Visit Report

Of

Effluent Treatment Plants/ Common Effluent Treatment Plants

In the country

Submitted by

Vijai Singhal, Sr. Env. Engineer

K.C Gupta, Asstt. Env. Engineer

Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, Jaipur

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In compliance to the office order no. F.14(6)Corres/RPCB/Plg./2119-20 dated 15.9.2009,
undersigned officers had under taken visit of Effluent Treatment Plants/ Common
Effluent Treatment Plants based on advanced / latest technologies established at
Ahemdabad(Gujarat), Mumbai, Tirupur & Erode (Tamilnadu) from 8.10.09 to 13.10.09 .
The purpose of the visit was to study the technologies being employed there and to
explore the possibility of using the same in our state also. During the visit following
ETPs/CETPs were visited:

1. Electro Flocculation Technology employed at CETP Vatwa, Ahemdabad.

2. Sewage Treatment Plants based on Soil Bio technology (SBT) at Mumbai.
3. CETPs based on Zero Liquid Discharge at Tirupur & Erode in Tamilnadu.

Brief description of the various technologies being employed and their salient features are
described below:

1. Electro Flocculation Technology employed at CETP Vatwa, Ahemdabad.

Vatwa is a well developed industrial area located about 15 km from Ahemdabad having
highly polluting chemical industries like dye & dye intermediates, pesticides, basic drugs
etc. About 800 units are located in the area having effluent discharge to the tune of 450-
640 m3/hr. A CETP based on traditional physico-chemical and biological treatment was
established about 20 years back. However, due to increased COD load from designed
value of 2000 mg/l to 4000 mg/l, there was a need to upgrade the CETP as the existing
treatment system was unable to achieve the prescribed norms. The CETP is being run by
Association of industries at Vatwa. The Association engaged a consultant namely M/s
K.K Enviro, a German based consultant for upgradation / modification of the existing
CETP for removal of COD. The consultant has installed a system known as Electro
Flocculation Treatment in the existing CETP. Flow chart of the up graded CETP is as at
Fig.1.

As per the discussions held with M. Lavaste, Chief Technology Officer of M/s K.K.
Enviro, electrodes are used in the system to release iron in the form of Iron Hydroxide.
The Molecules of Iron Hydroxide are having large surface area therefore they are more
effective to trap the impurities by forming flocks on their surface. In the system at Vatwa
CETP, total 8 Electrode Cells (E-cells) have been provided, capacity of each E- Cell is 80
m3/hr. Raw effluent is fed into the E-Cells from the equalization tank and once the
reaction is complete, the effluent is taken to the flocculation tank and from there to
settling tank (The existing Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) unit is presently being used at
settling tank). The E-Cells are able to reduce the COD from 4000 mg/l to 2000 mg/l.
Further reduction in the COD is achieved in the existing biological treatment unit. Some
of the units are shown in the photographs at Fig.2 & 3. As per the discussion held with
Mr. Lavaste, the TSS in the raw effluent is 3000 mg/l which is quite high and due to
which the E-Cells are not able to function properly as high TSS creates a sludge blanket
in the cells hampering the flow of current form anode to cathode. Further, the flocculation
tank is of inadequate capacity. He informed that it is the first of its kind reactor where
electrical flocculation has been experimented by them. To develop an alternate

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technology to further treat the effluent coming out from E-Cells, a small experimental
settling tank followed by multi media filter has also been installed. As informed, the
experimental set up is giving good results. The E-Cells and multi media filter are
imported from Germany and have cost about 2.4 million euros. Operating cost of the E-
Cells is negligible as it runs on low voltage high ampere current. However, the electrodes
need to be replaced every month cost of which is about 1.5 lacs per month.

Inle t pipe s
E merc enc y T ank E qualization
824 m3 T ank
16 .580 m3 C ompres s e d Air

B lind flanged end E lec tro F locc ulation C ells

16 Triton (combined mixer
and blower); us ua lly not all
Air C ompres s or in s e rvic e
not in us e
Aera tion Ta nk D AF Unit F loc c ulator T ank Mixing
2 7.800 m3 585 m3 1 60 m3 C ha mbe r

6 S ludg e
Ac tivate r S ludg e
C onditioning T ank Ma ke up and
150 m3 D os ing S tation
S econdary S econdary C ompres s e d Air P olyme r
C la rifie r I C larifier II not in us e
1 .96 2 m3 1 .962 m3
L a ndfill D ump
S tation

Ma ke up and D os ing
S tation „W F – 1“ E fflue nt ?
C entrifug es
Air C ompres s or
S tation R e c irc ula tion
S ludge B as in F ina l P umping Trea ted water outle t pipe
2 30 m3 S tation
2 90 m3
Mixing
C ha mbe r
Ma nfred L a va s te, Tec hnical C E O K K E nvio,
India 16.01.2009

Fig.1 Modified Process Flow Chart of Vatwa CETP having Electro Flocculation
Treatment System

F ig .2 E lec tro-F lo c c ulatio n C ells

T his view of the E – C ell ins talla tion is s howing the s ta irs to the E
– C ell pla tform.

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The matter regarding performance / efficacy of the technology was also discussed with
officials of the Gujarat State Pollution Control Board. They were of the view that the
technology is still in R & D stage and yet to be approved by the GSPCB. From the site
visit and discussion held, it can be said that the technology has a good potential as it
minimizes the generation of the additional sludge which is otherwise produced in a
conventional physico chemical treatment using chemicals like lime and alum. In the
electro flocculation system, sludge production is reduced upto 80%. Also, cost of
operation is less. However, since the technology is still in R & D stage and being
employed in an existing CETP where effluent at the inlet of E-cells is not of desired
quality, therefore, it needs to be properly validated in an independent set up so that the
results could be evaluated scientifically.

2. Sewage Treatment Plants based on Soil Bio technology (SBT) at Mumbai.

The technology (SBT) has been developed by Prof. H.S. Shankar in his research
laboratory at the IIT Mumbai. The technology has been covered by US patent. As per the
information gathered from Prof Shankar, nearly a dozen Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs)
based on this technology have been set up over the last 10 years and are operational in
various parts of India. This treatment system is based on a bioconversion process where
the fundamental actions of the nature, namely, respiration, mineral weathering and
photosynthesis are brought about in a controlled media containing selected micro &
macro-organisms. The STPs based on SBT are built of natural minerals, constructed
media, proprietary culture, additives and plantation with absolutely no machinery except
pumping arrangements for the raw/treated effluent. Therefore the plant is easy to run with
virtually no maintenance.

The main features of the technology are as under:

1. Benefit from carbon credit.
2. Low energy requirement due to high oxygen transfer in the process.
3. No machineries and moving parts are required.
4. No sludge generation.
5. Effective removal of bacteria, BOD (< 5mg/l), COD(<15mg/l) suspended solids
(TSS <9 mg/l), color, odor, and ammonia
6. Almost maintenance-free process.
7. Long life.
8. Scalable from 5 KLD to tens of MLD.

A Sewage Treatment Plant based on Soil Bio Technology has been established by
Mumbai Municipal Corporation for treatment of municipal waste water. Capacity of
STP is 3 MLD. The STP was visited on 10.10.2009 during which the STP was in
operation and treated water was being used for gardening and other secondary uses.

In the SBT system for treatment of sewage, the waste water is pumped in the plants
planted on the surface of the filtering media. The waste water gets percolated through
the media having coating of micro & macro-organisms. Biological decomposition and
other biological/chemical reactions take place during the downward flow of waste

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water. Thus the waste water gets purified. The plant root on the surface also reduces
organic and nitrogenous impurities of the sewage. As per the visual observation,
quality of treated effluent was good. It was free of odour & was colorless. Plants on
the top surface of the filtering media were healthy and good greenery was also
observed on side slopes.

The matter regarding performance / efficacy of the STP was also discussed with
Assistant Engineer, Mumbai Municipal Corporation who is the incharge of STP. He
informed that they are getting treated water of very good quality from the STP. The
technology is very effective and efficient for treatment of domestic waste water.
Although initial cost of the STP based on SBT is higher but its operation and
maintenance cost is very low which can be recovered by selling the treated effluent
for irrigation/gardening and other secondary uses. Some of the photographs of the
STP taken during visit are at Fig. 3 & 4.

Technical details of the STP at Worli, Mumbai

1. Capacity - 3 MLD (3000 KLD)

2. Land area - 3600 Sq.Mtrs.(2 beds of capacity 1800 Sq.Mtrs. each)
3. Cost – 4 Crores
4. Characteristics of raw and treated effluent

S.No. Parameter Inlet(raw sewage) Out let

(Treated
effluent)
1 BOD 250 mg/l < 3 mg/l
2 TDS 300 mg/l < 20 mg/l

5. Hydraulic loading – 0.3 to 0.8 m3/hr./sqm. or 0.4 m3/day/sqm

6. Organic load as COD – 0.2 to 0.3 kg/sqm/day.

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Fig.3 Three MLD STP at Worli Mumbai (Two Bio Reactors of 1800 sq. m each)

Fig.4 Another View of 3 MLD STP at Worli Mumbai

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One pilot plant based on the same technology has also been constructed within the
campus of the IIT Mumbai. Capacity of plant is 10 KLD. This plant has been established
to treat the domestic waste water from the residential buildings in the near vicinity. The
treated water is being collected in sump from where it is being used for toilet flushing and
plantation purposes in the colony. Photograph of the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is
available at Fig. 5.

Fig.5 STP of 10 KLD capacity in IIT campus for IIT Flats based on SBT technology
(Two beds of 15 Sq. M each)

3. Zero Discharge CETPs at Tirupur (Tamil Naidu)

Tirupur is an industrial town located about 450 km South West of Chennai and is one of
India’s top garment export centers with an estimated export turnover of more than US$
1.5 billion annually. There are more than 700 dyeing and bleaching industries in and
around Tirupur which are engaged in dyeing and bleaching of yarn and fabric. Total
effluent generated from the industrial area is about 120 MLD. 18 CETPs are coming up
in the area based on zero liquid discharge. Sizes of the CETPs vary from 3 MLD to 11
MLD. CETPs have been planned taking small clusters in a radius of 1.5 to 2 km.
However, about 85 units have their independent ETP and recycling system.

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The untreated effluent is being taken to CETPs through closed pipelines and treated
effluent up to 80% of the raw effluent received from each unit is being sent back for
reuse through closed pipeline. Magnetic meters have been installed in each industry to
measure the effluent quantity. Map showing location of various CETPs at Tirupur is
available at Fig.6.

Fig. 6 Map showing location of various CETPs at Tirupur

3.1 Technological Options being implemented at Tirupur for achieving Zero

Discharge

The Common Effluent Treatment Plants can broadly be divided into three segments
namely pre treatment to prepare the raw effluent for recycling process, membrane based
recycling plant and reject management from the recycling plant. Conceptual flow chart of
the treatment scheme is shown at Fig. 7

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 Pre Tre atmen t to R.O P lant R.O Reject
Prep are Raw E fflu en t
(2 /3 St age) Man ag emen t
fo r R.O Pro cess

Fig.7 Conceptual flow chart of the treatment scheme to achieve zero liquid discharge

3.2 Pre Treatment Options

The basic difference among the various technologies being implemented at Tirupur is the
technology by which the effluent is being pre treated so as to make it suitable for
membrane based recycling process. For pretreatment, following technologies are in use:

a. Biological Treatment process based on technology developed by Tamil

Naidu Water Investment Company (TWIC)

b. Chlorination technology being implemented by BGR Energy System,

Chennai

c. Membrane Bio Reactor Technology (MBR) being implemented by Ion

Exchange India

d. Ozonation technology being implemented by Shivasu, Chennai

Conceptual Flow Chart of all the technological options is at Fig.8.

Biological
Process Resin Filters Sand
Quartz Filters Softeners
(Colour removal Filters) Filters
OR
OR
Chlorination
(Oxidation/Reduction
Process) Activated
Carbon Filter
OR

Membrane Bio
Reactors (MBR)

OR

Ozonation

Fig. 8 Conceptual Flow Chart of all the Pre Treatment options

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During the visit, effort was made to visit at least one CETP based on each technology and
get information related to their functioning and to analyze the strengths and weaknesses
of each technology. The treatment cycle after the pretreatment was similar in all the
CETPs. Brief description of each pre treatment technology and its analysis is detailed
below:

3.2.1 Biological Treatment Process based on technology developed by Tamil Naidu

Water Investment Company (TWIC)

Arulpuram Common Effluent Treatment Plant is based on Biological Treatment

technology developed by TWIC. The CETP has been completed and was in operation
during the visit. TWIC has installed 9 such CETPs at Tirupur and all these CETPs have
been made operational except the R.O Reject Management part which has been installed
but yet to be made operational. Detailed flow chart of the CETP is at Fig. 9.

Fig.9 Flow Chart for Arulpuram CETP

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Capacity of the CETP is 5.5 MLD; however, the current flow was only 3.5 MLD. There
are 17 member units which are connected to the CETP. Estimated cost of the CETP was
36.13 Crores, however, after completion, the actual cost reached to 45 Crores. Land area
in which the CETP is installed is 7 acres. Characteristics of the raw effluent being
received at the CETP are as under:

COD : 800-1000 mg/l

BOD : 300-400 mg/l
TSS : 300 mg/l
pH : 8.5-10
TDS : 5000-6000 mg/l

Some of the photographs of the CETP are shown at Fig.10, 11, 12, 13 & 14.

Fig. 10 Self Activating Mechanical Screen installed at inlet of Arulpuram CETP

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Fig.11 Bio Reactors having diffused Aeration through Fine Bubbles installed at
Arulpuram CETP.

Effluent before
Feeding to R.O.

Effluent after
Biological Treatment

Fig 12 Quality Comparison of the effluent after pre treatment (Before R.O)

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 Fig.13 Resin Filters having Imported Resins installed for Color Removal

Fig.14 Multi Stage R.O System supplied by Doshi Ion for Recycling of pre treated
Effluent at Arulpuram CETP

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Salient Features of Arulpuram CETP as observed during the visit are as under:

•Pretreatment is only through biological treatment and series of specialized filters. No

chemical treatment is being done.

•Due to absence of chemical treatment, sludge generation is Low. It was reported to be

only one TPD from the pre treatment part

•Quality of effluent after Pre Treatment is excellent. Except TDS all the major parameter
are well within the prescribed stream standards. The pre treated effluent can be easily
recycled in to the secondary processes where high TDS is not of concern. The general
quality of pretreated effluent as reported by the Trust is as under:

COD : 40-50 mg/l

BOD < 10 mg/l
Hardness : 120 mg/l
TSS : BDL
TDS : 5000-6000 mg/l
No Colour

•The pretreated effluent is being taken to two stage reverse osmosis plant supplied by
M/s doshion, Ahemdabad. This R.O treated effluent is being recycled back to the
industries for utilization in the process. Quality of effluent being recycled to the units
was reported to be as under :

TDS : 100-120 mg/l

COD < 10 mg/l
Hardness < 50 mg/l
No color

•To recycle the threatened effluent, separate pipe line has been installed in each unit.
Each unit is supplied 80% of the raw effluent being sent to CETP.

•Plant is fully automated to ensure proper operation.

Operation and management of the Arulpuram CETP was also observed to be of very
high standards. To get details of the same, discussions were held with the Trust which
presently operating the CETP, the supplier’s i.e TWIC and local Regional officer of the
Tamil Naidu Pollution Control Board and following salient features were noted:

•CETP is operated by a company headed by a President. Managing Director runs the day
to day work. All other units are members of the company. The company collects the user
charges directly.

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•CETP is run by a team of experts headed by Plant Manager, two engineers and about
five operators. As per the MoU, the suppliers of the respective plants will operate the
plant for 10 years. Pre treatment and R.O Reject management sections are operated by
TWIC where as R.O. Plant is operated by M/s Doshion who has installed the plant.

•Present operating cost is about Rs 80/KL out of which Rs 40/KL is fixed cost
(Interest/principal repayment, O & M Charges to operators) and rest is variable cost
(chemicals, electricity, fuel etc).

•Section wise operating cost for Pre treatment is Rs 12-16/KL and for R.O it is Rs 20-
25/KL & Reject Management is Rs 10-12 /KL.

•If we consider the operating cost in terms of kg of cloth processed, it comes out to be
about Rs 10/kg of grey cloth processed.

R.O Reject Management

Management of R.O. reject was observed to be almost similar in all the CETPs at
Tirupur. The entire system has been supplied by M/s Windsor Satyam, Chennai. The
Reject management System consists of Mechanized Vapor Recompression (MVR),
Falling Film Evaporator, Vacuum Filtration, Crystallizer followed by Solar Evaporation.
Schematic diagram of the Reject Management System is at Fig. 15.

For Filter R.O

Regeneration Rejects
Effluent

Mechanized Vapour Falling Film Vacuum Solar

Recompression Evaporator Filtration Crystallizer Evp.
(MVR)

Fig. 15 Schematic diagram of the Reject Management System

As per discussions held with the Trust, total quantity of reject generated is about 15% of
the total effluent. TDS level in the reject is around 40,000 mg/l. Present recovery of water
after R.O is 85%. It was informed that after commissioning of Reject Management
System, recovery of treated water will be about 95-98% and the CETP will achieve zero
liquid discharge as no treated or untreated effluent will be discharged in to the

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environment. The recovered salts are also proposed to be used in the industries. Some of
the photographs of the R.O. reject Management System are shown at Fig. 16 & 17.

Fig.16 Mechanized Vapor Recompression (MVR) Reactor

Fig.18. Other Units of R.O. Reject Management System

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Analysis of Arulpuram CETP (Based on TWIC Technology)

On the basis of visit of the CETP and discussions held with various concerning officials,
the following salient merits and demerits of the Arulpuram CETP and other CETPs based
of TWIC Technology can be listed:

Merits
 Small quantity of biological sludge which is non hazardous, therefore
saving in cost of handling and disposal of the same.
 High quality effluent even after pre treatment which can be reused in non
critical process operations
 No Chemicals such as chlorine etc are used. So there are no safety issues
due to storage/use of chlorine.
 Operating cost is reasonable looking to the benefits which the technology
offers.

Demerits
 As per discussions held, the initial capital cost of all the three stages is 6- 8
Crores per MLD which is quite high. Out of the total cost, pre treatment
cost varies form 3-3.5 Crores, R.O cost is 1.5 to 2 Crores and cost of reject
management is 2-2.5 Crores per MLD.

 Biological Process is quite sensitive and can get upset if not operated by
experts.

3.2.2 Veerapandi CETP based on Chlorination

It was an existing CETP based on conventional chemical treatment which is being up

graded as per Honb’le High Court Directions to obtain Zero Discharge. Under the up
gradation process, the pretreatment will be done through chlorine based oxidation
reduction reaction. The pretreatment system has been supplied by M/s BGR Energy
Chennai. Capacity of the CETP is 12 MLD and 72 member units are connected to the
CETP. Estimated cost of the CETP up gradation is 72 Crores. Land area in which the
CETP is installed is 8.6 acres. Characteristics of the raw effluent being received at the
CETP are as under:

COD : 600-1000 mg/l

BOD : 250-300 mg/l
TSS : 100-150 mg/l
pH : 6-10
TDS : 6000-9000 mg/l

It is essentially a batch process. The equalized effluent is drawn by pump sets into the
Oxidation-Reduction (OR) reactor of HDPE pipeline. As soon as the reactor gets
filled, the recirculating pump sets starts to recirculate the reactor contents and for
homogenizing the OR reactor contents. Necessary pH correction is done at this stage and

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chlorine and the effluent are mixed in the throat of the ventury. After the complete
mixing, the chlorine will completely decolorize the effluent with its OR reactions.
Reaction time varies from 45 minutes to 90 minutes. A dose of Sodium Meta Bi sulphide
(SMBS) is added and mixed before the reactor is emptied to completely remove any
residual free chlorine. The reactor is operated through a completely automated system
with PLC control with all safety measures for chlorine handling. Process Flow Chart of
Veerapandi CETP is at Fig.19. Some of the photographs of Oxidation Reduction Reactor
are shown at Fig.20 & 21. Once the effluent is pretreated, the other steps of R.O plant and
Reject Management System are similar to the TWIC technology.

Equalization

Oxidation Reduction Reactor

(Chlorine Treatment)

Settling Tank

Filtration
(DMF, UF & ACF)

RO Reject Management
RO Stages I & II
(MVR Evaporator)

Fig. 19 Process Flow Chart of Veerapandi CETP

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Fig. 21 HDPE Pipe Oxidation Reduction Reactor (Chlorine Reactor)

Fig. 22 Chlorine Storage Yard at Veerapandi CETP

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Analysis of Veerapandi CETP

If we analyze the Veerapandi CETP which is based on Oxidation Reduction by

Chlorination and other steps being similar to other CETPs, we conclude that the
Chemical Process is more reliable as compared to biological process due which better
process control can be exercised and possibility of the CETP getting upset is less. Also,
in this technology, the production of sludge is quite less. Only important demerit is that
chlorine needs to be handled which poses chemical hazard.

3.2.3 Angeripalayam CETP based on Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR)

It was an existing CETP based on conventional Chemical Treatment which is being up

graded as per Honb’le High Court direction to obtain zero discharge. Under the up
gradation work, Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR) supplied by M/s Ion exchange India is
being installed for pre treatment of the effluent. Capacity of the CETP is 10 MLD;
however, current discharge is only 7.5 MLD. Total 80 member units are connected to the
CETP. Estimated cost of the CETP was 60 Crores, however, actual cost is 72 Crores,
Characteristics raw effluent are as under:

COD : 288-850 mg/l

BOD : 100-150 mg/l
TSS : 100-150 mg/l
pH : 7.5-9
TDS : 6000 mg
MBR Technology is basically a biological treatment system in which membranes are
used to retain the MLSS. Single reactor is used for aeration and MLSS separation. Higher
MLSS values can be maintained in the reactor due to which reactor sizes are smaller than
the conventional Process. It gives consistent treated water quality, which is far better
than the conventional activated sludge process. BOD <10 mg/l and COD of 50-70 mg/l
are expected. However, in this particular case, the MBR is still in commissioning stage.
Some of the photographs of the MBR are shown at Fig. 23 &24. Process Flow chart of
Angeripalayam CETP is at Fig.25.

Fig.23. Membrane Bio Reactor installed at Angeripalayam CETP

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 Fig.24. Another View of the MBR

Fig.25. process Flow Chart of Angeripalayam CETP

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Analysis of Angeripalyam CETP

Though the MBR reactor is not fully commissioned at Angeripalyam due to which actual
performance evaluation can not be done, however if we examine the process vis-a-vis the
other technologies which are being used at Tirupur, we can conclude that MBR though
essentially a biological treatment process, however, is more efficient than conventional
extended aeration process. It can be used independently or in combination of ozonation or
other chemical treatment. Here also, sludge production is low which will reduce cost of
handling and disposal. However, the process sensitivity is very high. Further, the
technology has not been fully demonstrated and not well established in India.

3.2.4 Ozonation Technology

No CETP based on this technology has been installed at Tirupur as yet. However, one
CETP at Kuppamdampalayam is proposed on Ozonation technology which will be
installed by M/s Shivsu, Chennai. It will have a capacity of 3.6 MLD and total expected
cost will be 37 Crores. 19 member units will be connected to the CETP. Expected
operating cost of the CETP after installation will be Rs.65 per KLD. However, work on
the CETP is yet to be started.

To witness effluent treatment plant based on ozonation, visit was made to M/s Sri Vidya
Industries, Erode which is a small dying & bleaching unit having effluent quantity of 20
KLD. ETP based on Ozonation as pre treatment has been installed which is having a
capacity of 200 KLD. The entire system consists of Ozonation after biological treatment
for pre treatment which is followed by two stage R.O. and multiphase evaporator. Cost of
Ozonation and R.O was about one Crores when the ETP was installed in 2006. Photo
graphs of ozonation technology as installed at m/s Sri Vidya Industries are at Fig. 26 &27

Fig.26 Inside View of an Ozonator (Supplied by Shivasu) installed

at M/s Sri Vidya Industries, Erode.

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 Fig. 27 Another View of Ozonator installed at M/s Sri Vidya Industries, Erode.

If we analyze the Ozone Technology, it can be said that it is similar to chlorination but
not hazardous so it has advantages of both reliability of operation and no handling of
hazardous chemicals is involved. However, it has not been used widely in India, though
plants have been installed abroad. Cost of Ozonation plant is also quite high which may
up to 5 Crores per MLD of raw effluent.

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- 24 -
 Comparative Statement of Fixed and Recurring costs of CETPs based on various Technologies

Technology Biological Oxidation Membrane Bio- Ozonation Electro Flocculation Soil Bio-
Treatment Reduction by Reactor (MBR)
→ Technology (SBT)
Chlorination
Cost ↓

Fixed cost per Pre treatment 3.0-3.5 2.0-2.5 4.0-4.5 4.5-5.0 - -

MLD of effluent (stage I)
(Rs. in Crores)

Recycling 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.0 - -

plant (R.O.
Plant) (stage-
II)

Reject 2.0-2.5 2.0-2.5 2.0-2.5 2.0-2.5 - -

Management
(stage-III)

Total 6.5-8.0 5.5-7.0 7.5-9.0 8.0-9.5 0.6-0.7 1.5-2.0

Recurring cost 40,000/- 42,000/- 45,000/- 65,000/- Rs. 1.5 lacs per month 25,000/-
(per MLD) in Rs. for this particular plant

Whether O&M Being operated by Being operated Will need expert O&M Will need expert Being operated by the No expert O&M is
facilities available the respective by the respective O&M suppliers needed.
suppliers of the suppliers of the
treatment system treatment system

Remarks Only 1st & 2nd stage Installation of all Installation of all the 3 No CETP based on 1. The cost is The technology
treatments have the 3 stage stage treatment Ozonation has been excluding pre and has been tried for
been commissioned treatment completed but the installed as yet post treatment to the treatment of
so far and the completed but CETP is yet to be though one small electro flocculation. sewage.
treated effluent is the CETP is yet commissioned ETP at Errode has
2. This technology is
being reused by the to be been installed and
under R&D stage
member units. commissioned commissioned.

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