancerous cells by nano
MRI contrast agents
• Remove contaminants from water and air for
clean environment and potable water
• Double the efficiency of solar cells

52
 Nanotech Publications

12000

10000 Europe Total

8000 USA
Russia
6000 Japan
4000 China
Korea(All)
2000
India
0
1
53
 International NanotechU.S.
R&D Estimate for2006 is
$1.3 billion

1200
Investment
1000 Japan
Investment($M)
($M)

800
NNI launched
“Nano Act”
Investment

600 signed
U.S.
400 Others

200
W. Europe
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Source: M. C. Roco 54
 CHALLENGES IN EDUCATION

Education questions can be asked at several levels

Should science of small scale be an integral part

of basic education ?

Undergraduate level

Graduate level

Doctoral level

Outreach & Public awareness 55

 Educational Scenario in India
For the first time in India!

M.Sc In Nanoscience and Technology

At Department of Physics
Tezpur University
Supported by University Grants
Commission (UGC), Govt.of India

M Tech Courses in Nanotechnology

Amity Institute of Technology, Noida

Sastra, Thanjavur
56
Nano Science and Technology Initiative
of the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India
Structured programme of funding in Nano Science and Technology began in 2003

In the first stage, the emphasis was solely on infrastructure development

From 2005, call for individual research projects and funding them has been
implemented.

In order to encourage team building , five centres of Nano Science have been
created linking majorEducational institutions.Many more have come up on their
own in even small colleges.Similar centers focussing on Nano technology is being
funded in the last ten months

In the current financial year we expect another and much bigger funding initiative.
However, the debate on educational needs is not structured

The only structured programme is a programme on Post doctoral fellowships at

National level and mandate of organizing regular workshops by the centers.
57
Proposed System: Overview
z First elevator: 20 ton
capacity (13 ton payload)
z Constructed with existing or
near-term technology
z Cost (US$10B) and
schedule (15 years)
z Operating costs of
US$250/kg to any Earth
orbit, moon, Mars, Venus,
Asteroids

58
 ISSUES
Technology Research
Research Education
Science Engineering
Bottom Up Top Down

Salad Bowl Discipline Melting Pot Discipline

School
College Social , Ethical
Doctoral Program & Health Issues
Continuing Education

Developed Nations Developing Nations 59

 Magic Market Place

Manufacturing Information Technology ( IT)

Steel Industry Biotechnology (BT)
Al, Cu , Zn Nanotechnology (NT)
Autocomponents
Aviation

60