Shreyas Jammi

Independent Research GT, 4B

23 January 2018
Annotated Source List
Altmann, M. F., Moßbauer, R. L., & Obernauer, L. J.N. (2000, November). ​Solar neutrinos​.
Retrieved from Institute of Physics Publishing website:
http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~ewilcots/courses/astro340s04/readings/neutrinos.pdf
Summary:
This is a scholarly research paper from a collaboration between three leading neutrino
particle physics experts, Michal Altman, Rudolf Mößbauer, and Lothar Oberauer, that discusses
the history and development of the knowledge on neutrinos with a focus on solar neutrinos and
the potential knowledge the solar neutrino may provide given the cyclotron captured neutrino
oscillations of neutrino mass from solar neutrino and primary ray interactions. This provides
many short bursts of muon which may be detected to allow for this information to be found.
Application to Research:
The solar neutrino study is crucial to my research within neutrino astronomy because this
allows me to understand the interactions between naturally produced primary cosmic rays and
solar neutrinos. The by-product of the reaction can potentially be monitored and understood
through experimental data of neutrino oscillations and neutrino mass within upcoming
experiments, which I inevitably am excited to conduct and observe.

Barradas-Guevara, E., Gonzalez-Hernandez, E., Zeleny-Mora, M., Felix-Beltran, O.,

Gonzalez-Canales, F., & Rodriguez-Jauregui, E. (2016, June). ​Analysis of the Lepton
Mixing Matrix in the Two Higgs Doublet Model.​ Retrieved from Cornell University
Library database.
Summary:
This is article is a scholar journal on the lepton mixing matrix analysis of the fermions
that exist, specifically looking at the electroweak interactions that do not seem to be incomplete
from the theoretical perspective. This is due to the dual Higgs Doublet model that was recently
introduced in 2012 with the discovery of the Higgs boson, and the Seesaw mechanism can be
denoted under the matrices under the
Application to Research:
This article is important because the lepton mixing matrix can determine how to predict
and explore the neutrino particle nature, crucial in my predictions on the nature of the neutrino.
Ultimately, this can lead to a greater theoretical understanding of the research I am reading, as
well as potentially creating my own theoretical predictions as well.

Bilenky, S. M., Giunti, C., & Grimus, W. (1999, June). ​Phenomenology of Neutrino Oscillations​.
Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/9812360.pdf
Summary:
The scholarly article is a summarization of all the research and knowledge on the
neutrino oscillations and the mass matrix, as well as an in-depth physical analysis of the neutrino
particle’s oscillation phenomenon implications. Starting from the Dirac mass theory to effective
Lagrangian mass matrix, the complex concepts commonly used to communicate information of
neutrinos are broken down into an easily understood science.
Application to Summary:
This scholar article can be used in my research to better my knowledge of the neutrino
particle mass, one in which is highly complicated, convoluted, and deeply rich in nature due to
its 70-year history in research and its incredible mysteries. This research paper summarizes all
the research from all the history, so by studying this research, I can study and then I will be able
to then better understand more articles.

Borah, D., Nanda, D., Narendra, N., & Sahu, N. (2018, October). ​Right-handed Neutrino Dark
Matter with Radiative Neutrino Mass in Gauged B − L Model​ (Research Report No.
810.12920). Retrieved from Indian Institute of Technology database.
Summary:
This is a scholarly article on the connection between the right-handed neutrino and how
The standard model fails to incorporate the neutrino and recent discoveries within neutrino
particle physics. The developments, which are experimentally supported to prove that neutrino
has a finite mass and gives indications of neutrino mass mixing, allows for the Dirac and
Majorana neutrino mass. The complete theory of flavor and unification that allows for the
theoretical models will create developments in the neutrino masses.
Application to Summary:
The scholarly article on the neutrino particle explores in-depth the experimentally
supported theory of popular neutrino theory. This allows me to better understand the modern
neutrino theories, especially with the experimentally determined evidence and then allowing me
to conjecture the precise neutrino theory. This allows me to better my research and meta-analysis
by giving me depth within the subject I had not reached previously.

Close, F. (2010). ​Neutrino​ (2nd ed.). Oxford, London: Oxford University Press.
Summary:
This is a concise scholarly book on the history and culture surrounding neutrinos
throughout the past 80 years within academia and research. The book follows the initial
discovery by Wolfgang Pauli in the late 1930s and follows its development within the atomic
particle experiments primarily within the 1940s. The book continues with a discussion on the
experimental anomalies and difficulties surrounding neutrinos, and how until very recently, it
was thought to be massless. The neutrino is the final remaining fermion within the standard
model which may result in the completion of our understanding of the particle realm.
Application to Research:
The novel allows me to have an overview and understanding of the history and
development of the knowledge within neutrino astronomy and astrophysics, which can allow me
to understand the culture and physics excitement surrounding the neutrinos. The novel also gives
an overview of the particle physics phenomenon pertaining to neutrinos such as neutrino
oscillations and Byron's asymmetry problems. These introductions to these particle physics were
crucial to my research, as they allow me to better understand the concepts at a fundamental level.

Drewes, M. (2013, March). ​The Phenomenology of Right Handed Neutrinos​. Retrieved from
Cornell University Library database.
Summary:
 This is an intense scholarly journal breaking down and completely, thoroughly explaining
the information and physics behind neutrinos. The article starts with the introduction and
background on the neutrino physics and the importance behind right-handed neutrino within the
context of modern physics. The article goes on to break down the other components of the
neutrino physics and its a compilation of all the research of neutrinos in which they explain
laboratory experiments extensively.
Application to Summary:
This will be wonderful for my research because this synthesizes the research I am
looking into one very concise article. The information within this article contains all the
background information needed to understand the modern understanding of neutrinos, as well as
a summarization of the information from modern research and its connections to the modern
physics problems plaguing the academic world.

Fisher, P., Kayser, B., & McFarland, K. S. (1999). Neutrino Mass and Oscillation. ​the Annual
Review of Nuclear and Particle Science​. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.49.1.481
Summary:
This is a ​scholarly journal ​is an overview of the neutrino particle and the standard model
as the name suggests and breaks down a specific section o-f the neutrino physic with a
metaphysical analysis of existing data, the interaction terms with other the Weyl fermions. This
essentially goes in-depth on the neutrino oscillation phenomenon, providing a scientific analysis
for the various particle flavors. The article also goes in-depth in explaining how this will imply
that the neutrino mass and the profound implications within reality. This is due to the incredible
magnitude of neutrinos that are available within the universe, therefore if the neutrinos have any
mass, then they will implications through cosmology, creating explanations for many
astrophysical and particle physical phenomenon, potentially even leading to an entirely new
branch of physics itself
Application to Research:
This article breaks how it's complicated subject material into better, more understandable
steps, and most important, relies on teaching the subject material via science and complementary
mathematics, rather than a derivation from mathematics itself. Many articles do this due to the
high level of physics they are not only theorizing but also testing is nearly impossible because of
its incredibly small magnitude of mass. Therefore, this article becomes many significantly easier
to understand in comparison its counterparts, allowing me to better grasp the neutrino oscillation
mechanism and its implications

Gresham College. (2018, March 8). ​Elementary Particles and Their Interactions - Professor
Joseph Silk FRS​ [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/elementary-particles-and-their-interactio
ns
Summary:
This is a scholarly lecture given at Gresham College by professor Joseph Silk on an
overview of the standard model and elementary particle physics interactions. This lecture
comprised of an introduction to the standard model and a discussion of all its elements and its
properties, elaborating on how the elementary particles would interact with one another at the
particle realm.
Application to Research:
This aids my research greatly because it allows me to better grasp the elementary particle
interactions that are particular to particle physics. On the topic of materialistic decay, I have
never realized how all materials, as well as fermions and bosons, all decayed into lower forms of
matter and energy constantly. This is helpful to my research because it will allow me to
understand the intricacies of particle interactions.

Griffiths, D. (2008). Neutrinos. In D. Griffiths (Author), ​Introduction to Elementary Particles

(2nd ed., pp. 23-30). Retrieved from
https://mikefragugliacom.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/introduction-to-elementary-particl
es-gnv64.pdf
Summary:
The textbook reading is a scholarly record of the knowledge known on the neutrino
elementary particle and a summary of its properties and nature. The text highlights in detail all
the knowledge needed to understand the neutrino particle interactions and how they have derived
this information, specifically looking at the seesaw mechanism within the neutrino particle. The
seesaw mechanism is derived from three primary sources of information, the scattering event,
particle-bound states, and particle decay. With these three information sources, the neutrino
particle is found to have a neutrino oscillation and duel particle relationship with its duel
right-handed particle. Furthermore, the duel particle mass matrix analysis was provided, giving
insight on how to determine the neutrino mass oscillations, but without sufficient knowledge of
partial differential equations, it has proven difficult to understand.
Application to Research:
The neutrino particle mass matrix analysis is incredibly important to my current research,
as this may allow me to sufficiently comprehend the data or information from the neutrino
oscillation experimentation that I have been doing. The neutrino mass matrix analysis can allow
researchers to better understand and comprehend the relationship between the right handed and
left handed neutrino, but the mass matrix analysis has proven to be incredibly difficult to
understand.

Hernández, J. P. (2017, August 3). ​Neutrino physics​ [Lecture Notes]. Retrieved November 14,
2018, from Cornell University Library website: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.01046.pdf
Summary:
The paper overviews and summarizes several neutrino lectures given by several critically
acclaimed professors. This scholarly journal goes into detail the history and development of the
theory of neutrino, breaking down the complex terminology of the neutrinos within
understandable terminology. Fortunately, the journal also understands that the readers may not
be experts in particle physics, but is generally focused at scholars, so most of the information
derived from this journal is more readily understood by casual readers and researchers.
Application to Summary:
This paper allows me to better understand the neutrino physics that I am studying to a
depth that causal research without a college education simply cannot allow, and explains some of
the rudimentary concepts with a higher quality education. With a better understanding, I will be
able to build my confidence within the field of particle physics and neutrinos, and eventually, I
will build enough knowledge to understand the topics being taught for neutrinos, and the
research and lectures being given on the neutrino topic.

Kajita, T. (2010). ​Atmospheric neutrinos and discovery of neutrino oscillations​ (Doctoral

dissertation, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan). Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3417797/
Summary:
This article covers the discovery of neutrino oscillations by atmospheric neutrino
interactions with cosmic rays; the scholarly journal that not only created evidence and an
argument for neutrino particle mass but also won a nobel prize in physics due to its incredible
discovery and impact on neutrino physics.
Application to Research:
The article on neutrino physics is crucial to my neutrino research because it creates the
venue for the basis of my research entirely. This is a nearly historical paper because of its
discovery and reading it has allowed me to understand the evidence and reasoning behind
neutrino oscillations, which give insight to the possibilities of why neutrino particle oscillate.

Klinkhamer, F. R. (2013). Neutrino Mass And The Standard Model. ​Modern Physics Letters A​,
7.​ https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217732313500107
Summary:
This is a ​scholarly journal​ is a brief meta analysis of the neutrino particle interaction
terms with bosons and fermions, and it provides a discussion on the implications of the data
collected from the interactions in nature that have been observed thus far. The interaction terms
were also predicted via a matrix calculation of the probability of the oscillations, but the data is
largely inconclusive due to the lack of sensitivity and accuracy of the particle accelerator.
Application to Research:
The discussion of the theories of the interaction terms is incredibly important to the
application of research, since if the non renormalizability of the interaction term implies the
breaking of the B-L symmetry law, which is a fundamental law of particle physics. If this
fundamental law was broken, then the neutrino particle can lead to a new understanding of
particles and a new branch of physics itself.

Lahrz, M. (2007, October). ​The Solar Neutrino Problem​. Retrieved from University Umeå
website: http://www.tp.umu.se/space/Proj_09/Martin_Lahrz-09.pdf
Summary:
This scholarly journal is a research report encompassing information and knowledge on
solar neutrinos and the apparent problem within the study of this problem. The article goes on to
explain the neutrino problem and how neutrino oscillation has created a solution for the la k of
solar neutrino detected. Essentially the solar neutrino problem is a problem within nature in
which the Sun naturally produces neutrino, dubbed solar neutrinos, that leave the sun directly as
seen in the standard model. Unfortunately, research scientists have detected only a third of the
solar neutrinos within nature and were lost as to understand where the rest of the neutrinos were.
It was not until the physics phenomenon neutrino oscillations were found that the solar neutrino
problem was completely resolved within nature. This article then encapsulates the information
derived from this discovery and its various physics implications.
Application to Research:
The research can aid my progress in understanding the implication of the discovery of
neutrino oscillations. Solar neutrino astronomy is quite complicated, and for a long time, many
did not understand why the solar neutrinos were not being produced at the predicted levels. The
neutrino oscillation discovery is a massive discovery, therefore its implications are equally as
difficult to understand. This article then allows me to better understand and utilize the knowledge
gained from neutrino oscillation to conduct and produce my own neutrino oscillation
experiments.

Mit Opencourseware. (2015, October 21). ​22.51 Course Notes, Chapter 7: Mixed states​ [Lecture
notes]. Retrieved from MIT OpenCourseWare database. (Accession No. 22.51)
Summary:
This course notes highlight the notes that are discussed in a lecture on Mixed States
matter within quantum physics. This phenomenon is best described and explained through these
notes, as they break down the reasoning for why quantum physics may work this way, though it
still is confusing and mysterious. This is the best explanation for the phenomenon implications as
well as, explaining how the dual cardinal system of the fermions can then influence the Particle
Mixing Matrix and have an influence over the nature of the particle oscillations.
Applications to Research:
The course notes help me to better understand one of the most fundamental quantum
physics properties and phenomenon in which a fermion oscillates between its various flavors
within one state, which is incredibly useful when applied to neutrino astronomy research. This is
due to the fact that neutrinos are within such a small magnitude, therefore the only way to detect
these particles and study their behavior is through the oscillations within their flavor states, so
understanding this property can lead is crucial to understand the mechanics of the particle itself.

Mohapatra, R. N. (n.d.). ​Physics of Neutrino Mass​ [Speech transcript]. Retrieved from SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory website:
http://www.slac.stanford.edu/econf/C040802/papers/L011.PDF
Summary:
This scientific article is a meta-analytical summarization of the components of particle
physics that are known about neutrinos, from duel partiality and spin variation to the particle to
the supper asymmetry and B-L violations that occur due to the nature of these particles. The
article was very informing on how these complex things worked in relation to neutrinos worked
and functioned in relation to space.
Application of Research:
The article allows me to better understand the complex particle physical variation of what
is occurring at the elementary particle realm, which without the core mathematics to support it, is
a strenuous and difficult task. This article allows me to gain a greater grasp of the material itself
and gain confidence in the content. This confidence allows me to better venture and understand
high levels of physics and research.
Mohapatra, R. N. (2004). ​Seesaw Mechanism and Its Implications​ (Doctoral dissertation,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD). Retrieved from
https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0412379.pdf
Summary:
This academic thesis written in 2004 highlights the SeeSaw mechanism that
revolutionized the understanding of neutrino and builds upon this principle to explain the
abundance and sole existence of left cardinal neutrinos within the Standard Model. Building
upon the assumption that there are right-handed neutrinos that are simply not interacting with the
Higgs mechanism, it can be deduced that the right-handed neutrino and the left-handed neutrino
that they would equate to the planck's constant. This can be used to understand neutrino nature
characteristics and may have applications within high scale particle physics
Application to Research:
This complex concept is used to explain much of the natural phenomenon within neutrino
physics, especially how neutrino has a nonzero mass within the standard model. This is essential
to my research, as I can only work and understand how to neutrino oscillations and its
mechanisms work only with the understanding of how neutrinos, specifically left cardinal
neutrinos to have a mass that interacts with matter and the Higgs field. Though this is an awfully
difficult concept to understand, it is necessary to have this basis in order to understand the
research being done in neutrino oscillations, which is the area of particle physics I wish to study.

Mohapatra, R. N. (Presenter). (2018, November 29). ​Seesaw Mechanism: Implications on the

Higgs field mass matrix​. Lecture presented at College Park, College Park, MD.
Summary:
The lecture at college park was an interesting and stimulating discussion on the
Seesaw Mechanism effect on the elementary particle existence and interactions with matter
itself. The lecture comprised of a discussion of the Higgs field, and the vibrations within the
Higgs field matrix causing the existence of the elementary particles itself. Within that Higgs
field, there is a “Mexican hat” vibrational curve which creates a dual cardinality within all
elementary particles. He also explained how the “Mexican Higgs vibrational curve” can be used
to derive the mass matrix of all elementary particles.
Application to Research:
This has incredible consequences to my research, as it will aid my understanding of the
seesaw mechanism within the neutrino mass matrix. this is an incredibly important facet to
neutrino mass matrix because the seesaw mechanism can give rise to the understanding of why
the neutrino particle oscillates and even has a mass matrix. Therefore, understanding the seesaw
mechanism is critical to the success of my research, which is achieved through understanding
this lecture entirely.

Mohapatra, R. N. (2018, December 12). Questions about Seesaw Mechanism [E-mail to the
author].
Summary:
Within these emails. the professor has answered many questions on the Seesaw
Mechanism, specifically on how the Seesaw Mechanism created dual cardinality in the particle
mass matrix. The professor has illuminated many anomalies and gaps within my knowledge,
specifically concerning the dual cardinality and neutrino oscillations. This lead me to do more
research in specific areas, as well as research from some material that the professor has given me
himself.
Application to Research:
This is crucial to my research because it allows me to understand the gaps within my
knowledge and connect with a professional and expert within the field. The interaction allowed
me to understand the knowledge that I lack and where I must study to better understand my own
research and papers that I have been reading.

Murayama, H. (2002, May). ​The origin of Neutrino Mass.​ Retrieved from Berkeley Center for
Theoretical Physics website: http://ctp.berkeley.edu/neutrino/neutrino5.html
Summary:
The article published by the Berkeley physicist Hitoshi Murayama which highlights and
compiles the history surrounding the mysterious subatomic neutrino particle, going into detail its
origin and cultural and historical significance. After summarizing the neutrino history, the article
goes on to highlight some of the pertaining issues with the modern neutrino, specifically with the
neutrino mass and the surrounding controversy with the particle. The article then goes on to
highlight how there are two different theory pertaining to explain the phenomena associated with
neutrino mass, with Dirac and Majorana Neutrino. The Dirac Neutrino theory states that the
right-handed neutrino, which has not interacted matter at all, is said to have at a minimum of 26
levels of magnitude weaker than their left-handed ordinary neutrino. This also implies that the
neutrino interactions with the Higgs Boson are 12 levels of magnitude weaker than a quark,
which is unacceptable within the physicist communities due to inconsistencies with experimental
data. The alternative theory of Majorana Neutrinos indicates that there are simply higher
dimensions within the universe due to string theory and this may indicate why the neutrino is
difficult to detect as the particle may exist within a different dimension, which offers a slight
problem to the experimentalists, as we cannot interact with any other dimensions but the 3rd
dimension.
Application to Research:
This is crucial to my research because the ways in which the neutrino mass is structured
and theories associated with it are important to issue of locating neutrino characteristics with
neutrino oscillation interaction within nature. Specifically, this can help me better understand the
modern prevailing theories in hopes to improve upon it or disprove it with my own research
within the field.

Nagashima, Y. (2010). An overview of the Standard Model. In ​Elementary Particle Physics

Volume 1: Quantum Field Theory and Particles​ (Vol. 1, pp. 3-36). Federal Republic of
Germany, Germany: Osaka University.
https://www.ge.infn.it/~sannino/ebooks/Nagashima_Y.-Elementary_Particle_Physics__V
olume_1__Quantum_Field_Theory_and_Particles.pdf
Summary:
This textbook from the accredited Osaka University particle physics professor Yorikiyo
Nagashima provides a detailed introduction and explanation to the elementary particle physics
phenomenon, especially with a focus on the forces acting upon the fundamental particles that
may dictate out the universe. The textbook goes in-depth with the historical development of
these physics theories, and details not only the physics itself but also the profound implications
of the theories in a simple and cohesive manner. Essentially, the text explained how there are
only four fundamental forces working in unison to be able to produce the natural phenomenon at
the particle level, from the long-ranged forces acting on the macroscopic world with Gravity and
Electromagnetism and the microscopic world with strong and weak forces. Especially using the
manipulation of the quantum electrodynamics (QED), the electromagnetic forces, as well as the
strong and weak forces, can be manipulated to influence the particles and the natural
phenomenon around us.
Application to Research:
Within the research, affiliation with the particle field of physics is incredibly important,
so to better understand the field and work being done within the field, I have been reading many
textbooks to begin to understand how these particles truly work and fundamentally understand
the physics of the particle realm. This source has given me a thorough review of particle physics
in a way that is both concise but also easy to understand, as it begins with the fundamental forces
acting upon a particle, and builds upon how the particle may interact with these forces and other
particles, thereby explaining the theory behind the phenomenon, which can allow me to
eventually formulate my own theory on neutrino particle interactions and behavior. After
completely sufficient background research and truly understanding the field at a graduate level
and finally make progress within the field with research.

Schmitz, D. (2018, December 4). Discussion of the Righted Neutrino [E-mail to the author].
Summary:
This was an email interaction with the University of Chicago research professor David
Schmitz has allowed me to understand the limitations of my knowledge as well as research on
neutrinos, specifically right-handed neutrinos. David Schmitz highlighted that my understanding
of the neutrino mass matrix is poor, and has given me supplementary articles and resources to
study from to be able to research and better understand the neutrino mass matrix completely.
Application to Research:
This greatly contributes to my research, as it allows me to understand the gaps within my
understanding, and study accordingly to better suit my needs within neutrino astronomy and
research. The supplementary article within the right-handed neutrino allowed me to better grasp
the phenomenology of neutrino particles, specifically of right-handed neutrinos, and this allowed
me to better understand my neutrino research entirely.

Srednicki, M. (2006, May 11). ​Quantum Field Theory​ [Reading transcript]. Retrieved November
6, 2018, from http://www.physics.ucsb.edu/ website:
https://web.physics.ucsb.edu/~mark/ms-qft-DRAFT.pdf
Summary:
This is a textbook is an introductory textbook used by the University of Santa Barbara
physics department to introduce the ideas and concepts pertaining to the quantum field theory in
an easily comprehensive and understandable manner. The textbook breaks down all the topics
associated with quantum field theory, which deals with the physics of the mechanics of
high-speed elementary particles within quantum mechanic.
Application to Research:
The textbook is able to easily break down the complex concepts of quantum field theory,
such as the left and right-handed spinor fields and the manipulation of these spinor indices, in a
way that is easily understood by beginners. This is crucial for my research, as this will allow for
me to better comprehend how the neutrino particle spin duality is influenced by the mass matrix
or rather how the mass matrix is influenced by the spin. After properly understanding this
particular aspect of the quantum field theory, I will better be able to understand research being
done in the field and comprehend the subject material to a high degree, speeding up the progress
and efficiency of the research exponentially.

Stanford. (2012, August 16). ​Demystifying the Higgs Boson with Leonard Susskind​ [Video file].
Retrieved from https://youtu.be/JqNg819PiZY
Summary:
This is an academic lecture recorded by the accredited university Stanford of the
theoretical physicist professor Leonard Susskind in which he talks about the underlying
principles of the Higgs field and its applications within particle physics. The major focus was
upon the energy output of the various fields that exist upon the subatomic plane which dictate the
nature of elementary particles. Specifically, the Higgs field within empty space would have a
Mexican hat like energy output, which has major consequences within the neutrino energy
levels, as they are often negative within an ideal vacuum state. This could be used to explain why
the neutrino particle’s mass is very low in comparison to the average lepton and boron mass and
could be used to explain how the neutrino is such an elusive particle.
Application to Research:
Dr. Leonard Susskind had explained how the subatomic fields within nature can dictate
the nature of elementary particle within the subatomic level, which has profound consequences
within my area of research. The nature of elementary particle interaction with matter in the
subatomic fields are crucial to understanding the mechanics of neutrino oscillations, so after
understanding these concepts taught by this professor, I began to understand how neutrinos may
create oscillations with interactions to these fields, especially the Higgs field, and create
oscillations to produce muons and tau particles, as it is a byproduct of various interactions of
these fields. This is crucial to my study as it can lead to higher levels of understanding onto
what information neutrino oscillations can lead to.

Straub, W. O. (Presenter). (2005, March 17). ​WEYL SPINORS AND DIRAC’S ELECTRON
EQUATION​. Reading presented in Pasadena, CA.
Summary:
The article is a transcription of a lecture given in the University of Berkeley that explains
the concepts of Weyl spinors matrix using elementary classical physics and real-life examples to
connect the complex concepts and allow them to be understandable to the layman.
Application to Summary:
I will be able to use this article for my research, as it allows me to understand how the
neutrinos particle interacts with all other neutrino particles, and how its behavior may be
mathematically deduced to a mass matrix that will allow for the neutrino momentum and
behavior.

TED-Ed. (2015, August 28). ​Why neutrinos matter - Sílvia Bravo Gallart​ [Video file]. Retrieved
from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkydJXigkRE
Summary:
 This is a scholarly video animated and created by the TEDx organization with a mission
to educate and enrich physics education for the youth of America. The video is a short lecture on
the overview of neutrinos and neutrino astronomy facilities throughout the world. The lecture
highlights an interesting phenomenon in which neutrino particle matter interaction can release a
photonic “light-boom” that can be captured on average 10 times a year.
Application to Research:
The video can contribute to my research greatly, as it introduces concepts and ideas that
aren't often talked about within the research papers that I read. When questioned on the rationale
of neutrino research, I can refer to the argument raised within this video to answer those
questions.

Thomson, M. (2013). ​Modern Particle Physics​ (University of Cambridge, Comp.). Retrieved

from http://particlephysics.physics.auth.gr/Books/1.pdf
Summary:
The textbook informs the reader comprehensively information on the entirety of the
standard model, ranging from particle decay to the fundamental forces and particles themselves.
The textbook also highlighted the theory behind each model and gave the proof for how this
understanding came to existence, which was incredibly helpful for the reader to understand the
concepts being taught. This textbook is also a scholarly text by the critically acclaimed
University of Cambridge.
Application to Research:
The textbook informs me of the fundamental within the standard model of particle
physics, which give me a better understanding of the fundamental particle and their known
characteristics. This allows me to better understand the advanced physics taught within the
dissertations on the particle physics subject. Specifically, this allows me to better understand the
Dirac and Majorana theory concerning neutrino mass.

Tsun, T. S. (n.d.). ​Symmetry and symmetry breaking in particle physics​ (Master's thesis).
Retrieved from CERN Document Server database.
Summary:
This is a scholarly journal which thoroughly explains the theoretical concepts of
symmetry, a fundamental principle of theoretical physics that is crucial to the understanding of
how particle interactions can be calculated and understood. These particles, specifically the duel
particle neutrinos, can be summarized to be within a specific abelian group, therefore if one were
to perform binary computations on the abelian group, the effects could be calculated, as well as
the individual matrix components can be calculated as well.
Application to Research:
The application to the research to is incredibly important, as this is the crucial indication
of how I may be able to study and predict, at least at a theoretical level, how the neutrino particle
may develop and interaction with nature, and deduce their properties from an actual physics and
mathematics standpoint rather than in a purely metaphysical standpoint, which provides great
breakthroughs in my research process.
Valle, J. W.F. (2006). ​Neutrino physics overview​ (Doctoral dissertation, Universitat de Valencia
Edificio de Institutos de Paterna, Valencia, Spain). Retrieved from
https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0608101.pdf
Summary:
This is an academic journal that overviews all the physics associated with neutrino
physics and gives the detailed mathematical and physics proof for each argument and theory
within the neutrino physics situation. This categorizes the neutrino, starting with Dirac and
Majorana neutrinos, and moving towards the associated physics theory to explain the particle
physics phenomena such as the Seesaw Mechanism and the supersymmetry that is crucial to
understanding the structure of the neutrino study.
Application to Research:
This academic journal will highlight and allow me to better understand the physics that is
often hard to learn due to the sheer knowledge within the particle physics associated with
neutrinos by streamlining the process. This article explains the Seesaw Mechanism and the
connects this concept to supersymmetry within neutrino physics, which is crucial to understand
to the theory behind the neutrino oscillation research, as this is the physics behind how the
physicists managed to create contact between neutrinos and matter.

Weir, B., Conrad, J., Halzen, F., & Krauss, L. (Presenters). (2012, June 1). ​The Elusive Neutrino
and The Nature Of The Cosmos​. Lecture presented at World Science Festival, New York
City, NY.
Summary:
This is a lecture given by four prominent lecturers within the field of high-speed
elementary particle physics, specifically concentrated on neutrino nature. Within the nearly 2
hour lecture on the neutrino particles, the lecture talks about the history of neutrino and the
frontier of neutrino research, divulging information on how the neutrino particle and how the
particle’s dual particle nature may give significant insight on how the quantum field theory may
develop at a significantly small magnitude of particle size. The lectures go on to talk about the
particle seesaw relationship and how the research facilities may provide insight on how the
neutrino particle oscillates and interacts with primary cosmic rays, which then allows produces
muon and tau particle, allowing the facility detects the neutrino matter interaction and study the
data of the neutrinos itself. The data is inconclusive as of the time being, but the study shows that
the neutrino particle is far smaller than what was once suspected by the theoretical physicists,
and is said to have been in the order of magnitude of 24 to 27 times smaller than an electron
particle.

Application to Research:
This applies to my research as the lecture was kept in terms of a semi-educated layman,
which is what I consider myself to be within this field as I understand some details of the
neutrino particle physics, but there is much information that I still do not understand that is best
explained to a non-physicist within the lecture that has helped me better comprehend the
research that they have conducted. Therefore, much of the research on neutrino particle
interaction is best explained in this lecture, something that I was having incredible trouble
understanding. This lecture helped explain areas of neutrino particle physics that I did not
understand or even know of beforehand, and it enabled me to be able to comprehend the subject
and field to a higher degree.

World Science U. (2018, April 19). Maria Spiropulu -- Quantum Mixing [Video
 file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/sGvloXFhAYM

Summary​:
The video summarizes is a masterclass recorded and produced by the World Science U in
which the critically acclaimed particle physicist Maria Spiropulu talks about quantum mixing, a
phenomenon that is not easily understood through conversation. This phenomenon, as explained
here within the lecture, is common within the quantum particles in fermions and leptons
especially. Essentially, within the video lecture, it is described that the fermions, with all of the
three flavors, exist within one state of matter, and oscillate through these flavors through the
quantum mixing phenomenon and can be modeled via the mixing matrix. This can lead
physicists to the conclusion that neutrinos have mass since they can record and capture the
oscillations between the neutrino flavors, leading to a higher understanding of the quantum
particles themselves.
Application to Research:
Dr. Spiropulu talks about the quantum mixing phenomenon in an easily understandable
manner that is crucial to understand the essences of the core nature of the quantum particles. The
quantum particles are able to oscillate through their states constantly within one particle itself
through this phenomenon, giving rise to hope that through particle accelerator technology
themselves, physicists one day will be able to revolutionize their understanding of quantum
particles.

Xing, Z., & Zhou, S. (2011). ​Neutrinos in Particle Physics, Astronomy and Cosmology​ (Vol. 1).
Retrieved from http://theor.jinr.ru/~vnaumov/Eng/JINR_Lectures/books/Xing2011.pdf
Summary:
The neutrino particle physics textbook seems to be a scholarly piece of literature from
China that elaborates on all the knowledge and information known on the neutrino particles
specifically, breaking down the information known about the particle in an easily accessible
textbook. From the neutrino’s history and its creation from Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis to its
breaking edge and complex characteristics, such as Gauge Symmetries and Renormalizability.

Application of Research:
This is important to the research process, as this synthesizes and allows me to streamline
my research process. Specifically, when looking at the Phenomenology of the Neutrino
Oscillation, the textbook truly explains this in an extremely concise fashion, as they have broken
down the non-adiabatic neutrino oscillations in the matter in which the neutrino muon flavor will
interact only in then eigenvalues can be predicted with the Dirac neutrino particle wave function
as founded by Pauli.