Anatomy and Physiology 1.
Chemical level – atoms and
Anatomy – is the study of the structure of
normal body parts and its relationship with
the body.
 Greek word anatome : ana means
apart; Tomy means to cut
 Aka “Human Structural Biology”
4 divisions of Anatomy
1. Gross Anatomy/Gross HSB
 Normal structure of the human
body that is large enough to be
identified by different senses.
2. Microscopic Anatomy/HSB
 Normal minute or small ; cannot be
seen by the naked eye
 Histology – study of tissue
 Cytology – study of cells
3. Embryology/ developmental HSB
 Origin of sequence or pattern of
human body.
 From fertilization to adulthood
4. Neuroanatomy/ Neural HSB
 The gross and microscopic featuring
the development of the nervous
system.
Physiology – study of functions of the
body and how it works.
5 divisions of physiology
1. Cell physiology – studies the
functions of a cell.
2. Neuro physiology – studies the
functions of the nervous system.
3. Sports physiology – studies of the
functions of the body in relation to
sports.
4. Pathophysiology – studies the
functions of the body as it reacts to
certain diseases.
 Patho– diseases
5. Cardiovascular physiology – studies
the functions of the body with
heart and blood vessels.
Level of structural organization
molecules
2. Cellular level – cells (smallest,
structural and functional unit)
3. Tissue level – group of cells as one
 Ex. Muscle and nerve neuron
4. Organ level – two or more group of
different tissues that functions as
one
 Ex. Heart, kidney, liver
5. Organ system – composed of
different body organs that
functions as one
 Ex. Nervous system, digestive
system
6. Organismal level – highest level
(Marieb does not include to the
levels of organization)
11 major systems of the body
1. Integumentary – body’s external
covering
 Protection of deeper tissues in the
body
 Ex. Skin, hair, nails
2. Skeletal – functions as the support or
framework of the body
 Ex. Bones, tendons, ligaments,
joints
3. Muscular – composed of muscles ;
responsible for movement
4. Nervous – is composed of sensory
receptors
 Responsible for body control
system
 Reaction to stimuli
 Ex. Brain, spinal cord, nerves
5. Endocrine – composed of glands
 together with the nervous system,
controls body activities together
with Nervous system but slower
because it uses hormones
6. Cardiovascular – responsible for the
distribution of gas and nutrients
 Responsible for blood circulation
 Ex. Heart, blood vessel
7. Lymphatic – returns leaked fluid to the
blood vessels
  Cleanses the body and important
for body’s immunity
 Ex. Lymph nodes, spleens, tonsils
8. Respiratory – responsible for flow of
gases and exchanging of gases in the
body (O2 and CO2)
 ex. Lungs, nasal cavity, throat
9. Digestive –responsible for ingestion
and breakdown of food and nutrients
 Ex. Stomach, intestine & oral cavity
10. Urinary/ excretory – for excretion and
filtering of the body fluids
 Ex. Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder
11. Reproductive – for reproduction and
formation of offspring
 Accessory organs
 Ex. Ovary, testes
Normal anatomical position
 Basic standing position
 Shoulder width apart of the feet
 Palms facing forward
3 cardinal planes of the body
1. Sagittal / YZ plane– divides into left and
right (lengthwise)
2. Coronal/ frontal / XY plane – divides the
body anterior (front) and posterior (back)
3. Transverse/ horizontal / XZ plane –
divides the body upper and lower half
4. Midsagittal/ median – under sagittal
 Midline or equally divided into right and
left
Terms for position and direction
1. Cranial/ superior/ rostral – near the head,
upper part, above
 Ex. The head is superior to the abdomen head
is above the abdomen)
2. Caudal/ inferior – near the feet, lower part,
below
 Ex. The mouth is inferior to the nose (mouth is
below the nose)
3. Anterior/ventral – front
 Ex. The breastbone is anterior to the spine
(breastbone is in front of the spine)
4. Posterior/ dorsal – back
 Ex. The heart is posterior to the breastbone
(heart is behind the breastbone)
5. Medial – near the midline/ middle
 Ex. The heart is medial to the arm (heart is
more middle of the body than the arm)
6. Lateral – away from the midline (more
external)
 Ex. Arms are lateral to the chest (arms are
more on the outer side of the body)
7. Proximal – close to the origin of the body
(near the trunk)
 For extremities or segments only (upper and
lower limbs)
 Ex. Elbow is proximal to the wrist (elbow is
near the wrist)
 Point of origin : TRUNK
8. Distal – far from the origin (only the upper and
lower)
 Ex. The knee is distal to the thigh (thigh is in
upper of the knee)
 For extremities or segments only (upper and
lower limbs)
 Point of origin : TRUNK
9. Superficial (external) – near the surface (skin
or covering) or towards
 Ex. Skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
(the skin is in external of the skeletal muscles)
10. Deep (internal) – away from the body
 Ex. The lungs is deep to the chest (lungs is
inside the chest)
11. Ipsilateral – (ipsi ) same side of the body ; right
or left
 for laterality
 Ex. Right arm is ipsilateral to the right hand
(both on the right side)
12. Contralateral – opposite side
 Ex. Right arm is contralateral to the left hand
(one is in the right, another on is in the left)
 For laterality
Terms associated with movement

1. Flexion – shortening of muscle ; bending the Ventral cavity

body part ; acute angle
 Extension – lengthening of muscle ; Three subdivisions:
straightening the body part ; obtuse angle
 Thoracic
2. Abduction – away from the body/ trunk - pleural cavity (lungs)
 Adduction – toward the body trunk - Mediastinum and pericardial cavity
(heart)
3. Circumduction – combination of flexion-  Abdominal
extension and abduction-adduction - oval shaped
 Happens only in hip and shoulder joints - largest cavity
4. Rotation – moving segment in a circular
- Contains the stomach, intestine, liver
motion. (parang twist)
etc.
o Rotation of the neck – only look right
and left  Pelvic
o Trunk – side to side - funnel shaped that serves as an
extension of the abdominal cavity
5. Protraction – moving segment to anterior/ - contains the urinary bladder, anus,
front uterus
 Retraction – moving segment to
posterior/back Dorsal cavity
 Only in scapula, shoulder and jaw
2 sub divisions
6. Elevation – moving segment superior/ up
 Depression – moving segment inferior/down  Cranial Cavity – contains the brain ;
 Only in shoulder and jaw bounded by the skull/cranial bones
 Vertebral Cavity – spinal cord ; bounded
7. Pronation – palms facing the front (in normal by the vertebrae
anatomic position)
 Supination – palms facing the back (in normal
anatomic position)
 Only used in forearms and foot
 Yung humihingi ng pera example

8. Inversion – moving sole of the foot inward (for

foot only)
 Eversion – moving sole of the foot outward
(for foot only)

Body cavities – spaces inside the body that

contains the different organs

2 Division:
 Dorsal (posterior) (back)
 Ventral (anterior) (front)
 Regional terms/ Body Landmarks

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

1. Abdominal – anterior body trunk inferior 1. Calcaneal – heel of foot

to ribs 2. Cephalic – head
2. Acromial – point of shoulder 3. Femoral – thigh
3. Antebrachial – forearm 4. Gluteal – buttock
4. Antecubital – anterior surface of the 5. Lumbar – area of back between ribs and
elbow hips, the loin; Lower back
Cubital – posterior surface of the elbow 6. Occipital – posterior surface of head or
5. Axillary – armpit base of skull
6. Brachial – arm 7. Olecranal – posterior surface of elbow
7. Buccal – cheek area 8. Popliteal – posterior knee area
8. Carpal – wrist 9. Sacral – area between hips
9. Coxal – hip 10. Scapular – shoulder blade region
10. Crucal – leg 11. Sural – the posterior surface of the leg; the
11. Deltoid – curve shoulder formed by large calf
deltoid muscle 12. Vertebral – area of spinal column
12. Digital – fingers, toes
Plantar – sole of the foot
13. Femoral – thigh
14. Fibular – lateral part of leg
15. Frontal – forehead
16. Inguinal –thigh meets body trunk; groin
17. Mental – chin
18. Nasal – nose area
19. Oral – mouth
20. Orbital – eye area
21. Patellar – anterior knee
22. Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
23. Pubic – genital region
24. Sternal – breastbone area
25. Tarsal – ankle region
26. Thoracic – chest
27. Umbilical – navel