Lecture-8 Axially Loaded Members

Axially-Loaded Members
 Deformation of Axially Loaded

Members
 Statically Indeterminate Structures
EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials 1
Introduction
Singapore Flyer – Giant Observation Wheel
Diameter of the wheel: 150 metres
Height: 165 metres (42-storey building)
Duration of ride: 37 minutes
Golden Gate
Bridge, S.F.
numerical analysis, analysis of failure loads and mechanism
R4 R6
Z4 Z5 Z
6 Z7 Z8
Z1 Z9
P4 P5 P6
P1 p1 P2 p2 P3 p3 p6 P7 p7 P8 p8 P9
tendons
Key Question
• How do we design axially loaded members?
• Back to the two criteria

– Stress criterion
• Applied stress < material failure strength
– Deformation criterion
• Deformation should be reasonably small
Axial Member with a Uniform Cross
Section – Constant A
Consider a bar with a uniform cross
section area A subjected to a tensile
force P.
Normal stress in the bar

P

A
Engineering normal strain in the bar
 P
 
E EA
Elongation of the bar
PL
L  L 
EA
Axial Members Consisting of
Multiple Bars
Consider an axial member consisting of multiple bars, each with a
different cross section area. The axial member experiences multiple
forces at different locations.
A1 E1 A2 E2
F1 F2
a b
• The axial force in each bar can be calculated to be Pi

• The total axial deformation thus becomes,
n
PL
  i i
i 1 Ai Ei
Axial Member with Continuously
varying Cross Section and Loading
L

P1 P2 P3 Px Px
dx   x dx
x dx
Px dx
The elongation of the element dx is: d 
Ax E
L Px dx
The elongation of the entire bar:  
0 Ax E
Example 1
A Two cylindrical bars are welded together at
point B. Knowing that the average normal
300 mm
stress should not exceed 175 MPa in bar AB

d1
and 150 MPa in bar BC. Determine the
smallest allowable values of d1 and d2.
B
250 mm
40 kN
d2
C
30 kN
Solution
(a) Minimum diameter for BC
PBC
Based on equilibrium, the axial force PBC in bar BC is:
B
F y 0
Since σBC ≤ 150 MPa,
C
 BC 
30 kN
Thus,
d2 
(b) Minimum diameter for AB
Based on equilibrium, the axial force PAB in bar AB is:

A
F y 0
300 mm
Since σAB ≤ 175 MPa,
 AB 
B
250 mm
40 kN Thus,
d1 
C
30 kN
Example 2
The rigid bar EFG is supported by the truss system shown
below. Knowing that the member CG is a solid circular rod of
18 mm diameter. Determine the normal stress in member CG.
1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m

A B C
0.9 m
E
F G
D
15 kN
Solution Free-body diagram
The reaction forces at A and D. Ay 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m

Ax A B C
As DE is a 2-force member, Dy = 0
0.9 m
E
M A 0 Dx D F G
Dx  15 kN
F x 
Ax 
F y 0
Ay 
FBD of joint A,
Ay  15 kN
F y 0
Ax  40 kN
FAB
A
FAE
F x 0
FAB
FBC
As joint B is a special joint, FBC  FAB  20 kN A
FBF  0
FBD of joint C,
F x 0 FBC
C
FCF FCG
 CG 
Statically Indeterminate Structures
• Statically determinate – all unknown reactions (forces,
moments) can be determined using equilibrium
equations.
– In 2-D problems, we have 3 equilibrium equations, and therefore
can determine three unknown reactions
– In 3-D problems, we have 6 equilibrium equations, and therefore
can determine six unknown reactions
• Statically indeterminate – the number of equations <
the number of unknown reactions
– We need other conditions to solve the problem from deformation
relationship?
Degree of Indeterminacy/Redundancy
No. of unknowns – No. of equations
No. of No. of Degree of
unknowns equations indeterminacy
Rx P
1 (Rx) 1 (∑Fx=0) 1-1 = 0
RLy RLx RRy RRx

1 (F1 = F2) 1 (∑Fy=0 1-1=0
or ∑M=0 )
F1 F2
M P
2 (M, RL) 2 (∑Fy=0, 2-2=0
P ∑M=0 )
RL
M
3 (M, RL, RR) 2 (∑Fy=0, 3-2=1
RL P ∑M=0 )
RR EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials 17
Solving Statically Indeterminate
Problems
Equations of
equilibrium + Compatibility
Condition
Assumption: small
displacement theory
Example 3
For the axially loaded member shown below, determine the reaction
at point B.
Solution
From equilibrium,
RA  RB 
One equation, two unknowns?
We need another equation to solve the problem!!
Let’s consider the deformation compatibility!
The total axial deformation of the entire member equals zero, as both
ends are restrained.
Use principle of superposition (applicable to linear-elastic systems only)
The total deformation of the entire member equals the summation of the
elongation (δL) caused by the applied loading and the shortening (δR) by
the reaction force RB, as illustrated above.
L R  0
Elongation (δL) caused by the applied loading
Segment P (kN) A (mm2) L (mm) δ
AD
DC
CK
KB
Total: L 
Shortening (δR) by the reaction force RB
AB
CB
Total: R 
Since L R  0
1125 R
 1.95 B  0
E E
RB  577 kN
Alternative Solution
AD
DC
CK
KB
Total:
 total  0
Example 4
A rigid horizontal bar is supported by a hinge at A and by two
steel cables BD and CE, which are of equal length L = 0.8 m and
cross-sectional area, A = 140 mm2. Find the stress in each
cable due to a vertical force of 40 kN applied as shown in the
figure.
Solution
Let’s start with equilibrium conditions!
F x 0
F y 0
M A 0
We need the deformation compatibility condition to solve the unknowns
From similar triangles,
 B AB 1
 
 C AC 2
FBD
Deformation compatibility
 B AB 1 FBD L FCE L
  B  C 
 C AC 2 AE AE
B 1
 
C 2
M A 0
40  1.4
FBD   11.2 kN FCE  22.4 kN
5
Stresses in the cables BD and CE
FBD
 BD  
A
FCE
 CE  
A
Example 5
The engineer has modified the cable connection in example. He
replaced the original cable CE with a longer cable (the same
material and cross section area) between CD. Find the stress in
each cable in the new configuration.
0.8 m
A B C
1m 0.4 m 0.6 m
40 kN
Solution
Let’s start with equilibrium conditions!
F x 0
F y 0
M A 0
We need the deformation compatibility condition to solve the unknowns
FBD FCD
 0.8
tan      38.7o
RAy 1
RAx
What is the compatibility condition now?
Deformation compatibility
B C
The compatibility condition based on similar triangle still holds:
 B AB 1
 
 C AC 2
δB is the axial elongation of cable BD. However, δC is NOT the

axial elongation of cable CD!
Question: is there a relationship between δC and

the axial elongation of cable CD δCD?
Assumption: small displacement
D

C
 CD 
C
 CD
90o  
B 1
Since  CD   C sin   0.625 C 
C 2
B B 1 B
   
 C  CD / 0.625 2  CD
The axial elongations of member BD and CD are
FBD LBD FCD LCD

B   CD 
AE AE
where LBD  0.8 m LCD  1.28 m
B

 CD
From the moment equilibrium, we have already shown
M A 0 FBD  1.28 FCD
FCD  FBD 
Stresses in the cables BD and CE
 BD 
 CE 

Lecture-8 Axially Loaded Members

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Axially-Loaded Members

 Deformation of Axially Loaded

 Statically Indeterminate Structures

• Back to the two criteria

Normal stress in the bar

• The axial force in each bar can be calculated to be Pi

stress should not exceed 175 MPa in bar AB

Since σBC ≤ 150 MPa,

Based on equilibrium, the axial force PAB in bar AB is:

Since σAB ≤ 175 MPa,

1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m

The reaction forces at A and D. Ay 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m

RLy RLx RRy RRx

One equation, two unknowns?

We need another equation to solve the problem!!

Let’s consider the deformation compatibility!

Segment P (kN) A (mm2) L (mm) δ

Segment P (kN) A (mm2) L (mm) δ

Segment P (kN) A (mm2) L (mm) δ

Let’s start with equilibrium conditions!

We need the deformation compatibility condition to solve the unknowns

From similar triangles,

Let’s start with equilibrium conditions!

We need the deformation compatibility condition to solve the unknowns

The compatibility condition based on similar triangle still holds:

δB is the axial elongation of cable BD. However, δC is NOT the

Question: is there a relationship between δC and

FBD LBD FCD LCD

M A 0 FBD  1.28 FCD

Stresses in the cables BD and CE

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