Sashita Subburaj

23 January 2019
Independent Research 4B

Anders, S. (2019, January 9). [Telephone interview by the author].

Summary:
This ​interview ​with Dr. Anders focused on various topics such as the evolution of anesthesia and
how anesthesia has developed to be made safer. She was able to offer valuable insight on how
malpractice agencies get involved with malpractice cases at hospitals and how her team can
specifically act to prevent it. In addition, she provided detail on the various types of anesthesia
and how frequently she herself practices them.
Application to Research:
I feel that this interview was a great resource for my research because I was able to focus on
information I specifically needed instead of having to make generalizations. I was also able to
get an actual anesthesiologist’s input on what she thought was the greatest advancement in
anesthesia so far.

Ahmad, R. (n.d.). History and evolution of anesthesia education in united states. ​Journal of
Anesthesia & Clinical Research​. Retrieved from
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/history-and-evolution-of-anesthesia-education-
in-united-states-2155-6148-1000734.php?aid=90172
Summary:
This ​scholarly journal​ explores the history and evolution of anesthesia specifically in the United
States. Though it does provide some background on anesthesia’s first emerging origin in the
world, it mostly provides details about which surgical procedures were able to be performed
here. It goes into the scientific details about which specific properties of anesthetics allow it to
induce a temporary loss of awareness in the patient by breaking the structure of the anesthetics
down into its separate components. It also provides a couple of statistics on the types of surgeries
involving anesthesia performed.
Application to Research:
This journal was useful to my research as it provided me with the background information I
needed to get started on building my research topic. It explored all the possible origins of
anesthetics in general and then also went into further detail to talk about its chemical properties. I
do not see any bias in this source as it was created to purely state facts and to give the reader
some background.

Baker, & Gilchrist. (2018, September 16). Too much anesthesia: When simple procedures turn
critical: Indiana. Retrieved October 11, 2018, from Baker and Gilchrist website:
https://www.bakerandgilchrist.com/blog/much-anesthesia-simple-procedures-turn-critical
/
Summary:
This ​webpage ​details many accounts of lawsuits related to the misuse or improper handling of
anesthesia administration. Topics discussed in this webpage include services offered by law
firms for families affected by medical malpractice. Specific scenarios of cases from the past were
provided in the text. Details regarding the common side effects of anesthesia are also provided.
In addition, information on malpractice prevention is included for those considering undergoing
surgical procedure but are skeptical of the results. Many statistics regarding malpractice in
anesthesia administration are also mentioned in the article.
Application to Research:
I feel that this article was too vague in the information it provided. While it touched on various
topics, there was no specific takeaway. I also fear that this article may contain slight bias because
it was published by a private law firm. However, this article has helped improve my
understanding on all the different topics within the broad focus of anesthesia. I can now proceed
with the research process after gaining basic knowledge from this article.

Bonifield, J. (2012, June 10). 10 shocking medical mistakes. Retrieved December 13, 2018, from
CNN website: https://www.cnn.com/2012/06/09/health/medical-mistakes/index.html
Summary:
This ​article ​from CNN goes into detail about common medical malpractice errors found in
hospitals all across America. This does not specifically discuss cases in anesthesia but it gives a
general overview of how malpractice occurs. It also goes over some of the commonly known
malpractice procedures in hospitals across the U.S while also explaining what the common
course of action is. The outcomes of these malpractice cases are also included to inform readers
about the severity of the issue.
Application to Research:
This article was useful in gaining general background about the concept of medical malpractice
and it included a variety of different cases to examine. However, I felt that a lot of the
information was pretty general which only provided a minimal amount of take-away. I do not
however this this source is biased in anyway because its just generalizations and is not aimed to
attack any specific group.

Bharadwaj, S. (2019, January 9). [Telephone interview by the author].

Summary:
This ​interview​ with Dr. Bharadwaj explored various components of practicing anesthesia in the
medical world. She gave her input as a medical professional and expressed her opinion of
medical malpractice in regards to anesthesia is quite often blown out of proportion. She also
provided some input on how anesthesia has involved, specifically citing the copper kettle
maneuver. In the end she discussed the common complications involved with anesthesia,
emphasizing that a good majority of them were extremely rare.
Application to Research:
This interview was extremely beneficial to my research as it allowed to directly interact with a
medical professional to gain insight. Instead of having to sort through irrelevant information in a
journal, I was able to focus on asking questions about specific info I needed.

Bhaskar, S. B. (2013). Emergence from anesthesia: Have we got it all smoothened out? ​Indian
Journal of Anesthesia,​ ​57(​ 3). Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3658321/
Summary:
This ​article ​from the Indian Journal of Anesthesia discusses emergence from anesthesia.
Emergence from general anesthesia is associated with the patient emerging out of the state of
anesthesia. This is because signals from neurotransmitters are no longer being closed off. This
concept was first introduced and studied in 1846. Scientists have taken on the responsibility of
studying and researching ways to handle the transition period in a smoother manner. In the data
observed, it is noted that females emerge faster than males indicating that there is higher
awareness in females. Substances such as ether and halothane, propofol, isoflurane, sevoflurane
and desflurane have revolutionized anesthesia as they allow for an increase in accuracy and
efficiency.
Application to Research:
This article has broadened my knowledge on the topic of anesthesia through the discussion of a
specific portion of the anesthetic treatment. Now that I am beginning to narrow the scope of my
research, this article was detailed in its explanation of emergence and therefore it was very useful
to the research process as my claim is now narrowed.

Birth injury. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2018, from

https://www.birthinjuryguide.org/birth-injury/financial-support/birth-injury-lawyer/
Summary:
This ​webpage​ from the Birth Injury Guide explores the types of injuries that result from the
delivery process in regards to the mother and child. It also discusses the measures that hospitals
take to prevent. Additionally, it states that there a plethora of birth injury lawyers available in the
United States and there are numerous cases of birth injuries every year. It provided a lot of
statistics on the number of cases occurring in the country every year.
Application to Research:
This webpage was useful to my research as it highlighted specific malpractice cases related to
birthing injuries. It was a little vague in the actual medical conditions that it listed but overall it
had good law information. However, I do feel that this source may be a bit biased because of its
law firm nature.

Borel, B. (2012, February 23). How does anesthesia work? Retrieved December 20, 2018, from
LiveScience website: https://www.livescience.com/33731-anesthesia-work.html
Summary:
This webpage from livescience explores the types of anesthesia used over the course of history.
Within anesthesia, there are two primary types of drugs: those that numb the entire body (known
as general) and those that only numb things up in a certain area (local). The role of a local
anesthetic is to block nerves that are connected to a certain body part to the brain, which results
in the inability of the nerves to carry pain signals. Exactly how anesthesia works is not exactly
known. One theory suggests that they dissolve some of the fat present in brain cells which results
in a change in the cells’ activity.
Application to Research:
This webpage allowed me to take a step-back from the GABA neurotransmitters and focus on
how anesthesia has actually been used over history by various surgical groups. I believe that it
will tie in nicely to my research so far as it has a lot to do with the neurotransmitters.

CBS News. (2011, April 22). Baby's death prompts war against hospital errors. Retrieved
December 18, 2018, from CBS News website:
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/babys-death-prompts-war-against-hospital-errors/
Summary:
This ​article ​from CBS news was about how two parents experienced the death of their child due
to negligence on the part of the staff. Genesis Burkett was given 60 times the amount of the
normal sodium dosage. Though the doctor detected abnormal amounts of sodium present in the
baby’s body, no action was made from the remaining staff to check the sodium status. The
parents of Genesis are now suing the hospital for the pain that it has caused them.
Application to Research:
This article was a useful source because it gave me an outlet to medical malpractice cases outside
the umbrella of anesthesia. This allowed me to see how prevalent it is in the medical community.
However, the source may include some bias as it did not have the hospital's reasoning or point of
view on the incident.

Eckenhoff, J. E. (1980). Controversy in Anesthesiology. ​Anesthesia and Analgesia​, ​59​. Retrieved

from file:///Users/sashisubbu/Downloads/Controversy_in_Anesthesiology.22.pdf
Summary:
This ​article ​from the Anesthesia and Analgesia provides insight on the controversy surrounding
the practice of anesthesia. Topics discussed in this article include impact of anesthesia on
reproduction, training procedures for nurse anesthetists, and the sterilization of equipment used
in general surgery. After many concerning events regarding the ill use of anesthesia, healthcare
professionals are urging for immediate solutions to prevent such severe cases from reoccurring.
Professionals are now coming up with plans in which the administration of drugs will be more
personalized to the specific condition of the patient. Many statistics regarding malpractice in
anesthesia administration are also mentioned in the article.
Application to Research:
I feel that this article was leaning towards the vague side in the information it provided. While it
introduced many topics,it glossed over a lot of keypoints. However, this article has helped better
my understanding on all the various topics associated with anesthesia. This will allow me to
proceed with the research process due to this establishing the basic knowledge needed.

Elert, E. (2013, January 17). FYI: Why is there a winter flu season? Retrieved September 23,
2018, from https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-01/fyi-why-winter-flu-season
Summary:
This ​article ​explains how winter has a positive effect on how the flu virus spreads. In the winter,
there are more cases of the flu because of the colder and drier weather. The influenza virus
thrives and spreads faster in colder weather. For example, the article explained that the
temperature has an effect on how the virus spread. In the experiment displayed, guinea pigs were
placed in cages and exposed to the virus at two different temperatures. At the colder temperature,
more guinea pigs were exposed to the virus. Additionally, the low humidity in the winter allows
the virus to remain airborne significantly longer which can potentially infect another individual.
Application to Research:
This article effectively describes how and why the flu is so commonly diagnosed in the winter by
using diagrams and example experiments. However, this article fails to address why the flu is so
common in general. Rather it explains the increase of the virus in a certain season. It would be
more helpful if the article talked abt specific traits about the flu that contribute to its
high-frequency year long.
GABA Neurotransmitter. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2018, from Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory website: https://www.dnalc.org/view/485-GABA-Neurotransmitter.html
Summary:
This ​webpage​ from the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory is solely about the function of GABA
neurotransmitters in the body. The GABA neurotransmitters are vital to convey signals to
numerous parts of the human body. Specifically, neurons in every part of the brain use GABA to
ensure perfect neurotransmission. GABA is the primary neurotransmitter, which means it
decreases the neuron's potential activity. This webpage also goes into detail about a specific
simulation that was conducted regarding the GABA neurotransmitter. It further proved that the
GABA neurotransmitter is the primary transmitter needed to transmit signals as it deals with the
cerebral cortex and brain areas.
Application to Research:
This webpage has helped me gain additional insight and information on the function and
importance of a GABA neurotransmitter. Though this article had nothing to do with anesthesia,
I’m hoping that I’ll be able to relate the information from here back into my research. However,
the article could have explained some complex concepts in more detail, it was quite difficult to
follow.

JV, D., & P, R. (2015). Can we improve operating room efficiency? ​Journal of Postgraduate
Medicine​, ​61​(1). Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944359/

Summary:
This ​article ​from the Journal of Postgraduate Medicine discusses the how anesthesia can be
made efficient. One of the most important areas of the hospital that provides a lot of time and
effort to the intense work is the operating room. The efficiency of the time allocated varies
depending on case timings, the distribution of staff, the equipment needed for the procedure and
other various factors. Management that is inefficient can result in cases getting cancelled and
waiting lists that are extremely long. Healthcare professionals have long since teamed up with
anesthesiologists to produce an increase in efficiency as it could result in saving the lives of
countless in need.
Application to Research:
So far, this article has come the closest to my topic in terms of content. Because my question
focuses on how anesthesia has increased efficiency in surgery, this article has truly helped me
gain some significant insight. Though this article focuses on Indian hospitals, the information
can still be applied to anesthetic practice all over the world, thus proving useful to research.

Korean Society of Anesthesiologists. (2010). Molecular mechanisms of general anesthesia.

Korean Journal of Anesthesiology​, ​1​(59), 3-8. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908224/
Summary:
This ​article ​from the Korean Journal of Anesthesiology goes into great detail about
specific neurotransmitters that anesthesiology commonly influences. According to the article, the
anesthesia comprises of multiple components such as amnesia, unconsciousness, analgesia, and
immobility. Specifically, the GABA receptor (for the cerebral cortex) is the primary target for
advancement in anesthetic development. It was only recently that scientists discovered an
association between the uses of general anesthesia and certain sites in the central nervous system.
GABA and other receptors associated with the central nervous system shows the most sensitivity
to anesthesia. This source also includes that there is no common definition of anesthesia that is
agreed upon by anesthesiologists. This is due to the varied reactions of patients. One of the most
serious effects of general anesthesia is impairment of memory.
Application to Research:
This article has been a turning point in my research as I have finally discovered
something specific within anesthesia to research. The GABA neurotransmitter is the most
targeted receptor while using anesthesia due to its connection to the central nervous system. I can
now proceed to continue my research on a more scientific basis, researching the specific
relationship between anesthesia and neurotransmitters.

Li, Haifang, et al. “Comparison of the Postoperative Effect between Epidural Anesthesia and
Continuous Wound Infiltration on Patients with Open Surgeries: A Meta-Analysis.”
Journal of Clinical Anesthesia,​ Elsevier Inc, Dec. 2018,
www.jcafulltextonline.com/article/S0952-8180(18)30455-0/fulltext.
Summary:
This scholarly ​article ​from the Journal of Clinical Anesthesia aims at comparing the effect of
epidural anesthesia and continuous wound infiltration on surgical patients. Specifically, the
researchers use meta-analysis to evaluate pain score on rest and mobilization at postoperative
time intervals to provide an evaluation with clear cut analysis. The research was conducted
through electronic databases such as PubMed. The experiment concluded that CWI (continuous
wound infiltration) is of greater value to EA (electroanesthesia) with less chances of
complications in surgery. However, electroanesthesia has the potential of providing better pain
control than CWI when it comes to the pain associated with post surgery.
Application to Research:
This article gave me my first look into an actual experiment conducted to determine the effect of
different types of anesthesia on post patient health. It allowed me to view clear scientific
explanation on the impacts of anesthesia. Therefore, I consider this articles as highly important to
the research process. The article was very detailed and thorough in its writing which was helpful.

Losey, Jennifer Lee. "Intraoperative Care." ​The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health,​
edited by Kristine Krapp, vol. 3, Gale, 2002, pp. 1304-1307. ​Gale Virtual Reference
Library​,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3405900444/GVRL?u=hcpub_hebron&sid=GVR
L&xid=8adbc652. Accessed 20 Oct. 2018.
Summary:
This ​article ​in the Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health has allowed me to
understand the concept of “intraoperative care”. This is referring to the period of time during
surgery. Anesthesia is an important aspect of intraoperative care. The administration of general
anesthesia has a soothing result on the patient's body, resulting in the potential of impeding the
heart’s function or increase the potential for irritability. It could also lead to respiratory
depression, reduced state of consciousness, a loss of sensation, and sometimes even paralysis.
Depending on the surgery’s demand, these are often desired results. This means that the patient
is in a position of danger. Because of the potential risks, health care team must assume
appropriate protocols in the operating room to ensure that the patient is safe and can undergo
surgery. The use of guidelines from the AANA has allowed for better results as surgeries are
more standardized. For example, “the guidelines enforce that continuous observation of the
patient must be performed by the nurse assigned to the patient. Guidelines on the types of
appropriate equipment are also outlined”​.
Application to Research:
This article has broadened my general knowledge on the topic of anesthesia through the
discussion of the factors associated with safe practice of anesthesia administration during
surgical procedure. The article was detailed in its explanation of this topic and therefore it was
very useful to the research process.

Mets, B. (2018). ​Waking up safer?: An anesthesiologist's record.​ Bristol, United Kingdom:

SilverWood Books.
Summary:
This ​book ​by Dr. Mets details his experiences as an anesthesiologist and how much risk there
was associated with it. He initially goes into detail about what being in school to be an
anesthesiologist is like and then later discusses his first administration of anesthesia. Midway
through the book, he references what his professor’s taught him at school about the origin and
initial uses and properties of anesthesia.
Application to Research:
This book has given me direct access to the life of an anesthesiologist by providing detailed
experiences. It also helps that Dr. Mets is from a different country as it gives me more insight on
anesthesiology practice all over the world.

Nelson, D. (2016). A bacteriophage endolysin that eliminates intracellular streptococci. ​eLife,​ ​5.​
http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13152
Summary:​ This ​scholarly journal article​ by Dr. Daniel Nelson of the University of Maryland
details how “enzybiotics” can help fight the battle against antibiotic resistant bacteria. A
bacteriophage is a virus that invades and multiplies inside a bacteria. For the bacteriophage to to
invade the bacteria, it must first create an opening in the cell wall of the bacteria to enter. It uses
an enzyme to do this, and Dr. Nelson and his team have harnessed an enzyme that the
bacteriophage uses to enter the bacteria. The same is true of bacteria, and this a discovery that
has the potential to turn the world of antibiotics in its head. The engineering of the bacteriophage
enzyme PlyC to accomplish this is truly a scientific work that deserves more credit.
Application to Research:​ This source lead me to a real and viable solution to the threat of
antibiotic resistance, and has the potential to save us all. It was not vague at all and provided a lot
of in-depth analysis.

Plaud, B., Debaene, B., Donati, F., & Marty, J. (2010). Residual paralysis after emergence from
anesthesia. ​Anesthesiology,​ ​112(​ 4), 1013-1022. Retrieved from
http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1932983
Summary:
This ​journal ​from ASA publications focuses on the potential consequences associated with
emergence from anesthesia. The most common type of paralysis to occur from these procedures
is residual paralysis. This is when paralysis occurs due to postoperative complications such as
muscle weakness. Essentially, it is a type of neuromuscular block caused by the anesthetics. The
dangers within residual paralysis include oxygen desaturation, pulmonary collapse, and acute
respiratory failure. This can be incredibly detrimental to the patient’s survival as it could result in
severe damage to the brain or in worst cases, death.
Application:
Though the first source was my introduction to malpractice related to anesthesia, this journal has
allowed me to branch off into specific types of outcomes. The specific journal adds information
to the con side of my research question allowing me to compare both sides of the anesthesia
spectrum. I am now able to compare the cons and pros associated with anesthesia.

Rettner, R. (2018, March 29). A cancer 'vaccine' cured 97% of tumors in mice. what's that mean
for people? Retrieved September 23, 2018, from
https://www.livescience.com/62161-cancer-vaccine-trial.html
Summary:
This ​article ​from Live science explains a cancer treatment that has effectively eliminated tumors
and cancers in mice. The treatment agents that awakens and stimulates T-cells which can attack
and kill cancer. In animals and humans, when tumors start to expand, T-cells are disabled from
doing their job, so by reactivating them with the treatment, the T-cells can go to work and kill the
cancerous cells. Regardless of where or how much the cancer spread, a large majority of the
mice had no signs of cancerous cells throughout the body. However, some scientists speculate
that the treatment may not work effectively in humans while others believe that this may
possibly cure cancer. Currently, no human trials have been done, but the article states that
researchers from Stanford will study and test the treatment in humans in the near future.
Application to Research:
The article does a sufficient job in explaining the treatment that will potentially cure cancer. I
will use this article to study and learn potential cures/solutions to cancer that may be
implemented in the future. In all, the information and knowledge from this article will most
definitely benefit my research on ways to eliminate cancer.

Sarkar, K. F. (1999, August). Anesthetic resistance: a current perspective. Retrieved from PMC
database. (Accession No. 48(2): 109–124)
Summary:
This scholarly journal article details anesthetic resistance mechanisms in the body. In the UK, the
most common anesthetics resistance susceptibility test is to monitor the oxygen monitor.
However, regardless, it is difficult to determine the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration).
There are three solutions to anesthetic resistance: “reduce antibiotic consumption and preserve
existing agents, develop new antibiotics, or develop therapeutic strategies for infection that do
not involve antibiotics”.
Application to Research:
This article explains many procedures that are involved in anesthetic emergence resistance, the
mechanisms, and possible solutions. This is helpful to my research as it provides insight on a
topic I have not really touched on yet which is emergence. I do not see any type of bias in this
source either which makes it more beneficial to my research.

Serious Science. (2014, March 3). ​General anesthesia- Emery Brown​ [Video file].
Retrieved from http://serious-science.org/general-anesthesia-736
Summary:
This video featuring Emery Brown discusses the uses and properties of general anesthesia. Dr.
Brown is a professor at MIT that specializes in anesthesiology and psychology. In the video, he
goes into how certain technology can be used to determine the psychological state of a patient
during surgery. In addition, he also addresses how anesthesia first came to be and how it has
advanced since.
Application to Research:
This video was very useful to my research as it allowed me to branch off to the physiological
component of anesthesia, also referred to as analgesia. I was also able to gain an expert’s opinion
on how anesthesia was first developed and how its uses has changed over the years. I can now
focus on other parts of my research because I have a valid opinion on the origin of anesthesia.

Smith, M. (2018, December 28). [Personal interview by the author].

Summary:
This interview with nurse Melissa Smith focused on her experiences as an assistant to the
anesthesiologist during surgical procedure. Though she has not directly been the person to
administer the anesthetic, she has witnessed it many times and was able to attest to the
experience. She was able to provide information on patient consent and hospital procedure as
well. Finally, she concluded with her viewpoint of how anesthesia has directly affected her
patients in a positive manner.
Application to Research​:
This interview was useful to my research as my other interviews were with doctors but this one
involved a nurse. I was able to gain a different background with a different professional which
makes my range of information greater. I can now take a break from interviews and begin to see
whether the information presented in the interview correlates with what is online.

Son, Y. (2003). Mechanisms of anesthesia: Towards integrating network, cellular, and molecular
level modeling. ​Neuropsychopharmacology​, ​1​(28). Retrieved from
https://www.nature.com/articles/1300142#rightslink
Summary:
This ​article ​from the Neuropsychopharmacology Journal discusses the specific
mechanisms of anesthesia. Surprisingly, these mechanisms are not that commonly known.
However, the general consensus is that anesthesia influences the activity of ion channels.
Interestingly enough, this article also claims that Friedman and Friedland were the first to
introduce surgical anesthesia. Anesthetics manipulate the cellular processes but which structures
they affect are unknown. An issue in determining the functions of anesthesia is that it operates
with compounds that are unrelated in terms of chemistry such as nitrous oxide, diethyl ether and
halogenated hydrocarbons. The article generalizes the effects of anesthesia into 3 levels; they are
microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic.
Application to Research:
This article has provided me with more proof that the GABA transmitter is the primary target of
anesthetics. Now that I have gained this important information, it opens up room for me to
explore other ion channels and functions of anesthesia.

Storrs, C. (2014, April 1). The Hidden Dangers of Going Under. Retrieved September 27, 2018,
from Scientific American website: ​https://www.scientificamerican.com
Summary:
This ​webpage​ from Scientific American has allowed for the increase in general
knowledge on general anesthesia and its hazardous potential effects. Many records of patients
experiencing a state of delusion has come to light in recent times. Though scientists first came to
the conclusion that the condition of postoperative delirium was not a result of anesthesia, recent
studies suggest otherwise. Anesthesia can be linked to these abnormal behaviors post surgery and
research is still being conducted for more information. Research on this causation has been
difficult to conduct due to the various factors at play such as variables like age, hospital
procedures, and medical history. The webpage also discusses the three types of anesthesia used
in surgery. These types allow anesthesiologists to employ various intensity levels of the drug.
Anesthesia may also leave a long term effect on the patient causing them to experience slight
memory loss. Precautions may be taken in order to avoid this condition.
Application to Research:
This article has broadened my general knowledge on the topic of anesthesia through the
discussion of the potential dangerous side effects associated with the practice of anesthesia
administration. The article was not vague in its explanation and so it was very useful to the
research process.

The evolution of anesthesia: 20 facts, trends and thoughts on the administration and development
of anesthesia. (2014, October 29). Retrieved October 22, 2018, from
https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/the-evolution-of-anesthesia-20-facts-tren
ds-and-thoughts-on-the-administration-and-development-of-anesthesia.html
Summary:
This ​webpage ​explores the history and origin of anesthesia from the Babylonian and Indian
times. Specifically, it focuses on 20 main facts and trains of progress on how anesthesia has
developed to become safer. It included descriptions of when general, local, and regional
anesthesia first came about and how specific factors either helped or hindered the process of
scientifically developing anesthetics for these. In addition, it highlighted and emphasized the first
surgical practice in which anesthesia was used to give readers a time frame of when the
advancements were being made.
Application to Research:
This webpage has allowed for me to expand on my knowledge of the origin of anesthesia as I
was exposed to the factors associated with the development of producing safe anesthetics to use
and administer during surgery. The article was clear to the point and precise in its explanation of
this topic and so it was very useful to the research process.
Types of anesthesia and your anesthesiologist. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2018, from John
Hopkins Medicine website:
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/surgical_care/types_of_anesth
esia_and_your_anesthesiologist_85,P01391
Summary:
This ​webpage ​from John Hopkins has has allowed for the increase in general knowledge on the
types and uses of anesthesia in the medical field. It first details the various situations in which
different types of anesthesia is used. This includes descriptions of general, regional, and local
anesthesia. Followed by this is a brief overview of what a patient can expect in terms of an
anesthesiologists’ duties. Many factors influence the way in which anesthesia is administered
during surgical procedure. This includes the severity of the patient’s condition and surprisingly,
the constraints and limits of the equipment found in the hospital facility. Examining medical
history is also an important aspect of surgical procedure as it alters the implementation of the
surgery significantly. Some patients may not respond as well to specific treatments compared to
others. At the end of the page, a list of commonly asked questions from patients with responses
are included.
Application to Research:
This article has allowed for my range in general knowledge on the topic of anesthesia to increase
as I was exposed to the factors associated with proper practice measures of anesthesia
administration during surgery. The article was clear to the point and precise in its explanation of
this topic and so it was very useful to the research process.

Weiss, & Paarz. (n.d.). Anesthesia injury malpractice. Retrieved January 4, 2019, from
Weiss&Paarz website: https://www.weisspaarz.com/anesthesia-injury/
Summary:
This ​webpage ​from the Weiss&Paarz Medical Malpractice Attorneys website is solely about
medical malpractice related to the administration of anesthesia. The webpage notes that failure to
timely react to oxygenation problems and failure to properly administer oxygen during surgery
are some of the most common forms of anesthetic malpractice. It also goes on to add that the
most common immediately occuring outcomes of anesthetic malpractice are heart attacks, birth
defects, nerve damage, and paralysis. Long term psychological outcomes also include Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and panic/anxiety disorders.
Application:
This webpage has been a milestone in my research as it is an introduction to the realm of
anesthetic malpractice. I was able to gain information on the outcomes and consequences of the
misuse of anesthesia. This particular source is providing information for the con side of my
research question. However, the article did devote a paragraph to describing the benefits of
anesthesia which seemed a little contradictory.