Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
NO. OF EXPERIMENT : 4
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 27 / 5 / 19
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 10 / 6 / 19
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 Title …………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Conductivity ( mS/cm )
Time ( minutes )
Inlet Outlet
0.0 0.5 0.0
0.5 2.5 1.5
1.0 1.5 2.6
1.5 1.2 2.9
2.0 0.9 4.6
2.5 0.7 3.0
3.0 0.7 3.2
3.5 0.6 2.3
4.0 0.6 1.5
4.5 0.5 0.7
5.0 0.5 0.3
5.5 0.5 0.1
6.0 0.5 0.0
6.5 0.5 0.0
7.0 0.5 0.0
Table 1.0 : Conductivity of the mixture at the inlet and outlet at the specific time.
Outlet conductivity values vs time
5 4.6
4
Outlet conductivity (mS/cm)
3.2
2.9 3
3 2.6
2.3
2
1.5 1.5
1 0.7
0.3
0 0.1 0 0 0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-1
Time (min)
7.0
∫0 𝐶 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ( 0.375 + 1.025 + 1.375 + 1.875 + 1.900 + 1.550 + 1.375 + 0.950 + 0.550 + 0.250
+
0.100 + 0.025 + 0.000 + 0.000 )
= 11.350 g.min/m3
0.35
0.3 0.2819
0.2555 0.2643
0.25 0.2291
0.2026
E(t)
0.2
0.1
0.0617
0.05 0.0264
0 0.0088 0 0 0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-0.05
Time (min)
Figure 1.1 : Graph of exit time (E(t)) vs time.
First and second objective of this experiment is to examine the effect of a pulse input in a
plug flow reactor and to construct a residence time distribution (RTD) function for the plug
flow reactor. The flow rate of liquid in the reactor was kept constant at a value of 150 ml/min.
The reactor was prepared and the values of inlet and outlet conductivity was obtained at an
interval of 30 seconds until the value stabilizes. A graph of outlet conductivity against time
was plotted to obtain a C(t) curve. Based on the graph obtained, it can be seen that the outlet
conductivity steadily increases to a value of 4.6 mS/cm at 2 minutes time duration. This is
due to the introduction of the pulse input to the reactor. Peak value of this graph is 4.6
mS/cm. Then, it reduces a little to 3.0 mS/cm and subsequently increases to 3.2 mS/cm. After
reaching this point, the graph gradually decreases until it approximately reaches its initial
value of 0. Actually, the ideal shape of this graph should be in a bell shape but the graph that
was plotted base on the values obtain defers a little. This is because of the sudden drop in the
outlet conductivity value about 3.0 mS/cm at 2.5 minutes. This was caused the overall shape
of the graph to diverge from the ideal bell shape curve. This error occurred due to several
limitations present while carrying out the experiment.
Furthermore, third objective of this experiment is to find the relationship between outlet
∞
conductivity values and time. The value of concentration of the pulse input, ∫0 𝐶 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , was
obtained by taking the total area under the graph of outlet conductivity against time. This
value was determined to be 11.350 g.min/m3. The calculation involves numerical methods,
whereby trapezoidal rule was utilized to calculate the area under the graph at each 30 seconds
time interval and proceed to add all of them up in order to obtain the final value.
Next, a graph of E(t) against time, which is also the residence time distribution (RTD) was
plotted. The values of E(t) was obtained based on the formula:
𝑪(𝒕)
E(t) = ∞
∫𝟎 𝑪(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕
After the graph has been plotted, the total resident time was calculated by evaluating the
total area under the graph of E(t) against time. Similarly, trapezoidal rule was once again
applied for every 30 second interval and subsequently adding all the individual values to
obtain the final value, which is 7.0007 minutes. This indicates that the sodium chloride
solution is present in the reactor for 7.0007 minute until it is completely consumed. From
this, it can be concluded that the residence distribution time is dependent on the outlet
conductivity of the reactor.
In conclusion, the graph of outlet conductivity value against time is diverge from the ideal
bell shape curve due to some limitations while the experiment was conducted. The value of
∞
concentration of the pulse input, ∫0 𝐶 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , was obtained by taking the total area under the
graph of outlet conductivity against time and the value was determined to be 11.350
g.min/m3. The value of E(t) was then calculated by plotting a graph of E(t) against time and
using the formula
𝑪(𝒕)
E(t) = ∞
∫𝟎 𝑪(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕
The value of residence time obtained was 7.0007 minutes. Precautions should be taken
while the experiment was conducting to ensure the most accurate results was obtained from
the experiment. All objectives were achieved in this experiment.
10.0 References :
H. Scott Fogler (2004). Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering. (3rd edition). Prentice-
Hall of India Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Dehli: Asoke K. Ghosh.
Marie Curie. (2008, September 17). Distributions of Residence Times for Chemical Reactors.
Retrieved on June 09, 2019, from
http://www.umich.edu/~essen/html/byconcept/chapter13.pdf
Zhewen Lu, Julien Cochet, Nicolas Leplat, Yi Yang and Michael J Brear. (2017, September
6). A high-pressure plug flow reactor for combustion chemistry investigations. Retrieved on
June 09, 2019, from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/aa8023
11.0 Appendix :
11.1 Rubric
11.2 Data sheet