3 Analysis of Pin Connected Structures

Chapter 3
Analysis of Pin Jointed

Structures
EG1109
Statics and Mechanics of Materials
1
Overview
• Key Concepts
 Method of Joints
 Special Joints
 Method of Sections
 Analysis of Truss Structures
• Real-World Applications
 Truss Failures
 Arch Roof Truss
2
EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials
Consist of straight 2-force members connected at joints
located at the ends of each member with loads applied
only at joints.
EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Each Joint to be treated as a Particle. Draw Free Body
Diagram of each joint with at most 2 unknown
member forces and apply equations of equilibrium:
 Fx  0  Fy  0
FAJ P
Joint A
FAL
FAK

FAE
E
B
FAB
A A
FAE  FAC and FAB  FAD

D FAD
C
FAC

E
B
FAB
P P
A A
FAC  P and FAB  FAD

D FAD
C
FAC
B
FAB
A A
D FAD FAB  FAD

FAE
E
0 0
FAE  FAC FAB  FAD
A A
and
D FAD
FAD  FAE  0

Based on principle that if a body is in equilibrium, then any part of the T
body is also in equilibrium. T
In this method, the equilibrium of a part of the truss, or in short a

section, is considered.
T
The procedure involves cutting some carefully selected members of T
truss in order to isolate a free body comprising a section or portion of
the truss onto which cut member forces are applied as external forces.
Forces are calculated by applying equations of equilibrium to the

T
selected section treated as a rigid body.

T C
a T C
Internal T Internal C
tensile compressive
a forces T forces C
Graphics © 2007 R.C. Hibbeler
Published by Pearson Education South Asia, Singapore.
T C
Tension Compression
T C
Since truss members are subjected to only tensile or compressive forces along
their length, the internal forces at the cut member will also be either tensile or
compressive with the same magnitude. This result is based on the equilibrium
principle and Newton’s third law.
In the method of sections, a truss is divided into two parts by taking an
imaginary “cut” (shown hereEG1109as a-a)
STATICS through
AND MECHANICS the truss.
OF MATERIALS
15 kN
5 kN
4
3 C E
1m
A F
9
B D
1m 1m 1m
20 31
3 3

15 kN 12 kN
5 kN
4
C C
3 E 9 kN FCE
1m
FCD
A F A 1m 1m
9 9 D
B D B FBD
20 Assume tensile
20
forces in cut members
3 3
Left hand portion of the truss is selected as a free body for the
purpose of determining three unknown forces FCE, FCD and FBD.
20 F
 Fy  0 : - 12 - CD  0 12 kN
3 2 C
 FCD  -7.54
.3 kN 9 kN FCE
20 FCD
M D  0 : ( 2) - 12(1) + 9(1) + FCE (1)  0 1m
3
A 1m 1m
 FCE  -1.40.33 kN 9
B FBD
D
20 Assume tensile
M C  0 : 9 (1) + (1) - FBD (1)  0 20
forces in cut members
3 3
 FBD  15.66
.7 kN
Left hand portion of the truss is selected as a free body for the
purpose of determining three unknown forces FCE, FCD and FBD.
Make a ‘clean’ slice to cut truss structure into 2
sections.
Every truss member that has been sliced through
will expose the member force.
Try to cut through at most 3 unknown members.
Show each member force as a tensile force (i.e.
away from Joint).

If need to cut through more than 3 unknown
members, then all unknown forces less one should
be concurrent.
Alternatively, all unknown member forces less one
should be parallel to each other.
May need to use several sections and possibly
method of joint before arriving at a final section to
determine the required unknown member force.
Step 1: Draw FBD of entire Truss structure as 1 rigid
body showing all applied forces and support reactions
Step 2: Find support reactions (not necessarily all)
15 kN 5 kN
C E
F
A B D 31
EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 3
Step 3: Inspect all joints, one at a time, and determine
whether joint is ‘special’. If yes, decide member forces.
Step 4: Use Method of Joint/Section to determine required
member forces bearing in mind which support reaction has
been computed 15 kN 5 kN
C E
FBC = 0
F
A B D 31
EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 3
Truss Failures
18
Quick facts:
• It was on the Interstate highway 35
West, thus named I-35W
• Supports 8 lanes of mixed traffic
(cars & trucks)
• Active since1967 until it collapsed
on August 1st 2007 (40 years)
• 13 people died while 100 others
were injured
(324.3 m)
National Transportation Safety Board (2008)
19
EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials 20
• Under-designed gusset plate connections. Low
factor of safety, small margin for errors.
• Addition of 2 inches (51 mm) concrete layer on the
road surface over the years  20% self weight
increase
• During collapse, a repair work was in progress. The
equipments and materials placed on the concrete
deck impose massive additional load (~2600 kN)
Gusset Plate
Photo: Thornton Thomasetti
21
Example 3.1
I-35W Mississippi River Bridge
The bridge is a continuous multi span bridge, which means it is

statically indeterminate.
Let’s assume it consists of 3 single span, each simply supported so

we can analyze it.
Left Span Middle Span Right Span
84 m 144 m 84 m
22
Example 3.1 (Cont’d)
Left Span
800 kN 1000 kN 800 kN
Q P O N M L K J I
12 m
14 m
16 m
18 m
20 m
22 m
A B C
D
E
F
G
H
12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m
You are a member of the bridge forensic team. You have the info that
the equipments used in the repair work prior collapse imposed
loading on the bridge as shown in the picture. (let’s assume traffic
were closed during repair)
Among the debris, you found what used to be member DE, GK, and
KL in a heavily damaged condition.
23
Left Span
800 kN 1000 kN 800 kN
Q P O N M L K J I
12 m
14 m
16 m
18 m
20 m
22 m
A B C
D
E
F
G
H
12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m
You suspect that the collapse initiated from one of these members.
Can you determine the forces on each of these members for the
assumed loading?
Which one is the most critical member, assuming all members have
the same size and material properties?
24
Example 3.1
Solution – Method of Sections
Since our sections will include the supports, it is necessary to calculate
the reaction forces first.
800 kN 1000 kN 800 kN
Q P O N M L K J I
14 m
16 m
12 m
18 m
20 m
22 m
A B C
D
E F
G H
1114.29 kN
12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m
1485.71 kN
+ M A  0; H v (84) - 800(36 + 60) - 1000(48)  0; H v  1485.71 kN
+ F y  0; Av - (800 + 800 + 1000 + 1000) + H v  0; Av  1114.29 kN
25
Member DE
800 kN
Q P O N M FLM
Unknowns : FLM, FEM, FDE
12 m
14 m
FEM FLM and FEM intersect at M
A B C D

FDE
1114.29 kN
12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m
Moment equilibrium equation about M will not involve FLM and FEM, which
means FDE can be determined directly.
+ M M  0; FDE cos  (14) - 1114.29(36)  0

FDE  2904.84 kN (tension)
#Ans
  9.462
26
Member KL
800 kN
FKL K J I
Unknowns : FEF, FEK, FKL
16 m
22 m
FEK
FEF and FEK intersect at E
FEF
E
F G H
12 m 12 m 12 m
1485.71 kN
Moment equilibrium equation about E will not involve FEF and FEK;
FKL can be determined directly.
+ M E  0; FKL (16) - 800(12) + 1485.71(36)  0

FKL  -2742.85 kN (compression) #Ans
27
Member GK
R FJK J I
Unknowns : FJK, FFG, FGK
22 m
20 m
FJK and FFG intersect at FGK
imaginary point R 

FFG
G H
12 m
120 m
1485.71 kN
Moment equilibrium equation about R,
+ M R  0; FGK cos  (120) - FGK sin  (20) + 1485.71(132)  0

FGK  -2117.66 kN (compression) #Ans
  30.964
28
Final Results
800 kN 1000 kN 800 kN
Q P O N M L K J I
-2742.85
12 m
14 m
16 m
18 m
20 m
22 m
A B C D
E
F G
H
12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m
(-) Compression Most critical member is DE with 2904.84 kN

(+) Tension tension force.
29
Homework
I-35W Mississippi River Bridge, middle span
800 kN 1000 kN 800 kN
22 m
22 m
12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m 12 m
Determine all the member forces and state clearly whether it is

compression or tension.
Hint: Loading and geometry are symmetrical.

30
• A through-truss bridge with 339 m total length.
• Opened in 1955. Collapsed on May 23rd 2013.
• No fatalities, three people were injured.
31
What went wrong?
Collision
• A truck with a very tall load took the outer lane where there is not
enough clearance.
• It struck multiple upper horizontal members, which ultimately affected
the upper joints and its members.
• Overloading took place in the top members, causing it to buckle
entire span failure
33
Example 3.2
Skagit River Bridge
Single Span
The whole Skagit Bridge is actually multiple single span bridges put
adjacent to each other. One typical span is shown in the figure below.
N M L K J I H
7.5 m
A B C D E F G
8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
P P P P P
Without going into calculation, can you identify the zero- force
members?
34
Example 3.2 (cont’d)
If P were to be increased gradually and uniformly at all loading points, can

you predict which member fail first? (assume all members are identical).
What is the magnitude of the member force in terms of P?
N M L K J I H
7.5m
A B C D E F G
8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
P P P P P
Which one do you think is more critical,

Members under tension force or members under compression force?
35
Example 3.2
Solution
Which member has the largest force? One way to answer it is to determine
all member forces. Let’s proceed with method of joints.
Before we go into calculation, notice that the structure and the loading are
symmetrical. We can work out the forces for only half of the span, and
mirror the rest.
Determine the support reaction forces & zero-force members

N 0 M L K J I 0 H
7.5 m 0 0 0 0
A B C D E F G
8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
5/2 P 5/2 P
P P P P P
36
At joint A N M L K J I H
FAN = 0 7.5m
A B C D E F G
8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
A
  43.15 8m
FAB = ?
P P P P P
5/2 P
Apply equilibrium equations as usual;
+ F y  0; FAM sin  + 5 P  0
2 FAM  -3.66 P#Ans
+ F x  0; FAM cos  + FAB  0 FAB  2.67 P#Ans
Continue to joint B. Why not joint M?

37
At joint B N M L K J I H
FBM = ? 7.5m
A B C D E F G
8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
B
FBC = ?
FAB = 2.67 P P P P P P
Making use of the special condition (members in opposite direction),

FBC  FAB  2.67 P#Ans
FBM  P
#Ans
Continue to joint M
38
N M L K J I H
At joint M
7.5m
FNM = 0 M FLM = ? A B C D E F G
8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
P P P P P
FBM = P
Equilibrium equations,
+ F y  0; FCM  2.19 P#Ans

+ F x  0; FLM  -4.27 P
#Ans
Continue to joint ………
39
Final Results
N 0 M -4.27 L -4.27 K -4.27 J -4.27 I 0 H
1.00
1.00
0
1.00
0 0 0
2.67 2.67 4.80 4.80 2.67 2.67

A B C D E F G
2.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.50

*Note: The numbers are divided by P
(-) Compression Most critical members are CD and DE with

(+) Tension 4.80 P tension force.
Note that all bottom members are in tension, while all top members
are in compression. Make sense?
40
If you see the truss as a beam,
P P P P P
And consider its deformed shape,
Compression
Tension
41
Homework
N M L K J I H
7.5 m
A B C D E F G
8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
P P P P P
A horizontal force, F, is now introduced to simulate the truck hitting the

bridge. Recalculate all the member forces.
As shown in the figure, it seems that the

collapse initiated from joint L. Can you
confirm this from the calculation?

Hint
Instead of recalculating everything, you can make use of the
superposition principle.
N M F L K J I H N M L K J I H
7.5 m 7.5 m
=
A B C D E F G A B C D E F G
8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m
P P P P P P P P P P
N M F L K J I H
7.5 m
A B C D E F G
8m 8m 8m 8m 8m 8m

44
Example 3.3
Below is a simply supported arch roof truss. The truss geometry and loading
are symmetrical as shown in the figure below.
The outer chords (JK, KL, LM,…) are 2 meters long, while the transverse
members (AJ, BK, ..) are 0.8 meters long.
10 kN
6 kN 6 kN
80◦ N
2 kN O 2 kN
M
60◦
P
L E F
2 kN D 2 kN
40◦ G
C
60◦ Q
K
45◦ H
20◦ B
22.5◦
J R
I
A 45
Determine the forces in member BC, CK and KL.
Note that the inner and outer chords are not parallel.
10 kN
6 kN 6 kN
80◦ N
2 kN O 2 kN
M
60◦
P
L E F
2 kN D 2 kN
40◦ G
C
60◦ Q
K
45◦ H
20◦ B
22.5◦
J R
I
A
46
Solution – Method of section
Choose the simplest section. In this case it would be the left side of the
cutting line. But before we proceed, we need to determine the support
reaction at J.
10 kN
6 kN 6 kN
80◦ N Make use of the
2 kN M O 2 kN symmetrical loading
60◦ and geometry.
P
L E F
2 kN D 2 kN
40◦ G
C
K 60◦ Q
45◦
20◦ H
B
22.5◦
J R
A I
15 kN 15 kN
47
L
2 kN
40◦ C Apply the following equations to
solve for the unknowns
45◦
 M C  0;
K
 FKL
20◦
B
22.5◦
 M K  0;  FBC
J
 Fx  0 or  Fy  0;
A
 FCK
Free Body
Diagram ABJK
15 kN
48
Moment equilibrium about joint C
L
2 kN
40◦ C
45◦ CKy
K
20◦ The moment equilibrium equation
B
22.5◦ requires the following dimensions;
CK y  KL cos 40 - CL sin 45  0.97 m

J
CK x  KL sin 40 + CL cos 45  1.85 m
A
CKx
JC x  JK sin 20 + CK x  2.53 m
JCx
15 kN
49
L
2 kN
40 C
Moment equilibrium 45 CKy
about joint C K
20
B
22.5
J
CK y  0.97 m
A CK x  1.85 m
CKx
JC x  2.53 m
JCx
15 kN
+ M C  0:
FKL sin 40(CK y ) + [2 - FKL cos 40](CK x ) - 15  JCx   0

FKL  -43.15 kN (compression)
#Ans
50
Moment equilibrium about joint K
L The moment equilibrium equation
2 kN requires the following dimensions:
40◦ C BK y  BK sin 22.5  0.31 m
45◦
BCy
BK x  BK cos 22.5  0.74 m
K JK x  JK sin 20  0.68 m
θ BKy
20◦
B
And the angle θ, that depends on
22.5◦
BCx and BCy
J BC y  CK y + BK y  1.28 m
A BC x  CK x - BK x  1.11 m
BKx BCx
 BC y 
JKx   tan  -1
  49.07
15 kN  BC x 
51
Moment equilibrium about joint K
L
2 kN
40 C
+ M K  0;
K
FBC [sin  ( BK x ) + cos  ( BK y )] - 15( JK x )  0 θ BKy
20
FBC  13.38 kN (tension) #Ans B
22.5
J
A BK y  0.31 m
BKx BK x  0.74 m
JKx
15 kN
JK x  0.68 m
  49.07
52
Force equilibrium
L
2 kN
40◦ C
Besides θ, we also require α for
45◦ CKy the force equilibrium equation
K α CK y  0.97 m
θ
20◦ CK x  1.85 m
B
22.5◦  CK y 
  tan  -1
  27.67
 CK x 
J
A
CKx
15 kN
53
Force equilibrium L
2 kN
40 C
+
Fx  0;
α
K
θ
FBC cos  + FCK cos  + FKL sin 40  0 20
B
FCK  21.42 kN (tension) 22.5
#Ans
J
A
FKL  -43.15 kN
FBC  13.38 kN
15 kN
  27.67
  49.07
54
Example 3.4
Using method of section, calculate the forces in member FG,
CG, and CF.
15 kN/m 55
Example 3.5
Determine the member forces of member AB, BD, AC, and CE.
P 3P
56

3 Analysis of Pin Connected Structures

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3 Analysis of Pin Connected Structures

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Chapter 3

Analysis of Pin Jointed

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

FAE  FAC and FAB  FAD

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

FAC  P and FAB  FAD

D FAD FAB  FAD

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

In this method, the equilibrium of a part of the truss, or in short a

Forces are calculated by applying equations of equilibrium to the

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

National Transportation Safety Board (2008)

Photo: Thornton Thomasetti

The bridge is a continuous multi span bridge, which means it is

Let’s assume it consists of 3 single span, each simply supported so

Left Span Middle Span Right Span

+ F y  0; Av - (800 + 800 + 1000 + 1000) + H v  0; Av  1114.29 kN

+ M M  0; FDE cos  (14) - 1114.29(36)  0

+ M E  0; FKL (16) - 800(12) + 1485.71(36)  0

+ M R  0; FGK cos  (120) - FGK sin  (20) + 1485.71(132)  0

800 kN 1000 kN 800 kN

(-) Compression Most critical member is DE with 2904.84 kN

800 kN 1000 kN 800 kN

Determine all the member forces and state clearly whether it is

Hint: Loading and geometry are symmetrical.

Skagit River Bridge

If P were to be increased gradually and uniformly at all loading points, can

What is the magnitude of the member force in terms of P?

Which one do you think is more critical,

Determine the support reaction forces & zero-force members

Apply equilibrium equations as usual;

Continue to joint B. Why not joint M?

Making use of the special condition (members in opposite direction),

+ F y  0; FCM  2.19 P#Ans

Continue to joint ………

2.67 2.67 4.80 4.80 2.67 2.67

2.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.50

(-) Compression Most critical members are CD and DE with

And consider its deformed shape,

A horizontal force, F, is now introduced to simulate the truck hitting the

As shown in the figure, it seems that the

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials 42

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials 43

Determine the forces in member BC, CK and KL.

CK y  KL cos 40 - CL sin 45  0.97 m

FKL sin 40(CK y ) + [2 - FKL cos 40](CK x ) - 15  JCx   0

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