TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
ORIGINS OF ISAAC NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF
MOTION

THREE LAWS OF MOTION

FORCE

MOTION

MECHANICS

FIRST LAW OF MOTION

SECOND LAW OF MOTION

THIRD LAW OF MOTION

SIR ISAAC NEWTON

 Introduction to
Physics

Each law of motion (three in total) that Newton

developed has significant mathematical and
physical interpretations that are needed to
understand the motion of objects in our
universe. The applications of these laws of
motion are truly limitless.

Essentially, these laws define the means by

which motion changes, specifically the way in
which those changes in motion are related to
force and mass.
Origins of Newton's
Laws of Motion

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was a British

physicist who, in many respects, can be viewed as the greatest physicist
of all time. Though there were some predecessors of note, such as
Archimedes , Copernicus, and Galileo , it was Newton who truly
exemplified the method of scientific inquiry that would be adopted
throughout the ages.
For nearly a century, Aristotle's description of the physical universe had
proven to be inadequate to describe the nature of movement (or the
movement of nature, if you will). Newton tackled the problem and
came up with three general rules about the movement of objects which
have been dubbed by posterity Newton's three laws of motion.

In 1687, Newton introduced the three laws in his book Philosophiae

naturalis principia mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy), which is generally referred to as the Principia, where he
also introduced his theory of universal gravitation, thus laying down
the entire foundation of classical mechanics in one volume.

Three Laws of
Motion
Newton's First Law of Motion states that in order for
the motion of an object to change, a force must act
upon it, a concept
generally called inertia.
Newton's Second Law of Motion defines the
relationship between acceleration, force, and mass.

Newton's Third Law of Motion states that any time a

force acts from one object to another, there is an
equal force acting back on the original object. If you
pull on a rope, therefore, the rope is pulling back on
you as well.

Force
 In physics, a force is any interaction which tends to
change the motion of an object. In other words, a
force can cause an object with mass to change its
velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of
rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described by
intuitive concepts such as a push or a pull.

Motion
In physics, motion is a change in position of an object
with respect to time also on its reference
point. Motion is typically described in terms of
displacement, [[distance (scalar)], velocity, acceleration,
time and speed.

Mechanics
Study of force acting on a body whether at rest or in motion.

First Law of Motion:

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced
force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed
and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

This means that there is a natural tendency of objects to keep on doing

what they're doing. All objects resist changes in their state of motion. In
the absence of an unbalanced force, an object in motion will maintain
this state of motion.

Second Law of Motion:

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the

mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force
needed (to accelerate the object).

Everyone unconsciously knows the Second Law. Everyone knows that

heavier objects require more force to move the same distance as lighter
objects.

However, the Second Law gives us an exact relationship between force,

mass, and acceleration. It can be expressed as a mathematical equation:
F = M x A. Force = Mass x Acceleration
Example:

Mike's car, which weighs 1,000 kg, is out of gas. Mike is trying to push
the car to a gas station, and he makes the car go 0.05 m/s/s. Using
Newton's Second Law, you can compute how much force Mike is
applying to the car.

F = 1,000 x 0.05

Answer = 50 Newton

Third Law:
For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action.

This means that for every force there is a reaction force that is equal in
size, but opposite in direction. That is to say that whenever an object
pushes another object it gets pushed back in the opposite direction
equally hard.
The rocket's action is to push down on the ground with the force of its
powerful engines, and the reaction is that the ground pushes the rocket
upwards with an equal force.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON

Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician

(described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely
recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a
key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis
Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical
mechanics. Newton made seminal contributions to optics, and he
shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus.
Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal
gravitation, which dominated scientists' view of the physical universe
for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary
motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using
the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides,
the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton
removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of
the Solar System. This work also demonstrated that the motion of
objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be described by the same
principles. His prediction that the Earth should be shaped as an oblate
spheroid was later vindicated by the measurements of Maupertuis, La
Condamine, and others, which helped convince most Continental
European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over the
earlier system of Descartes.

Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a

theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes
white light into the many colours of the visible spectrum. He
formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and
introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on
calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power
series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents,
developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and
classified most of the cubic plane curves.
Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian
Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a
devout but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a member of the
Cambridge faculty of the day, he refused to take holy orders in the
Church of England, perhaps because he privately rejected the doctrine
of the Trinity. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton
dedicated much of his time to the study of biblical chronology and
alchemy, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished
until long after his death. In his later life, Newton became president of
the Royal Society. Newton served the British government as Warden
and Master of the Royal Mint.