Taller Quimica I

72 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Key terms Compounds are named using a system of rules depending on the type of
Section 2.8 compound.
binary compounds ❯ Binary compounds
binary ionic compounds ❯ Type I—contain a metal that always forms the same cation
oxyanions ❯ Type II—contain a metal that can form more than one cation
binary covalent compounds
❯ Type III—contain two nonmetals
acid
❯ Compounds containing a polyatomic ion
Review questions Answers to the Review Questions can be found on the Student website (accessible from www.cengagebrain.com).
1. Use Dalton’s atomic theory to account for each of the Which particles make the greatest contribution to the
following. chemical properties of an atom?
a. the law of conservation of mass 6. What is the distinction between atomic number and
b. the law of definite proportion mass number? Between mass number and atomic mass?
c. the law of multiple proportions 7. Distinguish between the terms family and period in
connection with the periodic table. For which of these
2. What evidence led to the conclusion that cathode rays
terms is the term group also used?
had a negative charge?
8. The compounds AlCl3, CrCl3, and ICl3 have similar
3. What discoveries were made by J. J. Thomson, Henri
formulas, yet each follows a different set of rules to
Becquerel, and Lord Rutherford? How did Dalton’s
name it. Name these compounds, and then compare and
model of the atom have to be modified to account for
contrast the nomenclature rules used in each case.
these discoveries?
9. When metals react with nonmetals, an ionic compound
4. Consider Ernest Rutherford’s a-particle bombardment
generally results. What is the predicted general formula
experiment illustrated in Fig. 2.12. How did the
for the compound formed between an alkali metal and
results of this experiment lead Rutherford away from
sulfur? Between an alkaline earth metal and nitrogen?
the plum pudding model of the atom to propose the
Between aluminum and a halogen?
nuclear model of the atom?
10. How would you name HBrO4, KIO3, NaBrO2, and
5. Do the proton and the neutron have exactly the same
HIO? Refer to Table 2.5 and the acid nomenclature
mass? How do the masses of the proton and neutron
discussion in the text.
compare to the mass of the electron? Which particles
make the greatest contribution to the mass of an atom?
A discussion of the Active Learning Questions can be found online in the Instructor’s Resource Guide and on PowerLecture. The questions
allow students to explore their understanding of concepts through discussion and peer teaching. The real value of these questions is the
learning that occurs while students talk to each other about chemical concepts.
Active Learning Questions an explanation of all you would need to do and a sample
calculation.
These questions are designed to be used by groups of students in
class. 3. These questions concern the work of J. J. Thomson.
a. From Thomson’s work, which particles do you think he
1. Which of the following is true about an individual atom? would feel are most important for the formation of
Explain. compounds (chemical changes) and why?
a. An individual atom should be considered to be a solid. b. Of the remaining two subatomic particles, which do you
b. An individual atom should be considered to be a liquid. place second in importance for forming compounds and
c. An individual atom should be considered to be a gas. why?
d. The state of the atom depends on which element it is. c. Propose three models that explain Thomson’s findings
and evaluate them. To be complete you should include
e. An individual atom cannot be considered to be a solid,
Thomson’s findings.
liquid, or gas.
4. Heat is applied to an ice cube in a closed container until only
Justify your choice, and for choices you did not pick, explain
steam is present. Draw a representation of this process, assum-
what is wrong with them.
ing you can see it at an extremely high level of magnification.
2. How would you go about finding the number of “chalk mole- What happens to the size of the molecules? What happens to
cules” it takes to write your name on the board? Provide the total mass of the sample?
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For Review 73
5. You have a chemical in a sealed glass container filled with air. 14. Which (if any) of the following can be determined by knowing
The setup is sitting on a balance as shown below. The chemi- the number of protons in a neutral element? Explain your
cal is ignited by means of a magnifying glass focusing sun- answer.
light on the reactant. After the chemical has completely a. the number of neutrons in the neutral element
burned, which of the following is true? Explain your answer. b. the number of electrons in the neutral element
c. the name of the element
15. Which of the following explain how an ion is formed? Explain
your answer.
a. adding or subtracting protons to/from an atom
b. adding or subtracting neutrons to/from an atom
c. adding or subtracting electrons to/from an atom
250.0 g
A blue question or exercise number indicates that the answer to
that question or exercise appears at the back of this book and a
a. The balance will read less than 250.0 g. solution appears in the Solutions Guide, as found on PowerLecture.
b. The balance will read 250.0 g.
c. The balance will read greater than 250.0 g. Questions
d. Cannot be determined without knowing the identity of the
16. What refinements had to be made in Dalton’s atomic theory to
chemical.
account for Gay-Lussac’s results on the combining volumes of
6. The formula of water is H2O. Which of the following is indi- gases?
cated by this formula? Explain your answer.
17. When hydrogen is burned in oxygen to form water, the composi-
a. The mass of hydrogen is twice that of oxygen in each tion of water formed does not depend on the amount of oxygen
molecule. reacted. Interpret this in terms of the law of definite proportion.
b. There are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom per 18. The two most reactive families of elements are the halogens
water molecule. and the alkali metals. How do they differ in their reactivities?
c. The mass of oxygen is twice that of hydrogen in each 19. Explain the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite
molecule. proportion, and the law of multiple proportions.
d. There are two oxygen atoms and one hydrogen atom per 20. Section 2.3 describes the postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory.
water molecule. With some modifications, these postulates hold up very well
7. You may have noticed that when water boils, you can see bub- regarding how we view elements, compounds, and chemical
bles that rise to the surface of the water. Which of the follow- reactions today. Answer the following questions concerning
ing is inside these bubbles? Explain. Dalton’s atomic theory and the modifications made today.
a. air a. The atom can be broken down into smaller parts. What
b. hydrogen and oxygen gas are the smaller parts?
c. oxygen gas b. How are atoms of hydrogen identical to each other, and
d. water vapor how can they be different from each other?
e. carbon dioxide gas c. How are atoms of hydrogen different from atoms of
8. One of the best indications of a useful theory is that it raises helium? How can H atoms be similar to He atoms?
more questions for further experimentation than it originally d. How is water different from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
answered. Does this apply to Dalton’s atomic theory? Give even though both compounds are composed of only
examples. hydrogen and oxygen?
9. Dalton assumed that all atoms of the same element were identi- e. What happens in a chemical reaction, and why is mass
cal in all their properties. Explain why this assumption is not conserved in a chemical reaction?
valid. 21. The contributions of J. J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford led
10. Evaluate each of the following as an acceptable name for the way to today’s understanding of the structure of the atom.
water: What were their contributions?
a. dihydrogen oxide c. hydrogen hydroxide 22. What is the modern view of the structure of the atom?
b. hydroxide hydride d. oxygen dihydride 23. The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of
11. Why do we call Ba(NO3)2 barium nitrate, but we call Fe(NO3)2 the atom. What does the number and arrangement of the elec-
iron(II) nitrate? trons in an atom determine? What does the number of neu-
trons in an atom determine?
12. Why is calcium dichloride not the correct systematic name for
CaCl2? 24. If the volume of a proton were similar to the volume of an
electron, how will the densities of these two particles compare
13. The common name for NH3 is ammonia. What would be the
to each other?
systematic name for NH3? Support your answer.
25. For lighter, stable isotopes, the ratio of the mass number to the a. How is this result interpreted in terms of the law of
atomic number is close to a certain value. What is the value? definite proportion?
What happens to the value of the mass number to atomic num- b. When a volume of H2 reacts with an equal volume of Cl2
ber ratio as stable isotopes become heavier? at the same temperature and pressure, what volume of
26. List some characteristic properties that distinguish the metal- product having the formula HCl is formed?
lic elements from the nonmetallic elements. 34. Observations of the reaction between nitrogen gas and hydro-
27. Consider the elements of Group 4A (the “carbon family”): gen gas show us that 1 volume of nitrogen reacts with 3 vol-
C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb. What is the trend in metallic character umes of hydrogen to make 2 volumes of gaseous product, as
as one goes down this group? What is the trend in metallic shown below:
character going from left to right across a period in the peri-
odic table?
28. Distinguish between the following terms. N N + HH HH HH
a. molecule versus ion
b. covalent bonding versus ionic bonding Determine the formula of the product and justify your answer.
c. molecule versus compound
35. A sample of chloroform is found to contain 12.0 g of carbon,
d. anion versus cation 106.4 g of chlorine, and 1.01 g of hydrogen. If a second sam-
29. Label the type of bonding for each of the following. ple of chloroform is found to contain 30.0 g of carbon, what is
a. b. the total mass of chloroform in the second sample?
36. A sample of H2SO4 contains 2.02 g of hydrogen, 32.07 g of
sulfur, and 64.00 g of oxygen. How many grams of sulfur and
grams of oxygen are present in a second sample of H2SO4 con-
taining 7.27 g of hydrogen?
30. The vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid, C6H5NO2) can be isolated 37. Hydrazine, ammonia, and hydrogen azide all contain only ni-
from a variety of natural sources such as liver, yeast, milk, and trogen and hydrogen. The mass of hydrogen that combines
whole grain. It also can be synthesized from commercially with 1.00 g of nitrogen for each compound is 1.44 3 1021 g,
available materials. From a nutritional point of view, which 2.16 3 1021 g, and 2.40 3 1022 g, respectively. Show how
source of nicotinic acid is best for use in a multivitamin tablet? these data illustrate the law of multiple proportions.
Why? 38. Consider 100.0-g samples of two different compounds con-
31. Which of the following statements is(are) true? For the false sisting only of carbon and oxygen. One compound contains
statements, correct them. 27.2 g of carbon and the other has 42.9 g of carbon. How can
a. Most of the known elements are metals. these data support the law of multiple proportions if 42.9 is not
b. Element 118 should be a nonmetal. a multiple of 27.2? Show that these data support the law of
multiple proportions.
c. Hydrogen has mostly metallic properties.
d. A family of elements is also known as a period of 39. The three most stable oxides of carbon are carbon monoxide
elements. (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon suboxide (C3O2). The
e. When an alkaline earth metal, A, reacts with a halogen, molecules can be represented as
X, the formula of the covalent compound formed should
be A2X.
32. Each of the following compounds has three possible names
listed for it. For each compound, what is the correct name and Explain how these molecules illustrate the law of multiple
why aren’t the other names used? proportions.
a. N2O: nitrogen oxide, nitrogen(I) oxide, dinitrogen 40. Two elements, R and Q, combine to form two binary com-
monoxide pounds. In the first compound, 14.0 g of R combines with
b. Cu2O: copper oxide, copper(I) oxide, dicopper monoxide 3.00 g of Q. In the second compound, 7.00 g of R combines
with 4.50 g of Q. Show that these data are in accord with the
c. Li2O: lithium oxide, lithium(I) oxide, dilithium monoxide
law of multiple proportions. If the formula of the second com-
pound is RQ, what is the formula of the first compound?
Exercises 41. In Section 1.1 of the text, the concept of a chemical reaction
In this section similar exercises are paired. was introduced with the example of the decomposition of wa-
ter, represented as follows:
Development of the Atomic Theory
one oxygen molecule
33. When mixtures of gaseous H2 and gaseous Cl2 react, a product written O2
forms that has the same properties regardless of the relative two water
molecules electric
amounts of H2 and Cl2 used. current
written 2H2O two hydrogen molecules
written 2H2
For Review 75
Use ideas from Dalton’s atomic theory to explain how the above 53. a. Classify the following elements as metals or nonmetals:
representation illustrates the law of conservation of mass. Mg Si Rn
42. In a combustion reaction, 46.0 g of ethanol reacts with 96.0 g Ti Ge Eu
of oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. If 54.0 g of Au B Am
water is produced, what mass of carbon dioxide is produced? Bi At Br
43. Early tables of atomic weights (masses) were generated by b. The distinction between metals and nonmetals is really
measuring the mass of a substance that reacts with 1.00 g of not a clear one. Some elements, called metalloids, are
oxygen. Given the following data and taking the atomic mass intermediate in their properties. Which of these elements
of hydrogen as 1.00, generate a table of relative atomic masses would you reclassify as metalloids? What other elements
for oxygen, sodium, and magnesium. in the periodic table would you expect to be metalloids?
54. a. List the noble gas elements. Which of the noble gases has
Mass That Combines only radioactive isotopes? (This situation is indicated on
Element with 1.00 g Oxygen Assumed Formula most periodic tables by parentheses around the mass of the
element. See inside front cover.)
Hydrogen 0.126 g HO
Sodium 2.875 g NaO b. Which lanthanide element has only radioactive isotopes?
Magnesium 1.500 g MgO 55. For each of the following sets of elements, label each as either
noble gases, halogens, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, or
How do your values compare with those in the periodic table? transition metals.
How do you account for any differences? a. Ti, Fe, Ag
44. Indium oxide contains 4.784 g of indium for every 1.000 g of b. Mg, Sr, Ba
oxygen. In 1869, when Mendeleev first presented his version
c. Li, K, Rb
of the periodic table, he proposed the formula In2O3 for in-
dium oxide. Before that time it was thought that the formula d. Ne, Kr, Xe
was InO. What values for the atomic mass of indium are ob- e. F, Br, I
tained using these two formulas? Assume that oxygen has an 56. Identify the elements that correspond to the following atomic
atomic mass of 16.00. numbers. Label each as either a noble gas, a halogen, an alkali
metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a lanthanide
The Nature of the Atom metal, or an actinide metal.
45. From the information in this chapter on the mass of the proton, a. 17 e. 2
the mass of the electron, and the sizes of the nucleus and the b. 4 f. 92
atom, calculate the densities of a hydrogen nucleus and a hy- c. 63 g. 55
drogen atom. d. 72
46. If you wanted to make an accurate scale model of the hydro-
57. Write the atomic symbol ( AZX) for each of the following
gen atom and decided that the nucleus would have a diameter
isotopes.
of 1 mm, what would be the diameter of the entire model?
a. Z 5 8, number of neutrons 5 9
47. In an experiment it was found that the total charge on an oil b. the isotope of chlorine in which A 5 37
drop was 5.93 3 10218 C. How many negative charges does
c. Z 5 27, A 5 60
the drop contain?
d. number of protons 5 26, number of neutrons 5 31
48. A chemist in a galaxy far, far away performed the Millikan oil
drop experiment and got the following results for the charges e. the isotope of I with a mass number of 131
on various drops. Use these data to calculate the charge of the f. Z 5 3, number of neutrons 5 4
electron in zirkombs. 58. Write the atomic symbol ( AZX) for each of the isotopes de-
2.56 3 10212 zirkombs 7.68 3 10212 zirkombs scribed below.
3.84 3 10212 zirkombs 6.40 3 10213 zirkombs a. number of protons 5 27, number of neutrons 5 31
b. the isotope of boron with mass number 10
49. What are the symbols of the following metals: sodium, ra-
dium, iron, gold, manganese, lead? c. Z 5 12, A 5 23
50. What are the symbols of the following nonmetals: fluorine, d. atomic number 53, number of neutrons 5 79
chlorine, bromine, sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus? e. Z 5 20, number of neutrons 5 27
f. number of protons 5 29, mass number 65
51. Give the names of the metals that correspond to the following
symbols: Sn, Pt, Hg, Mg, K, Ag.
52. Give the names of the nonmetals that correspond to the fol-
lowing symbols: As, I, Xe, He, C, Si.
59. Write the symbol of each atom using the ZAX format. 63. For each of the following ions, indicate the number of protons
and electrons the ion contains.
Nucleus
a. Ba21 e. Co31
11 protons b. Zn 21
f. Te22
12 neutrons 32
c. N g. Br2
d. Rb1
64. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in each of the
following atoms or ions?
a. 24
12Mg d. 59
27Co
31
g. 79
34Se
22
24 21 59 63
b. 12Mg e. 27Co h. 28Ni
c. 59
27Co
21
f. 79
34Se i. 59
28Ni
21
10 electrons
a.
65. What is the symbol for an ion with 63 protons, 60 electrons,
Nucleus and 88 neutrons? If an ion contains 50 protons, 68 neutrons,
and 48 electrons, what is its symbol?
9 protons
10 neutrons 66. What is the symbol of an ion with 16 protons, 18 neutrons, and
18 electrons? What is the symbol for an ion that has 16 pro-
tons, 16 neutrons, and 18 electrons?
67. Complete the following table:
Number of Number of
Protons in Neutrons Number of Net
Symbol Nucleus in Nucleus Electrons Charge
b. 11 electrons
238
92U
Nucleus 20 20 21
23 28 20
8 protons
89
8 neutrons 39Y
35 44 36
15 16 32
68. Complete the following table:
Number of Number of
8 electrons Protons in Neutrons Number of Net
c. Symbol Nucleus in Nucleus Electrons Charge
53 21
60. For carbon-14 and carbon-12, how many protons and neutrons 26Fe
are in each nucleus? Assuming neutral atoms, how many elec- 26 33 31
trons are present in an atom of carbon-14 and in an atom of
85 125 86
carbon-12?
13 14 10
61. How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of each of 76 54 22
the following atoms? In a neutral atom of each element, how
many electrons are present?
a. 79Br d. 133Cs 69. Would you expect each of the following atoms to gain or lose
b. 81Br e. 3H electrons when forming ions? What ion is the most likely in
239 each case?
c. Pu f. 56Fe
a. Ra c. P e. Br
62. What number of protons and neutrons are contained in the
nucleus of each of the following atoms? Assuming each atom b. In d. Te f. Rb
is uncharged, what number of electrons are present? 70. For each of the following atomic numbers, use the periodic
a. 235
92U d. 208
82Pb
table to write the formula (including the charge) for the simple
27 ion that the element is most likely to form in ionic
b. 13Al e. 86
37Rb
compounds.
c. 57
26Fe f. 41
20Ca
a. 13 c. 56 e. 87
b. 34 d. 7 f. 35
For Review 77
Nomenclature 81. Elements in the same family often form oxyanions of the same
general formula. The anions are named in a similar fashion.
71. Name the compounds in parts a–d and write the formulas for
What are the names of the oxyanions of selenium and tellu-
the compounds in parts e–h.
rium: SeO422, SeO322, TeO422, TeO322?
a. NaBr e. strontium fluoride
82. Knowing the names of similar chlorine oxyanions and acids,
b. Rb2O f. aluminum selenide deduce the names of the following: IO2, IO22, IO32, IO42,
c. CaS g. potassium nitride HIO, HIO2, HIO3, HIO4.
d. AlI3 h. magnesium phosphide
83. Write the formula for each of the following compounds:
72. Name the compounds in parts a–d and write the formulas for
a. sulfur difluoride
the compounds in parts e–h.
b. sulfur hexafluoride
a. Hg2O e. tin(II) nitride
c. sodium dihydrogen phosphate
b. FeBr3 f. cobalt(III) iodide
d. lithium nitride
c. CoS g. mercury(II) oxide
e. chromium(III) carbonate
d. TiCl4 h. chromium(VI) sulfide
f. tin(II) fluoride
73. Name each of the following compounds: g. ammonium acetate
a. CsF c. Ag2S e. TiO2 h. ammonium hydrogen sulfate
b. Li3N d. MnO2 f. Sr3P2 i. cobalt(III) nitrate
74. Write the formula for each of the following compounds: j. mercury(I) chloride
a. zinc chloride d. aluminum sulfide k. potassium chlorate
b. tin(IV) fluoride e. mercury(I) selenide l. sodium hydride
c. calcium nitride f. silver iodide 84. Write the formula for each of the following compounds:
75. Name each of the following compounds: a. chromium(VI) oxide
a. BaSO3 c. KMnO4 b. disulfur dichloride
b. NaNO2 d. K2Cr2O7 c. nickel(II) fluoride
76. Write the formula for each of the following compounds: d. potassium hydrogen phosphate
a. chromium(III) hydroxide c. lead(IV) carbonate e. aluminum nitride
b. magnesium cyanide d. ammonium acetate f. ammonia
77. Name each of the following compounds: g. manganese(IV) sulfide
a. c. SO2 h. sodium dichromate
O d. P2S5 i. ammonium sulfite
N j. carbon tetraiodide
b. I a. sodium oxide h. copper(I) chloride
Cl
b. sodium peroxide i. gallium arsenide
c. potassium cyanide j. cadmium selenide
d. copper(II) nitrate k. zinc sulfide
a. diboron trioxide c. dinitrogen monoxide
e. selenium tetrabromide l. nitrous acid
b. arsenic pentafluoride d. sulfur hexachloride
f. iodous acid m. diphosphorus pentoxide
79. Name each of the following compounds: g. lead(IV) sulfide
a. CuI f. S4N4 86. Write the formula for each of the following compounds:
b. CuI2 g. SeCl4 a. ammonium hydrogen phosphate
c. CoI2 h. NaOCl b. mercury(I) sulfide
d. Na2CO3 i. BaCrO4 c. silicon dioxide
e. NaHCO3 j. NH4NO3 d. sodium sulfite
80. Name each of the following compounds. Assume the acids are e. aluminum hydrogen sulfate
dissolved in water.
f. nitrogen trichloride
a. HC2H3O2 g. H2SO4
g. hydrobromic acid
b. NH4NO2 h. Sr3N2
h. bromous acid
c. Co2S3 i. Al2(SO3)3
i. perbromic acid
d. ICl j. SnO2
j. potassium hydrogen sulfide
e. Pb3(PO4)2 k. Na2CrO4
k. calcium iodide
f. KClO3 l. HClO
l. cesium perchlorate
87. Name the acids illustrated below. Na2X. Which of the following statements is(are) true? For the
false statements, correct them.
a. The binary compound formed between X and fluorine
will be a covalent compound.
b. The isotope of X contains 38 protons.
a. b. c. c. The isotope of X contains 41 neutrons.
d. The identity of X is strontium, Sr.
H C
94. For each of the following ions, indicate the total number of
N
S protons and electrons in the ion. For the positive ions in the
O list, predict the formula of the simplest compound formed be-
Cl P tween each positive ion and the oxide ion. Name the com-
pounds. For the negative ions in the list, predict the formula of
d. e. the simplest compound formed between each negative ion and
88. Each of the following compounds is incorrectly named. What the aluminum ion. Name the compounds.
is wrong with each name, and what is the correct name for a. Fe21 e. S22
31
each compound? b. Fe f. P32
a. FeCl3, iron chloride 21
c. Ba g. Br2
b. NO2, nitrogen(IV) oxide d. Cs1 h. N32
c. CaO, calcium(II) monoxide 95. The formulas and common names for several substances are
d. Al2S3, dialuminum trisulfide given below. Give the systematic names for these substances.
e. Mg(C2H3O2)2, manganese diacetate a. sugar of lead Pb(C2H3O2)2
f. FePO4, iron(II) phosphide b. blue vitrol CuSO4
g. P2S5, phosphorus sulfide c. quicklime CaO
h. Na2O2, sodium oxide d. Epsom salts MgSO4
i. HNO3, nitrate acid e. milk of magnesia Mg(OH)2
j. H2S, sulfuric acid f. gypsum CaSO4
g. laughing gas N2O
96. Identify each of the following elements:
Additional Exercises a. a member of the same family as oxygen whose most
89. Chlorine has two natural isotopes: 37 35
17Cl and 17Cl. Hydrogen stable ion contains 54 electrons
reacts with chlorine to form the compound HCl. Would a b. a member of the alkali metal family whose most stable
given amount of hydrogen react with different masses of the ion contains 36 electrons
two chlorine isotopes? Does this conflict with the law of defi- c. a noble gas with 18 protons in the nucleus
nite proportion? Why or why not? d. a halogen with 85 protons and 85 electrons
90. What are the symbols for the following nonmetal elements 97. An element’s most stable ion forms an ionic compound with
that are most often present in compounds studied in organic bromine, having the formula XBr2. If the ion of element X has
chemistry: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, a mass number of 230 and has 86 electrons, what is the iden-
sulfur? Predict a stable isotope for each of these elements. tity of the element, and how many neutrons does it have?
91. Four Fe21 ions are key components of hemoglobin, the protein 98. A certain element has only two naturally occurring isotopes:
that transports oxygen in the blood. Assuming that these ions one with 18 neutrons and the other with 20 neutrons. The ele-
are 53Fe21, how many protons and neutrons are present in each ment forms 12 charged ions when in ionic compounds. Pre-
nucleus, and how many electrons are present in each ion? dict the identity of the element. What number of electrons
92. Which of the following statements is(are) true? For the false does the 12 charged ion have?
statements, correct them. 99. The designations 1A through 8A used for certain families of
a. All particles in the nucleus of an atom are charged. the periodic table are helpful for predicting the charges on ions
b. The atom is best described as a uniform sphere of matter in binary ionic compounds. In these compounds, the metals
in which electrons are embedded. generally take on a positive charge equal to the family number,
c. The mass of the nucleus is only a very small fraction of while the nonmetals take on a negative charge equal to the
the mass of the entire atom. family number minus eight. Thus the compound between so-
dium and chlorine contains Na1 ions and Cl2 ions and has the
d. The volume of the nucleus is only a very small fraction of
formula NaCl. Predict the formula and the name of the binary
the total volume of the atom.
compound formed from the following pairs of elements.
e. The number of neutrons in a neutral atom must equal the
a. Ca and N e. Ba and I
number of electrons.
b. K and O f. Al and Se
93. The isotope of an unknown element, X, has a mass number of
79. The most stable ion of the isotope has 36 electrons and c. Rb and F g. Cs and P
forms a binary compound with sodium having a formula of d. Mg and S h. In and Br
For Review 79
100. By analogy with phosphorus compounds, name the following: 107. Complete the following table to predict whether the given
Na3AsO4, H3AsO4, Mg3(SbO4)2. atom will gain or lose electrons in forming the ion most likely
101. Identify each of the following elements. Give the number of to form when in ionic compounds.
protons and neutrons in each nucleus.
a. 31 c. 39 Gain (G) or Lose (L)
15X 19X
127
Atom Electrons Ion Formed
b. 53 X d. 173
70 X
102. In a reaction, 34.0 g of chromium(III) oxide reacts with 12.1 g K
of aluminum to produce chromium and aluminum oxide. If Cs
23.3 g of chromium is produced, what mass of aluminum ox- Br
ide is produced?
S
Se
ChemWork Problems
These multiconcept problems (and additional ones) are found inter- 108. Which of the following statements is(are) correct?
actively online with the same type of assistance a student would get a. The symbols for the elements magnesium, aluminum, and
from an instructor. xenon are Mn, Al, and Xe, respectively.
103. Complete the following table. b. The elements P, As, and Bi are in the same family on the
periodic table.
Atom/Ion Protons Neutrons Electrons
c. All of the following elements are expected to gain
120 electrons to form ions in ionic compounds: Ga, Se, and Br.
50Sn
25 21 d. The elements Co, Ni, and Hg are all transition elements.
12 Mg
56 21 e. The correct name for TiO2 is titanium dioxide.
26 Fe
79
34Se
35 Challenge Problems
17Cl
63 109. The elements in one of the groups in the periodic table are
29Cu
often called the coinage metals. Identify the elements in this
group based on your own experience.
104. Which of the following is(are) correct?
110. Reaction of 2.0 L of hydrogen gas with 1.0 L of oxygen gas
a. 40Ca21 contains 20 protons and 18 electrons.
yields 2.0 L of water vapor. All gases are at the same tempera-
b. Rutherford created the cathode-ray tube and was the ture and pressure. Show how these data support the idea that
founder of the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron. oxygen gas is a diatomic molecule. Must we consider hydro-
c. An electron is heavier than a proton. gen to be a diatomic molecule to explain these results?
d. The nucleus contains protons, neutrons, and electrons. 111. A combustion reaction involves the reaction of a substance
105. What are the formulas of the compounds that correspond to with oxygen gas. The complete combustion of any hydrocar-
the names given in the following table? bon (binary compound of carbon and hydrogen) produces car-
bon dioxide and water as the only products. Octane is a hydro-
Compound Name Formula carbon that is found in gasoline. Complete combustion of
Carbon tetrabromide
octane produces 8 L of carbon dioxide for every 9 L of water
vapor (both measured at the same temperature and pressure).
Cobalt(II) phosphate What is the ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms in a mol-
Magnesium chloride ecule of octane?
Nickel(II) acetate 112. A chemistry instructor makes the following claim: “Consider
that if the nucleus were the size of a grape, the electrons would
Calcium nitrate
be about 1 mile away on average.” Is this claim reasonably
accurate? Provide mathematical support.
106. What are the names of the compounds that correspond to the
113. The early alchemists used to do an experiment in which water
formulas given in the following table?
was boiled for several days in a sealed glass container. Eventu-
Formula Compound Name ally, some solid residue would appear in the bottom of the
flask, which was interpreted to mean that some of the water in
Co(NO2)2 the flask had been converted into “earth.” When Lavoisier re-
AsF5 peated this experiment, he found that the water weighed the
same before and after heating, and the mass of the flask plus
LiCN
the solid residue equaled the original mass of the flask. Were
K2SO3 the alchemists correct? Explain what really happened. (This
Li3N experiment is described in the article by A. F. Scott in Scien-
tific American, January 1984.)
PbCrO4
114. Consider the chemical reaction as depicted below. Label as

Elements in Compound Masses of Elements
much as you can using the terms atom, molecule, element,
compound, ionic, gas, and solid. 1. X and Y X 5 0.4 g, Y 5 4.2 g
2. Y and Z Y 5 1.4 g, Z 5 1.0 g
3. X and Y X 5 2.0 g, Y 5 7.0 g
Cl− Cl− Na+
Na+
Na + a. What are the assumptions needed to solve this problem?

Na
b. What are the relative masses of X, Y, and Z?
Cl Cl c. What are the chemical formulas of the three compounds?
d. If you decompose 21 g of compound XY, how much of
115. Each of the following statements is true, but Dalton might each element is present?
have had trouble explaining some of them with his atomic
theory. Give explanations for the following statements.
a. The space-filling models for ethyl alcohol and dimethyl Integrative Problems
ether are shown below.
These problems require the integration of multiple concepts to find
C the solutions.
O
119. What is the systematic name of Ta2O5? If the charge on the
H metal remained constant and then sulfur was substituted for
These two compounds have the same composition by oxygen, how would the formula change? What is the differ-
mass (52% carbon, 13% hydrogen, and 35% oxygen), yet ence in the total number of protons between Ta2O5 and its sul-
the two have different melting points, boiling points, and fur analog?
solubilities in water. 120. A binary ionic compound is known to contain a cation with
b. Burning wood leaves an ash that is only a small fraction 51 protons and 48 electrons. The anion contains one-third the
of the mass of the original wood. number of protons as the cation. The number of electrons in the
anion is equal to the number of protons plus 1. What is the for-
c. Atoms can be broken down into smaller particles.
mula of this compound? What is the name of this compound?
d. One sample of lithium hydride is 87.4% lithium by mass,
121. Using the information in Table 2.1, answer the following ques-
while another sample of lithium hydride is 74.9% lithium
tions. In an ion with an unknown charge, the total mass of all the
by mass. However, the two samples have the same
electrons was determined to be 2.55 3 10226 g, while the total
chemical properties.
mass of its protons was 5.34 3 10223 g. What is the identity and
116. You have two distinct gaseous compounds made from element charge of this ion? What is the symbol and mass number of a
X and element Y. The mass percents are as follows: neutral atom whose total mass of its electrons is 3.92 3 10226 g,
Compound I: 30.43% X, 69.57% Y while its neutrons have a mass of 9.35 3 10223 g?
Compound II: 63.64% X, 36.36% Y
In their natural standard states, element X and element Y exist Marathon Problem
as gases. (Monatomic? Diatomic? Triatomic? That is for you
to determine.) When you react “gas X” with “gas Y” to make This problem is designed to incorporate several concepts and tech-
the products, you get the following data (all at the same pres- niques into one situation.
sure and temperature):
122. You have gone back in time and are working with Dalton on a
1 volume “gas X” 1 2 volumes “gas Y” 88n table of relative masses. Following are his data.
2 volumes compound I
0.602 g gas A reacts with 0.295 g gas B
2 volumes “gas X” 1 1 volume “gas Y” 88n
0.172 g gas B reacts with 0.401 g gas C
2 volumes compound II
0.320 g gas A reacts with 0.374 g gas C
Assume the simplest possible formulas for reactants and prod-
a. Assuming simplest formulas (AB, BC, and AC), construct
ucts in the chemical equations above. Then, determine the
a table of relative masses for Dalton.
relative atomic masses of element X and element Y.
b. Knowing some history of chemistry, you tell Dalton that
117. A single molecule has a mass of 7.31 3 10223 g. Provide an
if he determines the volumes of the gases reacted at
example of a real molecule that can have this mass. Assume
constant temperature and pressure, he need not assume
the elements that make up the molecule are made of light iso-
simplest formulas. You collect the following data:
topes where the number of protons equals the number of neu-
trons in the nucleus of each element. 6 volumes gas A 1 1 volume gas B → 4 volumes product
1 volume gas B 1 4 volumes gas C → 4 volumes product
118. You take three compounds, each consisting of two elements
3 volumes gas A 1 2 volumes gas C → 6 volumes product
(X, Y, and/or Z), and decompose them to their respective ele-
ments. To determine the relative masses of X, Y, and Z, you Write the simplest balanced equations, and find the actual
collect and weigh the elements, obtaining the following data: relative masses of the elements. Explain your reasoning.
Marathon Problems can be used in class by groups of students to
help facilitate problem-solving skills.
124 Chapter 3 Stoichiometry
For review
Key terms Stoichiometry
chemical stoichiometry ❯ Deals with the amounts of substances consumed and/or produced in a chemical reaction.
Section 3.2 ❯ We count atoms by measuring the mass of the sample.
mass spectrometer ❯ To relate mass and the number of atoms, the average atomic mass is required.
average atomic mass
Section 3.3 Mole
mole ❯ The amount of carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of pure 12C
Avogadro’s number
❯ 6.022 3 1023 units of a substance
Section 3.4 ❯ The mass of 1 mole of an element 5 the atomic mass in grams
molar mass
Section 3.5 Molar mass
conceptual problem solving ❯ Mass (g) of 1 mole of a compound or element
Section 3.6 ❯ Obtained for a compound by finding the sum of the average masses of its constituent atoms
mass percent
Section 3.7 Percent composition
empirical formula ❯ The mass percent of each element in a compound
molecular formula
mass of element in 1 mole of substance
Section 3.8 ❯ Mass percent 5 3 100%
mass of 1 mole of substance
chemical equation
reactants
products
Empirical formula
balancing a chemical equation ❯ The simplest whole-number ratio of the various types of atoms in a compound
Section 3.10 ❯ Can be obtained from the mass percent of elements in a compound
mole ratio
Section 3.11
Molecular formula
stoichiometric mixture ❯ For molecular substances:
limiting reactant ❯ The formula of the constituent molecules
theoretical yield ❯ Always an integer multiple of the empirical formula
percent yield
❯ For ionic substances:
❯ The same as the empirical formula
Chemical reactions
❯ Reactants are turned into products.
❯ Atoms are neither created nor destroyed.
❯ All of the atoms present in the reactants must also be present in the products.
Characteristics of a chemical equation

❯ Represents a chemical reaction
❯ Reactants on the left side of the arrow, products on the right side
❯ When balanced, gives the relative numbers of reactant and product molecules or ions
For Review 125
Stoichiometry calculations
❯ Amounts of reactants consumed and products formed can be determined from the balanced
chemical equation.
❯ The limiting reactant is the one consumed first, thus limiting the amount of product that can
form.
Yield
❯ The theoretical yield is the maximum amount that can be produced from a given amount of
the limiting reactant.
❯ The actual yield, the amount of product actually obtained, is always less than the theoretical
yield.
actual yield 1g2
❯ Percent yield 5 3 100%
theoretical yield 1g2
1. Explain the concept of “counting by weighing” using What is the balanced equation? If 2.50 moles of A2 are
marbles as your example. reacted with excess AB, what amount (moles) of product
2. Atomic masses are relative masses. What does this will form? If the mass of AB is 30.0 u and the mass of
mean? A2 are 40.0 u, what is the mass of the product? If 15.0 g
of AB is reacted, what mass of A2 is required to react
3. The atomic mass of boron (B) is given in the periodic
with all of the AB, and what mass of product is formed?
table as 10.81, yet no single atom of boron has a mass
of 10.81 u. Explain. 8. What is a limiting reactant problem? Explain the
method you are going to use to solve limiting reactant
4. What three conversion factors and in what order would
problems.
you use them to convert the mass of a compound into
atoms of a particular element in that compound—for 9. Consider the following mixture of SO2(g) and O2(g).
example, from 1.00 g aspirin (C9H8O4) to number of O2
hydrogen atoms in the 1.00-g sample?
SO2
5. Fig. 3.5 illustrates a schematic diagram of a combustion
device used to analyze organic compounds. Given that a ?
certain amount of a compound containing carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen is combusted in this device,
explain how the data relating to the mass of CO2
produced and the mass of H2O produced can be
manipulated to determine the empirical formula. If SO2(g) and O2(g) react to form SO3(g), draw a
representation of the product mixture assuming the
6. What is the difference between the empirical and
reaction goes to completion. What is the limiting
molecular formulas of a compound? Can they ever be
reactant in the reaction? If 96.0 g of SO2 react with
the same? Explain.
32.0 g O2, what mass of product will form?
7. Consider the hypothetical reaction between A2 and AB
10. Why is the actual yield of a reaction often less than the
pictured below.
theoretical yield?
A2
AB
A2B
A discussion of the Active Learning Questions can be found online in the Instructor’s Resource
126 Chapter 3 Stoichiometry Guide and on PowerLecture. The questions allow students to explore their understanding of
concepts through discussion and peer teaching. The real value of these questions is the learning
that occurs while students talk to each other about chemical concepts.
Active Learning Questions 5. For the preceding question, which of the following equations
best represents the reaction?
These questions are designed to be used by groups of students in a. 6N2 1 6H2 h 4NH3 1 4N2
class.
b. N2 1 H2 h NH3
1. The following are actual student responses to the question:
c. N 1 3H h NH3
Why is it necessary to balance chemical equations?
d. N2 1 3H2 h 2NH3
a. The chemicals will not react until you have added the cor-
rect mole ratios. e. 2N2 1 6H2 h 4NH3
b. The correct products will not be formed unless the right Justify your choice, and for choices you did not pick, explain
amount of reactants have been added. what is wrong with them.
c. A certain number of products cannot be formed without a 6. You know that chemical A reacts with chemical B. You react
certain number of reactants. 10.0 g A with 10.0 g B. What information do you need to deter-
mine the amount of product that will be produced? Explain.
d. The balanced equation tells you how much reactant you
need and allows you to predict how much product you’ll 7. A new grill has a mass of 30.0 kg. You put 3.0 kg of charcoal
make. in the grill. You burn all the charcoal and the grill has a mass
of 30.0 kg. What is the mass of the gases given off? Explain.
e. A mole-to-mole ratio must be established for the reaction
to occur as written. 8. Consider an iron bar on a balance as shown.
Justify the best choice, and for choices you did not pick, ex-
plain what is wrong with them.
2. What information do we get from a chemical formula? From
a chemical equation? 75.0 g
3. You are making cookies and are missing a key ingredient—
eggs. You have most of the other ingredients needed to make
the cookies, except you have only 1.33 cups of butter and no As the iron bar rusts, which of the following is true? Explain
eggs. You note that the recipe calls for two cups of butter and your answer.
three eggs (plus the other ingredients) to make six dozen cook- a. The balance will read less than 75.0 g.
ies. You call a friend and have him bring you some eggs. b. The balance will read 75.0 g.
a. What number of eggs do you need? c. The balance will read greater than 75.0 g.
b. If you use all the butter (and get enough eggs), what num- d. The balance will read greater than 75.0 g, but if the bar is
ber of cookies will you make? removed, the rust is scraped off, and the bar replaced, the
Unfortunately, your friend hangs up before you tell him how balance will read 75.0 g.
many eggs you need. When he arrives, he has a surprise for 9. You may have noticed that water sometimes drips from the
you—to save time, he has broken them all in a bowl for you. exhaust of a car as it is running. Is this evidence that there is at
You ask him how many he brought, and he replies, “I can’t re- least a small amount of water originally present in the gaso-
member.” You weigh the eggs and find that they weigh 62.1 g. line? Explain.
Assuming that an average egg weighs 34.21 g,
a. What quantity of butter is needed to react with all the eggs? Questions 10 and 11 deal with the following situation: You react
b. What number of cookies can you make? chemical A with chemical B to make one product. It takes 100 g of
A to react completely with 20 g of B.
c. Which will you have left over, eggs or butter?
d. What quantity is left over? 10. What is the mass of the product?
4. Nitrogen gas (N2) and hydrogen gas (H2) react to form ammo- a. less than 10 g
nia gas (NH3). b. between 20 and 100 g
Consider the mixture of N2 ( ) and H2 ( ) in a c. between 100 and 120 g
closed container as illustrated below: d. exactly 120 g
e. more than 120 g
11. What is true about the chemical properties of the product?
a. The properties are more like chemical A.
b. The properties are more like chemical B.
c. The properties are an average of those of chemical A and
chemical B.
d. The properties are not necessarily like either chemical A
or chemical B.
e. The properties are more like chemical A or more like
Assuming the reaction goes to completion, draw a representa- chemical B, but more information is needed.
tion of the product mixture. Explain how you arrived at this Justify your choice, and for choices you did not pick, explain
representation. what is wrong with them.
For Review 127
12. Is there a difference between a homogeneous mixture of hy- A blue question or exercise number indicates that the answer to
drogen and oxygen in a 2:1 mole ratio and a sample of water that question or exercise appears at the back of the book and a
vapor? Explain. solution appears in the Solutions Guide, as found on PowerLecture.
13. Chlorine exists mainly as two isotopes, 37Cl and 35Cl. Which is
more abundant? How do you know?
Questions
14. The average mass of a carbon atom is 12.011. Assuming you
could pick up one carbon atom, estimate the chance that you 23. Reference Section 3.2 to find the atomic masses of 12C and
13
would randomly get one with a mass of 12.011. Support your C, the relative abundance of 12C and 13C in natural carbon,
answer. and the average mass (in u) of a carbon atom. If you had a
15. Can the subscripts in a chemical formula be fractions? Explain. sample of natural carbon containing exactly 10,000 atoms, de-
Can the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation be frac- termine the number of 12C and 13C atoms present. What would
tions? Explain. Changing the subscripts of chemicals can bal- be the average mass (in u) and the total mass (in u) of the car-
ance the equations mathematically. Why is this unacceptable? bon atoms in this 10,000-atom sample? If you had a sample of
natural carbon containing 6.0221 3 1023 atoms, determine the
16. Consider the equation 2A 1 B h A2B. If you mix 1.0 mole
number of 12C and 13C atoms present. What would be the aver-
of A with 1.0 mole of B, what amount (moles) of A2B can be
age mass (in u) and the total mass (in u) of this 6.0221 3 1023
produced?
atom sample? Given that 1 g 5 6.0221 3 1023 u, what is the
17. According to the law of conservation of mass, mass cannot be total mass of 1 mole of natural carbon in units of grams?
gained or destroyed in a chemical reaction. Why can’t you
24. Avogadro’s number, molar mass, and the chemical formula of
simply add the masses of two reactants to determine the total
a compound are three useful conversion factors. What unit con-
mass of product?
versions can be accomplished using these conversion factors?
18. Which of the following pairs of compounds have the same
25. If you had a mole of U.S. dollar bills and equally distributed
empirical formula?
the money to all of the people of the world, how rich would
a. acetylene, C2H2, and benzene, C6H6 every person be? Assume a world population of 7 billion.
b. ethane, C2H6, and butane, C4H10 26. Describe 1 mole of CO2 in as many ways as you can.
c. nitrogen dioxide, NO2, and dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4 27. Which of the following compounds have the same empirical
d. diphenyl ether, C12H10O, and phenol, C6H5OH formulas?
19. Atoms of three different elements are represented by O, h,
and D. Which compound is left over when three molecules of
OD and three molecules of hhD react to form OhD and
ODD?
20. In chemistry, what is meant by the term “mole”? What is the a. b.
importance of the mole concept?
21. Which (if any) of the following is (are) true regarding the lim-
iting reactant in a chemical reaction?
a. The limiting reactant has the lowest coefficient in a bal-
anced equation.
b. The limiting reactant is the reactant for which you have
the fewest number of moles. c. d.
c. The limiting reactant has the lowest ratio of moles 28. What is the difference between the molar mass and the empiri-
available/coefficient in the balanced equation. cal formula mass of a compound? When are these masses the
d. The limiting reactant has the lowest ratio of coefficient in same, and when are they different? When different, how is the
the balanced equation/moles available. molar mass related to the empirical formula mass?
Justify your choice. For those you did not choose, explain why 29. How is the mass percent of elements in a compound different
they are incorrect. for a 1.0-g sample versus a 100.-g sample versus a 1-mole
22. Consider the equation 3A 1 B S C 1 D. You react 4 moles sample of the compound?
of A with 2 moles of B. Which of the following is true? 30. A balanced chemical equation contains a large amount of in-
a. The limiting reactant is the one with the higher molar mass. formation. What information is given in a balanced equation?
b. A is the limiting reactant because you need 6 moles of A 31. The reaction of an element X with element Y is represented in
and have 4 moles. the following diagram. Which of the equations best describes
c. B is the limiting reactant because you have fewer moles this reaction?
of B than A.
X
d. B is the limiting reactant because three A molecules react
Y
with each B molecule.
e. Neither reactant is limiting.
Justify your choice. For those you did not choose, explain why
they are incorrect.
a. 3X 1 8Y S X3Y8 39. The element rhenium (Re) has two naturally occurring iso-
b. 3X 1 6Y S X3Y6 topes, 185Re and 187Re, with an average atomic mass of
c. X 1 2Y S XY2 186.207 u. Rhenium is 62.60% 187Re, and the atomic mass of
187
d. 3X 1 8Y S 3XY2 1 2Y Re is 186.956 u. Calculate the mass of 185Re.
32. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas react to form water, and this 40. Assume silicon has three major isotopes in nature as shown in
reaction can be depicted as follows: the table below. Fill in the missing information.
Isotope Mass (u) Abundance

+
28
Si 27.98 _________
29
Si _________ 4.70%
Explain why this equation is not balanced, and draw a picture 30
Si 29.97 3.09%
of the balanced equation.
33. What is the theoretical yield for a reaction, and how does this
quantity depend on the limiting reactant? 41. The element europium exists in nature as two isotopes: 151Eu
34. What does it mean to say a reactant is present “in excess” in a has a mass of 150.9196 u and 153Eu has a mass of 152.9209 u.
process? Can the limiting reactant be present in excess? Does The average atomic mass of europium is 151.96 u. Calculate
the presence of an excess of a reactant affect the mass of prod- the relative abundance of the two europium isotopes.
ucts expected for a reaction? 42. The element silver (Ag) has two naturally occurring isotopes:
109
35. Consider the following generic reaction: Ag and 107Ag with a mass of 106.905 u. Silver consists of
51.82% 107Ag and has an average atomic mass of 107.868 u.
A2B2 1 2C h 2CB 1 2A
Calculate the mass of 109Ag.
What steps and information are necessary to perform the fol-
lowing determinations assuming that 1.00 3 104 molecules of 43. The mass spectrum of bromine (Br2) consists of three peaks
A2B2 are reacted with excess C? with the following characteristics:
a. mass of CB produced
Mass (u) Relative Size
b. atoms of A produced
c. moles of C reacted 157.84 0.2534
159.84 0.5000
d. percent yield of CB 161.84 0.2466
36. Consider the following generic reaction:
Y2 1 2XY h 2XY2 How do you interpret these data?
In a limiting reactant problem, a certain quantity of each reac- 44. The stable isotopes of iron are 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe, and 58Fe. The
tant is given and you are usually asked to calculate the mass of mass spectrum of iron looks like the following:
product formed. If 10.0 g of Y2 is reacted with 10.0 g of XY,
100 91.75
outline two methods you could use to determine which reac-
Relative number of atoms
tant is limiting (runs out first) and thus determines the mass of 80
product formed.
60
Exercises 40
In this section similar exercises are paired. 20

5.85 2.12 0.28
Atomic Masses and the Mass Spectrometer 0
54 56 57 58
37. An element consists of 1.40% of an isotope with mass 203.973 Mass number
u, 24.10% of an isotope with mass 205.9745 u, 22.10% of an
Use the data on the mass spectrum to estimate the average
isotope with mass 206.9759 u, and 52.40% of an isotope with
atomic mass of iron, and compare it to the value given in the
mass 207.9766 u. Calculate the average atomic mass, and
table inside the front cover of this book.
identify the element.
38. An element “X” has five major isotopes, which are listed be- Moles and Molar Masses
low along with their abundances. What is the element? 45. Calculate the mass of 500. atoms of iron (Fe).
46. What number of Fe atoms and what amount (moles) of Fe
Isotope Percent Natural Abundance Mass (u)
atoms are in 500.0 g of iron?
46
X 8.00% 45.95232
47 47. Diamond is a natural form of pure carbon. What number of
X 7.30% 46.951764
48
X 73.80% 47.947947 atoms of carbon are in a 1.00-carat diamond (1.00 carat 5
49
X 5.50% 48.947841 0.200 g)?
50
X 5.40% 49.944792 48. A diamond contains 5.0 3 1021 atoms of carbon. What amount
(moles) of carbon and what mass (grams) of carbon are in this
diamond?
For Review 129
49. Aluminum metal is produced by passing an electric current a. What is the molar mass of bauxite?
through a solution of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) dissolved in b. What is the mass of aluminum in 0.58 mole of bauxite?
molten cryolite (Na3AlF6). Calculate the molar masses of c. How many atoms of aluminum are in 0.58 mole of
Al2O3 and Na3AlF6. bauxite?
50. The Freons are a class of compounds containing carbon, chlo- d. What is the mass of 2.1 3 1024 formula units of bauxite?
rine, and fluorine. While they have many valuable uses, they
have been shown to be responsible for depletion of the ozone in 65. What amount (moles) is represented by each of these samples?
the upper atmosphere. In 1991, two replacement compounds a. 150.0 g Fe2O3
for Freons went into production: HFC-134a (CH2FCF3) and b. 10.0 mg NO2
HCFC-124 (CHClFCF3). Calculate the molar masses of these
c. 1.5 3 1016 molecules of BF3
two compounds.
66. What amount (moles) is represented by each of these samples?
51. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances. a. 20.0 mg caffeine, C8H10N4O2
a. H b. b. 2.72 3 1021 molecules of ethanol, C2H5OH
N H
c. 1.50 g of dry ice, CO2
N
67. What number of atoms of nitrogen are present in 5.00 g of
each of the following?
c. (NH4)2Cr2O7
a. glycine, C2H5O2N
52. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.
b. magnesium nitride
a.
c. calcium nitrate
O d. dinitrogen tetroxide
P 68. Complete the following table.
Mass of Moles of Molecules Total Atoms

b. Ca3(PO4)2 c. Na2HPO4 Sample Sample in Sample in Sample
53. What amount (moles) of compound is present in 1.00 g of 4.24 g C6H6 _________ _________ _________
each of the compounds in Exercise 51? _________ 0.224 mol H2O _________ _________
_________ _________ 2.71 3 1022 _________
54. What amount (moles) of compound is present in 1.00 g of
molecules CO2
each of the compounds in Exercise 52?
_________ _________ _________ 3.35 3 1022
55. What mass of compound is present in 5.00 moles of each of total atoms
the compounds in Exercise 51? in CH3OH
56. What mass of compound is present in 5.00 moles of each of sample
the compounds in Exercise 52?
57. What mass of nitrogen is present in 5.00 moles of each of the 69. Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C (C6H8O6), is an essential vitamin.
compounds in Exercise 51? It cannot be stored by the body and must be present in the diet.
58. What mass of phosphorus is present in 5.00 moles of each of What is the molar mass of ascorbic acid? Vitamin C tablets are
the compounds in Exercise 52? taken as a dietary supplement. If a typical tablet contains
500.0 mg vitamin C, what amount (moles) and what number
59. What number of molecules (or formula units) are present in of molecules of vitamin C does it contain?
1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 51?
70. The molecular formula of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), one of
60. What number of molecules (or formula units) are present in the most commonly used pain relievers, is C9H8O4.
1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 52?
a. Calculate the molar mass of aspirin.
61. What number of atoms of nitrogen are present in 1.00 g of b. A typical aspirin tablet contains 500. mg C9H8O4. What
each of the compounds in Exercise 51? amount (moles) of C9H8O4 molecules and what number of
62. What number of atoms of phosphorus are present in 1.00 g of molecules of acetylsalicylic acid are in a 500.-mg tablet?
each of the compounds in Exercise 52?
71. Chloral hydrate (C2H3Cl3O2) is a drug formerly used as a sed-
63. Freon-12 (CCl2F2) is used as a refrigerant in air conditioners ative and hypnotic. It is the compound used to make “Mickey
and as a propellant in aerosol cans. Calculate the number of Finns” in detective stories.
molecules of Freon-12 in 5.56 mg of Freon-12. What is the a. Calculate the molar mass of chloral hydrate.
mass of chlorine in 5.56 mg of Freon-12? b. What amount (moles) of C2H3Cl3O2 molecules are in
64. Bauxite, the principal ore used in the production of aluminum, 500.0 g chloral hydrate?
has a molecular formula of Al2O3 ? 2H2O. The ?H2O in the c. What is the mass in grams of 2.0 3 1022 mole of chloral
formula are called waters of hydration. Each formula unit of hydrate?
the compound contains two water molecules.
d. What number of chlorine atoms are in 5.0 g chloral
hydrate?
e. What mass of chloral hydrate would contain 1.0 g Cl? 80. Considering your answer to Exercise 79, which type of for-
f. What is the mass of exactly 500 molecules of chloral mula, empirical or molecular, can be obtained from elemental
hydrate? analysis that gives percent composition?
72. Dimethylnitrosamine, (CH3)2N2O, is a carcinogenic (cancer- 81. Give the empirical formula for each of the compounds repre-
causing) substance that may be formed in foods, beverages, or sented below.
gastric juices from the reaction of nitrite ion (used as a food
preservative) with other substances.
a. What is the molar mass of dimethylnitrosamine?
b. How many moles of (CH3)2N2O molecules are present in
250 mg dimethylnitrosamine?
c. What is the mass of 0.050 mole of dimethylnitrosamine?
d. How many atoms of hydrogen are in 1.0 mole of a. b.
dimethylnitrosamine?
e. What is the mass of 1.0 3 106 molecules of c.
dimethylnitrosamine?
f. What is the mass in grams of one molecule of
dimethylnitrosamine? H
O
Percent Composition
N
73. Calculate the percent composition by mass of the following
compounds that are important starting materials for synthetic C
polymers: P
a. C3H4O2 (acrylic acid, from which acrylic plastics are
made) d.
b. C4H6O2 (methyl acrylate, from which Plexiglas is made)
82. Determine the molecular formulas to which the following em-
c. C3H3N (acrylonitrile, from which Orlon is made) pirical formulas and molar masses pertain.
74. In 1987 the first substance to act as a superconductor at a tem- a. SNH (188.35 g/mol) c. CoC4O4 (341.94 g/mol)
perature above that of liquid nitrogen (77 K) was discovered.
b. NPCl2 (347.64 g/mol) d. SN (184.32 g/mol)
The approximate formula of this substance is YBa2Cu3O7.
Calculate the percent composition by mass of this material. 83. A compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
is 48.64% C and 8.16% H by mass. What is the empirical for-
75. The percent by mass of nitrogen for a compound is found to be
mula of this substance?
46.7%. Which of the following could be this species?
84. The most common form of nylon (nylon-6) is 63.68% carbon,
N 12.38% nitrogen, 9.80% hydrogen, and 14.14% oxygen. Cal-
O culate the empirical formula for nylon-6.
85. There are two binary compounds of mercury and oxygen. Heat-
76. Arrange the following substances in order of increasing mass ing either of them results in the decomposition of the compound,
percent of carbon. with oxygen gas escaping into the atmosphere while leaving a
a. caffeine, C8H10N4O2 residue of pure mercury. Heating 0.6498 g of one of the com-
b. sucrose, C12H22O11 pounds leaves a residue of 0.6018 g. Heating 0.4172 g of the
other compound results in a mass loss of 0.016 g. Determine the
c. ethanol, C2H5OH
empirical formula of each compound.
77. Fungal laccase, a blue protein found in wood-rotting fungi, is 86. A sample of urea contains 1.121 g N, 0.161 g H, 0.480 g C,
0.390% Cu by mass. If a fungal laccase molecule contains and 0.640 g O. What is the empirical formula of urea?
four copper atoms, what is the molar mass of fungal laccase?
87. A compound containing only sulfur and nitrogen is 69.6% S
78. Hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen in mammals.
by mass; the molar mass is 184 g/mol. What are the empirical
Hemoglobin is 0.347% Fe by mass, and each hemoglobin
and molecular formulas of the compound?
molecule contains four iron atoms. Calculate the molar mass
of hemoglobin. 88. Determine the molecular formula of a compound that contains
26.7% P, 12.1% N, and 61.2% Cl, and has a molar mass of
Empirical and Molecular Formulas 580 g/mol.
79. Express the composition of each of the following compounds 89. A compound contains 47.08% carbon, 6.59% hydrogen, and
as the mass percents of its elements. 46.33% chlorine by mass; the molar mass of the compound is
a. formaldehyde, CH2O 153 g/mol. What are the empirical and molecular formulas of
b. glucose, C6H12O6 the compound?
c. acetic acid, HC2H3O2
For Review 131
90. Maleic acid is an organic compound composed of 41.39% C, 98. Iron oxide ores, commonly a mixture of FeO and Fe2O3, are
3.47% H, and the rest oxygen. If 0.129 mole of maleic acid given the general formula Fe3O4. They yield elemental iron
has a mass of 15.0 g, what are the empirical and molecular when heated to a very high temperature with either carbon mon-
formulas of maleic acid? oxide or elemental hydrogen. Balance the following equations
for these processes:
91. One of the components that make up common table sugar is
fructose, a compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, Fe3O4 1s2 1 H2 1g2 h Fe 1s2 1 H2O 1g2
and oxygen. Complete combustion of 1.50 g of fructose pro- Fe3O4 1s2 1 CO 1g2 h Fe 1s2 1 CO2 1g2
duced 2.20 g of carbon dioxide and 0.900 g of water. What is
the empirical formula of fructose? 99. Balance the following equations:
92. A compound contains only C, H, and N. Combustion of a. Ca 1OH2 2 1aq2 1 H3PO4 1aq2 S H2O 1l2 1 Ca3 1PO42 2 1s2
35.0 mg of the compound produces 33.5 mg CO2 and 41.1 mg b. Al 1OH2 3 1s2 1 HCl 1aq2 S AlCl3 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2
H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound? c. AgNO3 1aq2 1 H2SO4 1aq2 S Ag2SO4 1s2 1 HNO3 1aq2
93. Cumene is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen 100. Balance each of the following chemical equations.
that is used in the production of acetone and phenol in the a. KO2 1s2 1 H2O 1l2 S KOH 1aq2 1 O2 1g2 1 H2O2 1aq2
chemical industry. Combustion of 47.6 mg cumene produces b. Fe2O3 1s2 1 HNO3 1aq2 S Fe 1NO32 3 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2
some CO2 and 42.8 mg water. The molar mass of cumene is c. NH3 1g2 1 O2 1g2 S NO 1g2 1 H2O 1g2
between 115 and 125 g/mol. Determine the empirical and mo-
d. PCl5 1l2 1 H2O 1l2 S H3PO4 1aq2 1 HCl 1g2
lecular formulas.
e. CaO 1s2 1 C 1s2 S CaC2 1s2 1 CO2 1g2
94. A compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Combustion of 10.68 mg of the compound yields 16.01 mg f. MoS2 1s2 1 O2 1g2 S MoO3 1s2 1 SO2 1g2
CO2 and 4.37 mg H2O. The molar mass of the compound is g. FeCO3 1s2 1 H2CO3 1aq2 S Fe 1HCO32 2 1aq2
176.1 g/mol. What are the empirical and molecular formulas
101. Balance the following equations representing combustion
of the compound?
reactions:
Balancing Chemical Equations a.
(l) + (g) (g) + (g)
95. Give the balanced equation for each of the following chemical
reactions: H C O
a. Glucose (C6H12O6) reacts with oxygen gas to produce b.
gaseous carbon dioxide and water vapor.
b. Solid iron(III) sulfide reacts with gaseous hydrogen chlo- (g) + (g) (g) + (g)
ride to form solid iron(III) chloride and hydrogen sulfide
gas.
c. Carbon disulfide liquid reacts with ammonia gas to produce c. C12H22O11 1s2 1 O2 1g2 S CO2 1g2 1 H2O 1g2
hydrogen sulfide gas and solid ammonium thiocyanate d. Fe 1s2 1 O2 1g2 S Fe2O3 1s2
(NH4SCN). e. FeO 1s2 1 O2 1g2 S Fe2O3 1s2
96. Give the balanced equation for each of the following. 102. Balance the following equations:
a. The combustion of ethanol (C2H5OH) forms carbon diox- a. Cr 1s2 1 S8 1s2 S Cr2S3 1s2
ide and water vapor. A combustion reaction refers to a Heat
b. NaHCO3 1s2 h Na2CO3 1s2 1 CO2 1g2 1 H2O 1g2
reaction of a substance with oxygen gas. Heat
c. KClO3 1s2 h KCl 1s2 1 O2 1g2
b. Aqueous solutions of lead(II) nitrate and sodium phos-
phate are mixed, resulting in the precipitate formation of d. Eu 1s2 1 HF 1g2 S EuF3 1s2 1 H2 1g2
lead(II) phosphate with aqueous sodium nitrate as the 103. Silicon is produced for the chemical and electronics industries
other product. by the following reactions. Give the balanced equation for
c. Solid zinc reacts with aqueous HCl to form aqueous zinc each reaction.
chloride and hydrogen gas. Electric
a. SiO2 1s2 1 C 1s2 88888n Si 1s2 1 CO 1g2
arc furnace
d. Aqueous strontium hydroxide reacts with aqueous hydro-
bromic acid to produce water and aqueous strontium b. Liquid silicon tetrachloride is reacted with very pure solid
bromide. magnesium, producing solid silicon and solid magnesium
chloride.
97. A common demonstration in chemistry courses involves add-
c. Na2SiF6 1s2 1 Na 1s2 S Si 1s2 1 NaF 1s2
ing a tiny speck of manganese(IV) oxide to a concentrated
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) solution. Hydrogen peroxide de- 104. Glass is a mixture of several compounds, but a major constitu-
composes quite spectacularly under these conditions to pro- ent of most glass is calcium silicate, CaSiO3. Glass can be
duce oxygen gas and steam (water vapor). Manganese(IV) etched by treatment with hydrofluoric acid; HF attacks the cal-
oxide is a catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide cium silicate of the glass, producing gaseous and water-soluble
and is not consumed in the reaction. Write the balanced equa- products (which can be removed by washing the glass). For ex-
tion for the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide. ample, the volumetric glassware in chemistry laboratories is
often graduated by using this process. Balance the following 111. Bacterial digestion is an economical method of sewage treat-
equation for the reaction of hydrofluoric acid with calcium ment. The reaction
silicate. bacteria
5CO2 1g2 1 55NH41 1aq2 1 76O2 1g2 88888n
CaSiO3 1s2 1 HF 1aq2 h CaF2 1aq2 1 SiF4 1g2 1 H2O 1l2 C5H7O2N 1s2 1 54NO2 1aq2 1 52H2O 1l2 1 109H 1 1aq2
2
bacterial tissue
Reaction Stoichiometry is an intermediate step in the conversion of the nitrogen in or-
105. Over the years, the thermite reaction has been used for weld- ganic compounds into nitrate ions. What mass of bacterial tis-
ing railroad rails, in incendiary bombs, and to ignite solid-fuel sue is produced in a treatment plant for every 1.0 3 104 kg of
rocket motors. The reaction is wastewater containing 3.0% NH41 ions by mass? Assume that
95% of the ammonium ions are consumed by the bacteria.
Fe2O3 1s2 1 2Al 1s2 h 2Fe 1l2 1 Al2O3 1s2
112. Phosphorus can be prepared from calcium phosphate by the
What masses of iron(III) oxide and aluminum must be used to following reaction:
produce 15.0 g iron? What is the maximum mass of aluminum
oxide that could be produced? 2Ca3 1PO42 2 1s2 1 6SiO2 1s2 1 10C 1s2 h
6CaSiO3 1s2 1 P4 1s2 1 10CO 1g2
106. The reaction between potassium chlorate and red phosphorus
takes place when you strike a match on a matchbox. If you Phosphorite is a mineral that contains Ca3(PO4)2 plus other
were to react 52.9 g of potassium chlorate (KClO3) with ex- non-phosphorus-containing compounds. What is the maxi-
cess red phosphorus, what mass of tetraphosphorus decaoxide mum amount of P4 that can be produced from 1.0 kg of phos-
(P4O10) could be produced? phorite if the phorphorite sample is 75% Ca3(PO4)2 by mass?
Assume an excess of the other reactants.
KClO3 1s2 1 P4 1s2 h P4O10 1s2 1 KCl 1s2 1unbalanced2
113. Coke is an impure form of carbon that is often used in the in-
107. The reusable booster rockets of the U.S. space shuttle employ dustrial production of metals from their oxides. If a sample of
a mixture of aluminum and ammonium perchlorate for fuel. A coke is 95% carbon by mass, determine the mass of coke
possible equation for this reaction is needed to react completely with 1.0 ton of copper(II) oxide.
3Al 1s2 1 3NH4ClO4 1s2 h 2CuO 1s2 1 C 1s2 h 2Cu 1s2 1 CO2 1g2
Al2O3 1s2 1 AlCl3 1s2 1 3NO 1g2 1 6H2O 1g2 114. The space shuttle environmental control system handles ex-
What mass of NH4ClO4 should be used in the fuel mixture for cess CO2 (which the astronauts breathe out; it is 4.0% by mass
every kilogram of Al? of exhaled air) by reacting it with lithium hydroxide, LiOH,
108. One of relatively few reactions that takes place directly be- pellets to form lithium carbonate, Li2CO3, and water. If there
tween two solids at room temperature is are seven astronauts on board the shuttle, and each exhales
20. L of air per minute, how long could clean air be generated
Ba 1OH2 2 # 8H2O 1s2 1 NH4SCN 1s2 h if there were 25,000 g of LiOH pellets available for each shut-
Ba 1SCN2 2 1s2 1 H2O 1l2 1 NH3 1g2 tle mission? Assume the density of air is 0.0010 g/mL.
In this equation, the ? 8H2O in Ba(OH)2 ? 8H2O indicates the
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
presence of eight water molecules. This compound is called
barium hydroxide octahydrate. 115. Consider the reaction between NO(g) and O2(g) represented
a. Balance the equation. below.
b. What mass of ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) must be O2
used if it is to react completely with 6.5 g barium hydrox- NO
ide octahydrate? NO2
109. Elixirs such as Alka-Seltzer use the reaction of sodium bicar-
bonate with citric acid in aqueous solution to produce a fizz:
3NaHCO3 1aq2 1 C6H8O7 1aq2 h
What is the balanced equation for this reaction, and what is the
3CO2 1g2 1 3H2O 1l2 1 Na3C6H5O7 1aq2
limiting reactant?
a. What mass of C6H8O7 should be used for every 1.0 3 102 116. Consider the following reaction:
mg NaHCO3?
4NH3 1g2 1 5O2 1g2 h 4NO 1g2 1 6H2O 1g2
b. What mass of CO2(g) could be produced from such a
mixture? If a container were to have 10 molecules of O2 and 10 mole-
110. Aspirin (C9H8O4) is synthesized by reacting salicylic acid cules of NH3 initially, how many total molecules (reactants
(C7H6O3) with acetic anhydride (C4H6O3). The balanced equa- plus products) would be present in the container after this re-
tion is action goes to completion?
C7H6O3 1 C4H6O3 h C9H8O4 1 HC2H3O2 117. Ammonia is produced from the reaction of nitrogen and hy-
drogen according to the following balanced equation:
a. What mass of acetic anhydride is needed to completely
consume 1.00 3 102 g salicylic acid? N2 1g2 1 3H2 1g2 h 2NH3 1g2
b. What is the maximum mass of aspirin (the theoretical a. What is the maximum mass of ammonia that can be
yield) that could be produced in this reaction? produced from a mixture of 1.00 3 103 g N2 and
5.00 3 102 g H2?
For Review 133
b. What mass of which starting material would remain c. What mass of the excess reactant is left over?
unreacted? d. If the actual yield of DDT is 200.0 g, what is the percent
118. Consider the following unbalanced equation: yield?
Ca3 1PO42 2 1s2 1 H2SO4 1aq2 h CaSO4 1s2 1 H3PO4 1aq2 125. Bornite (Cu3FeS3) is a copper ore used in the production of
What masses of calcium sulfate and phosphoric acid can be copper. When heated, the following reaction occurs:
produced from the reaction of 1.0 kg calcium phosphate with 2Cu3FeS3 1s2 1 7O2 1g2 h 6Cu 1s2 1 2FeO 1s2 1 6SO2 1g2
1.0 kg concentrated sulfuric acid (98% H2SO4 by mass)?
If 2.50 metric tons of bornite is reacted with excess O2 and the
119. Hydrogen peroxide is used as a cleansing agent in the treat-
process has an 86.3% yield of copper, what mass of copper is
ment of cuts and abrasions for several reasons. It is an oxidiz-
produced?
ing agent that can directly kill many microorganisms; it de-
composes on contact with blood, releasing elemental oxygen 126. Consider the following unbalanced reaction:
gas (which inhibits the growth of anaerobic microorganisms); P4 1s2 1 F2 1g2 h PF3 1g2
and it foams on contact with blood, which provides a cleans- What mass of F2 is needed to produce 120. g of PF3 if the reac-
ing action. In the laboratory, small quantities of hydrogen per- tion has a 78.1% yield?
oxide can be prepared by the action of an acid on an alkaline
earth metal peroxide, such as barium peroxide:
BaO2 1s2 1 2HCl 1aq2 h H2O2 1aq2 1 BaCl2 1aq2 Additional Exercises
What mass of hydrogen peroxide should result when 1.50 g 127. In using a mass spectrometer, a chemist sees a peak at a mass
barium peroxide is treated with 25.0 mL hydrochloric acid so- of 30.0106. Of the choices 12C21H6, 12C1H216O, and 14N16O,
lution containing 0.0272 g HCl per mL? What mass of which which is responsible for this peak? Pertinent masses are 1H,
reagent is left unreacted? 1.007825; 16O, 15.994915; and 14N, 14.003074.
120. Silver sulfadiazine burn-treating cream creates a barrier against 128. Boron consists of two isotopes, 10B and 11B. Chlorine also has
bacterial invasion and releases antimicrobial agents directly into two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl. Consider the mass spectrum of BCl3.
the wound. If 25.0 g Ag2O is reacted with 50.0 g C10H10N4SO2, How many peaks would be present, and what approximate mass
what mass of silver sulfadiazine, AgC10H9N4SO2, can be pro- would each peak correspond to in the BCl3 mass spectrum?
duced, assuming 100% yield? 129. A given sample of a xenon fluoride compound contains mol-
Ag2O 1s2 1 2C10H10N4SO2 1s2 h 2AgC10H9N4SO2 1s2 1 H2O 1l2 ecules of the type XeFn, where n is some whole number. Given
that 9.03 3 1020 molecules of XeFn weigh 0.368 g, determine
121. Hydrogen cyanide is produced industrially from the reaction the value for n in the formula.
of gaseous ammonia, oxygen, and methane: 130. Aspartame is an artificial sweetener that is 160 times sweeter
2NH3 1g2 1 3O2 1g2 1 2CH4 1g2 h 2HCN 1g2 1 6H2O 1g2 than sucrose (table sugar) when dissolved in water. It is mar-
keted as NutraSweet. The molecular formula of aspartame is
If 5.00 3 103 kg each of NH3, O2, and CH4 are reacted, what
C14H18N2O5.
mass of HCN and of H2O will be produced, assuming 100%
yield? a. Calculate the molar mass of aspartame.
122. Acrylonitrile (C3H3N) is the starting material for many synthetic b. What amount (moles) of molecules are present in 10.0 g
carpets and fabrics. It is produced by the following reaction. aspartame?
c. Calculate the mass in grams of 1.56 mole of aspartame.
2C3H6 1g2 1 2NH3 1g2 1 3O2 1g2 h 2C3H3N 1g2 1 6H2O 1g2
d. What number of molecules are in 5.0 mg aspartame?
If 15.0 g C3H6, 10.0 g O2, and 5.00 g NH3 are reacted, what
e. What number of atoms of nitrogen are in 1.2 g aspartame?
mass of acrylonitrile can be produced, assuming 100% yield?
f. What is the mass in grams of 1.0 3 109 molecules of
123. The reaction of ethane gas (C2H6) with chlorine gas produces aspartame?
C2H5Cl as its main product (along with HCl). In addition, the g. What is the mass in grams of one molecule of aspartame?
reaction invariably produces a variety of other minor products,
131. Anabolic steroids are performance enhancement drugs whose
including C2H4Cl2, C2H3Cl3, and others. Naturally, the pro-
use has been banned from most major sporting activities. One
duction of these minor products reduces the yield of the main
anabolic steroid is fluoxymesterone (C20H29FO3). Calculate
product. Calculate the percent yield of C2H5Cl if the reaction
the percent composition by mass of fluoxymesterone.
of 300. g of ethane with 650. g of chlorine produced 490. g of
C2H5Cl. 132. Many cereals are made with high moisture content so that the
cereal can be formed into various shapes before it is dried. A
124. DDT, an insecticide harmful to fish, birds, and humans, is pro-
cereal product containing 58% H2O by mass is produced at the
duced by the following reaction:
rate of 1000. kg/h. What mass of water must be evaporated per
2C6H5Cl 1 C2HOCl3 h C14H9Cl5 1 H2O hour if the final product contains only 20.% water?
chlorobenzene chloral DDT
133. The compound adrenaline contains 56.79% C, 6.56% H,
In a government lab, 1142 g of chlorobenzene is reacted with 28.37% O, and 8.28% N by mass. What is the empirical for-
485 g of chloral. mula for adrenaline?
a. What mass of DDT is formed, assuming 100% yield? 134. Adipic acid is an organic compound composed of 49.31% C,
b. Which reactant is limiting? Which is in excess? 43.79% O, and the rest hydrogen. If the molar mass of adipic
acid is 146.1 g/mol, what are the empirical and molecular for- a. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of
mulas for adipic acid? methane and sulfur.
135. Vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, is essential for human nutrition. b. Calculate the theoretical yield of carbon disulfide when
It is concentrated in animal tissue but not in higher plants. Al- 120. g of methane is reacted with an equal mass of sulfur.
though nutritional requirements for the vitamin are quite low, 145. A potential fuel for rockets is a combination of B5H9 and O2.
people who abstain completely from animal products may de- The two react according to the following balanced equation:
velop a deficiency anemia. Cyanocobalamin is the form used in
2B5H9 1l2 1 12O2 1g2 h 5B2O3 1s2 1 9H2O 1g2
vitamin supplements. It contains 4.34% cobalt by mass. Calcu-
late the molar mass of cyanocobalamin, assuming that there is If one tank in a rocket holds 126 g B5H9 and another tank
one atom of cobalt in every molecule of cyanocobalamin. holds 192 g O2, what mass of water can be produced when the
entire contents of each tank react together?
136. Some bismuth tablets, a medication used to treat upset stom-
achs, contain 262 mg of bismuth subsalicylate, C7H5BiO4, per 146. A 0.4230-g sample of impure sodium nitrate was heated, con-
tablet. Assuming two tablets are digested, calculate the mass verting all the sodium nitrate to 0.2864 g of sodium nitrite and
of bismuth consumed. oxygen gas. Determine the percent of sodium nitrate in the
original sample.
137. The empirical formula of styrene is CH; the molar mass of
styrene is 104.14 g/mol. What number of H atoms are present 147. An iron ore sample contains Fe2O3 plus other impurities. A
in a 2.00-g sample of styrene? 752-g sample of impure iron ore is heated with excess carbon,
producing 453 g of pure iron by the following reaction:
138. Terephthalic acid is an important chemical used in the manu-
facture of polyesters and plasticizers. It contains only C, H, Fe2O3 1s2 1 3C 1s2 h 2Fe 1s2 1 3CO 1g2
and O. Combustion of 19.81 mg terephthalic acid produces What is the mass percent of Fe2O3 in the impure iron ore sam-
41.98 mg CO2 and 6.45 mg H2O. If 0.250 mole of terephthalic ple? Assume that Fe2O3 is the only source of iron and that the
acid has a mass of 41.5 g, determine the molecular formula for reaction is 100% efficient.
terephthalic acid. 148. Commercial brass, an alloy of Zn and Cu, reacts with hydro-
139. A sample of a hydrocarbon (a compound consisting of only chloric acid as follows:
carbon and hydrogen) contains 2.59 3 1023 atoms of hydrogen Zn 1s2 1 2HCl 1aq2 h ZnCl2 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
and is 17.3% hydrogen by mass. If the molar mass of the hy-
drocarbon is between 55 and 65 g/mol, what amount (moles) (Cu does not react with HCl.) When 0.5065 g of a certain brass
of compound is present, and what is the mass of the sample? alloy is reacted with excess HCl, 0.0985 g ZnCl2 is eventually
isolated.
140. A binary compound between an unknown element E and hy-
drogen contains 91.27% E and 8.73% H by mass. If the for- a. What is the composition of the brass by mass?
mula of the compound is E3H8, calculate the atomic mass of E. b. How could this result be checked without changing the
141. A 0.755-g sample of hydrated copper(II) sulfate above procedure?
149. Vitamin A has a molar mass of 286.4 g/mol and a general
CuSO4 # xH2O
molecular formula of CxHyE, where E is an unknown element.
was heated carefully until it had changed completely to anhy- If vitamin A is 83.86% C and 10.56% H by mass, what is the
drous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) with a mass of 0.483 g. Deter- molecular formula of vitamin A?
mine the value of x. [This number is called the number of waters
150. You have seven closed containers, each with equal masses of
of hydration of copper(II) sulfate. It specifies the number of water
chlorine gas (Cl2). You add 10.0 g of sodium to the first sam-
molecules per formula unit of CuSO4 in the hydrated crystal.]
ple, 20.0 g of sodium to the second sample, and so on (adding
142. ABS plastic is a tough, hard plastic used in applications 70.0 g of sodium to the seventh sample). Sodium and chlorine
requiring shock resistance. The polymer consists of three react to form sodium chloride according to the equation
monomer units: acrylonitrile (C3H3N), butadiene (C4H6), and
2Na 1s2 1 Cl2 1g2 h 2NaCl 1s2
styrene (C8H8).
a. A sample of ABS plastic contains 8.80% N by mass. It After each reaction is complete, you collect and measure the
took 0.605 g of Br2 to react completely with a 1.20-g amount of sodium chloride formed. A graph of your results is
sample of ABS plastic. Bromine reacts 1:1 (by moles) shown below.
with the butadiene molecules in the polymer and nothing
else. What is the percent by mass of acrylonitrile and
butadiene in this polymer?
Mass of NaCl (g)
b. What are the relative numbers of each of the monomer

units in this polymer?
143. A sample of LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide, C24H30N3O)
is added to some table salt (sodium chloride) to form a mix-
ture. Given that a 1.00-g sample of the mixture undergoes
combustion to produce 1.20 g of CO2, what is the mass per-
cent of LSD in the mixture?
144. Methane (CH4) is the main component of marsh gas. Heating
methane in the presence of sulfur produces carbon disulfide 0 20 40 60 80
and hydrogen sulfide as the only products. Mass of Sodium (g)
For Review 135
Answer the following questions: d. When balancing a chemical equation, you can never
a. Explain the shape of the graph. change the subscripts of any chemical formula.
b. Calculate the mass of NaCl formed when 20.0 g of e. In chemical reactions, matter is neither created nor
sodium is used. destroyed so a chemical equation must have the same num-
c. Calculate the mass of Cl2 in each container. ber of atoms on both sides of the equation.
d. Calculate the mass of NaCl formed when 50.0 g of 158. Consider the following unbalanced chemical equation for the
sodium is used. combustion of pentane (C5H12):
e. Identify the leftover reactant, and determine its mass for C5H12 1l2 1 O2 1g2 h CO2 1g2 1 H2O 1l2
parts b and d above. If 20.4 g of pentane are burned in excess oxygen, what mass of
151. A substance X2Z has the composition (by mass) of 40.0% X water can be produced, assuming 100% yield?
and 60.0% Z. What is the composition (by mass) of the com- 159. Sulfur dioxide gas reacts with sodium hydroxide to form so-
pound XZ 2? dium sulfite and water. The unbalanced chemical equation for
this reaction is given below:
ChemWork Problems SO2 1g2 1 NaOH 1s2 h Na2SO3 1s2 1 H2O 1l2
These multiconcept problems (and additional ones) are found inter- Assuming you react 38.3 g sulfur dioxide with 32.8 g sodium
actively online with the same type of assistance a student would hydroxide and assuming that the reaction goes to completion,
get from an instructor. calculate the mass of each product formed.
152. Consider samples of phosphine (PH3), water (H2O), hydrogen
sulfide (H2S), and hydrogen fluoride (HF), each with a mass of
119 g. Rank the compounds from the least to the greatest num-
Challenge Problems
ber of hydrogen atoms contained in the samples. 160. Gallium arsenide, GaAs, has gained widespread use in semi-
153. Calculate the number of moles for each compound in the fol- conductor devices that convert light and electrical signals in
lowing table. fiber-optic communications systems. Gallium consists of
60.% 69Ga and 40.% 71Ga. Arsenic has only one naturally oc-
Compound Mass Moles curring isotope, 75As. Gallium arsenide is a polymeric mate-
_________
rial, but its mass spectrum shows fragments with the formulas
Magnesium phosphate 326.4 g
_________ GaAs and Ga2As2. What would the distribution of peaks look
Calcium nitrate 303.0 g
Potassium chromate 141.6 g _________ like for these two fragments?
Dinitrogen pentoxide 406.3 g _________ 161. Consider the following data for three binary compounds of
hydrogen and nitrogen:
154. Arrange the following substances in order of increasing mass
percent of nitrogen. % H (by Mass) % N (by Mass)
a. NO c. NH3 I 17.75 82.25
b. N2O d. SNH II 12.58 87.42
155. Para-cresol, a substance used as a disinfectant and in the man- III 2.34 97.66
ufacture of several herbicides, is a molecule that contains the
elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Complete combus- When 1.00 L of each gaseous compound is decomposed to its
tion of a 0.345-g sample of p-cresol produced 0.983 g carbon elements, the following volumes of H2(g) and N2(g) are
dioxide and 0.230 g water. Determine the empirical formula obtained:
for p-cresol.
156. A compound with molar mass 180.1 g/mol has the following H2 (L) N2 (L)
composition by mass: I 1.50 0.50
II 2.00 1.00
C 40.0% III 0.50 1.50
H 6.70%
O 53.3%
Use these data to determine the molecular formulas of com-
Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of the pounds I, II, and III and to determine the relative values for the
compound. atomic masses of hydrogen and nitrogen.
157. Which of the following statements about chemical equations 162. Natural rubidium has the average mass of 85.4678 u and is
is(are) true? composed of isotopes 85Rb (mass 5 84.9117 u) and 87Rb. The
ratio of atoms 85Rby87Rb in natural rubidium is 2.591. Calcu-
a. When balancing a chemical equation, you can never
late the mass of 87Rb.
change the coefficient in front of any chemical formula.
163. A compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
b. The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation refer to
oxygen. Combustion of 0.157 g of the compound produced
the number of grams of reactants and products.
0.213 g CO2 and 0.0310 g H2O. In another experiment, it is
c. In a chemical equation, the reactants are on the right and
the products are on the left.
found that 0.103 g of the compound produces 0.0230 g NH3. What masses of Cu(NH3)4Cl2 and NH3 are needed to do this?
What is the empirical formula of the compound? Hint: Com- Assume 100% yield.
bustion involves reacting with excess O2. Assume that all the 172. The aspirin substitute, acetaminophen (C8H9O2N), is pro-
carbon ends up in CO2 and all the hydrogen ends up in H2O. duced by the following three-step synthesis:
Also assume that all the nitrogen ends up in the NH3 in the I. C6H5O3N 1s2 1 3H2 1g2 1 HCl 1aq2 h
second experiment. C6H8ONCl 1s2 1 2H2O 1l2
164. Nitric acid is produced commercially by the Ostwald process, 1 2
II. C6H8ONCl s 1 NaOH aq h 1 2
represented by the following equations: C6H7ON 1s2 1 H2O 1l2 1 NaCl 1aq2
4NH3 1g2 1 5O2 1g2 h 4NO 1g2 1 6H2O 1g2 1
III. C6H7ON s 1 C4H6O3 1l2 h
2
2NO 1g2 1 O2 1g2 h 2NO2 1g2 C8H9O2N 1s2 1 HC2H3O2 1l2
3NO2 1g2 1 H2O 1l2 h 2HNO3 1aq2 1 NO 1g2
The first two reactions have percent yields of 87% and 98%
What mass of NH3 must be used to produce 1.0 3 106 kg by mass, respectively. The overall reaction yields 3 moles of
HNO3 by the Ostwald process? Assume 100% yield in each acetaminophen product for every 4 moles of C6H5O3N reacted.
reaction, and assume that the NO produced in the third step is a. What is the percent yield by mass for the overall process?
not recycled.
b. What is the percent yield by mass of Step III?
165. When the supply of oxygen is limited, iron metal reacts with
173. An element X forms both a dichloride (XCl2) and a tetrachloride
oxygen to produce a mixture of FeO and Fe2O3. In a certain
(XCl4). Treatment of 10.00 g XCl2 with excess chlorine forms
experiment, 20.00 g iron metal was reacted with 11.20 g oxy-
12.55 g XCl4. Calculate the atomic mass of X, and identify X.
gen gas. After the experiment, the iron was totally consumed,
and 3.24 g oxygen gas remained. Calculate the amounts of 174. When M2S3(s) is heated in air, it is converted to MO2(s). A
FeO and Fe2O3 formed in this experiment. 4.000-g sample of M2S3(s) shows a decrease in mass of 0.277 g
when it is heated in air. What is the average atomic mass of M?
166. A 9.780-g gaseous mixture contains ethane (C2H6) and pro-
pane (C3H8). Complete combustion to form carbon dioxide 175. When aluminum metal is heated with an element from Group
and water requires 1.120 mole of oxygen gas. Calculate the 6A of the periodic table, an ionic compound forms. When the
mass percent of ethane in the original mixture. experiment is performed with an unknown Group 6A element,
the product is 18.56% Al by mass. What is the formula of the
167. Zinc and magnesium metal each reacts with hydrochloric acid to
compound?
make chloride salts of the respective metals, and hydrogen gas.
A 10.00-g mixture of zinc and magnesium produces 0.5171 g of 176. Consider a mixture of potassium chloride and potassium ni-
hydrogen gas upon being mixed with an excess of hydrochloric trate that is 43.2% potassium by mass. What is the percent
acid. Determine the percent magnesium by mass in the original KCl by mass of the original mixture?
mixture. 177. Ammonia reacts with O2 to form either NO(g) or NO2(g) ac-
168. A gas contains a mixture of NH3(g) and N2H4(g), both of which cording to these unbalanced equations:
react with O2(g) to form NO2(g) and H2O(g). The gaseous NH3 1g2 1 O2 1g2 h NO 1g2 1 H2O 1g2
mixture (with an initial mass of 61.00 g) is reacted with NH3 1g2 1 O2 1g2 h NO2 1g2 1 H2O 1g2
10.00 moles O2, and after the reaction is complete, 4.062 moles
In a certain experiment 2.00 moles of NH3(g) and 10.00 moles
of O2 remains. Calculate the mass percent of N2H4(g) in the
of O2(g) are contained in a closed flask. After the reaction is
original gaseous mixture.
complete, 6.75 moles of O2(g) remains. Calculate the number
169. Consider a gaseous binary compound with a molar mass of of moles of NO(g) in the product mixture: (Hint: You cannot
62.09 g/mol. When 1.39 g of this compound is completely do this problem by adding the balanced equations because you
burned in excess oxygen, 1.21 g of water is formed. Determine cannot assume that the two reactions will occur with equal
the formula of the compound. Assume water is the only prod- probability.)
uct that contains hydrogen.
178. You take 1.00 g of an aspirin tablet (a compound consisting
170. A 2.25-g sample of scandium metal is reacted with excess hy- solely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen), burn it in air, and col-
drochloric acid to produce 0.1502 g hydrogen gas. What is the lect 2.20 g CO2 and 0.400 g H2O. You know that the molar
formula of the scandium chloride produced in the reaction? mass of aspirin is between 170 and 190 g/mol. Reacting 1 mole
171. In the production of printed circuit boards for the electronics of salicylic acid with 1 mole of acetic anhydride (C4H6O3)
industry, a 0.60-mm layer of copper is laminated onto an in- gives you 1 mole of aspirin and 1 mole of acetic acid (C2H4O2).
sulating plastic board. Next, a circuit pattern made of a Use this information to determine the molecular formula of
chemically resistant polymer is printed on the board. The un- salicylic acid.
wanted copper is removed by chemical etching, and the pro-
tective polymer is finally removed by solvents. One etching
reaction is Integrative Problems
Cu 1NH32 4Cl2 1aq2 1 4NH3 1aq2 1 Cu 1s2 h 2Cu 1NH32 4Cl 1aq2 These problems require the integration of multiple concepts to find
the solutions.
A plant needs to manufacture 10,000 printed circuit boards,
each 8.0 3 16.0 cm in area. An average of 80.% of the copper 179. With the advent of techniques such as scanning tunneling mi-
is removed from each board (density of copper 5 8.96 g/cm3). croscopy, it is now possible to “write” with individual atoms
by manipulating and arranging atoms on an atomic surface.
For Review 137
a. If an image is prepared by manipulating iron atoms and (d 5 5.72 g/cm3) that is 3.00 cm on edge is allowed to react
their total mass is 1.05 3 10220 g, what number of iron with 1.01 3 1024 molecules of arsenic triiodide, what mass of
atoms were used? As2I4 can be prepared? If the percent yield of As2I4 was 75.6%,
b. If the image is prepared on a platinum surface that is what mass of As2I4 was actually isolated?
exactly 20 platinum atoms high and 14 platinum atoms
wide, what is the mass (grams) of the atomic surface?
Marathon Problems
c. If the atomic surface were changed to ruthenium atoms
and the same surface mass as determined in part b is used, These problems are designed to incorporate several concepts and
what number of ruthenium atoms is needed to construct techniques into one situation.
the surface? 183. A 2.077-g sample of an element, which has an atomic mass be-
180. Tetrodotoxin is a toxic chemical found in fugu pufferfish, a tween 40 and 55, reacts with oxygen to form 3.708 g of an oxide.
popular but rare delicacy in Japan. This compound has an LD50 Determine the formula of the oxide (and identify the element).
(the amount of substance that is lethal to 50.% of a population 184. Consider the following balanced chemical equation:
sample) of 10. mg per kg of body mass. Tetrodotoxin is 41.38%
A 1 5B h 3C 1 4D
carbon by mass, 13.16% nitrogen by mass, and 5.37% hydro-
gen by mass, with the remaining amount consisting of oxygen. a. Equal masses of A and B are reacted. Complete each of
What is the empirical formula of tetrodotoxin? If three mole- the following with either “A is the limiting reactant
cules of tetrodotoxin have a mass of 1.59 3 10221 g, what is the because ________”; “B is the limiting reactant because
molecular formula of tetrodotoxin? What number of molecules ________”; or “we cannot determine the limiting reactant
of tetrodotoxin would be the LD50 dosage for a person weigh- because ________.”
ing 165 lb? i. If the molar mass of A is greater than the molar mass
181. An ionic compound MX3 is prepared according to the follow- of B, then
ing unbalanced chemical equation. ii. If the molar mass of B is greater than the molar mass
M 1 X2 h MX3 of A, then
b. The products of the reaction are carbon dioxide (C) and
A 0.105-g sample of X2 contains 8.92 3 1020 molecules. The
water (D). Compound A has a similar molar mass to car-
compound MX3 consists of 54.47% X by mass. What are the
bon dioxide. Compound B is a diatomic molecule. Iden-
identities of M and X, and what is the correct name for MX3?
tify compound B, and support your answer.
Starting with 1.00 g each of M and X2, what mass of MX3 can
be prepared? c. Compound A is a hydrocarbon that is 81.71% carbon by
mass. Determine its empirical and molecular formulas.
182. The compound As2I4 is synthesized by reaction of arsenic
metal with arsenic triiodide. If a solid cubic block of arsenic Marathon Problems can be used in class by groups of students to
For Review 177
2. What are the oxidation states for each atom?

22 23 0 22
PbO 1 NH3 h N2 1 H2O 1 Pb
12 11 11 0
3. How are electrons gained and lost?

3 e2 lost (each atom)
23 0
12 0
2
2 e gained
The oxidation states of all other atoms are unchanged.

4. What coefficients are needed to equalize the electrons gained and lost?
3 e2 lost (each atom) multiply by 2
23 0
12 0
2 e2 gained multiply by 3
3PbO 1 2NH3 h N2 1 H2O 1 3Pb

5. What coefficients are needed to balance the remaining elements?
Balance O:
3PbO 1 2NH3 h N2 1 3H2O 1 3Pb
All the elements are now balanced. The balanced equation with states is:
j 3PbO 1s2 1 2NH3 1g2 h N2 1g2 1 3H2O 1l2 1 3Pb 1s2
See Exercises 4.87 and 4.88
For review
Key terms Chemical reactions in solution are very important in everyday life.
aqueous solution
Water is a polar solvent that dissolves many ionic and polar substances.
Section 4.1
polar molecule Electrolytes
hydration ❯ Strong electrolyte: 100% dissociated to produce separate ions; strongly conducts an electric
solubility current
Section 4.2 ❯ Weak electrolyte: Only a small percentage of dissolved molecules produce ions; weakly
solute conducts an electric current
solvent ❯ Nonelectrolyte: Dissolved substance produces no ions; does not conduct an electric current
electrical conductivity
strong electrolyte Acids and bases
weak electrolyte
nonelectrolyte
❯ Arrhenius model
acid ❯ Acid: produces H1
strong acid ❯ Base: produces OH2
strong base
178 Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
Key terms Acids and bases

weak acid ❯ Brønsted–Lowry model
weak base ❯ Acid: proton donor
Section 4.3 ❯ Base: proton acceptor
molarity ❯ Strong acid: completely dissociates into separated H1 and anions
standard solution
❯ Weak acid: dissociates to a slight extent
dilution
Section 4.5 Molarity
precipitation reaction
precipitate
❯ One way to describe solution composition
Section 4.6 moles of solute

Molarity 1M2 5
formula equation volume of solution 1L2
complete ionic equation ❯ Moles solute 5 volume of solution (L) 3 molarity
spectator ions
net ionic equation
❯ Standard solution: molarity is accurately known
Section 4.8
Dilution
acid
base ❯ Solvent is added to reduce the molarity
neutralization reaction ❯ Moles of solute after dilution 5 moles of solute before dilution
volumetric analysis
M1V1 5 M2V2
titration
stoichiometric (equivalence)
point Types of equations that describe solution reactions
indicator ❯ Formula equation: All reactants and products are written as complete formulas
endpoint ❯ Complete ionic equation: All reactants and products that are strong electrolytes are written
Section 4.9 as separated ions
oxidation–reduction (redox) ❯ Net ionic equation: Only those compounds that undergo a change are written; spectator ions
reaction are not included
oxidation state
oxidation
Solubility rules
reduction
oxidizing agent (electron ❯ Based on experiment observation
acceptor) ❯ Help predict the outcomes of precipitation reactions
reducing agent (electron donor)
Important types of solution reactions
❯ Acid–base reactions: involve a transfer of H1 ions
❯ Precipitation reactions: formation of a solid occurs
❯ Oxidation–reduction reactions: involve electron transfer
Titrations
❯ Measures the volume of a standard solution (titrant) needed to react with a substance in
solution
❯ Stoichiometric (equivalence) point: the point at which the required amount of titrant has
been added to exactly react with the substance being analyzed
❯ Endpoint: the point at which a chemical indicator changes color
For Review 179
Oxidation–reduction reactions
❯ Oxidation states are assigned using a set of rules to keep track of electron flow.
❯ Oxidation: increase in oxidation state (a loss of electrons)
❯ Reduction: decrease in oxidation state (a gain of electrons)
❯ Oxidizing agent: gains electrons (is reduced)
❯ Reducing agent: loses electrons (is oxidized)
❯ Equations for oxidation–reduction reactions can be balanced by the oxidation states method.
1. The (aq) designation listed after a solute indicates the
process of hydration. Using KBr(aq) and C2H5OH(aq) Al3+
as your examples, explain the process of hydration for Cl–
soluble ionic compounds and for soluble covalent +
K+
compounds.
OH –
2. Characterize strong electrolytes versus weak electro-
lytes versus nonelectrolytes. Give examples of each.
How do you experimentally determine whether a 7. Differentiate between the formula equation, the complete
soluble substance is a strong electrolyte, weak electro- ionic equation, and the net ionic equation. For each
lyte, or nonelectrolyte? reaction in Question 6, write all three balanced equations.
3. Distinguish between the terms slightly soluble and weak 8. What is an acid–base reaction? Strong bases are soluble
electrolyte. ionic compounds that contain the hydroxide ion. List
4. Molarity is a conversion factor relating moles of solute the strong bases. When a strong base reacts with an
in solution to the volume of the solution. How does one acid, what is always produced? Explain the terms
use molarity as a conversion factor to convert from titration, stoichiometric point, neutralization, and
moles of solute to volume of solution, and from volume standardization.
of solution to moles of solute present? 9. Define the terms oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent,
5. What is a dilution? What stays constant in a dilution? and reducing agent. Given a chemical reaction, how can
Explain why the equation M1V1 5 M2V2 works for you tell if it is a redox reaction?
dilution problems. 10. Consider the steps involved in balancing oxidation–
6. When the following beakers are mixed, draw a reduction reactions by using oxidation states. The key
molecular-level representation of the product mixture to the oxidation states method is to equalize the
(see Fig. 4.17). electrons lost by the species oxidized with the electrons
gained by the species reduced. First of all, how do you
recognize what is oxidized and what is reduced?
Na+ Second, how do you balance the electrons lost with the
Br– electrons gained? Once the electrons are balanced, what
+ else is needed to balance the oxidation–reduction
Pb2+
NO3– reaction?
A discussion of the Active Learning Questions can be found online in the Instructor’s Resource Guide and on PowerLecture. The questions
allow students to explore their understanding of concepts through discussion and peer teaching. The real value of these questions is the
learning that occurs while students talk to each other about chemical concepts.
Active Learning Questions would disappear and hydrogen gas would be released. Repre-
sent this change using symbols for the elements, and write out
These questions are designed to be used by groups of students in
the balanced equation.
class.
2. You have a solution of table salt in water. What happens to the
1. Assume you have a highly magnified view of a solution of
salt concentration (increases, decreases, or stays the same) as
HCl that allows you to “see” the HCl. Draw this magnified
the solution boils? Draw pictures to explain your answer.
view. If you dropped in a piece of magnesium, the magnesium
3. You have a sugar solution (solution A) with concentration x. c. the volume of water added
You pour one-fourth of this solution into a beaker, and add an d. the total volume of the solution
equivalent volume of water (solution B). Explain.
a. What is the ratio of sugar in solutions A and B?
b. Compare the volumes of solutions A and B. A blue question or exercise number indicates that the answer to
c. What is the ratio of the concentrations of sugar in solu- that question or exercise appears at the back of this book and a
tions A and B? solution appears in the Solutions Guide, as found on PowerLecture.
4. You add an aqueous solution of lead nitrate to an aqueous
solution of potassium iodide. Draw highly magnified views
of each solution individually, and the mixed solution, in- Questions
cluding any product that forms. Write the balanced equation 13. Differentiate between what happens when the following are
for the reaction. added to water.
5. Order the following molecules from lowest to highest oxida- a. polar solute versus nonpolar solute
tion state of the nitrogen atom: HNO3, NH4Cl, N2O, NO2, b. KF versus C6H12O6
NaNO2.
c. RbCl versus AgCl
6. Why is it that when something gains electrons, it is said to be
d. HNO3 versus CO
reduced? What is being reduced?
14. A typical solution used in general chemistry laboratories is
7. Consider separate aqueous solutions of HCl and H2SO4 with
3.0 M HCl. Describe, in detail, the composition of 2.0 L of a
the same molar concentrations. You wish to neutralize an
3.0-M HCl solution. How would 2.0 L of a 3.0-M HC2H3O2
aqueous solution of NaOH. For which acid solution would
solution differ from the same quantity of the HCl solution?
you need to add more volume (in milliliters) to neutralize the
base? 15. Which of the following statements is(are) true? For the false
statements, correct them.
a. the HCl solution
a. A concentrated solution in water will always contain a
b. the H2SO4 solution
strong or weak electrolyte.
c. You need to know the acid concentrations to answer this
b. A strong electrolyte will break up into ions when dis-
question.
solved in water.
d. You need to know the volume and concentration of the
c. An acid is a strong electrolyte.
NaOH solution to answer this question.
d. All ionic compounds are strong electrolytes in water.
e. c and d
16. A student wants to prepare 1.00 L of a 1.00-M solution of
Explain.
NaOH (molar mass 5 40.00 g/mol). If solid NaOH is avail-
8. Draw molecular-level pictures to differentiate between con- able, how would the student prepare this solution? If 2.00 M
centrated and dilute solutions. NaOH is available, how would the student prepare the solu-
9. You need to make 150.0 mL of a 0.10-M NaCl solution. You tion? To help ensure three significant figures in the NaOH mo-
have solid NaCl, and your lab partner has a 2.5-M NaCl solu- larity, to how many significant figures should the volumes and
tion. Explain how you each make the 0.10-M NaCl solution. mass be determined?
10. The exposed electrodes of a light bulb are placed in a solution 17. List the formulas of three soluble bromide salts and three in-
of H2SO4 in an electrical circuit such that the light bulb is soluble bromide salts. Do the same exercise for sulfate salts,
glowing. You add a dilute salt solution, and the bulb dims. hydroxide salts, and phosphate salts (list three soluble salts
Which of the following could be the salt in the solution? and three insoluble salts). List the formulas for six insoluble
a. Ba(NO3)2 c. K2SO4 Pb21 salts and one soluble Pb21 salt.
b. NaNO3 d. Ca(NO3)2 18. When 1.0 mole of solid lead nitrate is added to 2.0 moles of
Justify your choices. For those you did not choose, explain aqueous potassium iodide, a yellow precipitate forms. After
why they are incorrect. the precipitate settles to the bottom, does the solution above
11. You have two solutions of chemical A. To determine which has the precipitate conduct electricity? Explain. Write the com-
the highest concentration of A (molarity), which of the follow- plete ionic equation to help you answer this question.
ing must you know (there may be more than one answer)? 19. What is an acid and what is a base? An acid–base reaction is
a. the mass in grams of A in each solution sometimes called a proton-transfer reaction. Explain.
b. the molar mass of A 20. A student had 1.00 L of a 1.00-M acid solution. Much to the
surprise of the student, it took 2.00 L of 1.00 M NaOH solu-
c. the volume of water added to each solution
tion to react completely with the acid. Explain why it took
d. the total volume of the solution twice as much NaOH to react with all of the acid.
Explain. In a different experiment, a student had 10.0 mL of 0.020 M
12. Which of the following must be known to calculate the molar- HCl. Again, much to the surprise of the student, it took only
ity of a salt solution (there may be more than one answer)? 5.00 mL of 0.020 M strong base to react completely with the
a. the mass of salt added HCl. Explain why it took only half as much strong base to re-
act with all of the HCl.
b. the molar mass of the salt
For Review 181
21. Differentiate between the following terms. is added to make a total volume of 200.0 mL. (Calculate
a. species reduced versus the reducing agent the molarity of Cu21.)
b. species oxidized versus the oxidizing agent 28. A solution of ethanol (C2H5OH) in water is prepared by dis-
c. oxidation state versus actual charge solving 75.0 mL of ethanol (density 5 0.79 g/cm3) in enough
water to make 250.0 mL of solution. What is the molarity of
22. How does one balance redox reactions by the oxidation states
the ethanol in this solution?
method?
29. Calculate the concentration of all ions present in each of the
following solutions of strong electrolytes.
Exercises a. 0.100 mole of Ca(NO3)2 in 100.0 mL of solution
In this section similar exercises are paired. b. 2.5 moles of Na2SO4 in 1.25 L of solution
Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes c. 5.00 g of NH4Cl in 500.0 mL of solution
d. 1.00 g K3PO4 in 250.0 mL of solution
23. Show how each of the following strong electrolytes “breaks
30. Calculate the concentration of all ions present in each of the
up” into its component ions upon dissolving in water by draw-
following solutions of strong electrolytes.
ing molecular-level pictures.
a. 0.0200 mole of sodium phosphate in 10.0 mL of solution
a. NaBr f. FeSO4
b. 0.300 mole of barium nitrate in 600.0 mL of solution
b. MgCl2 g. KMnO4
c. 1.00 g of potassium chloride in 0.500 L of solution
c. Al(NO3)3 h. HClO4
d. 132 g of ammonium sulfate in 1.50 L of solution
d. (NH4)2SO4 i. NH4C2H3O2 (ammonium acetate)
e. NaOH 31. Which of the following solutions of strong electrolytes con-
24. Match each name below with the following microscopic pic- tains the largest number of moles of chloride ions: 100.0 mL
tures of that compound in aqueous solution. of 0.30 M AlCl3, 50.0 mL of 0.60 M MgCl2, or 200.0 mL of
0.40 M NaCl?
32. Which of the following solutions of strong electrolytes con-
tains the largest number of ions: 100.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH,
2− + − 2− + − 50.0 mL of 0.200 M BaCl2, or 75.0 mL of 0.150 M Na3PO4?
2+ − 2+ −
+ +
+ 2+ 33. What mass of NaOH is contained in 250.0 mL of a 0.400 M
2+ + 2−
2− − − − sodium hydroxide solution?
+
34. If 10. g of AgNO3 is available, what volume of 0.25 M AgNO3
i. ii. iii. iv. solution can be prepared?
a. barium nitrate c. potassium carbonate 35. Describe how you would prepare 2.00 L of each of the follow-
b. sodium chloride d. magnesium sulfate ing solutions.
Which picture best represents HNO3(aq)? Why aren’t any of a. 0.250 M NaOH from solid NaOH
the pictures a good representation of HC2H3O2(aq)? b. 0.250 M NaOH from 1.00 M NaOH stock solution
c. 0.100 M K2CrO4 from solid K2CrO4
25. Calcium chloride is a strong electrolyte and is used to “salt”
streets in the winter to melt ice and snow. Write a reaction to d. 0.100 M K2CrO4 from 1.75 M K2CrO4 stock solution
show how this substance breaks apart when it dissolves in 36. How would you prepare 1.00 L of a 0.50-M solution of each of
water. the following?
26. Commercial cold packs and hot packs are available for treat- a. H2SO4 from “concentrated” (18 M) sulfuric acid
ing athletic injuries. Both types contain a pouch of water and b. HCl from “concentrated” (12 M) reagent
a dry chemical. When the pack is struck, the pouch of water c. NiCl2 from the salt NiCl2 ? 6H2O
breaks, dissolving the chemical, and the solution becomes d. HNO3 from “concentrated” (16 M) reagent
either hot or cold. Many hot packs use magnesium sulfate,
e. Sodium carbonate from the pure solid
and many cold packs use ammonium nitrate. Write reactions
to show how these strong electrolytes break apart when they 37. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.8 g ammonium sulfate
dissolve in water. in enough water to make 100.0 mL of stock solution. A
10.00-mL sample of this stock solution is added to 50.00 mL
Solution Concentration: Molarity of water. Calculate the concentration of ammonium ions and
27. Calculate the molarity of each of these solutions. sulfate ions in the final solution.
a. A 5.623-g sample of NaHCO3 is dissolved in enough 38. A solution was prepared by mixing 50.00 mL of 0.100 M
water to make 250.0 mL of solution. HNO3 and 100.00 mL of 0.200 M HNO3. Calculate the molar-
b. A 184.6-mg sample of K2Cr2O7 is dissolved in enough ity of the final solution of nitric acid.
water to make 500.0 mL of solution. 39. Calculate the sodium ion concentration when 70.0 mL of
c. A 0.1025-g sample of copper metal is dissolved in 35 mL 3.0 M sodium carbonate is added to 30.0 mL of 1.0 M sodium
of concentrated HNO3 to form Cu21 ions and then water bicarbonate.
40. Suppose 50.0 mL of 0.250 M CoCl2 solution is added to c. K2CO3(aq) 1 MgI2(aq)

25.0 mL of 0.350 M NiCl2 solution. Calculate the concentra- d. Na2CrO4(aq) 1 AlBr3(aq)
tion, in moles per liter, of each of the ions present after mixing.
Assume that the volumes are additive. 47. For the reactions in Exercise 45, write the balanced formula
equation, complete ionic equation, and net ionic equation. If
41. A standard solution is prepared for the analysis of fluoxyme- no precipitate forms, write “No reaction.”
sterone (C20H29FO3), an anabolic steroid. A stock solution is 48. For the reactions in Exercise 46, write the balanced formula
first prepared by dissolving 10.0 mg of fluoxymesterone in equation, complete ionic equation, and net ionic equation. If
enough water to give a total volume of 500.0 mL. A 100.0-mL no precipitate forms, write “No reaction.”
aliquot (portion) of this solution is diluted to a final volume of
100.0 mL. Calculate the concentration of the final solution in 49. Write the balanced formula and net ionic equation for the
terms of molarity. reaction that occurs when the contents of the two beakers
42. A stock solution containing Mn21 ions was prepared by dis- are added together. What colors represent the spectator ions
solving 1.584 g pure manganese metal in nitric acid and dilut- in each reaction?
ing to a final volume of 1.000 L. The following solutions were
then prepared by dilution:
For solution A, 50.00 mL of stock solution was diluted to Cu2+
1000.0 mL. SO42–
+
For solution B, 10.00 mL of solution A was diluted to 250.0 mL. Na+
For solution C, 10.00 mL of solution B was diluted to 500.0 mL. S2–
Calculate the concentrations of the stock solution and solu-
tions A, B, and C. a.
Precipitation Reactions
Co2+
43. On the basis of the general solubility rules given in Table 4.1,
predict which of the following substances are likely to be sol- + Cl−
uble in water. Na+
a. aluminum nitrate OH −
b. magnesium chloride
b.
c. rubidium sulfate
d. nickel(II) hydroxide
e. lead(II) sulfide Ag+
f. magnesium hydroxide + NO3−
g. iron(III) phosphate K+
44. On the basis of the general solubility rules given in Table 4.1, I−
predict which of the following substances are likely to be sol-
uble in water. c.
a. zinc chloride 50. Give an example how each of the following insoluble ionic
b. lead(II) nitrate compounds could be produced using a precipitation reaction.
c. lead(II) sulfate Write the balanced formula equation for each reaction.
d. sodium iodide a. Fe(OH)3(s) c. PbSO4(s)
e. cobalt(III) sulfide b. Hg2Cl2(s) d. BaCrO4(s)
f. chromium(III) hydroxide 51. Write net ionic equations for the reaction, if any, that occurs
g. magnesium carbonate when aqueous solutions of the following are mixed.
h. ammonium carbonate a. ammonium sulfate and barium nitrate
b. lead(II) nitrate and sodium chloride
45. When the following solutions are mixed together, what pre-
cipitate (if any) will form? c. sodium phosphate and potassium nitrate
a. FeSO4(aq) 1 KCl(aq) d. sodium bromide and rubidium chloride
b. Al(NO3)3(aq) 1 Ba(OH)2(aq) e. copper(II) chloride and sodium hydroxide
c. CaCl2(aq) 1 Na2SO4(aq) 52. Write net ionic equations for the reaction, if any, that occurs
when aqueous solutions of the following are mixed.
d. K2S(aq) 1 Ni(NO3)2(aq)
a. chromium(III) chloride and sodium hydroxide
46. When the following solutions are mixed together, what pre-
cipitate (if any) will form? b. silver nitrate and ammonium carbonate
a. Hg2(NO3)2(aq) 1 CuSO4(aq) c. copper(II) sulfate and mercury(I) nitrate
b. Ni(NO3)2(aq) 1 CaCl2(aq) d. strontium nitrate and potassium iodide
For Review 183
53. Separate samples of a solution of an unknown soluble ionic b. Determine the concentrations (in M) of all ions left in
compound are treated with KCl, Na2SO4, and NaOH. A pre- solution (from part a) and the mass of solid formed.
cipitate forms only when Na2SO4 is added. Which cations
63. A 1.42-g sample of a pure compound, with formula M2SO4,
could be present in the unknown soluble ionic compound?
was dissolved in water and treated with an excess of aqueous
54. A sample may contain any or all of the following ions: Hg221, calcium chloride, resulting in the precipitation of all the sul-
Ba21, and Mn21. fate ions as calcium sulfate. The precipitate was collected,
a. No precipitate formed when an aqueous solution of NaCl dried, and found to weigh 1.36 g. Determine the atomic mass
was added to the sample solution. of M, and identify M.
b. No precipitate formed when an aqueous solution of 64. You are given a 1.50-g mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium
Na2SO4 was added to the sample solution. chloride. You dissolve this mixture into 100 mL of water and
c. A precipitate formed when the sample solution was made then add an excess of 0.500 M silver nitrate solution. You pro-
basic with NaOH. duce a white solid, which you then collect, dry, and measure.
Which ion or ions are present in the sample solution? The white solid has a mass of 0.641 g.
a. If you had an extremely magnified view of the solution (to
55. What mass of Na2CrO4 is required to precipitate all of the sil-
the atomic-molecular level), list the species you would
ver ions from 75.0 mL of a 0.100-M solution of AgNO3?
see (include charges, if any).
56. What volume of 0.100 M Na3PO4 is required to precipitate all
b. Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction that
the lead(II) ions from 150.0 mL of 0.250 M Pb(NO3)2?
produces the solid. Include phases and charges.
57. What mass of solid aluminum hydroxide can be produced c. Calculate the percent sodium chloride in the original
when 50.0 mL of 0.200 M Al(NO3)3 is added to 200.0 mL of unknown mixture.
0.100 M KOH?
58. What mass of barium sulfate can be produced when 100.0 mL
Acid–Base Reactions
of a 0.100-M solution of barium chloride is mixed with 65. Write the balanced formula, complete ionic, and net ionic
100.0 mL of a 0.100-M solution of iron(III) sulfate? equations for each of the following acid–base reactions.
59. What mass of solid AgBr is produced when 100.0 mL of a. HClO4 1aq2 1 Mg 1OH2 2 1s2 S
0.150 M AgNO3 is added to 20.0 mL of 1.00 M NaBr? b. HCN 1aq2 1 NaOH 1aq2 S
60. What mass of silver chloride can be prepared by the reaction c. HCl 1aq2 1 NaOH 1aq2 S
of 100.0 mL of 0.20 M silver nitrate with 100.0 mL of 0.15 M 66. Write the balanced formula, complete ionic, and net ionic
calcium chloride? Calculate the concentrations of each ion re- equations for each of the following acid–base reactions.
maining in solution after precipitation is complete. a. HNO3 1aq2 1 Al 1OH2 3 1s2 S
61. A 100.0-mL aliquot of 0.200 M aqueous potassium hydroxide is b. HC2H3O2 1aq2 1 KOH 1aq2 S
mixed with 100.0 mL of 0.200 M aqueous magnesium nitrate. c. Ca 1OH2 2 1aq2 1 HCl 1aq2 S
a. Write a balanced chemical equation for any reaction that 67. Write the balanced formula equation for the acid–base reac-
occurs. tions that occur when the following are mixed.
b. What precipitate forms? a. potassium hydroxide (aqueous) and nitric acid
c. What mass of precipitate is produced? b. barium hydroxide (aqueous) and hydrochloric acid
d. Calculate the concentration of each ion remaining in solu- c. perchloric acid [HClO4(aq)] and solid iron(III) hydroxide
tion after precipitation is complete.
d. solid silver hydroxide and hydrobromic acid
62. The drawings below represent aqueous solutions. Solution A
e. aqueous strontium hydroxide and hydroiodic acid
is 2.00 L of a 2.00-M aqueous solution of copper(II) nitrate.
Solution B is 2.00 L of a 3.00-M aqueous solution of potas- 68. What acid and what base would react in aqueous solution so
sium hydroxide. that the following salts appear as products in the formula equa-
tion? Write the balanced formula equation for each reaction.
a. potassium perchlorate
b. cesium nitrate
Cu2+ K+
c. calcium iodide
NO3– OH–
69. What volume of each of the following acids will react com-
pletely with 50.00 mL of 0.200 M NaOH?
B
a. 0.100 M HCl
A
b. 0.150 M HNO3
a. Draw a picture of the solution made by mixing solutions
A and B together after the precipitation reaction takes c. 0.200 M HC2H3O2 (1 acidic hydrogen)
place. Make sure this picture shows the correct relative 70. What volume of each of the following bases will react com-
volume compared to solutions A and B, and the correct pletely with 25.00 mL of 0.200 M HCl?
relative number of ions, along with the correct relative a. 0.100 M NaOH c. 0.250 M KOH
amount of solid formed. b. 0.0500 M Sr(OH)2
71. Hydrochloric acid (75.0 mL of 0.250 M) is added to 225.0 mL 81. Assign the oxidation state for nitrogen in each of the following.
of 0.0550 M Ba(OH)2 solution. What is the concentration of a. Li3N f. NO2
the excess H1 or OH2 ions left in this solution? b. NH3 g. NO22
72. A student mixes four reagents together, thinking that the solu- c. N2H4 h. NO32
tions will neutralize each other. The solutions mixed together are
d. NO i. N2
50.0 mL of 0.100 M hydrochloric acid, 100.0 mL of 0.200 M of
nitric acid, 500.0 mL of 0.0100 M calcium hydroxide, and e. N2O
200.0 mL of 0.100 M rubidium hydroxide. Did the acids and 82. Assign oxidation numbers to all the atoms in each of the
bases exactly neutralize each other? If not, calculate the concen- following.
tration of excess H1 or OH2 ions left in solution. a. SrCr2O7 g. PbSO3
73. A 25.00-mL sample of hydrochloric acid solution requires b. CuCl2 h. PbO2
24.16 mL of 0.106 M sodium hydroxide for complete neutral- c. O2 i. Na2C2O4
ization. What is the concentration of the original hydrochloric d. H2O2 j. CO2
acid solution? e. MgCO3 k. (NH4)2Ce(SO4)3
74. A 10.00-mL sample of vinegar, an aqueous solution of acetic f. Ag l. Cr2O3
acid (HC2H3O2), is titrated with 0.5062 M NaOH, and
16.58 mL is required to reach the equivalence point. 83. Specify which of the following are oxidation–reduction reac-
tions, and identify the oxidizing agent, the reducing agent, the
a. What is the molarity of the acetic acid?
substance being oxidized, and the substance being reduced.
b. If the density of the vinegar is 1.006 g/cm3, what is the
a. Cu 1s2 1 2Ag1 1aq2 S 2Ag 1s2 1 Cu21 1aq2
mass percent of acetic acid in the vinegar?
b. HCl 1g2 1 NH3 1g2 S NH4Cl 1s2
75. What volume of 0.0200 M calcium hydroxide is required to c. SiCl4 1l2 1 2H2O 1l2 S 4HCl 1aq2 1 SiO2 1s2
neutralize 35.00 mL of 0.0500 M nitric acid?
d. SiCl4 1l2 1 2Mg 1s2 S 2MgCl2 1s2 1 Si 1s2
76. A 30.0-mL sample of an unknown strong base is neutralized
e. Al 1OH2 42 1aq2 S AlO2 2 1aq2 1 2H2O 1l2
after the addition of 12.0 mL of a 0.150 M HNO3 solution. If
the unknown base concentration is 0.0300 M, give some pos- 84. Specify which of the following equations represent oxidation–
sible identities for the unknown base. reduction reactions, and indicate the oxidizing agent, the re-
ducing agent, the species being oxidized, and the species be-
77. A student titrates an unknown amount of potassium hydrogen ing reduced.
phthalate (KHC8H4O4, often abbreviated KHP) with 20.46 mL a. CH4 1g2 1 H2O 1g2 S CO 1g2 1 3H2 1g2
of a 0.1000-M NaOH solution. KHP (molar mass 5 204.22 g/
b. 2AgNO3 1aq2 1 Cu 1s2 S Cu 1NO32 2 1aq2 1 2Ag 1s2
mol) has one acidic hydrogen. What mass of KHP was titrated
(reacted completely) by the sodium hydroxide solution? c. Zn 1s2 1 2HCl 1aq2 S ZnCl2 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
78. The concentration of a certain sodium hydroxide solution was d. 2H1 1aq2 1 2CrO422 1aq2 S Cr2O722 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2
determined by using the solution to titrate a sample of potas- 85. Consider the reaction between sodium metal and fluorine (F2)
sium hydrogen phthalate (abbreviated as KHP). KHP is an acid gas to form sodium fluoride. Using oxidation states, how
with one acidic hydrogen and a molar mass of 204.22 g/mol. In many electrons would each sodium atom lose, and how many
the titration, 34.67 mL of the sodium hydroxide solution was electrons would each fluorine atom gain? How many sodium
required to react with 0.1082 g KHP. Calculate the molarity of atoms are needed to react with one fluorine molecule? Write a
the sodium hydroxide. balanced equation for this reaction.
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 86. Consider the reaction between oxygen (O2) gas and magne-
sium metal to form magnesium oxide. Using oxidation states,
79. Assign oxidation states for all atoms in each of the following how many electrons would each oxygen atom gain, and how
compounds. many electrons would each magnesium atom lose? How many
a. KMnO4 f. Fe3O4 magnesium atoms are needed to react with one oxygen mole-
b. NiO2 g. XeOF4 cule? Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
c. Na4Fe(OH)6 h. SF4 87. Balance each of the following oxidation–reduction reactions
d. (NH4)2HPO4 i. CO by using the oxidation states method.
e. P4O6 j. C6H12O6 a. C2H6 1g2 1 O2 1g2 S CO2 1g2 1 H2O 1g2
80. Assign oxidation states for all atoms in each of the following b. Mg 1s2 1 HCl 1aq2 S Mg21 1aq2 1 Cl2 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
compounds. c. Co31 1aq2 1 Ni 1s2 S Co21 1aq2 1 Ni21 1aq2
a. UO221 f. Mg2P2O7 d. Zn 1s2 1 H2SO4 1aq2 S ZnSO4 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
b. As2O3 g. Na2S2O3 88. Balance each of the following oxidation–reduction reactions
c. NaBiO3 h. Hg2Cl2 by using the oxidation states method.
d. As4 i. Ca(NO3)2 a. Cl2 1g2 1 Al 1s2 S Al31 1aq2 1 Cl2 1aq2
e. HAsO2 b. O2 1g2 1 H2O 1l2 1 Pb 1s2 S Pb 1OH2 2 1s2
21
c. H1 1aq2 1 MnO2 4 1aq2 1 Fe 1aq2 S
Mn21 1aq2 1 Fe31 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2
For Review 185
Additional Exercises 96. A mixture contains only NaCl and Al2(SO4)3. A 1.45-g sample
of the mixture is dissolved in water and an excess of NaOH is
89. You wish to prepare 1 L of a 0.02-M potassium iodate solu- added, producing a precipitate of Al(OH)3. The precipitate is
tion. You require that the final concentration be within 1% of filtered, dried, and weighed. The mass of the precipitate is
0.02 M and that the concentration must be known accurately to 0.107 g. What is the mass percent of Al2(SO4)3 in the sample?
the fourth decimal place. How would you prepare this solu- 97. The thallium (present as Tl2SO4) in a 9.486-g pesticide sample
tion? Specify the glassware you would use, the accuracy was precipitated as thallium(I) iodide. Calculate the mass per-
needed for the balance, and the ranges of acceptable masses of cent of Tl2SO4 in the sample if 0.1824 g of TlI was recovered.
KIO3 that can be used.
98. A mixture contains only NaCl and Fe(NO3)3. A 0.456-g sample
90. The figures below are molecular-level representations of four of the mixture is dissolved in water, and an excess of NaOH is
aqueous solutions of the same solute. Arrange the solutions added, producing a precipitate of Fe(OH)3. The precipitate is
from most to least concentrated. filtered, dried, and weighed. Its mass is 0.107 g. Calculate the
following.
a. the mass of iron in the sample
b. the mass of Fe(NO3)3 in the sample
c. the mass percent of Fe(NO3)3 in the sample
99. A student added 50.0 mL of an NaOH solution to 100.0 mL
of 0.400 M HCl. The solution was then treated with an ex-
cess of aqueous chromium(III) nitrate, resulting in formation
Solution A (1.0 L) Solution B (4.0 L)
of 2.06 g of precipitate. Determine the concentration of the
NaOH solution.
100. Some of the substances commonly used in stomach antacids
are MgO, Mg(OH)2, and Al(OH)3.
a. Write a balanced equation for the neutralization of hydro-
chloric acid by each of these substances.
b. Which of these substances will neutralize the greatest
amount of 0.10 M HCl per gram?
Solution C (2.0 L) Solution D (2.0 L) 101. Acetylsalicylic acid is the active ingredient in aspirin. It
91. An average human being has about 5.0 L of blood in his or her took 35.17 mL of 0.5065 M sodium hydroxide to react com-
body. If an average person were to eat 32.0 g of sugar (sucrose, pletely with 3.210 g of acetylsalicylic acid. Acetylsalicylic
C12H22O11, 342.30 g/mol), and all that sugar were dissolved acid has one acidic hydrogen. What is the molar mass of
into the bloodstream, how would the molarity of the blood acetylsalicylic acid?
sugar change? 102. When hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium metal, hydro-
92. A 230.-mL sample of a 0.275-M CaCl2 solution is left on a hot gen gas and aqueous magnesium chloride are produced. What
plate overnight; the following morning, the solution is 1.10 M. volume of 5.0 M HCl is required to react completely with
What volume of water evaporated from the 0.275 M CaCl2 3.00 g of magnesium?
solution? 103. A 2.20-g sample of an unknown acid (empirical formula 5
93. Using the general solubility rules given in Table 4.1, name C3H4O3) is dissolved in 1.0 L of water. A titration required
three reagents that would form precipitates with each of the 25.0 mL of 0.500 M NaOH to react completely with all the
following ions in aqueous solution. Write the net ionic equa- acid present. Assuming the unknown acid has one acidic
tion for each of your suggestions. proton per molecule, what is the molecular formula of the un-
known acid?
a. chloride ion d. sulfate ion
104. Carminic acid, a naturally occurring red pigment extracted
b. calcium ion e. mercury(I) ion, Hg221
from the cochineal insect, contains only carbon, hydrogen,
c. iron(III) ion f. silver ion and oxygen. It was commonly used as a dye in the first half
94. Consider a 1.50-g mixture of magnesium nitrate and magne- of the nineteenth century. It is 53.66% C and 4.09% H by
sium chloride. After dissolving this mixture in water, 0.500 M mass. A titration required 18.02 mL of 0.0406 M NaOH to
silver nitrate is added dropwise until precipitate formation is neutralize 0.3602 g carminic acid. Assuming that there is
complete. The mass of the white precipitate formed is 0.641 g. only one acidic hydrogen per molecule, what is the molecu-
a. Calculate the mass percent of magnesium chloride in the lar formula of carminic acid?
mixture. 105. Chlorisondamine chloride (C14H20Cl6N2) is a drug used in the
b. Determine the minimum volume of silver nitrate that must treatment of hypertension. A 1.28-g sample of a medication
have been added to ensure complete formation of the containing the drug was treated to destroy the organic material
precipitate. and to release all the chlorine as chloride ion. When the fil-
95. A 1.00-g sample of an alkaline earth metal chloride is treated tered solution containing chloride ion was treated with an ex-
with excess silver nitrate. All of the chloride is recovered as cess of silver nitrate, 0.104 g silver chloride was recovered.
1.38 g of silver chloride. Identify the metal. Calculate the mass percent of chlorisondamine chloride in the
medication, assuming the drug is the only source of chloride.
106. Saccharin (C7H5NO3S) is sometimes dispensed in tablet form. 114. A 500.0-mL sample of 0.200 M sodium phosphate is mixed
Ten tablets with a total mass of 0.5894 g were dissolved in with 400.0 mL of 0.289 M barium chloride. What is the mass
water. The saccharin was oxidized to convert all the sulfur to of the solid produced?
sulfate ion, which was precipitated by adding an excess of 115. A 450.0-mL sample of a 0.257-M solution of silver nitrate is
barium chloride solution. The mass of BaSO4 obtained was mixed with 400.0 mL of 0.200 M calcium chloride. What is the
0.5032 g. What is the average mass of saccharin per tablet? concentration of Cl2 in solution after the reaction is complete?
What is the average mass percent of saccharin in the tablets? 116. The zinc in a 1.343-g sample of a foot powder was precipi-
107. Douglasite is a mineral with the formula 2KCl # FeCl2 # 2H2O. tated as ZnNH4PO4. Strong heating of the precipitate yielded
Calculate the mass percent of douglasite in a 455.0-mg sample 0.4089 g Zn2P2O7. Calculate the mass percent of zinc in the
if it took 37.20 mL of a 0.1000-M AgNO3 solution to precipi- sample of foot powder.
tate all the Cl2 as AgCl. Assume the douglasite is the only 117. A 50.00-mL sample of aqueous Ca(OH)2 requires 34.66 mL of a
source of chloride ion. 0.944-M nitric acid for neutralization. Calculate the concentra-
108. Many oxidation–reduction reactions can be balanced by in- tion (molarity) of the original solution of calcium hydroxide.
spection. Try to balance the following reactions by inspection. 118. When organic compounds containing sulfur are burned, sulfur
In each reaction, identify the substance reduced and the sub- dioxide is produced. The amount of SO2 formed can be deter-
stance oxidized. mined by the reaction with hydrogen peroxide:
a. Al 1s2 1 HCl 1aq2 S AlCl3 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
H2O2 1aq2 1 SO2 1g2 h H2SO4 1aq2
b. CH4 1g2 1 S 1s2 S CS2 1l2 1 H2S 1g2
The resulting sulfuric acid is then titrated with a standard
c. C3H8 1g2 1 O2 1g2 S CO2 1g2 1 H2O 1l2
NaOH solution. A 1.302-g sample of coal is burned and the
d. Cu 1s2 1 Ag1 1aq2 S Ag 1s2 1 Cu21 1aq2 SO2 is collected in a solution of hydrogen peroxide. It took
109. The blood alcohol (C2H5OH) level can be determined by ti- 28.44 mL of a 0.1000-M NaOH solution to titrate the resulting
trating a sample of blood plasma with an acidic potassium di- sulfuric acid. Calculate the mass percent of sulfur in the coal
chromate solution, resulting in the production of Cr31(aq) and sample. Sulfuric acid has two acidic hydrogens.
carbon dioxide. The reaction can be monitored because the 119. Assign the oxidation state for the element listed in each of the
dichromate ion (Cr2O722) is orange in solution, and the Cr31 following compounds:
ion is green. The balanced equation is
16H1 1aq2 1 2Cr2O722 1aq2 1 C2H5OH 1aq2 h Oxidation State
4Cr31 1aq2 1 2CO2 1g2 1 11H2O 1l2
S in MgSO4 _______________
This reaction is an oxidation–reduction reaction. What species
Pb in PbSO4 _______________
is reduced, and what species is oxidized? How many electrons
are transferred in the balanced equation above? O in O2 _______________
Ag in Ag _______________
Cu in CuCl2 _______________
ChemWork Problems
These multiconcept problems (and additional ones) are found inter-
actively online with the same type of assistance a student would Challenge Problems
get from an instructor.
120. A 10.00-g sample consisting of a mixture of sodium chloride
110. Calculate the concentration of all ions present when 0.160 g
and potassium sulfate is dissolved in water. This aqueous mix-
of MgCl2 is dissolved in 100.0 mL of solution.
ture then reacts with excess aqueous lead(II) nitrate to form
111. A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.6706 g oxalic acid 21.75 g of solid. Determine the mass percent of sodium chlo-
(H2C2O4) in enough water to make 100.0 mL of solution. A ride in the original mixture.
10.00-mL aliquot (portion) of this solution is then diluted to a
121. The units of parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb)
final volume of 250.0 mL. What is the final molarity of the
are commonly used by environmental chemists. In general,
oxalic acid solution?
1 ppm means 1 part of solute for every 106 parts of solution.
112. For the following chemical reactions, determine the precipi- Mathematically, by mass:
tate produced when the two reactants listed below are mixed
together. Indicate “none” if no precipitate will form. mg solute mg solute
ppm 5 5
g solution kg solution
Formula of Precipitate In the case of very dilute aqueous solutions, a concentration of
Sr(NO3)2(aq) 1 K3PO4(aq) 88n _______________ (s) 1.0 ppm is equal to 1.0 mg of solute per 1.0 mL, which equals
1.0 g solution. Parts per billion is defined in a similar fashion.
K2CO3(aq) 1 AgNO3(aq) 88n _______________ (s)
Calculate the molarity of each of the following aqueous
NaCl(aq) 1 KNO3(aq) 88n _______________ (s)
solutions.
KCl(aq) 1 AgNO3(aq) 88n _______________ (s)
a. 5.0 ppb Hg in H2O
FeCl3(aq) 1 Pb(NO3)2(aq) 88n _______________ (s)
b. 1.0 ppb CHCl3 in H2O
113. What volume of 0.100 M NaOH is required to precipitate all c. 10.0 ppm As in H2O
of the nickel(II) ions from 150.0 mL of a 0.249-M solution of d. 0.10 ppm DDT (C14H9Cl5) in H2O
Ni(NO3)2?
For Review 187
122. In the spectroscopic analysis of many substances, a series of A 10.00-g mixture of zinc and magnesium is reacted with the
standard solutions of known concentration are measured to stoichiometric amount of hydrochloric acid. The reaction mix-
generate a calibration curve. How would you prepare standard ture is then reacted with 156 mL of 3.00 M silver nitrate to
solutions containing 10.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, and 100. ppm of produce the maximum possible amount of silver chloride.
copper from a commercially produced 1000.0-ppm solution? a. Determine the percent magnesium by mass in the original
Assume each solution has a final volume of 100.0 mL. (See mixture.
Exercise 121 for definitions.) b. If 78.0 mL of HCl was added, what was the concentration
123. In most of its ionic compounds, cobalt is either Co(II) or Co(III). of the HCl?
One such compound, containing chloride ion and waters of hy- 129. You made 100.0 mL of a lead(II) nitrate solution for lab but
dration, was analyzed, and the following results were obtained. forgot to cap it. The next lab session you noticed that there was
A 0.256-g sample of the compound was dissolved in water, and only 80.0 mL left (the rest had evaporated). In addition, you
excess silver nitrate was added. The silver chloride was filtered, forgot the initial concentration of the solution. You decide to
dried, and weighed, and it had a mass of 0.308 g. A second take 2.00 mL of the solution and add an excess of a concen-
sample of 0.416 g of the compound was dissolved in water, and trated sodium chloride solution. You obtain a solid with a mass
an excess of sodium hydroxide was added. The hydroxide salt of 3.407 g. What was the concentration of the original lead(II)
was filtered and heated in a flame, forming cobalt(III) oxide. nitrate solution?
The mass of cobalt(III) oxide formed was 0.145 g.
130. Consider reacting copper(II) sulfate with iron. Two possible re-
a. What is the percent composition, by mass, of the actions can occur, as represented by the following equations.
compound?
copper 1II2 sulfate 1aq2 1 iron 1s2 h
b. Assuming the compound contains one cobalt ion per for-
copper 1s2 1 iron 1II2 sulfate 1aq2
mula unit, what is the formula?
c. Write balanced equations for the three reactions copper 1II2 sulfate 1aq2 1 iron 1s2 h
described. copper 1s2 1 iron 1III2 sulfate 1aq2
124. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used extensively You place 87.7 mL of a 0.500-M solution of copper(II) sulfate
as dielectric materials in electrical transformers. Because PCBs in a beaker. You then add 2.00 g of iron filings to the copper(II)
have been shown to be potentially harmful, analysis for their sulfate solution. After one of the above reactions occurs, you
presence in the environment has become very important. PCBs isolate 2.27 g of copper. Which equation above describes the
are manufactured according to the following generic reaction: reaction that occurred? Support your answer.
C12H10 1 nCl2 S C12H102nCln 1 nHCl 131. Consider an experiment in which two burets, Y and Z, are si-
multaneously draining into a beaker that initially contained
This reaction results in a mixture of PCB products. The mix- 275.0 mL of 0.300 M HCl. Buret Y contains 0.150 M NaOH
ture is analyzed by decomposing the PCBs and then precipi- and buret Z contains 0.250 M KOH. The stoichiometric point
tating the resulting Cl2 as AgCl. in the titration is reached 60.65 minutes after Y and Z were
a. Develop a general equation that relates the average value started simultaneously. The total volume in the beaker at the
of n to the mass of a given mixture of PCBs and the mass stoichiometric point is 655 mL. Calculate the flow rates of
of AgCl produced. burets Y and Z. Assume the flow rates remain constant during
b. A 0.1947-g sample of a commercial PCB yielded 0.4791 g the experiment.
of AgCl. What is the average value of n for this sample? 132. Complete and balance each acid–base reaction.
125. Consider the reaction of 19.0 g of zinc with excess silver nitrite a. H3PO4 1aq2 1 NaOH 1aq2 S
to produce silver metal and zinc nitrite. The reaction is stopped Contains three acidic hydrogens
before all the zinc metal has reacted and 29.0 g of solid metal is b. H2SO4 1aq2 1 Al 1OH2 3 1s2 S
present. Calculate the mass of each metal in the 29.0-g mixture. Contains two acidic hydrogens
126. A mixture contains only sodium chloride and potassium chlo- c. H2Se 1aq2 1 Ba 1OH2 2 1aq2 S
ride. A 0.1586-g sample of the mixture was dissolved in water. Contains two acidic hydrogens
It took 22.90 mL of 0.1000 M AgNO3 to completely precipi-
d. H2C2O4 1aq2 1 NaOH 1aq2 S
tate all the chloride present. What is the composition (by mass
Contains two acidic hydrogens
percent) of the mixture?
133. What volume of 0.0521 M Ba(OH)2 is required to neutralize
127. You are given a solid that is a mixture of Na2SO4 and K2SO4.
exactly 14.20 mL of 0.141 M H3PO4? Phosphoric acid con-
A 0.205-g sample of the mixture is dissolved in water. An ex-
tains three acidic hydrogens.
cess of an aqueous solution of BaCl2 is added. The BaSO4 that
is formed is filtered, dried, and weighed. Its mass is 0.298 g. 134. A 10.00-mL sample of sulfuric acid from an automobile bat-
What mass of SO422 ion is in the sample? What is the mass tery requires 35.08 mL of 2.12 M sodium hydroxide solution
percent of SO422 ion in the sample? What are the percent com- for complete neutralization. What is the molarity of the sulfu-
positions by mass of Na2SO4 and K2SO4 in the sample? ric acid? Sulfuric acid contains two acidic hydrogens.
128. Zinc and magnesium metal each react with hydrochloric acid 135. A 0.500-L sample of H2SO4 solution was analyzed by taking a
according to the following equations: 100.0-mL aliquot and adding 50.0 mL of 0.213 M NaOH. Af-
ter the reaction occurred, an excess of OH2 ions remained in
Zn 1s2 1 2HCl 1aq2 h ZnCl2 1aq2 1 H2 1g2 the solution. The excess base required 13.21 mL of 0.103 M
Mg 1s2 1 2HCl 1aq2 h MgCl2 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
HCl for neutralization. Calculate the molarity of the original here. If the percent yield of the reaction was 88.0%, what mass
sample of H2SO4. Sulfuric acid has two acidic hydrogens. of chromium(III) chromate was isolated?
136. A 6.50-g sample of a diprotic acid requires 137.5 mL of a 142. The vanadium in a sample of ore is converted to VO21. The
0.750 M NaOH solution for complete neutralization. Deter- VO21 ion is subsequently titrated with MnO42 in acidic solu-
mine the molar mass of the acid. tion to form V(OH)41 and manganese(II) ion. The unbalanced
137. Citric acid, which can be obtained from lemon juice, has the titration reaction is
molecular formula C6H8O7. A 0.250-g sample of citric acid MnO42 1aq2 1 VO21 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2 h
dissolved in 25.0 mL of water requires 37.2 mL of 0.105 M V 1OH2 41 1aq2 1 Mn21 1aq2 1 H1 1aq2
NaOH for complete neutralization. What number of acidic hy-
To titrate the solution, 26.45 mL of 0.02250 M MnO42 was
drogens per molecule does citric acid have?
required. If the mass percent of vanadium in the ore was
138. A stream flows at a rate of 5.00 3 104 liters per second (L/s) 58.1%, what was the mass of the ore sample? Hint: Balance
upstream of a manufacturing plant. The plant discharges the titration reaction by the oxidation states method.
3.50 3 103 L/s of water that contains 65.0 ppm HCl into the
143. The unknown acid H2X can be neutralized completely by
stream. (See Exercise 121 for definitions.)
OH2 according to the following (unbalanced) equation:
a. Calculate the stream’s total flow rate downstream from
this plant. H2X 1aq2 1 OH2 1aq2 h X22 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2
b. Calculate the concentration of HCl in ppm downstream The ion formed as a product, X22, was shown to have 36 total
from this plant. electrons. What is element X? Propose a name for H2X. To
c. Further downstream, another manufacturing plant diverts completely neutralize a sample of H2X, 35.6 mL of 0.175 M
1.80 3 104 L/s of water from the stream for its own use. OH2 solution was required. What was the mass of the H2X
This plant must first neutralize the acid and does so by sample used?
adding lime:
CaO 1s2 1 2H1 1aq2 h Ca21 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2 Marathon Problems
What mass of CaO is consumed in an 8.00-h work day by
These problems are designed to incorporate several concepts and
this plant?
techniques into one situation.
d. The original stream water contained 10.2 ppm Ca21.
144. Three students were asked to find the identity of the metal in a
Although no calcium was in the waste water from the first
particular sulfate salt. They dissolved a 0.1472-g sample of the
plant, the waste water of the second plant contains Ca21
salt in water and treated it with excess barium chloride, result-
from the neutralization process. If 90.0% of the water
ing in the precipitation of barium sulfate. After the precipitate
used by the second plant is returned to the stream, calcu-
had been filtered and dried, it weighed 0.2327 g.
late the concentration of Ca21 in ppm downstream of the
Each student analyzed the data independently and came to
second plant.
different conclusions. Pat decided that the metal was titanium.
139. It took 25.06 60.05 mL of a sodium hydroxide solution to ti- Chris thought it was sodium. Randy reported that it was gal-
trate a 0.4016-g sample of KHP (see Exercise 77). Calculate lium. What formula did each student assign to the sulfate salt?
the concentration and uncertainty in the concentration of the Look for information on the sulfates of gallium, sodium, and
sodium hydroxide solution. (See Appendix 1.5.) Neglect any titanium in this text and reference books such as the CRC
uncertainty in the mass. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. What further tests would
you suggest to determine which student is most likely correct?
Integrative Problems 145. You have two 500.0-mL aqueous solutions. Solution A is a
solution of a metal nitrate that is 8.246% nitrogen by mass.
These problems require the integration of multiple concepts to find The ionic compound in solution B consists of potassium, chro-
the solutions. mium, and oxygen; chromium has an oxidation state of 16
140. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, commonly known by its acro- and there are 2 potassiums and 1 chromium in the formula.
nym BARF, is frequently used to initiate polymerization of The masses of the solutes in each of the solutions are the same.
ethylene or propylene in the presence of a catalytic transition When the solutions are added together, a blood-red precipitate
metal compound. It is composed solely of C, F, and B; it is forms. After the reaction has gone to completion, you dry the
42.23% C and 55.66% F by mass. solid and find that it has a mass of 331.8 g.
a. What is the empirical formula of BARF? a. Identify the ionic compounds in solution A and solution B.
b. A 2.251-g sample of BARF dissolved in 347.0 mL of b. Identify the blood-red precipitate.
solution produces a 0.01267-M solution. What is the c. Calculate the concentration (molarity) of all ions in the
molecular formula of BARF? original solutions.
141. In a 1-L beaker, 203 mL of 0.307 M ammonium chromate was d. Calculate the concentration (molarity) of all ions in the
mixed with 137 mL of 0.269 M chromium(III) nitrite to pro- final solution.
duce ammonium nitrite and chromium(III) chromate. Write
the balanced chemical equation for the reaction occurring Marathon Problems can be used in class by groups of students to

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72 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

68. Complete the following table:

114. Consider the chemical reaction as depicted below. Label as

Na + a. What are the assumptions needed to solve this problem?

Characteristics of a chemical equation

Isotope Mass (u) Abundance

In this section similar exercises are paired. 20

Mass of Moles of Molecules Total Atoms

b. What are the relative numbers of each of the monomer

2. What are the oxidation states for each atom?

3. How are electrons gained and lost?

The oxidation states of all other atoms are unchanged.

3PbO 1 2NH3 h N2 1 H2O 1 3Pb

See Exercises 4.87 and 4.88

Key terms Acids and bases

Section 4.6 moles of solute

40. Suppose 50.0 mL of 0.250 M CoCl2 solution is added to c. K2CO3(aq) 1 MgI2(aq)

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