GE6253 Engineering Mechanics Department of Mechanical ,Civil and Chemical Engineering

2016-2017

GE6253 ENGINEERING MECHANICS L T P C

3 1 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
To develop capacity to predict the effect of force and motion in the course of carrying out the design
functions of engineering.
UNIT I BASICS AND STATICS OF PARTICLES 12
Introduction – Units and Dimensions – Laws of Mechanics – Lami’s theorem, Parallelogram and triangular
Law of forces –– Vectorial representation of forces – Vector operations of forces -additions, subtraction, dot
product, cross product – Coplanar Forces – rectangular components – Equilibrium of a particle – Forces in
space – Equilibrium of a particle in space – Equivalent systems of forces – Principle of transmissibility .
UNIT II EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES 12
Free body diagram – Types of supports –Action and reaction forces –stable equilibrium – Moments and
Couples – Moment of a force about a point and about an axis – Vectorial representation of moments and
couples – Scalar components of a moment – Varignon’s theorem – Single equivalent force -Equilibrium of
Rigid bodies in two dimensions – Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in three dimensions
UNIT III PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS 12
Centroids and centre of mass– Centroids of lines and areas - Rectangular, circular, triangular areas by
integration – T section, I section, - Angle section, Hollow section by using standard formula –Theorems of
Pappus - Area moments of inertia of plane areas – Rectangular, circular, triangular areas by integration – T
section, I section, Angle section, Hollow section by using standard formula – Parallel axis theorem and
perpendicular axis theorem –Principal moments of inertia of plane areas – Principal axes of inertia-Mass
moment of inertia –mass moment of inertia for prismatic, cylindrical and spherical solids from first principle
– Relation to area moments of inertia.
UNIT IV DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES 12
Displacements, Velocity and acceleration, their relationship – Relative motion – Curvilinear
motion - Newton’s laws of motion – Work Energy Equation– Impulse and Momentum – Impact of elastic
bodies.
UNIT V FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODY DYNAMICS 12
Friction force – Laws of sliding friction – equilibrium analysis of simple systems with
sliding friction – wedge friction-. Rolling resistance -Translation and Rotation of Rigid Bodies – Velocity
and acceleration – General Plane motion of simple rigid bodies such as cylinder, disc/wheel and sphere.
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Beer, F.P and Johnston Jr. E.R., “Vector Mechanics for Engineers (In SI Units): Statics and Dynamics”, 8th Edition,
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing company, New Delhi (2004).
2. Vela Murali, “Engineering Mechanics”, Oxford University Press (2010)
REFERENCES:
1. Hibbeller, R.C and Ashok Gupta, “Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics”, 11th Edition, Pearson Education
2010.
2. Irving H. Shames and Krishna Mohana Rao. G., “Engineering Mechanics – Statics and Dynamics”, 4th Edition,
Pearson Education 2006.
3. Meriam J.L. and Kraige L.G., “ Engineering Mechanics- Statics - Volume 1, Dynamics- Volume 2”, Third Edition,
John Wiley & Sons,1993.
4. Rajasekaran S and Sankarasubramanian G., “Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics”, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2005.
5. Bhavikatti, S.S and Rajashekarappa, K.G., “Engineering Mechanics”, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers,
1998. 6. Kumar, K.L., “Engineering Mechanics”, 3rd Revised Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing company, New
Delhi 2008.

COURSE OUTCOMES
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GE6253 Engineering Mechanics Department of Mechanical ,Civil and Chemical Engineering
2016-2017

On completion of this course, the student will be able:

Units
No. Description
Covered

C205.1 1. To understand and apply the concept of equilibrium of particles in 2D and 3D 1

2. To understand and apply the concept of equilibrium of rigid bodies in 2D and 3D 2

C205.2

3. To understand and apply the concept of first,second moment of area and mass 3
C205.3
moment of inertia
C205.4 4. To understand and apply the kinetics and kinematics of particles. 4

5. To understand and apply the principles of friction, kinetics and kinematics of 5

C205.5
rigid bodies.

MAPPING BETWEEN CO, PO AND PSO WITH CORRELATION LEVEL 1/2/3

PSO 2

PSO 3
PSO 1
PO 10

PO 12
PO 11
PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9
GE6253

C205.1 3 3 1 - 1 2 1 - 2 3 2 2 3 3 3
C205.2 3 3 2 - 1 2 1 - 2 3 2 2 3 3 3
C205.3 3 3 1 - 1 2 1 - 2 3 2 2 3 3 3
C205.4 3 3 1 - 1 2 1 - 2 3 2 2 3 3 3
C205.5 3 3 1 - 1 2 1 - 2 3 2 2 3 3 3

Sl. No. Knowledge Level Units Course Outcomes

1 R, Ap, U Basics and statics of particles C205.1

2 R, Ap, U Equilibrium of rigid bodies C205.2

3 R, Ap, An, U Properties of surfaces and solids C205.3

4 R, Ap,An, U Dynamics of particles C205.4

Friction and elements of rigid body

5 R, Ap, An, U C205.5
dynamics

R–Remember, Ap–Apply, An–Analyze, U-Understand, E-Evaluate, C-Create

UNIT - I-- BASICS AND STATICS OF PARTICLES

PART A
1 . Define principle of transmissibility of forces (April 2015) (Nov/Dec 2015)
If a force acts at any point on a rigid body it may also be considered to act at any other point on its

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line of action
2. State Lami’s theorem. (May 2011)(May/June 2016)
It states that if three coplanar forces acting at a point be in equilibrium then each force is proportional
to the sine of the angle between the other two.
Mathematically P/Sinα = Q/Sinβ = R/Sinγ
3. Explain parallelogram law of force (May2012)
It states that if two forces acting simultaneously at a point be represented in magnitude and direction
by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the resultant of these forces is represented in magnitude
and direction by the diagonal of that parallelogram originating from that point.
Mathematically R =√( P2+Q2+ (2PQCosθ))
4. Explain triangular law of forces
It states that if two forces acting at a point are represented by the two sides of a triangle
taken in order then their resultant force is represented by the third side taken in opposite
order.
5. Explain polygon law of forces. (Nov/Dec 2015)
It states that if a number of coplanar forces are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a
polygon taken in a order then their resultant force is represented by the closing side of the polygon taken in
the opposite order.
6. What is a force& mention its characteristics? (May 2012)
Force is an agent which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body upon
which it acts. A force represents the action of one body on another. Force is a vector quantity.
A force is characterized by i). Magnitude ii).line of action iii).direction
7.Define free body & free body diagram
A body which has been isolated from surroundings is called Free body.
The sketch showing all the forces and moments acting on the Free body is called free body diagram.
8.What are coplanar force and concurrent force?
Coplanar force systems have all the forces acting in one plane. They may be collinear, concurrent,
parallel, non-concurrent or non-parallel.
A concurrent coplanar force system is a system of two or more forces whose lines of action all
intersect at a common point .
9.What are non coplanar force and collinear force?
In non coplanar force system the forces do not act in one plane
The force which acts on a common line of action are called collinear forces. If they act in same
direction they are called like collinear and if they act in opposite direction they are called unlike collinear
10.What is a parallel force?
In parallel system line of action of forces are parallel to each other. Parallel forces acting in same
direction are called like parallel forces and the parallel forces acting in opposite direction are called unlike
parallel forces .

11.What is the difference between coplanar concurrent force and coplanar non
concurrent force?
Coplanar concurrent force - Forces intersects at a common point and lies in a single plane
Coplanar non concurrent force - Forces which do not intersects at a common point but acts in one plane
12.What is the difference between like collinear coplanar force and unlike collinear
coplanar force?
Like collinear coplanar force - Forces acting in same direction, lies on a common line of action and acts in a
single plane
Unlike collinear coplanar force - Forces acting in opposite direction, lies on a common line of action
and acts in a single plane

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13.Define statics
It is defined as the branch of rigid body mechanics, which deals with the behaviour of a body when it is
at rest.

14.What is the difference between like non coplanar concurrent force and non coplanar
non concurrent force?
Non coplanar concurrent force
Forces intersects at one point but their lines of action do not lie on the same plane
Non coplanar non concurrent force
Forces do not intersects at one point and also their lines of action do not lie on the same
plane
15.What is resultant force?
If a number of forces acting on a particle simultaneously are replaced by a single force, which could
produce the same effect as produced by the given forces, that single force is called Resultant force. It is
equivalent force of all the given forces.
16.Define Dynamics
It is defined as the branch of rigid body mechanics, which deals with the behaviour of a body when it is
in motion.
17. State Newton’s law of motion (April 2014)
Newton’s first law: Everybody preserves in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a
straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed there on.
Newton’s second law: The acceleration of a particle will be proportional to the force and will be in the
direction of the force
Newton’s third law: To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
18. What is equlibrant and equlibrium ?
A force E with same magnitude and same line of action but opposite Direction is called
equilibrant.
The equilibrant used to arrest the movement of the particle, then the body is said to be in equilibrium.
Here Resultant = 0.
19.What are the conditions for equilibrium ?(May/June 2016)
For collinear forces, ∑H = 0, ∑V = 0
For concurrent forces, ∑ H = 0 , ∑V = 0
20. Differentiate Force and Moment.(May/June 2016)
Force is an agent which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body upon
which it acts. A force represents the action of one body on another. Force is a vector quantity.
The moment of a force about a point is defined as the turning effect of the force about that point .
Moment = force X perpendicular distance
PART B
1. A system of forces acting on a body is as shown in fig. Determine the resultant of the force and its
direction. (May/June 2012)

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2. Determine the tension in cables AB and AC required to hold the 40kg crate shown in fig.(Nov/Dec 2015)

3. Three forces act on a particle ‘O’ as shown in fig. Determine the value of ‘F’ such that the resultant of
these three forces is horizontal. Find the magnitude and direction of the fourth force which when acting
along with the given three forces will keep ‘O’ in equilibrium.(April 2014)

30 kN y
F

40° 18 kN
30° 10° x
O
4. Determine the required length of the cord AC in fig, so that the 8kg lamp is suspended in the position
shown. The undeformed length of the spring AB is l’ AB= 0.4m, and the spring has a stiffness of k AB = 300
N/m. (Nov/Dec 2011)

5. A force acts at the origin of a coordinate system in a direction defined by the angles x = 69.3 and z =
57.9. Knowing that the ‘y’ component of the force is –174 N, determine (i) the angle y, (ii) the other
components and the magnitude of the force (iii) the projection of this force on xz plane. And its magnitude
and (iv) moment of this force about the point co ordinate (2, 3, 4) and its magnitude.

6. Determine the reactions at A and B. 300 mm dia

100
N
A
weigh B
60 t 45
7. A 90 N load is suspended from the hook and supported by two cables shown in fig. Determine the forces
in the cables for equilibrium. Cable AD lies in the x-y plane and cable AC lies in the x-z plane.
z C

5 3
4
30 B y
 A
D

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N
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8. A container is supported by three cables as shown. Determine the weight W of the container, knowing that
the tension cable AB is 500N. y
C
300 320
D
O
230
380 B
z x

480
A

9. Determine the magnitude and direction angles of force F in the figure that are required for equilibrium of
particle at O. (May/June 2015)

F3 = 700N z
F
B

6m

2m y

3m O F1 = 400N

F2 = 800N
x

10. The 50 kg pipe is supported by a system of five cords as shown in figure. Determine the forces in each
cord for equilibrium.

D
5 3
4
C B

60
 A E

50k
g 72 mm
11.Two cylinders of diameters 60mm and 30mm wighing 160 N and 40 N
respectively are placed as shown in fig. Assuming all contact surfaces to be
smooth find the Reactions at all the contact surfaces.(Nov/Dec 2011) 30mm
D
C
A 60mm

 60
45 mm B

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12. Determine the stretch in each spring for equilibrium of the weight W = 40 N block as shown in Fig. The
springs are in equilibrium position. The stiffness of each spring is given as k1 = 40 N/m, k2 = 50 N/m and k3
= 60 N/m. (April/May 2015)

13. The 200 Kg crate in Fig is suspended using the ropes AB and AC. Each rope can withstand a maximum
of 10 kN before it breaks. If AB always remains horizontal, determine the smallest angle θ to which the crate
can be suspended before one of the ropes breaks.(April/May 2015)

14. Four forces of magnitude 15KN, 30KN, 40KN and 60KN are acting at a point O as shown in figure. Determine
the magnitude, direction and position of the resultant force. ( May/June 2016)

15. Determine tension in the cables AB and AC necessary to support the 80 kg debris as shown.(May/June 2016)

UNIT- II - EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

PART A
1. Define equilibrium
A body is said to be in a state of equilibrium, if the body is either at rest or is moving at a constant
velocity.
2. What is two force equilibrium principle and three force equilibrium principle?
If a body is in equilibrium acted upon by two forces they must be of collinear forces of equal
magnitude and opposite sense.
If a body is in equilibrium acted upon by three forces, they the resultant of any two forces must be
equal, opposite and collinear with the third force.

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3. How many equations of equilibrium are defined for a concurrent force system and coplanar force
system? (May/June 2016) (Nov/Dec 2015)
For concurrent force system: two equations ΣH = 0, and ΣV = 0
For coplanar force system: three equations ΣH = 0, ΣV = 0 and ΣM = 0
4. State varignon’s theorem (May 2013)
If a number of coplanar forces are acting simultaneously on a body, the algebraic sum of the moments
of all the forces about any point is equal to the moment of the resultant force about the same point. (ie.) F1d1 +
F2d2+ F3d3+ - - -- - -- - = R × d .
5. Differntiate stable equilibrium, unstable equilibrium and neutral equilibrium?
A body is said to be in stable equilibrium, if it returns back to its original position after it is slightly
displaced from its position of rest.
A body is said to be in unstable equilibrium, if it does not returns back to its original position, and heels
farther away after slightly displaced from its position of rest.
A body is said to be in neutral equilibrium, if it occupies a new position (also remains at rest) after
slightly displaced from its position of rest.

6.What are the characteristics of a couple?

i). the algebraic sum of the forces is zero
ii). the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about any point is the same and equal to the moment
of the couple itself.
7. What is the difference between a moment and a couple?
The couple is a pure turning effect which may be moved anywhere in its own plane, or into a parallel
plane without change of its effect on the body, but the moment of a force must include a description of the
reference axis about which the moment is taken.
8. What is Moment of force
Moment of forceis defined as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance of the line of action
of force from the point. It’s unit is N-m. M=F x r in N-m Clockwise moment → positive sign
Anticlockwise → negative sign
9. What are the common types of supports used in three dimensions?
i). Ball support ii). Ball and socket support iii). Fixed or welded support.
10. Define equilibrant (April/May 2013)
The force which brings the system of forces into equilibrium is called equilibrant. It is equal to the
resultant force in magnitude collinear but opposite in nature.
11. What are the common types of loads? (Nov/Dec 2011)
i).point load or concentrated load ii).uniformly distributed load iii).uniformly varying load
12. What is statically determinate structure? (Nov/Dec 2010)
A structure which can be completely analyzed by static conditions of equilibrium ΣH = 0,
ΣV = 0 and ΣM = 0 alone is called statically determinate structure.
13. Write different types of support and types of load on a beam. (May/June 2016),(Nov/Dec 2015)
Types of support :
i. Roller support
ii. Hinged support
iii. Fixed support
Types of load on a beam:
1.Point load
2.Uniformly distributed load (UDL)
3.Uniformly varying load
14. What is beam?
A beam is a horizontal structure member which carries a load, transverse (perpendicular) to
its axis and transfers the load through support reactions to supporting columns or walls.
15.Differentiate point load&uniformly distributed load?
i)A load acting at a point on a beam is known as a point load
ii)A load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that each unit length of the beam carries same
intensity of the load, is called uniformly distributed load

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16. What are the difference between roller support and hinged support?
Roller support has the known line of action of reaction, always normal to the plane of rollers.
But, hinged support has an unknown line of action of reaction, at any angle θ with horizontal.
17. What is support reaction of beam?
The force of resistance exerted by the support on the beam is called as support reaction.
Support reaction of beam depends upon the type of loading and the type of support.
18. Determine the moment of the force about point “O” for following diagram.

Moment = Force X moment arm

Moment arm = 4 X 2 cos 30° = 5.73 m
Moment = 40 X 5.73 = 229.23 Nm. (clockwise)

19. What is statically indeterminate structure?

A structure which cannot be completely analyzed by these equations (ΣH = 0, ΣV = 0 and ΣM = 0) and needs
some additional equations to solve is called statical indeterminate structure.
20. What is the difference between action and reaction?
Consider a ball placed on a horizontal surface. The self weight of the ball (W) is acting vertically
downwards through its centre of gravity. This force is called action. Now, the ball can move horizontally but
its vertical downward motion is resisted due to resisting force developed at support, acting vertically
upwards. This force is called reaction. .

Part B
1. Determine the resultant of the coplanar non-concurrent force system shown in fig. below. Calculate its
magnitude and direction and locate its position with respect to the sides AB and AD.(Dec 2012)

2. Determine the location of resultant of four forces and one couple which act on the plate as shown

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3.Find the reactions at the supports A and B or the beam shown in fig.

4.Two beams AB and CD are shown in fig. A and D are hinged supports. B and C are roller supports.
a. Sketch the free body diagram of the beam AB & determine the reactions at the support A & B.
b. Sketch the free body diagram of the beam CD & determine the reactions at the supports C &D (May
2011)

5. Find the reactions at the supports A and B or the beam shown in fig.(Nov Dec 2015)

6. A load of 3500 N is acting on the boom which is held by a cable as shown in fig, the weight of
the boom can be neglected (April/May 2015)
1. Sketch the free body diagram
2. Determine the tension in the cable BC
3. Find the magnitude and direction of the reaction at A

7. Four tugboats are used to bring an ocean large ship to its pier. Each tugboat exerts a 22.5 KN force in the
direction as shown in fig. Determine the equivalent force couple at O and determine a single equivalent force
and its location along the longitudinal axis of the ship

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10. Four forces act on a 700mm X 375mm plate as shown in fig. a) Find the resultant of these 
forces b) Locate the two points where the line of action of the resultant intersects the edge of the
plate. 

11. Determine the reaction at the hinged support A and the roller support B.(May/June 2016)

12.A cement electric post weighing 215 kg and of length 6m is raised by erecting it in a position
by pulling a wire rope attached to it as shown in the figure. Determine the tension in the rope 
and reaction at A (May/June 2016)

UNIT -III - PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS

Part A
1. State the types of equilibrium.
Stable equilibrium : The body returns back to its original position after it is slightly displaced from the
position of rest.
Unstable equilibrium : The body doesn't return back to its original position after it is slightly displaced from
the position of rest.
Neutral equilibrium : The body occupies a new position (and rests) after it is slightly displaced from the
position of rest.
2. Differentiate between Centroid and Centre of gravity.
The centre of figures which have only area but no mass is known as centroid. Centre of gravity is a point
where the entire mass or weight of the body is assumed to be concentrated.
3. Define Centroid axis.

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The axis which passes through the point, where the entire mass or weight of the body is assumed to be
concentrated, is known as the Centroid. axis.

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4. Under what conditions do the Centre of mass and Centre of gravity coincide? (May 2013)
The material must be homogeneous and (ii) the gravitational force on a body of mass 'm' mustalso pass
through its centre of mass.
5. Define Moment of Inertia of an area.
The first moment of a force about any point is the product of the force (P) and the perpendicular distance
between the point and the line of action. If this first moment is again multiplied by the perpendicular
distance, the resulting moment is the second moment of the force or moment of moment of the force.
Instead of force, if the area is considered, it is called the second moment of the area or Moment of Inertia.
6. State the second moment of area of a triangle with respect to the base.
IBase = bh3/12
7. Define Parallel axis theorem. (May/June 2016)
Parallel axis theorem : Moment of inertia of an area any axis is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia
about an axis passing through the centroid parallel, to the given axis and (b) the product of area and square
of the distance between the two parallel axes. IAB = I CG + A h2
Where, IAB = Moment of inertia of an area about any given axis (say AB)
ICG = Moment of inertia about an axis passing through the
centroid
A = area of the section given
h = distance between the two parallel axes
8. State perpendicular Axis Theorem.(April/May 2015)
Moment of inertia of plane Iamina about an axis perpendicular to the Iamina and passing through its
centroid is equal to the sum of moment of inertia about two mutually perpendicular axes passing through
the centroid and in the plane of the lamina.
Izz = Ixx + Iyy
9. Define polar moment of inertia of an area and state its application. (April/May 2012)
Moment of inertia of an area about an axis perpendicular to the area through a pole point in the area is
called polar moment of the inertia. Polar moment of inertia has application in problems relating to the
torsion of cylindrical shafts and rotation of slabs.
10. Define the term, radius of gyration. (April/May 2011)
The radius of gyration 'k' of any lamina about a given axis is the distance from the given axis at which all
the elemental parts of the lamina would have to be placed, so as not to alter the Moment of inertia about the
given axis. Radius of gyration, k = √I/A
11. Define Product of inertia.
Product of inertia of an area with respect to x and y axes is denoted by Ixy = ∫xy dA where x and y are the
coordinates of an element dA of the area A.
NOTE : Ixy = 0, for a figure, which is symmetrical about either x or y axes.
12. State the salient properties of product of inertia.
(i) Product of inertia Ixy is zero when x axis or y axis or both the x and y axes are axes of symmetry for the
given area.
(ii) Product of inertia may be either positive or negative.
(iii) Product of inertia of the given area with respect to its principal axes is zero.
13. Define Principal Axis and Principal Moment of Inertia.
The axes about which moments of inertia is ZERO are known as principal axes.
The moment of inertia w.r. to the principal axes are called principal moments of inertia.
14. State the salient properties of product of inertia.
(i) Product of inertia lxy is zero when x axis or y axis or both the x and y axesare axes of symmetry for the
given area.
(ii) Product of inertia may be either positive or negative.
(iii) Product of inertia of the given area with respect to its principal axes is zero.
15. State Pappus - Guldinus theorems. (Nov/Dec 2015)
Theorem 1 : The area of surface of revolution obtained by revolving a line or curve is equal to the length of
the generating line or curve multiplied by the distance travelled by the centroid of the generating line / curve
when it is being rotated.

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Theorem 2: The volume of a body obtained by revolving an area is equal to the generating area multiplied
by the distance traveled by the centroid of the generating area when it is being rotated.
16. Define Moment of inertia of mass.
Consider a body of mass m. The moment of the body with respect to the axes AA' is defined by the integral,
l=∫r2dm where, dm is the mass of an element of the body situated at a distance r from axes AA' and
integration is extended over the entire volume of the body.
17. State the relationship between the second moment of area and mass moment of Inertia for thin
uniform plate.
Mass moment of inertia of a thin plane about an axis x - x, (Ixx) mass = p t (Ixx) area Where,
(Ixx) area is the second moment of the area of the plate about the axis xx, p is the mass density and t,
thickness of the plate which is uniform.
18.Differentiate between area moment of inertia and mass moment of inertia.
The Area Moment Of Inertia of a beams cross-sectional area measures the beams ability toresist bending.
The larger the Moment of Inertia the less the beam will bend. The moment of inertia is a geometrical
property of a beam and depends on a reference axis. The smallestMoment of Inertia about any axis passes
through the centroid.The Mass Moment of Inertia of a solid measures the solid's ability to resist changes in
rotational speed about a specific axis. The larger the Mass Moment of Inertia the smaller the angular
acceleration about that axis for a given torque.
19.What isfirst moment of area?(May/June 2016)
The first moment of area, sometimes misnamed as the first moment of inertia, is based in the
mathematical construct moments in metric spaces, stating that themoment of area equals the summation
of area times distance to an axis [Σ(a × d)].
20. State the methods of determining the centre of gravity.
1. By geometrical considerations., 2. Graphical method., 3. Integration method., 4. Method of moments.
PART B
1. Determine the co-ordinates of the centroid of the shaded area shown below.

2. For the plane area shown below, locate the centroid of the area. (April/May 2014)

3. Locate the centroid of area shown below.

4. In the figure below, a solid is formed by joining a hemi sphere, a cylinder and a cone, all made out of same
material. Find the location of the centroid of this solid on the Z – axis.

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5. Determine the moments of inertia of the area shown with respect to the centroidal axes parallel and
perpendicular to the side AB.

6. For the plane area shown below, determine the area moment of inertia and radius of gyration about the x –
axis.

7. Determine the moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the T section about centroidal Y axis. Also find
polar moment of inertia. (Nov/Dec 2011)

8. Determine the moments of inertia Ix and Iy of the area shown below with respect to centroidal
axes respectively parallel and perpendicular to the side AB.(April/May 2015)

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9. Compute the second moment of area of the plane surface shown below about its horizontal and vertical
centroidal axes. (April/May 2011)(Nov/Dec 2015)

10. Find the moment of inertia about 1–1 and 2–2 axes for the area shown in figure below.

11. Find the mass moment of inertia of the rectangular block shown below about the vertical y axis. A cuboid
of 20 mm x 20 mm x 20 mm has been removed from the rectangular block as shown below. The mass
density of the material of the block is 7850 kg/m3. (Nov/Dec 2012)

12. (i) Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the shaded area.(April/May2015)

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13. Determine the moment of inertia of the cross sectional area (I section) of the channel with respect to the
y axis.(April/May2015)

13. Determine the moment of inertia of I section shown in the figure about the horizontal and vertical axes,
passing through the centre of gravity of the section. (May/June 2016)

14. Determine the mass moment of inertia of the cylindrical prism shown in the figure with respect to y-axis
by direct integration.(May/June 2016).

UNIT - IV - DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES

PART A
1) What are motion curves?
The curves which are plotted with the position coordinate, the velocity and the acceleration against the
time‘t’ are called motion curves.
2) Differentiate between rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion.
Rectilinear motion: If the path traced by a point is a straight line, then the resulting motion is termed as
rectilinear motion.
Curvilinear motion: If the path traced by a point is a a curve, then the resulting motion is termed as
curvilinear motion.
3) Differentiate between uniform rectilinear motion and uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion.
In case of uniform rectilinear motion the velocity ‘ v ‘ will be a constant (or) the motion of a particle in
which the acceleration a of a particle is zero for every value of ‘ t ’.
When the acceleration is constant in a body, which moves, in a straight line, then the resulting motion is
called uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion.
4) What is projectile motion?
Any object that is given some initial velocity and during the subsequent motion the object is subjected to
only the acceleration due to gravity is termed as a projectile. A projectile travels in the horizontal as well as
in the vertical directions and traces a curvilinear path. For example: The motion of a bullet fired from a gun
5) State D' Alembert's principle.(Nov/Dec 2015)
The force system consisting of external forces and inertia force can be considered to keep the particle in
equilibrium. Since the resultant force externally acting on the particle is not zero, the particle is said to be in

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dynamic equilibrium. This principle is known as D' Alembert's principle.

6) State the work-energy principle.(April/May 2013)
The work done by force acting on a particle during its displacement is equal to the change in the kinetic
energy of the particle during that displacement.
Work done = Final Kinetic energy – Initial Kinetic energy = ½ ( mv22 – mv12 )
7) State the law of conservation of energy.
"Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. It can only be changed from one form into another form".
8) Define linear impulse or (impulse).
Linear impulse or impulse is the product of force acting on a body and the time elapsed.
9) What is impulsive force and impulsive motion?
When a large force acts on a particle for a short period of time and produces a definite change in its
momentum, then, such a force is called an impulsive force. The motion caused by such an impulsive force is
known as impulsive motion.
10) State Impulse momentum principle
Final momentum – Initial Momentum = Impulse of the Force.
The equation expresses that the total change in momentum of a particle during a time interval is equal to the
impulse of the force during the same interval of time.
11) State the condition for the dynamic equilibrium of a body.
The equation of motion can be written in the form
F – ma = 0 F + (-ma) = 0
To write the equation of dynamic equilibrium of a particle, add a friction force equal to inertial force
to the external forces acting on the particle, and equate the sum to zero.
12) State the principle of impulse and momentum or write impulse momentum equation.
Principle of impulse and momentum is written in the form of an equation
"Impulse = final momentum – initial momentum"
13) What is impact or collision?(Nov/Dec 2015)
A collision between two bodies that lasts for a very short interval of time during which period, the two
bodies exert large forces on each other is called an impact or collision.
14) Define line of impact.
A line perpendicular to the surfaces of contact during impact is known as the line of impact.
15) What is the difference between central and eccentric impact?
If the mass centres of the two colliding bodies lie on the line of impact, then, the impact is said to be central
impact otherwise it is eccentric.
16) Distinguish between direct impact and oblique impact.
If the velocities of the two colliding bodies act along the line of impact, the impact is called direct impact.If
the velocities of the two colliding bodies act along lines other than the line of impact, the impact is known as
oblique impact.
17) Distinguish between perfectly plastic impact and perfectly elastic impact.(Nov/Dec 2011)
In the case of perfectly plastic impact, e = 0. This means that there is no period of restitution. The two
colliding bodies join together and travel with the same velocity.
In the case of perfectly elastic impact, e = 1. This means that the relative velocity before the impact is equal
to the relative velocity after the impact.
18) State the Principle of conservation of linear momentum.
Principle of conservation of linear momentum states that if the resultant force acting on a particle is zero then
the linear momentum of the particle remains constant.ie.,
"Final momentum = Initial momentum"
19) Define co-efficient of restitution(May/June 2016)
The ratio of magnitudes of impulses corresponding to the period of restitution and to the period of
deformation is called coefficient of restitution.
It is also defined as the ratio of velocity of separation to the velocity of approach.
20) What is Inertia force?
The inertia force can be defined as the resistance to the change in the condition of rest or of uniform motion
of a body. The magnitude of the inertia force is equal to product of the mass and acceleration of the particle
and it acts in a direction opposite to the direction of acceleration of the particle. The equation of motion of
the particle P.

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22) What are the conditions under which the motion of a projectile is parabolic?(April/May 2015)
In the horizontal direction: x = vcosθ t t = x / vcosθ
In the vertical direction: y = vsinθ (t) - ½g(t)²
using the result above: y = vsinθ (x / vcosθ) - ½g(x / vcosθ)² y = xtanθ - ½g(x / vcosθ)²

PART B
1. The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x = 3t3 – 6t2 – 12t + 5 , where x and t are expressed in
meters and seconds, respectively. Determine (a) when the velocity is zero (b) the position, the acceleration
and the total distance traveled when t = 4s. (May/ June 2015)
2. A ball is thrown vertically up with an initial velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate the maximum altitude reached
by the ball and the time t after throwing for it to return to the ground. Neglect air resistance and take the
gravitational acceleration to be constant at 9.81m/s2
3. Two trains A and B leave the same station in parallel lines. Train A starts with a uniform acceleration of
0.15m/sec2 and attains a speed of 27 kmph when the steam is reduced to keep speed constant. Train B leaves
40 seconds later with uniform acceleration of 0.3m/sec2 to attain a maximum speed of 54 kmph. When and
where will B overtake A?
4. Two cars are traveling towards each other on a single lane road at the velocities 12 m/sec and 9 m/sec.
respectively. When 100m apart, both drivers realize the situation and apply their brakes. They succeed in
stopping simultaneously and just short of colliding. Assume constant deceleration for each case and find (a)
time required for cars to stop (b) deceleration of each car and (c) the distance traveled by each car while
slowing down. Ans: t = 9.524sec, a1 = -1.26 m/sec2, a2 = -0.945 m/s2, x = 57.14m, 42.86m.
(May/ June 2016)
5. Two trains A and B leave the same station on parallel lines. A starts with uniform acceleration 1/6 m/s2
and attains a speed of 24kmph when steam is reduced to keep the speed constant. 40 seconds after B leaves
with uniform acceleration of 1/3 m/s2 to attain a maximum speed of 48 kmph. When will train B overtake
train A.
6. Two automobiles A and B traveling in the same direction in adjacent lanes are stopped at a traffic signal as
the signal turns green, automobile A accelerates at a constant rate of 2 m/s2. Two seconds later, automobile B
starts and accelerates at a constant rate of 3.6 m/s2. Determine (a) when and where B will over take A (b) the
speed of each automobile at that time. t = 7.85s, 61.7m, va= 15.71m/s, vb= 21.1m/s
7. A bus starts from rest at point A and accelerates at a rate of 0.9m/s2 until it reaches a speed of 7.2 m/s. It
then proceeds with the same speed until the brakes are applied. It comes to rest at point B, 18m beyond the
point, where the brakes are applied. Assuming uniform acceleration, determine the time required for the bus
to travel from point A to B. The distance between the points A and B is 90m.
8. Two electric trains A and B leave the same the same station on parallel lines. A starts with a uniform
acceleration of 0.2m/s2 and attains a speed of 45 kmph, and then the speed is maintained constant. B leaves
60 seconds later with a uniform acceleration of 0.4 m/s2 to attain a maximum speed of 72 Kmph. When will
train B overtake train A.?
9. An aeroplane is flying at a height of 1000m above the ground with a velocity of 300m/s. It is required to
release a bomb to hit a target on the ground, which may be assumed horizontal. Calculate the horizontal
distance of the point of release of the bomb from the target to score a hit. Just after releasing the bomb the
pilot accelerates the plane so that it is 6km horizontally away from the target at the instant the bomb hits the
target. What must be the value of this constant acceleration?
A
10. Two blocks of mass mA = 280 kg, mB = 420 kg are joined by an kg
inextensible cable as shown in fig. Assuming the pulley is frictionless and µ =
0.3 between the block A and surface. The system is initially at rest. Find the (i)
acceleration of block A, (ii) velocity after it had moved 3.5m. (iii) velocity after
1.5 sec. a = 4.709 m/s2, T = 2142.56 N, 5.741 m/s, 7.064 m/s. B
(April/May2015)

11. A body weighing 400 N is resting on a rough plane inclined at

20° to the horizontal as shown. It is pulled up the plane from rest by
means of a light flexible rope running parallel to the plane and

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passing over a light frictionless pulley at the top of the plane. The portion of rope beyond the pulley hangs
vertically and carries a weight of 225 N at the end. If the co efficient of friction for the plane and the body
is 0.15, find (a) tension in rope (b) acceleration of the body and (c) distance moved by the body in 3
seconds, starting from rest.

12.a) Determine the tension in the block and the acceleration of blocks A and B weighing 1500 N and 500 N
connected by an inextensible string as shown in fig. assume the pulley is frictionless and weightless.
(Nov/Dec 2013)

500

1500

b) A block weighing 100N is moving along a horizontal surface of friction coefficient 0.2with a velocity of
5m/s. A push of 80N inclined at 30° to horizontal acts on the block. Find the velocity of the block, Using
work-energy principle after it had moved through a distance of 20m.

13.a) A bullet of mass 81gm moving with a velocity of 300m/s is fired into a block of wood and it penetrates
to a depth of 10cm. If the bullet moving with the same velocity were fired into a similar piece of wood 5cm
thick, with what velocity would it emerge? Find also the force of resistance assuming it uniform.
b) A projectile is fired from the edge of a 20m high cliff with an initial velocity of 150 m//s at an angle of 30°
with horizontal. Neglecting the air resistance find the greatest elevation reached by the projectile.

14.a) Two bodies of mass 8kg and 6kg move with velocities 6m/s and 2m/s respectively to the right. Find the
velocities of these bodies directly after impact, if e=0.6.(Nov/Dec 2012)

b) A sphere A of weight 10N moving with a velocity of 3m/s to the right impinges with a sphere B of weight
50N moving with a velocity of 0.6 m/s to the right. If the coefficient of restitution between the spheres is
0.75, find the loss of kinetic energy and show that the direction of the motion of sphere A is reversed.
15. A stone is projected with a speed of 30m/s at an angle of elevation of 50 °. Find the velocity (1) after 2
seconds, (2) at highest point of its path, (3) at aheight of 6m. Find also the interval between two points at
which the stone attains a speed of 23m/s. (Nov/Dec 2015)

UNIT - V ---FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODY DYNAMICS

PART A
1. Define friction.
When two surfaces are in contact with each other and one surface tends to move with respect to other, a
tangential force will be developed at the contact surface, in the opposite direction of motion. This tangential
force is called frictional force or friction.
2. What are the types of friction?
Two types of friction I).Dry friction or coulomb friction II).Fluid friction
Two types of dry friction i).static friction ii).dynamic friction
Dynamic friction is further classified into I).sliding friction II).rolling friction
3. Define coefficient of friction
The ratio of limiting friction to the normal reaction is known as coefficient of friction. It is denoted by the symbol
µ ,Coefficient of friction = limiting friction / normal reaction
4. Define angle of repose .(Nov/Dec 2015)
The angle of the inclined plane at which the body tends to slide down is known as angle of repose
5. What is simple contact friction?
The friction force is the resisting force developed at the contact surface of two bodies due to their roughness
and when the surface of one body moves over the surface of an another body.
6. Name some applications of simple contact friction
Ladder friction, Wedge friction, Screw friction, Belt friction
7.What is rolling resistance?

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When one body is made to roll freely over an another body, a resistance is developed in the opposite direction
known as rolling resistance.
8.What is impending motion?
The state of motion of a body which is just about to move or slide is called impending motion.
9.What is Angle of repose?(April/May 2015)
Angle of repose is equal to angle of friction.
10.State the laws of dynamic friction (Nov/Dec 2012)
i). the frictional force always acts in the opposite direction to that the body moves
ii).coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the coefficient of static friction
iii).in moderate speeds, the force of friction remains constant and it decreases with the increase of speed
iv).the magnitude of dynamic friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two surfaces.
11.State the laws of static friction
i). the frictional force always acts in the opposite direction to that the body moves
ii).the frictional force does not depend on the shape and area of contact of the bodies
iii).the frictional force depends on the degree of roughness of the contact area between two bodies.
iv).the frictional force is equal to the force applied to the body, so long as the body is at rest
v). limiting friction force bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the surfaces of contact
12.What is coefficient of rolling resistance?
Horizontal distance of point of resistance measured from centre of wheel known as coefficient of rolling
resistance
13.Define angle of friction
It is the angle between the line of action of the total reaction of one body on another and the normal to the
common tangent between the bodies when motion is impending
14.What is called the coefficient of static friction?
The ratio of limiting friction to the normal reaction is known as coefficient of static friction. It is denoted by the
symbol µ , Coefficient of static friction = limiting friction (F) / normal reaction (N)
15.What is the condition in terms of efficiency for a machine to be self locking?
If the friction angle φ is larger than the lead angle θ, the screw is said to be self locking .i.e., load will remain in
place even after the removal of effort.
16.What are the laws of sliding friction?
The frictional force always acts in the opposite direction to that the body moves the magnitude of the sliding
friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the surfaces of contact in moderate speeds, the
force of friction remains constant and it decreases with the increase of speed
17.State the coloumb’s laws of dry friction.
The frictional force always acts in the opposite direction to that the body moves the limiting friction force bears
a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the surfaces of contact the frictional force is independent of the
area of contact between the two surfaces, and it depends on the of roughness of the surface.
18.What is Limiting friction ?
The maximum resistance offered by a body against the external force which tends to move the body is called
limiting force of friction.
19. What is Coefficient of friction ?(May/ June 2016)
µ=Fm/ NR
Fm - Force of friction. NR - Normal reaction.
20.What is Angle of friction ?
Angle between normal reaction and reaction is called angle of friction. tan φ=Fm/NR =µ
21.What is Simple contact friction ? Write applications of simple contact friction
The type of friction between the surface of block and plane is called simple contact friction.
Applications are Ladder friction , Screw friction &Belt friction
22.Write expression for Belt friction
T2/ T1 = e µ θ
T1→ Tension in slack side
T2→ Tension in tight side
µ → Coefficient of friction between belt and wheel θ → Angle of contact
23. What is Rolling resistance & Coefficient of resistance
When a body is made to roll over another body the resistance developed in the opposite direction of motion is
called the rolling resistance. R cosα is called rolling resistance.

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Horizontal distance b is called as coefficient of resistance. b=Pr/ W

P→ applied force , r→ radius of the body , W→ weight of the body

24. What are the various types of motion of rigid bodies (May/ June 2016)
1.Translation
a) Rectilinear→ straight-line path motion b) Curvilinear→ curved path motion
2.Rotation (with respect to a fixed point)
3.Rotation & Translation (General plane method)
25. Define instantaneous centre of rotation.(Nov/Dec 2015)
The instant centre of rotation, also called instantaneous velocity center or also instantaneous centre or instant
centre, is the point fixed to a body undergoing planar movement that has zero velocity at a particular instant of
time.
PART B
1.A body lying on a horizontal plane is moved slowly along the plane when a force of 100 N is applied to the
body. Also, a force of 90 N is applied to the body at an angle of 30° to the horizontal, moves the body slowly
along the same plane. Determine the weight of the body and coefficient of friction. (May/ June 2015)
2. Two blocks A of weight 48N and B of weight 80 N are on rough horizontal surface and are
connected by an inextensible string. Find the minimum value of ‘P’ applied at B at an angle of 30°
to the plane, just to move the system. If the co efficient of friction between the block A and the
ground is 0.3 and that between the block B and the ground is 0.25, find the tension in the string.
3. An effort of 200 N is required just to move a certain body up an inclined plane of angle 15°, the force
acting parallel to the plane. If the angle of inclination is made 20° the effort required, again parallel to the
plane, is found to be 230 N. Find the weight of the body and coefficient of friction.
4. Two blocks A & B of weights 1kN and 2kN respectively are in equilibrium as in fig-1. If the co efficient
of friction between the two blocks and also the block and the floor is 0.3, find the force ‘P’ required to move
the block B. (May/June 2013)

5. What is the least value of ‘P’ required to cause the motion of the system shown in fig-3, impend? Assume
the co efficient of friction on all contact surfaces as 0.2. (May/June 2011)

6. What should be the value of θ in fig-4, which will make the motion of 900N block down the plane to
impend? The co efficient of friction for all the contact surfaces is 1/3. 29.05°

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7. A ladder 5m long rests on a horizontal ground and leans against a smooth vertical wall at an angle of 70°
with horizontal. The weight of the ladder is 900N. The ladder is at the point of sliding, when a man weighing
750N stands on a rung 1.5m from the bottom of the ladder. Find the co efficient of friction between the
ladder and the floor.

8. In the engine system shown in fig the crank AB has a constant angular velocity of 3000 rpm. For the crank
position indicated, find the
(i) the angular velocity of the connecting rod.
(ii) velocity of the piston. (Nov/Dec 2014)

9. The linear velocity of the slider shown in fig is 2m/s to the left along the horizontal plane. Determine the
velocity of the crank AB at the instant shown using instantaneous centre method.

10. Determine the distance S to which the 90kg painter can climb without causing the 4-m ladder to slip at its
lower end A. The top of the 15kg ladder has a small roller and at the ground the coefficient of static friction
is 0.25. The mass center of the painter is directly above her feet.(May/June
2015)

11. A 120 kg block is supported by a rope that is wrapped one and half times around a horizontal rod.
Knowing that the coefficient of static friction between the rope and the rod
is 0.15, determine the range of values of P for which equilibrium is
maintained. (May/June 2015)

12. A ladder of weight 390N and 6m long is placed against a vertical wall at an angle of 30ºas shown in
figure. The co-efficient of friction between the ladder and the wall is 0.25 and between the ladder and the
floor is 0.38 find how high a man of weight 1170N can climb without slipping. (Nov/Dec 2015)

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13. A bar AB of length 5m slides in the XY plane as shown in fig. The velocity of point A is 10m/s
downwards and makes an angle 60º with vertical. Determine the velocity of points B and mid point C.
(Nov/Dec 2015)

14. A uniform ladder of length 12m and weighing 30N is placed against a smooth vertical wall with its lower
end 8m from the wall. In this position the ladder is just to slip. Find: (1) the coefficient of friction between
ladder and the floor (2) Frictional force acting on the ladder at the point of contact between ladder and floor.
(May/June 2016)

15. A flywheel has an angular speed of 2200rev/min when its motor is turned off. The wheel attains a
constant deceleration of 2.5rad/s2 due to friction in its bearing. Determine the time required for the wheel to
come to rest and the number of revolutions the wheel makes before it comes to rest. (May/June 2016)

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