Bogoliubov transformations

H = E0 + J Sz! ck+ck + dk+ dk + ! k (ck d"k + c"k

+
dk+ )
k
Coupling between sub-lattices
Independants sub-lattices

diagonalization: Bogoliubov transform (see BCS theory)

+ New bosonic operators with uk, vk real
ck = uk! k + vk "!k
+ and: !"!, ! + #$ = !"", " + #$ = 1
dk = uk !k + vk" !k
Conditions on uk vk
[!, " ] = 0

(1) !"ck , ck+ #$ = 1 "#uk! k + vk "!k

+
, uk! k+ + vk "!k $% = uk2 "#! k , ! k+ $% + vk2 "#"!k
+
, "!k $% = 1

uk2 ! vk2 = 1
 Bogoliubov transformations
H = E0 + J Sz! ck+ck + dk+ dk + ! k (ck d"k + c"k
+
dk+ )
k
Coupling between sub-lattices
Indépendants sub-lattices

diagonalization: Bogoliubov transform (see BCS theory)

+ New bosonic operators with uk, vk real
ck = uk! k + vk "!k
+ and: !"!, ! + #$ = !"", " + #$ = 1
dk = uk !k + vk" !k
Conditions on uk vk
[!, " ] = 0
(2) Eliminate cross terms like (αβ) to diagonalize H:

Ex: terms in ! k+ " +!k uk vk + ! k vk2

2uk vk + ! k (uk2 + vk2 ) = 0
+
! !k " +k uk vk + ! k uk2

same condition for hermitic conjugates ! k " !k

 Bogoliubov transformations
H = E0 + J Sz! ck+ck + dk+ dk + ! k (ck d"k + c"k
+
dk+ )
k
Coupling between sub-lattices
Indépendants sub-lattices

diagonalization: Bogoliubov transform (see BCS)

+
ck = uk! k + vk "!k (1) uk2 ! vk2 = 1 Off diagonal terms
are zero with these
+
dk = uk !k + vk" !k (2) 2uk vk + ! k (uk2 + vk2 ) = 0 2 conditions
Diagonal terms in H:

! k+! k uk2 + ! k uk vk ! k+! k (uk2 + vk2 + 2" k uk vk ) + vk2 + " k uk vk

! k! +k vk2 + ! k uk vk
uk2 !1+ vk2
Idem for +
! !k
k
(! k+! k + "k+ "k )(uk2 + vk2 + 2# k uk vk ) + 2v 2k + 2# k uk vk
= (1+ ! k+! k + "k+ "k )(uk2 + vk2 + 2# k uk vk ) !1
 Diagonalized AF Hamiltonian
N J Sz E0: energy of classical Néél
H = E0 ! + "! k (1+ " k+" k +#k+ #k ) state
2 k

! k = J Sz(uk2 + vk2 + 2! k uk vk ) = J Sz (cosh ( 2! k ) + ! k sinh ( 2! k ))

uk2 ! vk2 = 1 2uk vk + ! k (uk2 + vk2 ) = 0

Expression of magnons energy as a function of γk

we set: uk = cosh(! k ) sinh(2! k ) + " k cosh(2! k ) = 0

vk = sinh(! k ) sinh(2! k ) + " k 1! sinh 2 (2! k ) = 0
"k
sinh(2! k ) = !
1! " k2
1 ! k = J Sz 1! " k2
cosh(2! k ) =
1! " k2
 Dispersion relation of AF magnons

2
AF magnons: 2 degenerate modes ! k = JSz 1! " k

! !
in 1D: 2 neighbors 1 1
124 k
! = !
z "
e ik ."
=
2
[cos(ka) + cos("ka)] = cos(ka)

-a +a Ωk
2JS

! k = JSz 1! " k2 = JSz sin(ka)

! k ! JSz ka
Periodicity kBZ=π/a Π Π ka
# """"" """""
Magnetic Brillouin zone ≠ cristal Brillouin zone 2 2

Linear dispersion at lowFigure

energy / wave-vector
7.9. (ferro: quadratic)
Spinwave (magnon) dispersion for an antif erromagne
dispersion is linear.

with Ak = 1 and Bk = cos k, for a one dimensional spin c

 Dispersion relation of AF magnons
La2-xSrxCuO4: high Tc superconductor

1" $
2
La2CuO4 2D square (z=4) ! k = 4JS 1! #cos(kx a) + cos(ky a)%
4

Cu O

First nearest neighbors only ! CuO2 plane

(Cu2+: S=1/2)
 AF ground state in the harmonic approximation
NJSz
H = E0 ! + JSz" 1! ! 2k (1+ " k+" k +#k+ #k )
2 k

Ground state ! k+! k = "k+ "k = 0 Be careful: ck+ck = dk+ dk ! 0

(harmonic approx.)
the gound state is not Néél state anymore !

NJSz #N &
E harm
AF = H = E0 ! + JSz" 1! ! k = E0 ! JSz % ! " 1! ! k ( < E0
2 2

2 k $2 k '
! !
1 >0
! k = !e < 1
ik ." 2
1! ! " 1
k
z "
Ground state is Néél state renormalized by fluctuations

NJS 2 z NJS 2 z # 2 &

E0 = ! E harm
AF =! %1+
2 $ NS k
" 2
(1! 1! ! k )(
2 '
Correction in 1/S
Recover Néél state for large S
 AF ground state in the harmonic approximation
! !
NJS z #2
2 & 1
harm
E AF = ! %1+ " 2
(1! 1! ! k )( ! k = ! eik."
2 $ NS k ' z "

Can be computed numerically for different lattices

harm NJS 2 z " 0.363 %

E AF =! $#1+ ' for chain (1D)
2 S &

harm NJS 2 z " 0.158 % For square (2D)

E AF =! $#1+ '
2 S &

harm NJS 2 z " 0.097 %

E AF =! $#1+ ' for cube (3D)
2 S &