Manipur

Manipur (/ˈmʌnɪpʊər/ ( listen)) is a state in northeastern India, with the

city of Imphal as its capital.[6] It is bounded by Nagaland to the north,
Manipur
Mizoram to the south, and Assam to the west; Burma (Myanmar) lies to its State
east. The state covers an area of 22,327 square kilometres (8,621 sq mi)
and has a population of almost 3 million, including the Meitei, who are the
majority group in the state, the Pangals or the Pangans (Manipuri
Muslims), Kuki, and Naga people, who speak a variety of Sino-Tibetan
languages. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and
cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.[7] It has long connected the
Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia, China (or East Asia), Siberia,
Micronesia and Polynesia, enabling migration of people, cultures, and
religions.[8][9]
Lohtak Lake, around 30 km from the
During the days of the British Indian Empire, the Kingdom of Manipur capital Imphal
was one of the princely states.[10] Between 1917 and 1939, some people of
Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the
princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its
preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of
Burma, which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut
short with the outbreak of World War II in 1939. On 11 August 1947,
Maharaja Budhachandra signed an Instrument of Accession, joining Emblem

India.[11][12] Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement,

merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a Part C
State.[13][14] This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as
having been completed without consensus and under duress.[15] The
dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year
insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated
episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.[16] From 2009
through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over
1000 people.[17]

The Meitei ethnic group[18] represents 53% of the population of Manipur

state. The main language of the state is Meitei (also known as Manipuri)
followed closely by Thadou language of the Kuki tribe and other various
dialects of the Kuki tribes, followed by Naga tribes various dialects. Tribes
constituting about 40% of the state population are distinguished by dialects
Country India
and cultures that are often village-based. Manipur's ethnic groups practice
a variety of religions.[19] According to 2011 census, Hinduism is the major
Formation 21 January 1972†
religion in the state, closely followed by Christianity. Other religions Capital Imphal
include Islam, Sanamahism, Judaism etc.[19][20] Districts 16
Government
• Governor Najma Heptulla[1]
• Chief Minister N. Biren Singh
Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric (BJP)[2]
power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights • Legislature Unicameral (60
through Imphal airport, the second largest in northeastern India.[21]
seats)
• Parliamentary Rajya Sabha 1
Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of Manipuri dance,[22] and
constituency Lok Sabha 2
is credited with introducing polo to Europeans.[23] • High Court Manipur High Court
Area
• Total 22,327 km2
Contents (8,621 sq mi)
Area rank 24th
Alternate names
Population (2011[3])
History
• Total 2,855,794
Medieval
• Rank 24th
Imperial period
• Density 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
Modern history
Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)
Geography
Flora ISO 3166 code IN-MN
Climate HDI 0.695 medium
Demographics HDI rank 15th (2017)
Population
Literacy 79.85% (16th)
People
Official Meitei
Languages
languages (Manipuri)[4][5]
Religion
Website www.manipur.gov.in
Hinduism
(http://www.manipur.
Christianity
gov.in)
Meiteism and Sanamahi
†
It elevated from the status of Union-Territories
Islam
by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation)
Government Act 1971
Security and insurgency
Economy State symbols of Manipur
Electricity
Agriculture
Emblem Kangla Sha
Transportation infrastructure Language Meitei
Tourism
Animal Sangai (Rucervus eldii
Imphal (capital)
eldii)
Lakes and islands
Hills and valleys Bird Nongin (Syrmaticus
Eco tourism humiae)
Waterfalls
Flower Shirui lily (Lilium
Natural caves
mackliniae)
Education
Tree Uningthou (Phoebe
Transportation
hainesiana)
Air
Roadways
Rail
Culture
Manipur dance (Ras Lila)
Chorus Repertory Theatre
Sports
Polo
 Festivals
Ningol Chakouba
Kut
Yaosang
Khuado Pawi
Cheiraoba
Gaan-Ngai
See also
References
Bibliography
External links

Alternate names
Manipur is mentioned in historic texts as Kangleipak(ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯛ) or Meeteileipak[24] Sanamahi Laikan wrote that officials during
the reign of Meidingu Pamheiba in the eighteenth century adopted Manipur's new name.

According to Sakok Lamlen, the area had different names in its history. During the Hayachak period, it was known as Mayai
Koiren poirei namthak saronpung or Tilli Koktong Ahanba; in the Khunungchak period, it was Meera Pongthoklam. During the
Langbachak era, it became Tilli Koktong Leikoiren, and finally was known as Muwapali in the Konnachak epoch.[25]

Neighbouring cultures each had differing names for Manipur and its people. The Shan or Pong called the area Cassay, the
Burmese Kathe, and the Assamese Meklee. In the first treaty between the British East India Company and Meidingu
Chingthangkhomba (Bhagyachandra) signed in 1762, the kingdom was recorded as Meckley. Bhagyachandra and his successors
issued coins engraved with "Manipureshwar", or "lord of Manipur", and the British discarded the name Meckley. Later on, the
work Dharani Samhita (1825–34) popularised the Sanskrit legends of the origin of Manipur's name.[26]

The term Kanglei, meaning "of Manipur/Kangleipak", is used to refer to items associated with the state where the term Manipuri
is a recently given name.

Examples using the term "Kanglei" Translation

Kanglei of Kangleipak/Manipur
Kangleicha People of Kangleipak/Manipur
Kanglei foods Foods of Kangleipak/Manipur
Kanglei style Style of Kangleipak/Manipur

History
The history of Manipur Meities is chronicled in Puyas or Puwaris (stories about our forefathers), namely, the Ninghthou
Kangbalon, Cheitharol Kumbaba, Ningthourol Lambuba, Poireiton Khunthokpa, Panthoibi Khongkul, etc. in the archaic Meitei
script, which is comparable to the Thai script. The historical accounts presented here were recordings from the eyes and the
judgment of the Meitei Kings and Maichous (Meitei scholars). Hill tribes have their own folk tales, myths, and legends. Manipur
was known by different names at various periods in its history, such as, Tilli-Koktong, Poirei-Lam, Sanna-Leipak, Mitei-Leipak,
Meitrabak or Manipur (present day). Its capital was Kangla, Yumphal or Imphal (present day). Its people were known by various
names, such as Mi-tei, Poirei-Mitei, Meetei, Maitei or Meitei. The Puwaris, Ninghthou Kangbalon, Ningthourol Lambuba,
Cheitharol Kumbaba, Poireiton Khunthokpa, recorded the events of each King who ruled Manipur in a span of more than 3500
years until 1955 AD (a total of more than 108 kings). Ningthou Kangba (15th century BC) is regarded as the first and foremost
king of Manipur. There were times when the country was in turmoil without rulers and long historical gaps in between 1129 BC -
44 BC. In 1891 AD, after the defeat of the Meiteis by the British in the Anglo-
Manipuri war of Khongjom, the sovereignty of Manipur which it had maintained
for more than three millenniums, was lost. In 1926, it became a part of Pakokku
Hill Tracts Districts of British Burma until 1947, January 4. It regained its
freedom on 14th August 1947 AD. On 15 October 1949, Manipur was unified
with India.[27]

Medieval
The Kangla Sha, the state emblem
By the medieval period, marriage alliances between royal families of the
Manipur kingdom, Ahom (Assam) and Burma had become common.[27]
Medieval era Manipur manuscripts discovered in the 20th century, particularly the Puya, provide evidence that Hindus from the
Indian subcontinent were married to Manipur royalty at least by the 14th century. In centuries thereafter, royal spouses came also
from what is now modern Assam, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh along with ancient Dravidian kingdoms, and other regions.[28] Another
manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century, from what is now Bangladesh, during the reign of
Meidingu Khagemba.[28] The socio-political turmoil and wars, particularly the persistent and devastating Manipur-Burma wars,
affected the cultural and religious demography of Manipur.[29]

Imperial period
In 1824, the ruler of Manipur entered into a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire in the Indian subcontinent, which became
responsible for Manipur's external defence. The British recognised that the state remained internally self-governing, as a princely
state.[30] During World War II, Manipur was the scene of many fierce battles between Japanese invaders and British Indian
forces. The Japanese were beaten back before they could enter Imphal, which was one of the turning points of the overall war in
South Asia.

Modern history
After the war, British India moved towards independence, and the princely states which had existed alongside it became
responsible for their own external affairs and defence, unless they joined the new India or the new Pakistan. The Manipur State
Constitution Act of 1947 established a democratic form of government, with the Maharaja continuing as the head of state.[31]
Faced with Burma's ambitions to take over the state, in 1949, Maharaja Bodhchandra went to Shillong, where he signed an
instrument of accession to merge the kingdom into the Union of India instead. Thereafter, the legislative assembly was dissolved,
and in October 1949 Manipur became part of India.[32] It was made a Union Territory in 1956.[33] and a fully-fledged State in
1972.[34]

Manipur has had a long record of insurgency and inter-ethnic violence.[35][36] The first armed opposition group in Manipur, the
United National Liberation Front (UNLF), was founded in 1964, which declared that it wanted to gain independence from India
and from Manipur as a new country. Over time, many more groups formed in Manipur, each with different goals, and deriving
support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. For example, in 1977 the People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK)
was formed, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) was formed in 1978 which Human Rights Watch states as having received arms
and training from China. In 1980, the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank
robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. The state government appealed to the central government in
New Delhi for support in combating this violence.[16]

From 1980–2004, the Indian government referred to Manipur as a disturbed area. This term (designated by the Ministry of Home
Affairs or a state governor) refers to a territory where extraordinary laws under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act can be
used. The laws allow the military to treat private and public spaces, in the same manner, detain individuals up to 24 hours with
unlimited renewals, to perform warrantless searches, and to shoot and kill
individuals that break laws, carry weapons, or gather in groups larger than four
as well as giving legal immunity to the military.[37] Since 1980, the application
of AFSPA has been at the heart of concerns about human rights violations in the
region, such as arbitrary killings, torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading
treatment, and forced disappearances. Its continued application has led to
numerous protests, notably the longstanding hunger strike by Irom Sharmila
Chanu[38][39].

In 2004, the government lifted the disturbed status after a violent attack on a
local woman. The rape of a manipuri woman, Thangjam Manorama Devi, by
members of the Assam Rifles paramilitary had led to wide protests including a
nude protest by the Meira Paibis women association.[40]
Kangla Gate, the west entrance to
Geography the Kangla Fort

The state lies at a latitude of

23°83'N – 25°68'N and a longitude of 93°03'E – 94°78'E. The total area covered
by the state is 22,327 square kilometres (8,621 sq mi). The capital lies in an
oval-shaped valley of approximately 700 square miles (2,000 km2) surrounded
by blue mountains and is at an elevation of 790 metres (2,590 ft) above sea
level.[41] The slope of the valley is from north to south. The mountain ranges
create a moderated climate, preventing the cold winds from the north from
Loktak Lake, the largest lake in the
reaching the valley and barring cyclonic storms.
state.

The state is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to its north, Mizoram to its
south, Assam to its west, and shares an international border with Myanmar to its
east.

The state has four major river basins: the Barak River Basin (Barak Valley) to
the west, the Manipur River Basin in central Manipur, the Yu River Basin in the
east, and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north.[42] The water resources
of Barak and Manipur river basins are about 1.8487 Mham. The overall water
balance of the state amounts to 0.7236 Mham in the annual water budget.[43] (By
comparison, India receives 400 Mham (million hectare meters) of rain
annually.[44])

The Barak River, the largest of Manipur, originates in the Manipur Hills and is
joined by tributaries, such as the Irang, Maku, and Tuivai. After its junction with A tree amid Manipur hills.
the Tuivai, the Barak River turns north, forms the border with Assam State, and
then enters the Cachar Assam just above Lakhipur. The Manipur river basin has
eight major rivers: the Manipur, Imphal, Iril, Nambul, Sekmai, Chakpi, Thoubal and Khuga. All these rivers originate from the
surrounding hills.

Almost all the rivers in the valley area are in the mature stage and therefore deposit their sediment load in the Loktak lake.[41]
The rivers draining the Manipur Hills are comparatively young, due to the hilly terrain through which they flow. These rivers are
corrosive and assume turbulent form in the rainy season. Important rivers draining the western area include the Maku, Barak, Jiri,
Irang, and Leimatak. Rivers draining the eastern part of the state, the Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short
streams.
Manipur may be characterised as two distinct physical regions: an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys, and the inner
area of flat plain, with all associated landforms. These two areas are distinct in physical features and are conspicuous in flora and
fauna. The valley region has hills and mounds rising above the flat surface. The Loktak lake is an important feature of the central
plain. The total area occupied by all the lakes is about 600 km2. The altitude ranges from 40 m at Jiribam to 2,994 m at Mt. Iso
(Tempü) Peak near Mao Songsong.

The soil cover can be divided into two broad types, viz. the red ferruginous soil in the hill area and the alluvium in the valley. The
valley soils generally contain loam, small rock fragments, sand, and sandy clay, and are varied. On the plains, especially flood
plains and deltas, the soil is quite thick. The topsoil on the steep slopes is very thin. Soil on the steep hill slopes is subject to high
erosion, resulting in gullies and barren rock slopes. The normal pH value ranges from 5.4 to 6.8.[45]

Flora
Natural vegetation occupies an area of about 14,365 square kilometres
(5,546 sq mi), nearly 64% of the total geographical area of the state, and consists
of short and tall grasses, reeds and bamboos, and trees. Broadly, there are four
types of forests: Tropical Semi-evergreen, Dry Temperate Forest, Sub-Tropical
Pine, and Tropical Moist Deciduous.

There are forests of teak, pine, oak, uningthou, leihao, bamboo, and cane.
Rubber, tea, coffee, orange, and cardamom are grown in hill areas. Rice, a staple
Flowers carpeting the foothills food for Manipuris.

Climate
The climate of Manipur is largely influenced by the topography of this hilly
region. Lying 790 meters above sea level, Manipur is wedged among hills on all
sides. This northeastern corner of India enjoys a generally amiable climate,
though the winters can be chilly. The maximum temperature in the summer
months is 32 °C (90 °F). The coldest month is January, and the warmest July.

The state is drenched in rains from May until mid-October. It receives an

average annual rainfall of 1,467.5 millimetres (57.78 in). Rain distribution varies
from 933 millimetres (36.7 in) in Imphal to 2,593 millimetres (102.1 in) in
The Dzukou Valley lying on the
Tamenglong. The precipitation ranges from light drizzle to heavy downpour. The
border of Manipur and Nagaland has
normal rainfall of Manipur enriches the soil and helps in agriculture and
a temperate climate.
irrigation. The South Westerly Monsoon picks up moisture from the Bay of
Bengal and heads toward Manipur, hits the eastern Himalaya ranges and
produces a massive amount of rain. The climate is salubrious with approximate average annual rainfall varying from 933
millimetres (36.7 in) at Imphal to 2,593 millimetres (102.1 in) at Tamenglong.

Demographics

Population
Population Growth
Manipur has a population of 2,855,794 as per 2011 census.[46] Of this total,
Census Pop. %±
58.9% live in the valley and the remaining 41.1% in the hilly regions. The hills
are inhabited mainly by the Kuki, and Naga, and smaller tribal communities and 1951 578,000 —
the valley (plains) mainly by the Meiteis, Manipuri Brahmins (Bamons) and 1961 780,000 34.9%
Pangal (Manipuri Muslims). Bishnupriya Manipuri, Naga and Kuki settlements
1971 1,073,000 37.6%
are also found in the valley region, though less in numbers.
1981 1,421,000 32.4%
The distribution of area, population and density, and literacy rate as per the 2001
1991 1,837,000 29.3%
Census provisional figures are as below:
2001 2,294,000 24.9%
2011 2,855,794 24.5%
People Source:Census of India
The Meitei[18] (synonymous to Manipuri) constitute the majority of the
state's population. In 1901, the Meitei were recorded as the main ethnicity Demographics of Manipur
of Manipur.[47] (2011)
Total 2,855,794
Kukis and Nagas are the major tribe conglomerates. The Nagas in Manipur
Population
are further sub-divided into sub-tribes: Tangkhul, Thangal, Maram,
Poumai, Angami, Chakhesang, Liangmai, Rongmei, Zeme, and Mao.[48] Male 1,438,586
Population
Female 1,417,208
Languages
Population
The official languages are Meitei language and English.
Rural 1,736,236
The term Meitei includes Sanamahis, Christians, Hindus and Manipuri Population
Brahmins (locally called "Meetei Bamons"). The Meitei language (or Urban 834,154
Manipuri) is the lingua franca in Manipur and is one of the languages listed Population
in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Manipur has a diverse Child Sex 936 female to
group of ethnic groups speaking different languages and dialects, practising Ratio 1000 male
Hinduism, Christianity, Sanamahism, Buddhism, Islam and other folk
Density 115
religions.[19]
(per km2)
The languages spoken in Manipur(2011 census) are Meitei (1,266,098), Literacy 1,768,181
Poula language (Poumai Naga)[52] (127,381), Thadou-Kuki (244,255), (85.4%)
Tangkhul (178,568), Kabui (103,908), Paite (55,542), Hmar (48,735),
Towns 33
Vaiphei (42,957), Liangmai (66,158), Bengali (27,100), Hindi (24,720),
Maring (26,424), Anal (23,509), Zou (24,294),Emeila(Mao Naga) (81,000), Kom (14,528), Gangte (17,178), Simte (6,728), and
Mon (Monsang+Moyon) (7,000).

There are 35 languages spoken in Manipur.

Religion

Hinduism
The Meitei people are a majority in the state of Manipur. According to the 2011 Census of India, about 41.39% of the Manipuri
people practice Hinduism, and 41.29% Christianity. A large minority of the Meitei practices Sanamahism. The Hindu population
is heavily concentrated in the Manipur valley, among the Meitei people. The districts of Bishnupur, Thoubal, Imphal East, and
Imphal West all have Hindu majorities, averaging 67.62% (range 62.27–74.81%) according to the 2011 census data.[53]
Christianity
Christianity is the religion of 41.29% of the people in the state. It was brought by
missionaries to Manipur in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a few Christian
schools were established, which introduced Western-type education. Catholic
schools such as Little Flower School in Imphal, Don Bosco High School in Imphal,
St. Joseph's Convent, and Nirmalabas High School continue to operate in Manipur.
A majority of the population in the Hill districts are Christian.[53]

Meiteism and Sanamahi

Folk religions are practised by Meitei people. These religions have a long history in Languages of Manipur in
Manipur. Sanamahism is the ancient indigenous animistic religion.[54] Sanamahi 2011[49][50][51]
worship is concentrated around the Sun God/Sanamahi. The early Meitei worshiped
a Supreme deity, Lainingthou Soralel, and followed their ancestors. Their ancestor Meitei (52.24%)
worship and animism was based on Umang Lai – ethnic governing deities worshiped Kuki (9.05%)
in sacred groves. Some of the traditional deities (Lais) whom Meiteis worship are Shepoumaramth (8.84%)
Atiya Sidaba, Pakhangba, Sanamahi, Leimaren, Oknarel, Thangnarel, Panganba, Naga (6.25%)
Thangjing, Marjing, Wangbaren, and Koubru. Out of the 233,767 people who opted
Zeliangrong (5.95%)
for the "Other religion" option, 222,315 were Sanamahism, 6,444 were Heraka,
Kom-Hmar (4.21%)
2,032 were Jewish and 1,180 were from other tribal religions such as Tingkao
Ragwang Chapriak. Zomi (3.62%)
Pakan (2.19%)
Others (7.65%)
Islam
Manipuri Muslims, known locally as Meitei Pangal, constitute about 8.3% of the
state population as per 2011 census. Sufi saint, Shaikh Shah Jalal d-Dīn al-Mujarrad al-Turk al Naqshbandi, came to Sylhet, and
Azan Fakir Baghdadi arrived in 1690 AD in Assam. They influenced Manipuri Muslims. They belong to the Sunni group of
Hanafi school of thought and there are Arab, Bangladesh, Turani, Bengali and Mughal or Chaghtai Turk sections among
Manipuri Muslims.[55]

The literacy rate among Muslims is 58.6 percent (male 75 percent and female 41.6 percent) below the state's average of 70.5
percent (male 80.3 percent and female 60.5 percent). In 1995, out of 135,000 Muslims, 5,704 had matriculated from secondary
school. There was a total of 1,822 who had graduated in addition to 86 technical and professional graduates. There were 51 Class
I Muslim officers including three women, 101 Class II officers and 1,270 and 1,663 employees belonging to Class III and IV
categories respectively.[56]

Government
The government of Manipur is a collective assembly of 60 elected members, of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes and 1
for Scheduled Castes.[57] The state sends two representatives to the Lok Sabha of the Parliament of India. The state sends one
representative to the Rajya Sabha. The legislature of the state is Unicameral.[58] Representatives are elected for a five-year term
to the state assembly and India'a parliament through voting, a process overseen by the offices of the Election Commission of
India.[59]

The state has one autonomous council.

Security and insurgency

 The violence in Manipur extends
beyond the conflict between Indian
security forces and insurgent armed
groups. There is violence between
the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and
other tribal groups.[16] Splinter
groups have arisen within some of
the armed groups, and disagreement
between them is rife. Other than the
UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK,
Ningthoukhong Gopinath Temple Manipuri insurgent groups include
Religion in Manipur (2011)[19]
the Revolutionary Peoples Front
(RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Hinduism (41.39%)
Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee
Christianity (41.29%)
(RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front
Islam (8.40%)
(PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of
Sanamahism (7.78%)
Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United
Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army Buddhism (0.25%)
(KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki Heraka (0.23%)
National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Judaism (0.07%)
Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Sikhism (0.05%)
Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification
Jainism (0.06%)
Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).[60][16]
Not religious (0.38%)
The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent
groups want a separate state for
the Kukis to be carved out from
the present state of Manipur.
The Kuki insurgent groups are
under two umbrella
organisations: the Kuki
Sanamahi temple at Kangla National Organisation (KNO)
and United Peoples Forum.[61]
The Nagas wish to annex part
of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict St. Joseph's Cathedral at Imphal
with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent
state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes
between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.[16]

According to SATP, there has been a dramatic decline in fatalities in Manipur since 2009. In 2009, 77 civilians died (about 3 per
100,000 people).[17] From 2010 onwards, about 25 civilians have died in militant-related violence (about 1 per 100,000 people),
dropping further to 21 civilian deaths in 2013 (or 0.8 per 100,000 people). However, there were 76 explosions in 2013 compared
to 107 in 2012. Different groups have claimed responsibility for the explosions, some claiming they were targeting competing
militant groups, others claiming their targets were state and central government officials.[62] As a point of comparison, the
average annual global rate of violent death between 2004 and 2009 was 7.9 per 100,000 people.[63]
The CM Biren Singh used National Security Act on a journalist who criticized him by calling him as 'puppet'. NSA is meant to be
used when there is grave danger to society not to stifle dissent. These acts further cement isolation and insurgency among
locals.[64]

Economy
The 2012–2013 gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices was
about ₹10,188 crore (US$1.5 billion).[65] Its economy is primarily agriculture,
forestry, cottage and trade driven.[66] Manipur acts as India's "Gateway to the
East" through Moreh and Tamu towns, the land route for trade between India and
Burma and other countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, Micronesia and
Polynesia. Manipur has the highest number of handicrafts units and the highest
number of craftspersons in the northeastern region of India.[67]

Bamboo is common in Manipur, and

Electricity an important contributor to its
economy as well as cuisine. Above is
Manipur produced about 0.1 gigawatt-hours (0.36 TJ) of electricity in 2010 with
soibum yendem eromba, a bamboo
its infrastructure.[68] The state has hydroelectric power generation potential, shoot cuisine of Manipur.
estimated to be over 2 gigawatt-hours (7.2 TJ). As of 2010, if half of this
potential is realised, it is estimated that this would supply 24/7 electricity to all
residents, with a surplus for sale, as well as supplying the Burma power grid.[69]

Agriculture
Manipur's climate and soil conditions make it ideally suited for horticultural crops. Growing there are rare and exotic medicinal
and aromatic plants.[67] Some cash crops suited for Manipur include Lychee, Cashew, Walnut, Orange, Lemon, Pineapple,
Papaya, Passion Fruit, Peach, Pear and Plum.[66] The state is covered with over 3,000 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi) of bamboo
forests, making it one of India's largest contributor to its bamboo industry.[67]

Transportation infrastructure
Tulihal Airport, Changangei, Imphal, the only airport of Manipur, connects
directly with Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati, and Agartala. It has been upgraded as an
International airport. As India's second largest airport in the northeast, it serves
as a key logistical centre for northeastern states.The Tulihal Airport has been
renamed Bir Tikendrajit Airport now.[21] National Highway NH-39 links
Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at Dimapur in
Nagaland at a distance of 215 km (134 mi) from Imphal.

National Highway 53 (India) connects Manipur with another railway station at

Imphal airport is the second largest
Silchar in Assam, which is 269 km (167 mi) away from Imphal. The road
airport in India's northeast.
network of Manipur, with a length of 7,170 km (4,460 mi) connects all the
important towns and distant villages. However, the road condition throughout the
state is often deplorable.[70][71] In 2010, Indian government announced that it is considering an Asian infrastructure network
from Manipur to Vietnam.[72] The proposed Trans-Asian Railway (TAR), if constructed, will pass through Manipur, connecting
India to Burma, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore.
Tourism
The tourist season is from October to February when it is often sunny without being hot and humid. The culture features martial
arts, dance, theatre and sculpture. Greenery accompanies a moderate climate. The seasonal Shirui Lily plant at Ukhrul (district),
Dzukou valley at Senapati, Sangai (Brow antlered deer) and the floating islands at Loktak Lake are among the rarities of the area.
Polo, which can be called a royal game, originated in Manipur.

Imphal (capital)
The city is inhabited by the Meitei, who predominate, also Pangals (Manipuri
Muslims) and other tribes. The city contains the Tulihal Airport. The district is
divided into East and West. The Khuman Lampak Sports Complex was built for
the 1997 National Games. The stadium is used for a sports venue. It also
contains a cyclists' velodrome. Most of the imported goods are sold here at its
Paona Bazaar, Gambhir Singh Shopping Complex and Leima Plaza. Shree
Govindajee Temple, Andro village, and the Manipur State Museum are in the
city.

A view of Imphal City

Lakes and islands
48 km (30 mi) from Imphal, lies the largest fresh water lake in North East India, the Loktak Lake, a miniature inland sea. There is
a Tourist Bungalow atop Sendra Island. Life on the lake includes small islands that are floating weed on which live the Lake
people, the blue waters of the lake, and colourful water plants. There is a Sendra Tourist Home with an attached cafeteria in the
middle of the lake. Floating islands are made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants. The wetland is swampy and is
favourable for a number of species. It is in the district of Bishnupur. The etymology of Loktak is "lok = stream / tak = the end"
(End of the Streams).[41] Sendra park and resort is opening on the top of Sendra hills and attracting the tourist.

Hills and valleys

Kaina is a hillock about 921 metres (3,022 ft) above sea level. It is a sacred place for Manipuri Hindus. The legend is that, Shri
Govindajee appeared in the dream of his devotee, Shri Jai Singh Maharaja, and asked the saintly king to install in a temple, an
image of Shri Govindajee. It was to be carved out of a jack fruit tree, which was then growing at Kaina. It is 29 km (18 mi) from
Imphal. The Dzükou Valley is in Senapati district bordering with Kohima. There are seasonal flowers and number of flora and
fauna. It is at an altitude of 2,438 metres (7,999 ft) above sea level, behind the Japfü Peak in Nagaland. The rare Dzükou lily is
found only in this valley.

Eco tourism
Keibul Lamjao National Park, 48 km (30 mi) away from Imphal is an abode of the rare and endangered species of brow antlered
deer. This ecosystem contains 17 rare species of mammals.[41] It is the only floating national park of the world[76]. Six kilometres
(3.7 mi) to the west of Imphal, at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on the Imphal-Kangchup Road are the
Zoological Gardens. Some brow antlered deer (Sangai) are housed there.

Waterfalls
Sadu Chiru waterfall is near Ichum Keirap village[77] 27 km (17 mi) from Imphal, in the Sadar hill area, Senapati district. This
consists of three falls with the first fall about 30 metres (98 ft) high. Agape Park is in the vicinity. It is owned and managed by
Kamlun Telien of Ichum Keirap.
 Rare birds and flowers include: Nongin[73] is the state bird (top) and Siroi Lily[74] is its state flower (middle).
Leimaram falls, bottom, is a local attraction.

Natural caves
Thalon Cave (around 910 metres (2,990 ft) above sea level) is one of the historical
sites of Manipur under Tamenglong district. It is around 185 kilometres (115 mi)
from the state capital and around 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Tamenglong district
headquarters in north side. From Thalon village, this cave is 4–5 kilometres (2.5–
3.1 mi).[78] Khangkhui Cave is a natural limestone cave in Ukhrul district. The big
hall in the cave is the darbar hall of the Devil King living deep inside while the
Sangai, the state animal, at northern hall is the royal bedroom, according to local folklore. During World War II,
Keibul Lamjao National Park. In villagers sought shelter here. This cave is an hour's trek from Khangkui village.[79]
the wild, it has a habit of waiting
and looking back at viewers.[75]
Education
Manipur schools are run by the state and central government or by private
organisation. Instruction is mainly in English. Under the 10+2+3 plan, students may enroll in general or professional degree
programs after passing the Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination). The main universities are Manipur
University, Central Agricultural University, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Indian Institute of Information
Technology, Manipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences and Indira Gandhi
National Tribal University.

Manipur is home to India's first floating elementary school: Loktak Elementary Floating School in Loktak Lake.

Transportation

Air
Imphal International Airport is situated in the capital Imphal which connects direct flights from Imphal to Kolkata, Guwahati,
New Delhi, Bangalore and Agartala.

Roadways
Manipur is connected to all its neighbour states with National Highways.

Rail
Manipur has one railway station, Jiribam.

Culture
Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious; it is
performed in the secular or profane spheres. In these are Shumang lila and
Phampak lila (stage drama). Shumang lila is very popular. Etymologically
Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "Lila" (play or
performance). It is performed in an area of 13×13 ft in the centre of any open
space, in a very simple style without a raised stage, set design, or heavy props
such as curtains, background scenery, and visual effects. It uses one table and
two chairs, kept on one side of the performance space. Its claim as the "theatre of
the masses" is underlined by the way it is performed in the middle of an
audience that surrounds it, leaving one passage as entrance and exit.

The world of Phampak lila (stage drama) performed in the proscenium theatre is
similar, in form, to the Western theatrical model and Indian Natyasastra model
though its contents are indigenous. The so-called modern theatre descended on
Manipur theatre culture with the performance of Pravas Milan (1902) under the Pena is an ancient Manipur musical
enthusiastic patronage of Sir Churchand Maharaj (1891–1941). The pace of instrument, particularly popular
theatrical movement was geared up with the institution of groups such as among the Meitei people.
Manipur Dramatic Union (MDU) (1930), Arian Theatre (1935), Chitrangada
Natya Mandir (1936), Society Theatre (1937), Rupmahal (1942), Cosmopolitan
Dramatic Union (1968), and the Chorus Repertory Theatre of Ratan Thiyam (1976). These groups started experimenting with
types of plays apart from historical and Puranic ones. Today Manipur theatre is well respected because of excellent productions
shown in India and abroad. Manipur plays, both Shumang lila and stage lila, have been a regular feature in the annual festival of
the National School of Drama, New Delhi.
Iskcon led by Bhaktisvarupa Damodara Swami started a network of schools in
Northeastern India, where more than 4000 students receive education centred on
Vaishnava spiritual values. In 1989 he founded "Ranganiketan Manipuri Cultural
Arts Troupe", which has approximately 600 performances at over 300 venues in
over 15 countries. Ranganiketan (literally "House of Colorful Arts") is a group
of more than 20 dancers, musicians, singers, martial artists, choreographers, and
craft artisans. Some of them have received international acclaim.

Manipur dance (Ras Lila) The Chorus Repertory Theatre,

Imphal, founded by Ratan Thiyam
Manipur dance also known as Jagoi,[80] is one of the major Indian classical
dance forms,[81] named after the state of Manipur.[82][83] It is particularly
known for its Hindu Vaishnavism themes, and exquisite performances of love-
inspired dance drama of Radha-Krishna called Raslila.[82][80][84] However, the
dance is also performed to themes related to Shaivism, Shaktism and regional
deities such as Umang Lai during Lai Haraoba.[85][86] The roots of Manipur
dance, as with all classical Indian dances, is the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text
Natya Shastra, but with influences from the culture fusion between India and
Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, Micronesia and Polynesia.[87]

Chorus Repertory Theatre The Shrine – the main theatre

The auditorium of the theatre is on the outskirts of Imphal and the campus
stretches for about 2 acres (8,100 m2). It has housing and working quarters to accommodate self-sufficiency of life. The theatre
association has churned out internationally acclaimed plays like Chakravyuha and Uttarpriyadashi. Its 25 years of existence in
theatre had disciplined its performers to a world of excellence. Chakravyuha taken from the Mahabharat epic had won Fringe
Firsts Award, 1987 at the Edinburgh International Theater Festival. Chakravyuha deals with the story of Abhimanyu (son of
Arjun) of his last battle and approaching death, whereas Uttarpriyadashi is an 80-minute exposition of Emperor Ashoka's
redemption.

Sports
Mukna is a popular form of wrestling.[88] Mukna Kangjei, or Khong Kangjei, is a game which combines the arts of mukna
(wrestling hockey) and Kangjei (Cane Stick) to play the ball made of seasoned bamboo roots.[89][90]

Yubi lakpi is a traditional full contact game played in Manipur, India, using a coconut, which has some notable similarities to
rugby.[90] Yubi lakpi literally means "coconut snatching". The coconut is greased to make it slippery. There are rules of the game,
as with all Manipur sports.[91] The coconut serves the purpose of a ball and is offered to the king, the chief guest or the judges
before the game begins. The aim is to run while carrying the greased coconut and physically cross over the goal line, while the
other team tackles and blocks any such attempt as well as tries to grab the coconut and score on its own. In Manipur's long
history, Yubi lakpi was the annual official game, attended by the king, over the Hindu festival of Shree Govindajee.[92] It is like
the game of rugby,[93] or American football.[94]

Oolaobi (Woo-Laobi) is an outdoor game mainly played by females. Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi-Taret
(seven deities–seven fairies) played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of Umang Lai Lairembi. The number of participants
is not fixed but are divided into two groups (size as per agreement). Players are divided as into Raiders (Attackers) or Defenders
(Avoiders).[90] Hiyang tannaba, also called Hi Yangba Tanaba, is a traditional boat rowing race and festivity of the Panas.[90]
Polo

The rules-based Polo game in 19th century Manipur (above), and modern Polo in the 21st century.

Captain Robert Stewart and Lieutenant Joseph Sherer[95] of the British colonial era first watched locals play a rules-based pulu or
sagolkangjei (literally, horse and stick) game in 1859. They adopted its rules, calling the game polo, and playing it on their
horses. The game spread among the British in Calcutta and then to England.[23][96]

Apart from these games, some outdoor children's games are fading in popularity. Some games such as Khutlokpi, Phibul Thomba,
and Chaphu Thugaibi remain very popular elsewhere, such as in Cambodia. They are played especially during the Khmer New
Year.[97]

First of its kind in India, National Sports University will be constructed in Manipur.[98]

Festivals
The festivals of Manipur are Lui-ngai-ni Ningol Chakouba, Shirui Lily festival,
Yaoshang, Gan-ngai, Chumpha, Cheiraoba, Kang and Heikru Hidongba, as well
as the broader religious festivals Eid-Ul-Fitr, Eid-Ul-Adha and Christmas. Most
of these festivals are celebrated on the basis of the lunar calendar. Almost every
festival celebrated in other states of India is observed.

On 21 November 2017, the Sangai Festival 2017 was inaugurated by President

Ram Nath Kovind in Manipur.

Sangai Festival 2017 is held for 10 days. It is named after Manipur's state The Lai Haroaba Manipur dance
animal, the brow-antlered Sangai deer. ii. The Sangai Festival showcases the festival showcases the folk dances of
tourism potential of Manipur in the field of arts & culture, handloom, Manipur.
handicrafts, indigenous sports, cuisine, music and adventure sports.

Ningol Chakouba
Held on 9 November,[99] this is a social festival of the Meiteis and many communities of Manipur where married women
(Ningol) are invited (Chakouba, literally calling to a meal; for dinner or lunch) to a feast at their parental house accompanied by
their children. Besides the feast, gifts are given to the women/invitees and to their children. It is the festival that binds and revives
the family relations between the women married away and the parental family. Nowadays, other communities have started
celebrating this kind of a family-bonding festival.

Kut
Held after the Harvest festival in November,[100][101] this festival predominantly celebrated by Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes in
Manipur has become one of the leading festivals of the state. Kut is not restricted to a community or tribe — the whole state
populace participates in merriment. On 1 November of every year, the state declared holiday for Kut celebration.

Yaosang
Held in February or March,[102] Yaosang is considered to be one of the biggest festivals of Manipur. It is the Holi festival
(festival of colour) but Yaosang is the regional name given by the people of Manipur.

Khuado Pawi
Khuado Pawi is the harvest festival of the Tedim people who were recognised as Sukte and Zomi in India and Myanmar
respectively. The word Pawi means festival in Tedim Zomi language. It is celebrated every year in the month of September–
October after harvesting.[103][103]

Cheiraoba
Also known as Sajibugi Nongma Panba and held in March or April, Cheiraoba
is the new year of Manipur.[94] It is observed on the first lunar day of the lunar
month Sajibu (March/April) and so it is also popularly known as Sajibu
Cheiraoba. People of Manipur immaculate and decorate their houses and make a
sumptuous variety of dishes to feast upon after offering food to the deity on this
day. After the feast, as a part of the ritual, people climb hilltops; in the belief that
it would excel them to greater heights in their worldly life.[94] Cheiraoba is a celebration of the new
year during the spring season.
People feast (top), then climb up a
Gaan-Ngai hill together later in the day to signify
Gaan-Ngai is the greatest festival of the Zeliangrong people. It is a five-day overcoming hurdles and reaching
new heights in the new year.[94]
festival and is usually performed on the 13th day of the Meitei month of
Wakching.

See also
Manipur portal
Armstrong Pame
Human rights abuses in Manipur
Irom Chanu Sharmila
Heisnam Kanhailal
List of Manipur films of 2013
Maramfest
Outline of Manipur
Sabitri Heisnam
Tourism in North East India
References
1. Iboyaima Laithangbam (30 September 2015). "Shanmuganathan sworn in as Manipur Governor" (http://www.the
hindu.com/news/national/other-states/shanmuganathan-sworn-in-as-manipur-governor/article7707515.ece). The
Hindu. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170713095035/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-stat
es/shanmuganathan-sworn-in-as-manipur-governor/article7707515.ece) from the original on 13 July 2017.
Retrieved 1 October 2015.
2. BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/biren-singh-manipur-
chief-minister/1/904413.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170315121302/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/
story/biren-singh-manipur-chief-minister/1/904413.html) 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, India Today (15
March 2017)
3. "Manipur Population Sex Ratio in Manipur Literacy rate data" (http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/manipu
r.html). census2011.co.in. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150908032331/http://www.census2011.co.in/
census/state/manipur.html) from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
4. "At a Glance « Official website of Manipur" (http://manipur.gov.in/?page_id=3507). Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20170305023817/http://manipur.gov.in/?page_id=3507) from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved
4 December 2016.
5. Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000 (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/%28S%2
82scoev45b4mhlg45mz5jq345%29%29/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161208033628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Cens
us_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx) 8 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Census of India, 2001
6. Manipur: Treatise & Documents, Volume 1, ISBN 978-8170993995, Introduction
7. Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization, Volume 4,
Chapter 1: NK Singh, ISBN 978-8170998532
8. Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization, Volume 4,
Chapter 4: K Murari, ISBN 978-8170998532
9. "Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei" (http://e-pao.net/
epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia
_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/htt
p://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_So
utheast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei) from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved
7 July 2018.
10. Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization, Volume 4,
Chapter 2: NT Singh, ISBN 978-8170998532
11. Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26), Research and Media Cell, CIRCA, 2018, p. 26,
GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ
12. Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 2011, Chapter 6, p. 139
13. U. B. Singh, India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union (2003), p. 135
14. K.R. Dikshit; Jutta K Dikshit (2013). North-East India: Land, People and Economy (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ). Springer Science. p. 56. ISBN 978-94-007-7055-3.
15. Kalpana Kannabiran; Ranbir Singh (2008). Challenging The Rules(s) of Law (https://books.google.com/books?id
=yreGAwAAQBAJ). SAGE Publications. p. 264. ISBN 978-81-321-0027-0.
16. "Background: Conflict in Manipur" (https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/2.htm) Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20150924180321/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/2.htm) 24 September 2015 at the
Wayback Machine Human Rights Watch (2008)
17. State wise Indian fatalities, 1994-2013 (http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/indiafatalities.htm)
Archived (https://www.webcitation.org/6QTxRqWCM?url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/i
ndiafatalities.htm) 20 June 2014 at WebCite Militancy and Terrorism Database, SATP, New Delhi
18. Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, ISBN 978-8178358642, pp. 322–347
19. "Population by religion community - 2011" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.
gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS). Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census
Commissioner, India. Archived from the original (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%
20MDDS.XLS) on 25 August 2015.
20. "Hueiyen Lanpao | Official Website Manipur Daily" (http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/page/items/34799/religious-la
ndscape-in-manipur). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160918062647/http://hueiyenlanpao.com/page/ite
ms/34799/religious-landscape-in-manipur/) from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
21. "Transportation of Manipur" (http://investinmanipur.nic.in/gp_transportation.htm). investinmanipur.nic.in. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20150730011522/http://investinmanipur.nic.in/gp_transportation.htm) from the
original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
22. Reginald Massey (2004). India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC). Abhinav. pp. 177–184. ISBN 978-81-7017-434-9. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0170304053010/https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC) from the original on 4 March 2017.
Retrieved 4 October 2016.
23. Lieutenant (later Major General) Joseph Ford Sherer, Assistant to the Superintendent of Cachar, with his bearers,
Manipur, 1861 (http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1999-12-145-1) Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20141003051550/http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1999-12-145-1) 3 October
2014 at the Wayback Machine National Army Museum, United Kingdom; Journal of the Society for Army
Historical Research, Volume 82, Issues 337–340, page 238
24. Naorem Sanajaoba (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization (https://books.
google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA31). Mittal Publications. pp. 31–32 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-
7099-853-2.
25. Ningthoujongjam Khelchandra, History of Ancient Manipuri Literature, Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, 1969
26. Gangmumei Kabui, History of Manipur, National Publishing House, Delhi, 1991.
27. A BRIEF HISTORY (PUWARI) OF THE MEITEIS OF MANIPUR (http://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwari
meitei.html). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100131053252/http://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/pu
warimeitei.html) from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
28. Naorem Sanajaoba (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization (https://books.
google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC). Mittal Publications. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.
29. Naorem Sanajaoba (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization (https://books.
google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC). Mittal Publications. pp. 15–18. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.
30. N. Lokendra (1998). The Unquiet Valley: Society, Economy, and Politics of Manipur (1891-1950) (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=6FXEEd2muZoC). Mittal Publications. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-81-7099-696-5. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20170418095201/https://books.google.com/books?id=6FXEEd2muZoC) from the
original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
31. [https://cadindia.clpr.org.in/historical_constitutions/manipur_state_constitution_act__1947_1st%20January%201947
Manipur State Constitution Act 1947
32. "Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949" (http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/pap
ers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm). satp.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094635/ht
tp://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_194
9.htm) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
33. "The Constitution (Amendment)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/am
end/amend7.htm). indiacode.nic.in. Archived from the original (http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm)
on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
34. "Indiacode - Acts" (http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/392012.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
131205061446/http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/392012.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2013.
Retrieved 26 March 2014.
35. "The mayhem in Manipur" (http://www.economist.com/node/8786297) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
40714195539/http://www.economist.com/node/8786297) 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Economist
(1 March 2007)
36. "Manipur, India - A safe house for dangerous men" (http://www.economist.com/node/8797972) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20140714203339/http://www.economist.com/node/8797972) 14 July 2014 at the Wayback
Machine The Economist (9 March 2007)
37. McDuie-Ra, Duncan. 2016. Borderland city in new India: Frontier to gateway (pp. 15, 17–19). Amsterdam
University Press.
38. "Archived copy" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37007494). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0190324012455/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37007494) from the original on 24 March 2019.
Retrieved 23 March 2019.
39. "Archived copy" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/09/indian-campaigner-irom-chanu-sharmila-end-1
6-year-hunger-strike). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190323112421/https://www.theguardian.com/worl
d/2016/aug/09/indian-campaigner-irom-chanu-sharmila-end-16-year-hunger-strike) from the original on 23 March
2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
40. McDuie-Ra, Duncan. 2016. Borderland City in New India: Frontier to Gateway, Amsterdam University Press, p.
18
41. "fate of loktak lake" (http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.fate_of_lokt
ak_lake). e-pao.net. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221315/http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageEx
tractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.fate_of_loktak_lake) from the original on 23 September 2015.
Retrieved 1 September 2015.
42. Haokip, Shri Ngamthang (2007) "Basine Delineation Map of Manipur" (http://www.manenvis.nic.in/stateprofile1.p
df) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090326174634/http://www.manenvis.nic.in/stateprofile1.pdf) 26
March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Profile on State of Environment Report of Manipur, 2006–07, Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Manipur, p. 4
43. Government of Manipur. "Irrigation And Water Management" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110626213235/htt
p://manipur.nic.in/planning/DraftMSDR/Draft_SDR_pdf/Chapter%207_Irrigation.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the
original (http://www.manipur.nic.in/planning/DraftMSDR/Draft_SDR_pdf/Chapter%207_irrigation.pdf) (PDF) on 26
June 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
44. Centre for Science and Environment (India). "The Arithmetic of Water in India" (http://www.rainwaterharvesting.or
g/Solution/Water-Arithmetic.htm). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101026041349/http://www.rainwaterha
rvesting.org/Solution/Water-Arithmetic.htm) from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
45. Director of Commerce and Industries, Manipur. "Soil and Climate of Manipur" (http://investinmanipur.nic.in/gp_soi
l.htm). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100831113213/http://investinmanipur.nic.in/gp_soil.htm) from the
original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
46. "Manipur Population Census data 2011" (http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/manipur.html). Census 2011.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150908032331/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/manipur.html)
from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
47. census 1901
48. S. R. Tohring (2010). Violence and identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki conflict (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=zlaIRKRspYQC). Mittal Publications. pp. xv–xvii. ISBN 978-81-8324-344-5. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20160504073854/https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC) from the original on 4 May 2016.
Retrieved 15 November 2015.
49. "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue(India & States/UTs - Sub District Level)" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011
census/C-16.html). Census of India. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20180815035759/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html) from the original on
15 August 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
50. "Census Reference Tables, A-Series - Total Population" (http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_d
ata_finder/A_Series/Total_population.htm). Census of India. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
2001. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131113154514/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_200
1/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Total_population.htm) from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved
4 January 2014.
51. [1] (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20160811065050/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Onli
ne/Language/partb.htm) 11 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Census 2011 Non languages
52. Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina; Khyriem, Barika (2015). "Poula phonetics and phonology: An initial overview" (https://w
ww.academia.edu/20383374). North East Indian Linguistics 7,47-62, Canberra, Australian National University:
Asia-Pacific Linguistics Open Access.
53. "Census of India : C-1 Population By Religious Community" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.htm
l). censusindia.gov.in. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/201
1census/C-01.html) from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
54. Bertil Lintner (2015). Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=0fLOBwAAQBAJ). Yale University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-300-19567-5.
55. "Evolution of clan system Manipuri Muslim 1" (http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic
_Races_Manipur.Evolution_of_clan_system_Manipuri_Muslim_1). e-pao.net. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20150923221327/http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Evoluti
on_of_clan_system_Manipuri_Muslim_1) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
56. "Muslims in Manipur: A look at their socio-economic condition" (http://twocircles.net/2010jan11/muslims_manipur
_look_their_socio_economic_condition.html#.VdyGDPmqqko). twocircles.net. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160303174216/http://twocircles.net/2010jan11/muslims_manipur_look_their_socio_economic_condition.ht
ml#.VdyGDPmqqko) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
57. "State/UT wise Seats in the Assembly and their Reservation Status" (http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/seat_in_legislativ
eassembilies.aspx). Election Commission of India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180519095715/http://
eci.nic.in/eci_main1/seat_in_legislativeassembilies.aspx) from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May
2018.
58. Manipur Government (http://manipur.gov.in) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161022063244/http://manip
ur.gov.in/) 22 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Govt of India
59. ECI Manipur (http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/index.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170519143058/h
ttp://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/index.html) 19 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Govt of India
60. Singh, Vijaita. "Centre inks peace accord with Naga insurgent outfit" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Cen
tre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece). The Hindu. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
61. "仏壇修理・洗浄なら石川県羽咋市の宮本仏檀店" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150424145258/http://www.kukin
ation.net/). kukination.net. Archived from the original (http://www.kukination.net) on 24 April 2015. Retrieved
1 September 2015.
62. Manipur Assessment - Year 2014 (http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/index.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140704061223/http://satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/i
ndex.html) 4 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine SATP, New Delhi
63. Global Burden of Armed Violence (http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/GBAV2/GBAV2011-Ch2-Su
mmary.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021451/http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/
docs/GBAV2/GBAV2011-Ch2-Summary.pdf) 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Chapter 2, Geneva
Declaration, Switzerland (2011)
64. "Misusing NSA: the detention of a Manipur journalist" (https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/misusing-nsa-th
e-detention-of-a-manipur-journalist/article25791811.ece). The Hindu. 21 December 2018. ISSN 0971-751X (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X). Retrieved 21 December 2018.
65. State wise : Population, GSDP, Per Capita Income and Growth Rate (http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20G
SDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062118/http://pbplanning.gov.
in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf) 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Planning
Commission, Govt of India; See third table 2011-2012 fiscal year, 16th row
66. G. Hiamguanglung Gonmei, "Hills Economy of Manipur: A Structural Change", Journal of North East India
Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, January–June 2013, pp. 61–73
67. "Manipur Economy - Snapshot" (http://www.ibef.org/states/Manipur.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0140702210507/http://www.ibef.org/states/Manipur.aspx) 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine IBEF
68. Manipur Energy (http://investinmanipur.nic.in/energy.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2015032322424
5/http://investinmanipur.nic.in/energy.htm) 23 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Govt of Manipur
69. Manipur power (http://investinmanipur.nic.in/gp_power.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201403190801
21/http://investinmanipur.nic.in/gp_power.htm) 19 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of India
70. "Manipur's villagers take charge, fix 19km stretch of roads: ANI – The Indian Express" (http://indianexpress.com/
article/india/india-news-india/manipur-maram-purul-phaibung-road-villager-fix-roads-3021938). The Indian
Express. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161221093457/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-new
s-india/manipur-maram-purul-phaibung-road-villager-fix-roads-3021938/) from the original on 21 December 2016.
Retrieved 14 December 2016.
71. Prafullokumar Singh, A. (2009). The Ninth Assembly Elections in Manipur: A. Prafullokumar Singh – Election
Politics in Manipur (https://books.google.com/?id=b3TwS0WRn5kC&pg=PA521&dq=manipur+govt+accused+of+
bad+roads#v=onepage&q=manipur%20govt%20accused%20of%20bad%20roads&f=false). p. 521.
ISBN 9788183242790.
72. "Rail link from Manipur to Vietnam on cards: Tharoor – Times Of India" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.co
m/2010-04-09/india/28123011_1_rail-link-trilateral-highway-project-link-roads). The Times of India. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130517081158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-09/india/28123011
_1_rail-link-trilateral-highway-project-link-roads) from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
73. State bird Nongin (http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Bird%20Nongin.html) Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20140827022801/http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Bird%20Nongin.html) 27 August 2014 at the
Wayback Machine Government of Manipur
74. State flower SHIRUI LILY (http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Flower%20Shirui%20Lily.html) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20140203194214/http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Flower%20Shirui%20Lily.ht
ml) 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Manipur
75. State animal Sangai (http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Animal%20Sangai.html) Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20140201232639/http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Animal%20Sangai.html) 1 February
2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Manipur
76. "Archived copy" (http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180411-the-worlds-only-floating-national-park). Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20180610040341/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180411-the-worlds-only-floating-nati
onal-park) from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
77. "Ichum Keirap" (http://ichumkeirap.yolasite.com). yolasite.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201504251
22057/http://ichumkeirap.yolasite.com/) from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
78. "Thalon Cave, Tamenglong: December 2009 ~ Pictures from Manipur" (http://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=1
&src=Landscape/Thalon200912_2). e-pao.net. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150921211941/http://ww
w.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=1&src=Landscape%2FThalon200912_2) from the original on 21 September 2015.
Retrieved 1 September 2015.
79. "Ukhrul District" (http://ukhrul.nic.in/places-to-visit.html). ukhrul.nic.in. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2015
0904135716/http://ukhrul.nic.in/places-to-visit.html) from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved
1 September 2015.
80. Reginald Massey 2004, p. 177.
81. Williams 2004, pp. 83-84, the other major classical Indian dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kathakali,
Kuchipudi, Cchau, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela.
82. James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M (https://books.google.com/books?id=
5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA376). The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 420–421. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20171206083032/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA376) from
the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
83. Reginald Massey 2004, pp. 177-187.
84. Ragini Devi 1990, pp. 175-180.
85. Reginald Massey 2004, pp. 177-180.
86. Saroj Nalini Parratt (1997). The pleasing of the gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba (https://books.google.com/books?id=C
OCBAAAAMAAJ). Vikas Publishers. pp. 14–20, 42–46. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171206083036/
https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved
4 October 2016.
87. Saryu Doshi 1989, pp. xv-xviii.
88. Ved Prakash, Encyclopaedia of North-East India, Volume 4, ISBN 978-8126907069, pp 1558-1561
89. Gurmeet Kanwal, Defenders of the Dawn, ISBN 978-8170622796, pp 48
 90. Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, ISBN 978-8178358642, pp 824-830
91. Indigenous games of Manipur (http://manipur.gov.in/?p=23) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201505121426
02/http://manipur.gov.in/?p=23) 12 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Govt of Manipur
92. Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, ISBN 978-8178358642, pp 825
93. Mills, J. H. (2006), Manipur Rules Here - Gender, Politics, and Sport in an Asian Border Zone, Journal of Sport &
Social Issues, 30(1), 62-78
94. Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, ISBN 978-8178358642, pp 825-830
95. Joseph Ford Sherer is called the Father of English Polo; see Horace A. Laffaye (2009), The Evolution of Polo,
ISBN 978-0786438143, Chapter 2; National Army Museum Silver salver presented to Captain Joseph Ford
Sherer (http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1998-03-8-1) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20141128210216/http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1998-03-8-1) 28 November 2014 at
the Wayback Machine United Kingdom
96. Chris Aston "Manipur, Cradle of the Modern Game" (http://www.poloconsult.com/index.php/en/le-polo/tribune-de-
chris-ashton/535-manipur-cradle-polo) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141127144046/http://www.poloco
nsult.com/index.php/en/le-polo/tribune-de-chris-ashton/535-manipur-cradle-polo) 27 November 2014 at the
Wayback Machine, Polo Consult
97. "Singh, Atom Sunil; indigenous Games between Cambodia and Manipur: A Borderless Connectivity, The Sangai
Express, 4 June 2008" (http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Sports_and_Manipur.Indigenous_
Games_between_Cambodia_and_Manipur). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054340/http://e-pa
o.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Sports_and_Manipur.Indigenous_Games_between_Cambodia_and
_Manipur) from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
98. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-passes-bill-to-set-up-sports-varsity-in-
manipur/article24594002.ece
99. Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, ISBN 978-8178358642, pp. 607–617
100. Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, ISBN 978-8178358642, pp. 950–961
101. G. K. Ghosh, Shukla Ghosh, Women of Manipur, ISBN 978-8170248972
102. Khomdan Singh Lisam, Encyclopaedia Of Manipur, ISBN 978-8178358642, pp. 629–632
103. "Zomi Ngeina Khuado Pawi" (http://archive.tongsan.org/articles/zokam/69-zomi-ngeina-khuado-pawi.html).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160216084857/http://archive.tongsan.org/articles/zokam/69-zomi-ngein
a-khuado-pawi.html) from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

Bibliography
Ragini Devi (1990). Dance Dialects of India (https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC). Motilal
Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0.
Saryu Doshi (1989). Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition (https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbkAAAA
MAAJ). Marg Publications. ISBN 978-81-85026-09-1.
Reginald Massey (2004). India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC). Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-434-9.
Singh, Haorongbam Sudhirkumar (2011), "Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 1934–51"
(http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/121665), Inflibnet
Williams, Drid (2004). "In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing" (http://jashm.pre
ss.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf) (PDF). Visual Anthropology. 17 (1): 69–98.
doi:10.1080/08949460490274013 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08949460490274013).

External links
Government

Official website (http://manipur.gov.in/)

Official Tourism Site of Manipur (https://web.archive.org/web/20140608105853/http://tourismmanipur.nic.in/)
General information

Manipur (https://www.britannica.com/place/Manipur) Encyclopædia Britannica entry

Manipur (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/India/Manipur) at Curlie
Geographic data related to Manipur (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2027869) at OpenStreetMap

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manipur&oldid=902169985"

This page was last edited on 17 June 2019, at 02:12 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.