PELEDAKAN TAMBANG TERBUKA

MATERI PEMBORAN DAN PELEDAKAN

ƒ TEKNIK PELEDAKAN

ƒ TEKNIK PEMBORAN

ƒ EKONOMI PELEDAKAN

ƒ DAMPAK PELEDAKAN

ƒ SAFE BLASTING
 MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING BLAST EFFICIENCY

> ATTITUDE

> COMMUNICATION

> BLAST DESIGN

> GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS

 ATTITUDE
ˆ PAYING ATTENTION TO DETAILS

ˆ EACH OPERATION MUST BE COMPLETED

AS PRECISELY AS POSSIBLE

ˆ TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (T.Q.M)

ˆ GROUP EFFORT
 COMMUNICATION
♦) SAFE BLASTING PRACTICES REQUIRE GOOD
COMMUNICATION.

♦) COMMUNICATION BETWEEN MEMBERS OF

SAME GROUP AND BETWEEN GROUPS.

♦) OPTIMUM BLAST DESIGNS DEPEND ON INPUT

FROM EACH GROUP.
 KEYS TO EFFICIENT BLAST
DESIGN

UNIFORM ENERGY DISTRIBUTION

APPROPRIATE ENERGY CONFINEMENT
PROPER ENERGY LEVEL
ADJUSMENT OF DESIGN TO MEET -
EXISTING CONDITIONS
 APPROACH TO ACHIEVING OPTIMUM
BLAST EFFIENCY
Blast
Design

Design Bench
Refinement Preparation

Performance
Optimum Blast Pattern
Evaluation
Performance Layout

Firing Drilling

Blast
Loading
 EN
N

ER
IO
UT

GY
RIB

CO
OPTIMUM
ST
DI

NF
EXPLOSIVES
GY

IN
EM
ER

PERFORMANCE

EN
EN

T
EXPLOSIVES ENERGY LEVEL
 GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Blasting results are influenced more by rock properties than explosive properties.

Rock properties:

Compressive strength >> Tensile strength

♦ Rock Structure:

• Rock fragmentation is primarily controlled

by bedding, jointing, and faulting.

• Smaller drill pattern minimize the adverse effects of bedding and fractures but

increase drill and blast costs.

• Explosives with high gas production (ANFO) are appropriate for highly jointed or

fractured rock.

• The orientation of the free face to the joints sets is also a key consideration for

fragmentation and wall control.

 GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS

♦ Water
• Static water
• Dynamic water
• Multiple priming is advised in wet blast hole
Dipping seams of factures into pit: Dipping seams into rockmass:
• unstable walls • unbroken toe
• excessive backbreak • overhang potential

Joints parallel to free face: Joints angled to free face:

• good wall control • blocky face
• can be best orientation • excessive end break
Simplified blocky rockmass
poor
fragmentation
free face zone

expanded pattern prevents even energy distribution

uniform
fragmentation

tight pattern promotes even energy distribution

 Presplit Evaluation
open pit

bench Spacing should be reduced

open pit

bench Spacing can be expanded

 EXPLOSIVES
> Hard massive rock – High density explosive

> Soft / Fractured rock – Low density explosive

> Explosive with high gas production (such as ANFO) for

isplacement are appropriate for highly jointed or fractured

rock.

> Water resistance

> Chemical stability

> Fume characteristics

> Bulk ANFO :

Zero Oxygen Balance = 94.3% AN + 5.7% FO
• Over fuel mix, example: 92% AN + 8% FO
Prod. 6% less energy CO
• Under fuel mix, example: 96% AN + 4% FO
Prod. 18% less energy NO2
Increase sensitivity
• It’s generally better to over fuel ANFO rather than under fuel
it.

Primers:
• Primer diameter should closely match hole dia.
• Two primers are recommended for blasthole over 15 meters
deep [ANFO] & 10 meters deep [Emulsion Blend].
 BASIC DRILL / BLAST DESIGN

 BENCH HEIGHT
 BLASTHOLE DIAMETER
 BURDEN
 BURDEN STIFFNESS RATIO
 SPACING
 SUBDRILLING
 STEMMING
 DECKING / AIR DECKING
 ANGLE DRILLING
 TIMING DESIGN / DELAY
SURFACE BLASTING GEOMETRY
BENCH HEIGHT
If the height is not predetermined :
BH (m) >> Blasthole Dia. (mm) / 15

BLASTHOLE DIAMETER
To achieve excellent energy distribution :
DIA (mm) = Bench Height (m) x 8

If charge diameter is less than the blast hole diameter, the “decoupling effect” must be taken
into account.
As blasthole diameters increase the cost of drilling, loading & explosive generally decrease.
Smaller blast holes distribute the explosive energy better than large blast holes.

BURDEN
Burden (m) are normally equal the charge diameter (mm) x (20 – 35).
Initial Burden Estimation Guide (see table)

BURDEN STIFFNESS RATIO

Equal to the Bench height divided by burden

<< 2 : stiff and poor fragmentation.
2 – 3.5 : good fragmentation.
>> 3.5 : excellent fragmentation.

BSR can be improved by using smaller hole diameter or greater bench height.
Decoupling Effect on Detonation Pressure
1.8
% reduction in wet Diameter of Explosive
= 1-
Blastholes equals Diameter of Blasthole
2.6
% reduction in dry Diameter of Explosive
= 1-
Blastholes equals Diameter of Blasthole

Example : the detonation pressure of a 127 mm diameter explosive in a 165 mm

diameter blasthole will be reduced by 38% in a wet hole and 49% in a dry hole.

Initial Burden Dimension

Explosive Density x 2
+ 1.8 x Explosive Diameter
Rock Density
Burden (m) = 84
SPACING
Normally ranges from (1 to 1.8) x Burden
Optimum energy distribution:
S = 1.15 x B
Pattern is laid out in “Staggered”
SUBDRILLING
Normally ranges from ( 0.3 to 0.5 ) x Burden
or ranges from (8 – 12) x Hole diameter
to much Sub drilling produces “Excessive
Ground Vibration”
Less Sub drilling produces “Excessive toe”
To improve fragmentation the blast hole primer
should be placed at grade level.
DECKING / AIR DECKING
Minimum decking for dry holes:
Deck = hole diameter x 6
Minimum decking for wet holes:
Deck = hole diameter x 12
Air decking can reduce the amount of explosives
to achieve good results by efficiently utilising
the available explosive energy.
UNIFORM ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
Square Square, Staggered
Pattern Pattern

S=B S=B

Slighty Rectangular Rectangular

Staggered Pattern Staggered Pattern

S = B x 1.15 S = B x 1.5
Decking Alternatives
Dry Hole Wet Hole Air Deck
Deck = hole diameter x 6 deck = hole diameter x 12

Stemming
Stemming Stemming

Explosives Explosives Plug

Air Deck
Deck
Deck

Explosives
Explosives
Explosives
 STEMMING
Normally ranges from (20 to 30) x Hole dia.
or equal to 0.7 x Burden.
Crushed rock confine explosive energy
Better than drill cuttings.
Wet blast holes require more stemming for
confinement than dry blast holes.
Relative Confinement (RC):
>> 1.4 : Confine
<< 1.4 : Fly rock & stemming
ejection

Vertical Energy Distribution (VED):

Charge length divided by Bench height
>> 80% to produce uniform
fragmentation

To improve VED : Reduce charge dia. or

Increase Bench height. Then recalculate
Burden and stemming dimensions.
 RELATIVE STEMMING CONFINEMENT CALCULATION
Charge Diameter (mm)
50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350
1.00 4,800 4,100 3,600 3,225 2,933 2,700 2,280 2,000 1,800 1,650 1,533 1,440 1,364 1,300 1,246 1,200
1.25 5,850 4,975 4,350 3,881 3,517 3,225 2,700 2,350 2,100 1,913 1,767 1,650 1,555 1,475 1,408 1,350
1.50 6,900 5,850 5,100 4,538 4,100 3,750 3,120 2,700 2,400 2,175 2,000 1,860 1,745 1,650 1,569 1,500
1.75 7,950 6,725 5,850 5,194 4,683 4,275 3,540 3,050 2,700 2,438 2,233 2,070 1,936 1,825 1,731 1,650
2.00 9,000 7,600 6,600 5,850 5,267 4,800 3,960 3,400 3,000 2,700 2,467 2,280 2,127 2,000 1,892 1,800
2.25 10,050 8,475 7,350 6,506 5,850 5,325 4,380 3,750 3,300 2,963 2,700 2,490 2,318 2,175 2,054 1,950
2.50 11,100 9,350 8,100 7,163 6,433 5,850 4,800 4,100 3,600 3,225 2,933 2,700 2,509 2,350 2,215 2,100
2.75 12,150 10,225 8,850 7,819 7,017 6,375 5,220 4,450 3,900 3,488 3,167 2,910 2,700 2,525 2,377 2,250
3.00 13,200 11,100 9,600 8,475 7,600 6,900 5,640 4,800 4,200 3,750 3,400 3,120 2,891 2,700 2,538 2,400
3.25 14,250 11,975 10,350 9,131 8,183 7,425 6,060 5,150 4,500 4,013 3,633 3,330 3,082 2,875 2,700 2,550
Stem Length (m)

3.50 15,300 12,850 11,100 9,788 8,767 7,950 6,480 5,500 4,800 4,275 3,867 3,540 3,273 3,050 2,862 2,700
3.75 16,350 13,725 11,850 10,444 9,350 8,475 6,900 5,850 5,100 4,538 4,100 3,750 3,464 3,225 3,023 2,850
4.00 17,400 14,600 12,600 11,100 9,933 9,000 7,320 6,200 5,400 4,800 4,333 3,960 3,655 3,400 3,185 3,000
4.25 18,450 15,475 13,350 11,756 10,517 9,525 7,740 6,550 5,700 5,063 4,567 4,170 3,845 3,575 3,346 3,150
4.75 20,550 17,225 14,850 13,069 11,683 10,575 8,580 7,250 6,300 5,588 5,033 4,590 4,227 3,925 3,669 3,450
5.00 21,600 18,100 15,600 13,725 12,267 11,100 9,000 7,600 6,600 5,850 5,267 4,800 4,418 4,100 3,831 3,600
5.50 23,700 19,850 17,100 15,038 13,433 12,150 9,840 8,300 7,200 6,375 5,733 5,220 4,800 4,450 4,154 3,900
6.00 25,800 21,600 18,600 16,350 14,600 13,200 10,680 9,000 7,800 6,900 6,200 5,640 5,182 4,800 4,477 4,200
6.50 27,900 23,350 20,100 17,663 15,767 14,250 11,520 9,700 8,400 7,425 6,667 6,060 5,564 5,150 4,800 4,500
7.00 30,000 25,100 21,600 18,975 16,933 15,300 12,360 10,400 9,000 7,950 7,133 6,480 5,945 5,500 5,123 4,800
7.50 32,100 26,850 23,100 20,288 18,100 16,350 13,200 11,100 9,600 8,475 7,600 6,900 6,327 5,850 5,446 5,100
8.00 34,200 28,600 24,600 21,600 19,267 17,400 14,040 11,800 10,200 9,000 8,067 7,320 6,709 6,200 5,769 5,400
8.50 36,300 30,350 26,100 22,913 20,433 18,450 14,880 12,500 10,800 9,525 8,533 7,740 7,091 6,550 6,092 5,700
9.00 38,400 32,100 27,600 24,225 21,600 19,500 15,720 13,200 11,400 10,050 9,000 8,160 7,473 6,900 6,415 6,000
9.50 40,500 33,850 29,100 25,538 22,767 20,550 16,560 13,900 12,000 10,575 9,467 8,580 7,855 7,250 6,738 6,300
10.00 42,600 35,600 30,600 26,850 23,933 21,600 17,400 14,600 12,600 11,100 9,933 9,000 8,236 7,600 7,062 6,600
10.50 44,700 37,350 32,100 28,163 25,100 22,650 18,240 15,300 13,200 11,625 10,400 9,420 8,618 7,950 7,385 6,900
11.00 46,800 39,100 33,600 29,475 26,267 23,700 19,080 16,000 13,800 12,150 10,867 9,840 9,000 8,300 7,708 7,200
11.50 48,900 40,850 35,100 30,788

To calculate the relative confinement find the value that represents the stem length and charge diameter. Next
divide the value by the absolute bulk strenght of the explosives. For example, with a charge diameter of 150 mm
and a stem length of 4 m the corresponding value = 6200. Assuming that ANFO with an ABS of 3200 is the
explosives used, the relative cinfinement will equal 6200 divided by by 3200 or 1.94. Generally if the relative
confinement is greater than 1.4 the cinfinement will be adequate if the value is less than 1.4 flyrock and steming
ejection may occur.
 BASIC BLAST DESIGN
Charge
Diameter

Relative Confinement (RC) Stem

Length
Calculation

(Stem Length x 210,000) + (Charge Diameter x 600)

RC =
(Charge Energy ABS x Charge Diameter)

Example 1 : Charge Diameter 152 mm

Charge Energy ABS 3167 j/cc
Stemming Length 3.7 m

Relative Confinement 1.80

typically well confined

Example 2 : Charge Diameter 152 mm

Charge Energy ABS 3167 j/g
Stemming Length 2.1 m

Relative Confinement 1.11

poorly confined
 Explosives Absolute Bulk Strength Calculation
Explosives Density (g/cc)

0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35
2,500 1,500 1,625 1,750 1,875 2,000 2,125 2,250 2,375 2,500 2,625 2,750 2,875 3,000 3,125 3,250 3,375
2,550 1,530 1,658 1,785 1,913 2,040 2,168 2,295 2,423 2,550 2,678 2,805 2,933 3,060 3,188 3,315 3,443
2,600 1,560 1,690 1,820 1,950 2,080 2,210 2,340 2,470 2,600 2,730 2,860 2,990 3,120 3,250 3,380 3,510
2,650 1,590 1,723 1,855 1,988 2,120 2,253 2,385 2,518 2,650 2,783 2,915 3,048 3,180 3,313 3,445 3,578
2,700 1,620 1,755 1,890 2,025 2,160 2,295 2,430 2,565 2,700 2,835 2,970 3,105 3,240 3,375 3,510 3,645
2,750 1,650 1,788 1,925 2,063 2,200 2,338 2,475 2,613 2,750 2,888 3,025 3,163 3,300 3,438 3,575 3,713
2,800 1,680 1,820 1,960 2,100 2,240 2,380 2,520 2,660 2,800 2,940 3,080 3,220 3,360 3,500 3,640 3,780
2,850 1,710 1,853 1,995 2,138 2,280 2,423 2,565 2,708 2,850 2,993 3,135 3,278 3,420 3,563 3,705 3,848
2,900 1,740 1,885 2,030 2,175 2,320 2,465 2,610 2,755 2,900 3,045 3,190 3,335 3,480 3,625 3,770 3,915
2,950 1,770 1,918 2,065 2,213 2,360 2,508 2,655 2,803 2,950 3,098 3,245 3,393 3,540 3,688 3,835 3,983
3,000 1,800 1,950 2,100 2,250 2,400 2,550 2,700 2,850 3,000 3,150 3,300 3,450 3,600 3,750 3,900 4,050
AWS (kl/g)

3,100 1,860 2,015 2,170 2,325 2,480 2,635 2,790 2,945 3,100 3,255 3,410 3,565 3,720 3,875 4,030 4,185
3,200 1,920 2,080 2,240 2,400 2,560 2,720 2,880 3,040 3,200 3,360 3,520 3,680 3,840 4,000 4,160 4,320
3,300 1,980 2,145 2,310 2,475 2,640 2,805 2,970 3,135 3,300 3,465 3,630 3,795 3,960 4,125 4,290 4,455
3,400 2,040 2,210 2,380 2,550 2,720 2,890 3,060 3,230 3,400 3,570 3,740 3,910 4,080 4,250 4,420 4,590
3,500 2,100 2,275 2,450 2,625 2,800 2,975 3,150 3,325 3,500 3,675 3,850 4,025 4,200 4,375 4,550 4,725
3,600 2,160 2,340 2,520 2,700 2,880 3,060 3,240 3,420 3,600 3,780 3,960 4,140 4,320 4,500 4,680 4,860
3,700 2,220 2,405 2,590 2,775 2,960 3,145 3,330 3,515 3,700 3,885 4,070 4,255 4,440 4,625 4,810 4,995
3,800 2,280 2,470 2,660 2,850 3,040 3,230 3,420 3,610 3,800 3,990 4,180 4,370 4,560 4,750 4,940 5,130
3,900 2,340 2,535 2,730 2,925 3,120 3,315 3,510 3,705 3,900 4,095 4,290 4,485 4,680 4,875 5,070 5,265
4,000 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 3,200 3,400 3,600 3,800 4,000 4,200 4,400 4,600 4,800 5,000 5,200 5,400
4,150 2,490 2,698 2,905 3,113 3,320 3,528 3,735 3,943 4,150 4,358 4,565 4,773 4,980 5,188 5,395 5,603
4,300 2,580 2,795 3,010 3,225 3,440 3,655 3,870 4,085 4,300 4,515 4,730 4,945 5,160 5,375 5,590 5,805
4,450 2,670 2,893 3,115 3,338 3,560 3,783 4,005 4,228 4,450 4,673 4,895 5,118 5,340 5,563 5,785 6,008
4,600 2,760 2,990 3,220 3,450 3,680 3,910 4,140 4,370 4,600 4,830 5,060 5,290 5,520 5,750 5,980 6,210
4,750 2,850 3,088 3,325 3,563 3,800 4,038 4,275 4,513 4,750 4,988 5,225 5,463 5,700 5,938 6,175 6,413
4,900 2,940 3,185 3,430 3,675 3,920 4,165 4,410 4,655 4,900 5,145 5,390 5,635 5,880 6,125 6,370 6,615

Efficient Blasting Techniques - Dyno Wesfarmers - Blast Dynamics © 1995

Basic Blast Design - Page 7
 ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
Bench Height 10 m
Charge Diameter 311 m
Burden 10 m
Stiffness Ratio 1
1 Stemming 7m
Vert. Energy Dist. 30%

Poor Energy Distribution

Bench Height 10 m
Charge Diameter 145 m
Burden 5m
Stiffness Ratio 2
Stemming 3.5 m
Vert. Energy Dist. 65%
2

Fair Energy Distribution

Bench Height 10 m
Charge Diameter 92 m
Burden 3.3 m
3 Stiffness Ratio
Stemming
3
2.3 m
Vert. Energy Dist. 77%
Note : the energy factor is
the same for each example
Good Energy Distribution
 STEPS TO IMPROVE TOP BREAKAGE
Step #1
Cap Rock
Increase charge length
while maintaining
increase explosives confinement and
reduce
or reduce the pattern size.

Cap Rock Step #2

Place small explosives
deck in hard zone. If
downhole delays are used
the deck should be fired 25
ms before the main charge.

Step #3
Drill satellite holes between
Cap Rock
production holes and if
possible load into hard
zone.
 ANGLE DRILLING
ADVANTAGES
>> Better energy distribution
>> Reduced over break
>> Better floor control
>> Improve high wall stability
DISADVANTAGES
>> Requires attention to drill set-up
>> Generally shorter bit life
>> Greater hole deviation
>> Higher drilling cost per meter
>> Require expert drillers
>> Require wider drill benches
Normally : 10 – 18 Degree
Requires “Profiling Technique” for fresh wall.
ADVANTAGES OF ANGLE DRILLING

POOR
FRAGMENTATION

USEFUL ENERGY

WASTED ENERGY

POOR FRAGMENTATION
 CORRECT DRILLING

Potential For Flyrock Potential For Boulder

IMPROPER DRILLING
 HOLE DEVIATION ON MINING OPERATION

EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES OF
OF EFFECTS
EFFECTS OF
OF
MINING
MINING OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS HOLE DEVIATIONS
HOLE DEVIATIONS

Drilling
Drilling Extra
Extra drilling,
drilling, rods,
rods, bits,
bits, coupling,
coupling, man-hours
man-hours and
and delay.
delay.

Charging
Charging Extra
Extra explosives,
explosives, man-hours
man-hours and
and delay.
delay.

Blasting Build-ups,
Build-ups, hang-ups,
hang-ups, poor
poor fragmentation,
fragmentation, ore
ore loss,
loss, hoh
hoh
Blasting dilution
dilution and
and pillar
pillar weakening.
weakening.

Rock
Rock Support
Support Extra
Extra support,
support, extra
extra drilling
drilling for
for support
support and
and man-hour.
man-hour.

Mucking/Lashing,
Mucking/Lashing, Handling
Handling of
of unwanted
unwanted rock
rock material,
material, accelerated
accelerated wear
wear of
of
Loading
Loading and
and loaders, conveyors etc., choking of ore passes, grizzley
loaders, conveyors etc., choking of ore passes, grizzley
Transportation
Transportation work,
work, chute
chute boxes
boxes runaways
runaways and
and haulage
haulage spillage.
spillage.

Crushing
Crushing Accelerated
Accelerated wear
wear of
of crushers,
crushers, extra
extra crushing
crushing and
and delays.
delays.

Hoisting
Hoisting Extra
Extra hoisting
hoisting and
and delays
delays

Mineral
Mineral Dressing
Dressing Extra
Extra grinding/milling
grinding/milling and
and loss
loss of
of metal
metal

Planned
Planned Operational
Operational Extra
Extra Operational
Operational Costs
Costs

Total
Total Costs
Costs
 TIMING DESIGN / DELAY
♦PURPOSE

• The blast’s performance will be reduced if the explosive has too little or too
much delay time.

• Reduce ground vibration.

• Delay sequencing will not overcome improper blast design (confinement, energy
distribution large toe, etc.).

♦ FRAGMENTATION REQUIRED

• Optimum fragmentation in massive rock occurs when one hole is detonated per
delay and the the delay between holes in a row is – 40 ms.

• The delay between rows should be at least 2 to 3 times the delay between
holes in a row.
♦ MUCKPILE DISPLACEMENT

• Short delay intervals (<25 ms) between holes in a row reduce fragmentation
but improve displacement.
• Longer delay intervals (> 100 ms) are required between rows to maximize
displacement.
• The type of excavator will often determine the degree of displacement
required which will dictate the delay interval between rows of blast holes.

♦ WALL CONTROL

• To short of delay intervals between holes in a row and between rows can cause excessive
over break.
• If the delay between blast holes in the back row is less than 42 ms, the charges can act
together to damage the back wall.
• Too short of delay interval between rows (<35 ms) can promote back break due to over
confinement.
 TIMING DESIGN / DELAY (cont.)

BASIC TIMING DESIGN

• Select the time between holes in a row based on one third to one half the

time between rows.

• Delay intervals between holes in a row less than 3 ms per meter of

spacing are not recommended due to air blast and fragmentation

considerations.

• Delay intervals between rows less than 6 ms per of burden can cause

stemming ejection, fly rock, and excessive back break.

• Multiple row blast (> 4 rows) use longer intervals in back rows.

• Bottom delay has generally the shortest delay and delay between decks in

the same hole should range 10 to 50 ms (For Deck Loading).

 Range Of Delay Interv als Between Rows General Consideration

Massive Structure

Blocky Structure

Highly Jointed Structure

W eak Seams, Slip Planes

W ater Filled Blastholes

Explosives Density > 1.3

Compact Muckpile

Loose Muckpile

Spread Out Muckpile

Improved Fragmentation

Limit Back Break

Control Flyrock

Minimize Airblast

Minimize Ground Vibration

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
Delay Interval (milliseconds per metre of burden)
 Blast Timing and
Design Configuration
Fragmentation

Site Muckpile
Sensitivity Displacement

Cost Wall
Control
Optimum
Delay
Simplicity
Sequenc e Water
Conditions

Explosives
Geology
Used

Safety
Row by Row Pattern

· · · · · · · ·
· · · · · · · ·
· · · · · · · ·
Delay configuration (ms timing shown)

PI

· · · · · · · ·
100
9

100
9

100
9

100
9

100
9

100
9

100
9

100

· · · · · · · ·
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Nominal firing times

· · · · · · · ·
· · · · · · · ·
0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63

· · · · · · · ·
100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163

· · · · · · · ·
200 209 218 227 236 245 254 263
Echelon Pattern

· · · · · · · ·
· · · · · · · ·
· ·
Delay configuration (ms timing shown)
· · · · · ·
PI

· 42

9
· 42

9
· 42

9
· 42

9
· 42

9
· 42

9
· 42

9
·
· 9 · 9 · 9 · 9 · 9 · 9 · 42
9 ·
· · · · · · · 42
·
Nominal firing times

· · · · · · · ·
0 42 84 126 168 210 252 294

· · · · · · · ·
51 93 135 177 219 261 303 345

· · · · · · · ·
102 144 186 228 270 312 354 396
Zig Zag Pattern

· · · · · · · ·
· · · · · · · ·
· ·
Delay configuration (ms timing shown)
· · · · · ·
PI

· 17
· 17
· 17
· 42

42
· 17
· 17
· 17
·
· 17
· 17
· 17
· 42
42 · 17
· 17
· 17
·
·
Nominal firing times
17
· 17
· 17
· 42
· 17
· 17
· 17
·
· 52
·
34
·
17
·0
·
42
·
59
·
76
·
92

· 135 ·
118 ·
101 ·84 ·
126 ·
143 ·
160 ·
177

· 219 ·
202 ·
185 ·168 ·
210 ·
227 ·
244 ·
261
Diamond Pattern

· · · · · · · ·
· · · · · · · ·
· · · · · · · ·
Delay configuration (ms timing shown)

· 25
42 · 42 · 42 · 42 · · 42 · 17
42 ·
· 25
42 · 25
42 · 25
42 · 25
42 ·
PI
17
· 17
42 · 17
42 ·
· 25
· · · · · · 17
·
Nominal firing times

· 167
·
142
·
117
·
92
·67
·
76
·93
·110

· 100 ·
75 ·
50 ·
25 ·0 ·
17 ·
34 ·51

· 219 ·
202 ·
185 ·
168 ·210 ·
227 ·244 ·261
PT. TRUMIX BETON BLASTING PLAN - BENCH : 7
QUARRY DIVISION NONEL FIRING SYSTEM
DRILL & BLAST SECTION scale 1 : 200

BENCH-6 BLASTING MACHINE

BENCH-7 · ELECTRIC DETONATOR

·
Note :
······· ········
Trunk Line Delay 17 ms - 6 meters
Trunk Line Delay 65 ms - 6 meters
Crest

·
Toe
Drill Holes

ITEM PLAN ACTUAL ITEMS PLAN ACTUAL ITEMS PLAN ACTUAL EVALUATION
Diameter (inches) 4 4 Angle (degree) 10 10 Inhole Delay No.7 30 30 Fragmentation : Good
Spacing (meters) 5.3 5.3 Digable Volume (BCMs) 15,526 15,526 Inhole Delay No.8 15 15 Displacement : Good
Burden (meters) 4.2 4.2 ANFO (Kgs) 4,025 3,950 Trunk Line Delay 17 ms 15 15 Complaint - Fly Rock :-
No of Holes 45 45 Pow ergel Magnum (Kgs) 45 80 Trunk Line Delay 65 ms 29 29 - Ground Vibration : -
Depth (meters) see table see table Pow der Factor (Kg/BCM) 0.262 0.260 Electric Detonator 2 2 : Other : Back Break behind C1-C3
Sub-drill (meters) 1.5 1.5 Date : Approved by :