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Ghanbari Ghazijahani T, Showkati H, Experiments on Cylindrical Shells under Pure
Bending and External Pressure, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 88 (2013) 109-122.

doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.04.009
Table 3

Tests and predictions.

Under external pressure

Pcr-exp(M=0) Pcr-FE(M=0) Pcr-ECCS Pm - BSI, PD 5500

(kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
50.55 55.6 71.1 81.3

Under pure bending

Mcr-exp(P=0) (N.m) Mcr-FE(P=0) (N.m) Mu -Eq. (7) (N.m)

1209.3 1409.8 1809.8

M M

Fig.1. Cylindrical shell under pure bending and external pressure.

1. Hydraulic jack
2. Load cell
3. Loading frame
4. Loading shell segments
5. Rigid floor
6. Ball bearing
7. Truss elements
1 8. Bracing element
9. Bearing frame
9 10. Base plate
11. Specimen end cap
12. Steel deck
Vacuum 13. Specimen
pump 3 13
7 2
11
6 Data logger

4
10 8 12

Fig.2. Schematic illustration of the test system.

 Fig.3. Overall view of the experiment SPCY4 before the test.

a b

Fig.4. a) Boundary condition instrumentation, b) Load applying instrumentation and loading direction, c) Braced load
applying frame (top view).

Transducer

  /2
Strain gauges

    0

r=63.5mm

  3 / 2

Transducer

Fig.5. Strain gauges and LVDTs instrumentation scheme.

 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Fig.6. Scheme of deformational steps of the specimens under pure bending and external pressure: a) initial case, b)
under pure bending, c) under pure bending and external pressure, d) pre-buckling case, e) buckled cross-section.

a b

Fig.7. a, b) Buckled mode of SPCY3, c) Buckled mode of SPCY5.

Fig.8. Buckling of middle span of the specimen SPCY3, (image from two sides).

Fig.9. Longitudinal buckling mode of the specimens.

Fig.10. Buckling mode, two waves of buckling, yield line and wrested points .

50

40
Pressure (kPa)

30

20
T.3
Initial displacements
T.7 10
developed by bending
T.4
0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Total displacement (mm)

Fig.11. Pressure-displacement response for specimen SPCY3.

 40

35

30

Pressure (kPa)
25

20

T.2 15

Initial displacements T.3 10

developed by bending 5
T.4

0
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4
Total displacement (mm)

Fig.12. Pressure-displacement response for specimen SPCY4.

35

30

25
Pressure (kPa)

20

15

10
Initial displacements T.2
developed by bending 5
T.3
0
-12.5 -11.5 -10.5 -9.5 -8.5 -7.5 -6.5
Total displacement (mm)
a

50

40
Pressure (kPa)

30

T.2 20
T.3
T.4 10
T.5
0
-3.1 -2.1 -1.1 -0.1 0.9 1.9 2.9
Total displacement (mm)
b

Fig.13. Pressure-displacement response for: a) specimen SPCY5, b) specimen SPCY6.

 Initial shape Initial shape

D Doval

Ovalized shape
Ovalized shape
a b

Fig.14. Ovalized cross-section of the shells: a) bulging, b) flattening.

60
SPCY3 Bending increasing
50
SPCY4

SPCY5 40
Pressure (kPa)

30

20

Bending effect 10

Sectional deformation  (mm)

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

Fig.15. Sectional deformation (  ) at the mid-length of the specimens for the point:   /2.
 SPCY3, S.9 60
SPCY4, S.9
50
SPCY6, S.10

40

Pressure (kPa)
30

20
Bending effect
10

0
-2200 -1700 -1200 -700 -200
Top longitudinal strain (micro strain)

Fig.16. Longitudinal strain at the mid-length of the specimens for the point   /2.

50

40
Pressure (kPa)

SPCY3, S.8
30
SPCY4, S.8
SPCY6, S.11 20
SPCY5, S.8 Bending increasing
10
Bending effect

0
-8000 -3000 2000 7000
Circumferential strain (micro strain)
a
 SPCY3, S.10
SPCY6, S.8
50

SPCY5, S.10
40

Pressure (kPa)
30

20

Bending effect 10

0
-1400 -1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400
Circumferential strain (micro strain)
b

Fig.17. Circumferential strain of the specimens at: a)    / 2 , b)    .

0.8
Pressure/critical pressure

0.6
Experimental
0.4
Proposed formula

0.2

0
0 0.5 1
Bending/critical bending

Fig.18. Dimensionless interaction curve obtained from the tests.

 350

300

250

Stress (MPa)
200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Strain (*0.001)
Fig.19. Stress-strain curve obtained from tension coupon test.

73.5 half-length

68.5
half-length
Radius (mm)

63.5

1/3 length
1/3 length
58.5

53.5
0 100 200 300
Deg.

Fig.20. Typical layout of geometric imperfections of middle span of the specimen SPCY2.
 60
50

Pressure (kPa)
40
30
Experimental
20
FEA
10
0
0 500 1000 1500
Bending (N.m)
Fig.21. Experimental and numerical interaction curves.

  /2
90
80
r = 63.5 mm
70
60
Radius (mm)

50
40    0
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400
Deg.   3 / 2
a b
 c

Fig.22. a) Ultimate sectional deformation of SPCY4 measured at the middle length of the buckled specimen, b)
Polar plot of the model SPCY4 measured at the middle length of the buckled specimen, c) Deformation of
corresponding section (FE model).

b
Fig.23. Inclined wrinkles developed under pure bending in SPCY1, FEA and experiment.
 1

0.8
Pressure/critical pressure
Ref. [17]

0.6 Ref. [19]

Ref. [20]

0.4 Ref. [36]

Ref. [37]

0.2 Proposed formula, Eq. (4)

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Bending/critical bending

Fig.24. Comparison between the proposed interaction curve of Eq. (4) and the previous studies.

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Ghanbari Ghazijahani T, Showkati H, Experiments on Cylindrical Shells under Pure Bending and External
Pressure, Journal of Constructional Steel Research (Elsevier), 88 (2013) 109-122.

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