6thHi

stor
yNCERT

Chapt
er:
1What
,wher
e,Howandwhen

-
Thepl
aceswher
eri
cewas1stgr
ownar
etot
henor
thoft
heVi
ndhy
as.

-
Thear
eat
othesout
hal
ongt
her
iverGangaandi
tst
ri
but
aryson,
wasknownasMagadha.

-Peopl
emovedinsear
chofl
i
vel
i
hood,
somedr
ivenbyaspi
ri
tofadv
ent
ure,
toescape
drought
sorf
loods

-
Trader
smov
edt
odot
rade

-
Rel
i
gioust
eacher
smov
edt
oof
feri
nst
ruct
ion

=>Al
lthi
sleadt
oexchangeofi
deasbet
weenpeopl
e.

Chapt
er2:
Ont
het
rai
lofear
li
estPeopl
e

ReasonswhyHunt
ergat
her
ersmov
edf
rom pl
acet
opl
ace:

1)
.Li
mit
edr
esour
cesatonepl
ace

2)
.Ani
mal
smov
edi
nsear
chofpr
eysot
hehunt
ershadt
omov
eal
ongt
oo.

3)
.Pl
ant
sandt
reeshav
edi
ff
erentseasonsi
nwhi
cht
heybearf
rui
tsopeopl
emov
ed.

4).
Peoplel
iv
ingal
ongsi
deseasonal
riv
erswoul
dhav
etomov
einsear
chofwat
erdur
ingdr
y
seasons.

Tool
smadeofst
one;
boneandwoodpr
ovi
deusi
nfoaboutt
hesepeopl
e.

St
onet
ool
s:

1)
.Cutmeatandbone,
scr
apebar
k(f
rom t
rees)andhi
des,
chopf
rui
tsandr
oot
s

2)
.Maki
ngspear
sandar
rowsf
orhunt
ing

3)
.Di
ggi
ngf
oredi
bler
oot
s

4)
.St
it
chi
ngcl
othesmadeoutofani
mal
ski
n.

Hunt
ergat
her
ersi
teshav
ebeenf
oundal
ongsi
der
iver
s.

Peopl
etr
iedt
ofi
ndpl
aceswher
egoodqual
i
tyst
oneswer
efoundf
ormaki
ngst
onet
ool
s.

Fact
orysi
tes:
placeswher
epeopl
emadet
ool
s.
Habi
tat
ioncum f
act
orysi
tes:
sit
eswher
epeopl
eli
vedf
orl
ongerspel
l
s.

Pal
aeoli
thi
cper
iod–2mi
l
li
ony
ear
sagot
il
l12000y
rsago.Thi
sper
iodcov
ers99%ofhuman
hi
stor
y.

Pal
eomeansol
d,l
i
thi
cmeansst
one.

-
Div
idedi
nto

1)
.Lower

2)
.Mi
ddl
e

3)
.UpperPal
aeol
i
thi
cper
iods

Meso(Middle)
li
thi
cper
iod-Per
iodabout12000y
rsagowhenEnv
ironment
alchangesbegan
t
il
l10000yrsago.

-
Micr
oli
ths:
Tinyst
onet
ool
s.St
uckt
ohandl
esofboneorwoodt
omaket
ool
ssuchassaws
&si
ckl
es.

Rockpai
nti
ngsf
oundont
hewal
l
soft
hecav
es.
eg-Sout
her
nUPandMP

Ost
ri
cheggs-Pal
eol
i
thi
hcper
iod-Pat
neMahar
asht
ra

Hunsgi
-Numberofpal
eol
i
thi
csi
tes

Chapt
er:
3Fr
om Gat
her
ingt
ogr
owi
ngf
ood

Domest
icat
ion–Apr
ocessi
nwhi
chpeopl
egr
owpl
ant
sandl
ookaf
terani
mal
s.

-
Began12000y
rsago

Ear
lyf
armer
sher
der
s-Pr
esentdayKashmi
r,Eastandsout
hIndi
a

Bonesofani
mal
s,seedsofpl
ant
s,bur
ntgr
ain.

Tr
acesofhut
sorhousesatsomesi
tes:
Bur
zahom i
nKashmi
r(
pithouses)

St
onet
ool
sdi
ff
erentf
rom Pal
aeol
i
thi
ctool
sfoundatsomesi
tes.

Neol
i
thi
cTool
s:Fi
necut
ti
ngedge.Mor
tar
sorpest
lesusedt
ogr
indgr
ainandpl
antpr
oduce.

Di
ffbet
weent
ri
besandsoci
eti
es
Tri
besaredi
ff
erentf
rom manyothersoci
eti
es:
land,
forest
s,grassl
ands,
wat
erar
eregar
ded
aswealt
hofenti
retr
ibeandever
ybodysharesnusesthesetogether
.

Mehr
gar
h-Locat
edi
naf
ert
il
epl
ainnearBol
anPass.

 -
remai
nsofsquar
eandRect
angul
arhouses.

 -
Bur
ial
sit
esf
ound

Daoj
ali
Hadi
ng-nearBr
ahmaput
raVal
l
ey

 -
Stonet
ool
sincl
udi
ngmor
tar
sandpest
leshav
ebeenf
ound

-
jadei
te-st
onef
rom chi
na

-
Tool
smadeoff
ossi
lwood

-
pot
ter
y

Chapt
er4:
Int
heear
li
estci
ti
es

Har
rapanci
ti
esdev
eloped400y
rsago.

Speci
alf
eat
uresofHar
rapanCi
ti
es:

1)
.Di
vi
dedi
nto2ormor
epar
ts.

Ci
tadel
-ThePar
ttot
hewest
;smal
l
erandhi
gher
.

-
Greatbat
hinMohenj
odar
obui
l
tint
hisar
ea West East

Lowert
own-Lar
gerbutl
ower Ci
tadel Lower
town

-
Kal
i
bangan&Lot
hal
hadf
ir
eal
tar
s

-
Mohenj
odar
o,Har
appahadel
abor
atest
orehouses

2)
.Wal
l
sofbakedbr
ickbui
l
tar
oundeachpar
t.

Houses-1or2st
oreyhi
gh;
Bui
l
tar
oundacour
tyar
d.

-
Drai
nswer
ecov
eredanddr
ainageofhousesconnect
edt
othebi
ggerdr
ains.
Rul
ers-Peopl
ewhopl
annedt
heconst
ruct
ionofspeci
albui
l
dingsi
ntheci
ty

 -
sentpeopl
etodi
stantl
andst
ogetmet
al,
preci
ousst
oneset
c

Scr
ibes-Ppl
whoknewhowt
owr
it
e;pr
epar
edseal
s

Obj
ect
sfoundi
nHar
rapanci
ti
es:

-
Madeofst
one,
shel
landmet
ali
ncl
udi
ngCu,
Bronze,
Gol
dandsi
l
ver

-
CunBr
onze:
tool
s,weapons,
ornament
snv
essel
s

-
Gol
dnsi
l
ver
:or
nament
snv
essel
s

-
Beads(
madeofcar
nel
i
an)
,wei
ght
s(madeofcher
t)andbl
adesf
ound

-Rect
angul
arseal
smadeofst
one

-
Pot
swi
thbl
ackdesi
gns

Cot
tonpi
ecesf
oundi
nMohenj
odar
oat
tachedt
oasi
l
verv
ase.

Speci
ali
sts-per
sont
rai
nedt
odoonl
yoneki
ndofwor
k.f
oreg:
cut
ti
ngst
one,
car
vingseal
s.

Fai
ence-art
ifi
cial
l
yproducedGum usedtoshapesandorpowder
edquar
tzandt
henobj
ect
wasglazed;
colourswereusual
l
yblueorseagreen

 -
usedt
omakebeads,
bangl
es,
ear
ri
ngsandt
inyv
essel
s.

Cu-Har
rapansgoti
tfr
om r
ajast
han,
Oman

Ti
n+Cu=br
onze:
Afghani
stanandI
ran

Gol
d-Kar
nat
aka

Pr
eci
ousst
ones-Guj
arat,
IranandAf
ghani
stan

Far
ming:
Far
mer
sandher
der
ssuppl
i
edf
oodt
oci
ti
es

 Pl
oughwasused

 St
oredwat
erwasusedf
ori
rr
igat
ionasr
egi
onget
slessr
ainf
all

 Rear
edsheep,
goat
,buf
fal
o

 Caughtf
ish,
hunt
edwi
l
dani
mal
sandcol
l
ect
edf
rui
ts

Dhol
avi
rai
nGuj
arat(
RannofKut
ch)-

 Di
vi
dedi
nto3par
tsnot2
  Eachpar
tsur
roundedbymassi
vest
onewal
l
swi
thent
rancest
hroughgat
eway
s

 Openar
eaf
orpubl
i
ccer
emoni
es

Lot
hal
-Locat
edbesi
deat
ri
but
aryofSabar
mat
icl
oset
oGul
fofKhambat

 Si
tuatednearar
easwher
erawmat
eri
alsl
i
kesemi
-pr
eci
ousst
oneswer
eeasi
l
y
av
ailabl
e

 I
mpcent
ref
ormaki
ngobj
ect
soutofst
one,
shel
landmet
al

Theend:

3900y
rsagoppl
stoppedl
i
vingi
nmanyci
ti
es

-wr
it
ings,
wei
ght
s,seal
snol
ongerused

-
Rawmat
eri
alsbecamer
are

-
InMohenj
odar
ogar
bagepi
l
edupont
hest
reet
s

-
Drai
nagesy
stem br
oke

-
Lessel
abor
atehouses

Reasonssuggest
ed:

1)
.Dr
yingupofr
iver
s

2)
.Def
orest
ati
on:
Fuel
wasr
equi
redf
orsmel
ti
ngCuor
esandbaki
ngbr
icks

3)
.Dest
ruct
ionofGr
eencov
erduet
ogr
azi
ngbyl
argeher
dsofcat
tl
e

4)
.Fl
oodsi
nsomear
eas

Chapt
er:
5WhatBooksandbur
ial
stel
lus

Ol
destVeda:
Rigv
eda(
3500y
rsago)

Ri
gveda:

Cont
ainsSukt
asorhy
mns(
wel
l-sai
d)

-
wri
tt
eni
nOl
dorVedi
cSanskr
it

-
Agni
,I
ndr
a,Soma(
plantf
rom whi
chspl
dri
nkwaspr
epar
ed)

-
Mosthy
mnswer
ecomposedbymen,
fewbywomen

Ri
gvedawasr
eci
tedandhear
drat
hert
hanr
ead.

-
wri
tt
endownsev
eral
cent
uri
esaf
teri
twasf
ir
stcomposed
Pr
ayer
sinRi
gvedaf
orcat
tl
e,chi
l
dren(
esp.sons)andhor
ses

Descr
ipt
ionofPeopl
easperRi
gveda:

2gr
oupsdescr
ibedi
nter
msoft
hei
rwor
k,

 Br
ahmi
ns(
per
for
medr
it
ual
s)

 Raj
as

2wor
dsusedt
odescr
ibepeopl
eorcommuni
tyasawhol
e:

-
jana

-
vish(
vai
shy
acomesf
rom v
ish)

Ar
yas:
whocomposedhy
mns

dasasordasy
us-
thei
r(
ary
as)opponent
s

-
Rigv
edacomposedi
nNW oft
hesubcont
inent

Megal
i
ths-Bi
gst
onesusedt
omar
kbur
ial
sit
es

-
Pract
icewaspr
eval
entt
hroughouti
n

-
Deccan

-
Sout
hIndi
a

-
NE

-
Kashmi
r

Bur
ial
sinmegal
i
thshav
esomecommonf
eat
ures:

 -
Deadbur
iedwi
thdi
sti
nctpot
s(bl
acknr
edwar
e)

 -
tool
snweaponsofi
ron

 -
ornament
sofst
oneandgol
d

Megal
i
ths:

-somewer ebur
iedwi
thmor
ebeads,
ornament
set
cwhi
chshowsomeki
ndofst
atus
diff
erence

-
onef
ami
l
yhadsamebur
ial
sit
e

Chapt
er:
6Ki
ngdoms,
Kingsandanear
lyr
epubl
i
c

3000y
rsagosomemenbecamer
ajasbyper
for
mingv
erybi
gsacr
if
icesl
i
keAshv
amedhaor
hor
sesacr
if
ice.

Per
iodaf
terRi
gveda=Lat
erv
edi
c

samv
eda,
yaj
urv
edaandat
har
vav
edaar
eal
ll
aterv
edi
ctext
s

-
Var
nasy
stem -pr
iest
sdi
vi
dedpeopl
eint
o4gr
oups

-
Brahmi
ns-pr
iest
s

-
Kshat
ri
yas-r
uler
s

-
vai
shy
as-f
armer
s,her
der
s,t
rader
s

-
Shudr
as-hadt
oser
veot
hergr
oups;
coul
dn’
tper
for
mri
tual
s

-
Womenandshudr
ascudntst
udyv
edas

-
Var
nadeci
dedbybi
rt
h

Janapadas:
Thel
andwher
ejanaset
sit
sfootandset
tl
eddown.

Raj
aswhoperf
ormedt
hesebi
gsacr
if
iceswer
enowknownasr
ajasofj
anapadasr
athert
han
j
anas(
vish)
.

-
raj
asofj
anapadaswer
egi
vengi
ft
sbyt
hej
ana

Somej
anapadasbecamemor
eimpor
tantandwer
enowcal
l
edasMahaj
anapadas

-
Theyhadacapi
tal
cit
y,manywer
efor
ti
fi
ed.

Rajasnowbegantomaintai
nar
mies;
sol
dier
spai
dregul
arsal
ari
es;
somepay
ment
swer
e
thr
upunchmar kedcoi
ns

-
Taxeswer
eimposednowt
omai
ntai
nar
miesandt
orai
ser
esour
cest
obui
l
dfor
ts

-
Bhagaorashar
e:t
axoncr
ops=1/
6thofwhatwaspr
oduced;

-
Taxoncr
aftper
sonsi
nfor
m ofl
abourl
i
kewor
kforaday

-
Her
der
s:ani
mal
sorani
mal
produce

-
Hunt
ersnGat
her
ers:
for
estpr
oduce

2maj
orChangesi
nAgr
icul
tur
e:

1).
GrowinguseofI
ronpl
oughshar
eswhi
chmeantmor
egr
ainasi
ronpl
oughcoul
dtur
nthe
soi
loverbett
ert
henwoodenones

2)
.Tr
anspl
antati
onofpaddybegan:I
nst
eadofscatt
eri
ngseeds,
sapl
i
ngswer
egrownnt
hen
pl
ant
edonfields.I
tleadt
oanincr
easedpr
oducti
onasmanymor epl
ant
ssur
viv
ed

-
dasasoragr
icul
tur
all
abour
ers(
Kammakar
as)di
dthi
swor
k.
Magadha:

 -
Becamei
mpor
tantMahaj
anapadai
n200y
rs

 -
Gangansonf
lowedt
hrui
t

 t
ranpor
t

 wat
ersuppl
y

 madel
andf
ert
il
e

-
ir
onor
emi
nes

-
Bimbi
sar
anAj
atsat
tuwer
e2v
erypower
ful
rul
ersofMagadha

-
usedal
lmeanst
oconquerot
herJanapadas

-
MahapadmaNanda:

-
Ext
endedhi
scont
rol
toNor
thWestpar
tofsubcont
inent

-Raj
griha(
presentdayr
ajgi
r)wascapi
tal
ofMagadhaf
ormanyy
ear
s.Lat
eri
twasshi
ft
edt
o
patal
iputr
a(patna)

Vaj
j
i:

Capi
tal
:Vai
shal
i(Bi
har
)

Gov
ernmentt
ype:
Ganaorsangha

Ganaorsangha:

 -
Notonebutmanyr
uler
s'eachonei
ndi
vi
dual
l
ycal
l
edasr
aja

 -
per
for
medr
it
ual
stoget
her

 -
meti
nassembl
i
est
odeci
dewhatt
odonhow

-
women,
dasas,
kammakar
ascudnotpar
ti
cipat
einsuchdi
scussi
ons.

-
Buddhanmahav
irabel
ongedt
oganas

Chapt
er:
7NewQuest
ionsandI
deas

Buddha:

-
Siddhar
thaakaGaut
amaf
ounderofBuddhi
sm wasbor
nar
ound2500y
rsago

-
Bel
ongedt
oasmal
lGana:
Saky
aGana

-
wasaKshat
ri
ya
-
lef
thi
shomei
nsear
choft
rueknowl
edge

-
attai
nedenli
ght
enmentunderapeepal
treeatBodhgay
ainBi
har
;nowhewasknownas
BuddhaortheWiseOne

-
Wentt
osar
nat
hnearVar
anasi
ndt
aughtt
her
efort
hef
ir
stt
ime

-
passedawayatKusi
nar
a

Teachi
ngsofBuddha:

1)
.Li
fei
sful
lofsuf
fer
ingandunhappi
nessduet
ocr
avi
ngsndesi
res;

2).
Tanhaort
hir
st-
wealwayswantmor
enar
enev
ersat
isf
ied.I
tcanber
emov
edby
fol
l
owingmoderat
ioni
never
ythi
ng

3)
.t
aughtpeopl
etobeki
nd

-
tor
espectl
i
vesofot
her
sincl
ani
mal
s

4)
.Kar
mai
ether
esul
tofouract
ionsaf
fect
susi
nthi
sli
fent
henext

-
Het
aughti
nPr
akr
it

5)
.Encour
agedpeopl
etot
hinkf
ort
hemsel
vesr
athert
hanaccept
ingwhathet
ell
sthem.

Upani
shad:

-
meansappr
oachi
ngandsi
tt
ingnear

-
Lat
erVedi
ctex
t

-
Cont
ainsconv
ersat
ionsbet
weent
eacher
snst
udent
s

-
ideaspr
esent
edt
hrusi
mpl
edi
alogues

-
Upani
shadi
cthi
nker
swer
eraj
asandbr
ahmi
nsmost
ly

-
Gar
gi:
famouswoment
hinkerandt
ookpar
tindebat
eshel
dinr
oyal
cour
ts

-
Thoughpoorppl
sel
dom t
ookpar
t'Sat
yakamaJabal
a'wasanexcept
ion

Pani
nipr
epar
edagr
ammarf
orSanskr
it

Jai
nism:

TI
mel
i
ne:
2500y
rsagoar
oundsamet
imeasbuddha

-
Kshat
ri
yapr
incepfLi
chchhav
is,
agr
oupt
hatwaspar
tofVaj
j
isangha

-
At30hel
efthi
shomeandaf
ter12y
rsheat
tai
nedenl
i
ght
enment
Teachi
ngsofMahav
ira:

1)
.Mennwomenwhowi
sht
oknowt
het
rut
hmustl
eav
ethei
rhomes

2)
.Mustf
oll
owAhi
msav
eryst
ri
ctl
y

3)
.Taughti
nPr
akr
it

4).
Fol
lowersofMahavi
raknownasJainas(
comesf
rom wor
dji
nameani
ngt
heconquer
or)
hadtoleadsi
mplel
iv
es,beggi
ngforf
ood.

-
hadt
obeabsol
utel
yhonest
,nev
ert
ost
eal

-
Obser
vecel
i
bacy

-
Menhadt
ogi
veupev
ery
thi
ngi
ncl
udi
ngt
hei
rcl
othes

Jai
nism wasmai
nlysuppor
tedbyt
rader
sasf
armer
shadt
oki
l
linsect
stosav
ethei
rcr
ops

-
Jai
nism spr
eadt
opar
tsofNor
thI
ndi
a,Guj
arat
,TN,
Kar
nat
aka

Thesangha:

-Mahavi
ranBuddhaar
rangedf
ort
heppl
whol
eftt
hei
rhomest
ost
ayt
oget
heri
nfor
m ofan
associ
ati
oni
esangha

-
Vinay
aPi
taka:
Bookcont
aini
ngr
ulesmadef
orBuddhi
stsangha

-
all
mencudj
oin

-
womenneedsper
missi
onofhusband

-
debi
tor
sofcr
edi
tor
s

-
chi
l
drenofpar
ent
s

-mennwomenwhoj
oinedsanghaswer
eknownasBhi
kkhus(
prakr
itf
orbeggar
)n
Bhi
kkhuni
s.

-
Var
nasy
stem wasnotf
oll
owedi
nsi
desanghas

Monast
ri
eswer
ebuil
tast
heneedf
oraper
manentshel
terwasf
eltbynunsandmonks.
They
wer
eknownasVihar
as

-
Theywer
emadeofwoodear
li
ernt
henl
ateronofwood

-
Somewer
eincav
esi
nwest
erni
ndi
a

Br
ahminsdevel
opedsystem ofashr
amas.
Itwasdoneatt
hesamet
imewhenbuddhi
sm n
j
aini
sm wer
ebecomingfamous.
1).
Bramhchar
ya-Br
ahmi
n,Kshat
ri
yanVai
shy
amenl
eadsi
mpl
eli
ves,
studi
edv
edasdur
ing
earl
yyear
sofli
fe

2)
.Gr
ihast
ha-
mar
rynl
i
veashousehol
der
s

3)
.vanapr
ast
ha-l
i
vei
nfor
estandmedi
tat
e

4)
.Samny
asa-
giv
eupev
ery
thi
ngandbecomesamny
asi
ns

Womenhadt
ofol
l
owt
heashr
amachosenbyt
hei
rhusbands

Chapt
er:
8Ashoka,
theemper
orwhogav
eupwar

Maur
yanEmpi
re-

-
Impor
tantci
ti
es

 :
Pat
ali
put
ra

 -
Taxi
l
a

 -
Ujai
n

Ar
eaar
oundPat
ali
put
rawasunderdi
rectcont
rol
oft
heemper
or.

-
off
ici
alsappoi
ntedt
ocol
l
ectt
axesf
rom f
armer
s,her
der
set
c

-
off
ici
alspuni
shedt
hosewhodi
sobey
edr
uler
'sor
der
s

-
Messenger
swer
eused

-
Spi
eskeptwat
chonof
fi
cial
s

-
Otherar
easorpr
ovi
nceswer
erul
edf
rom apr
ovi
nci
alcapi
tal
suchast
axi
l
aoruj
j
ain.

-
Rul
erst
ri
edt
ocont
rol
roads,
riv
ersandt
ri
edt
ocol
l
ectr
esour
cesast
axnt
ri
but
e

Megast
heneswassentt
othecour
tofChandr
agupt
aMaur
yabyGr
eekRul
erSel
eucus
Ni
cator

Ashoka:
Themostf
amousMaur
yanr
uler

-
Fir
str
ulerwhot
ri
edtotakehi
smessaget
othepeopl
ethr
oughi
nscr
ipt
ionswr
it
teni
n
Br
ahmiscri
ptnwerei
nPrakri
t.

-
Horr
if
iedatthebloodshedi
nthewarf
orKal
i
nga(
ori
ssa)t
hathegav
eupt
heconquestaf
ter
wi
nni
ngt hewar.

-
Hedeci
dedt
ospr
eadhi
smessageofDhamma(
Prakr
itwor
dfort
hesanskr
itt
erm'
Dhar
ma'
)
.

Ashoka'
sDhamma:
  -
didnti
nvol
vewor
shi
pofagodoranysacr
if
ice

 -
Inspi
redbyt
eachi
ngsofBuddha

 -Appoint
edoffi
cial
sasDhammaMahamat
tawhowentf
rom pl
acet
opl
acet
eachi
ng
peopleaboutdhamma.

-
inscr
ibedhi
smessageonr
ocksandpi
l
lar
s

-
sentmessenger
stoot
herl
andssuchasEgy
pt,
Syr
ia,
GreeceandSr
il
anka

Chapt
er:
9Vi
tal
vil
l
ages,
thr
ivi
ngt
owns

Megal
i
thi
hcbur
ial
sit
eshadl
argecol
l
ect
ionsofi
ront
ool
sandweapons

Vi
l
lages:

-
Tami
lregi
on:
lar
gel
andowner
s-Vel
l
alar
s;

Or
dinar
ypl
oughmen-uzhav
ar;

l
andl
essl
abour
ersi
ncl
udi
ngsl
aves-Kadai
siy
arnadi
mai

Nor
ther
nregi
onVi
l
lages:

-
GramaBhoj
aka-
Vil
l
ageheadman(
her
edi
tar
ypost
)

 l
argestl
andownerof
ten

 hi
redsl
avest
owor
konhi
sland

 Ki
ngusedhi
mtocol
l
ectt
axesf
rom v
il
lage

 f
unct
ionedasaj
udgenpol
i
cemansomet
imes

Gr
ihgapat
is:
otheri
ndependentf
amer
s,smal
l
erl
andowner
s

Dasas/
kar
makar
as:
Mennwomenwhodi
dntownl
andandwor
kedi
nfi
eldst
oear
nal
i
ving

Jat
akas:
Stor
iescomposedbyor
dinar
ypeopl
e;wr
it
tendownnpr
eser
vedbybuddhi
stmonks

Sangam Li
ter
atur
e:

Cal
l
edsangam bczwascomposedncompi
l
edbyassembl
i
esofpoet
shel
dinci
tyof
madur
ai

Fi
ndoutmor
e?
Manyci
ti
est
hatdev
elopedf
rom about2500y
rsagower
ecapi
tal
sofMahaj
anapadas.

-
Ringwel
l
sfoundi
nmanysuchci
ti
es

punchmar
kedcoi
nsuseddur
ingt
hisper
iod

Mat
hur
a:

i
mpci
tyasi
twasl
ocat
edatt
hecr
ossr
oadsof2maj
orr
out
esoft
rav
el

-
fr
om NW t
oeastandf
rom Nor
tht
oSout
h

-
Becameacapi
tal
forkushanasar
ound2000y
rsago

-
Rel
i
giouscent
rewi
thmonast
ri
es,
Jai
nashr
inesandkr
ishnawor
shi
p.

Nor
ther
nBl
ackPol
i
shedWar
e:

Ext
remel
yfi
nepot
ter
y;f
oundi
nNor
ther
npar
tofsubcont
inent
;Bl
acki
ncol
orwi
thf
inesheen

Shr
eni
s:

Associ
ati
onsf
ormedbymer
chant
sncr
aftper
sons

Shr
eni
sofcr
aftper
sons:

-
prov
idedt
rai
ning,
procur
edr
awmat
eri
alndi
str
ibut
edf
ini
shedpr
oduct

Shr
eni
sofmer
chant
s:

-
organi
sedt
rade

Shr
eni
sser
vedasbanksal
so

Ar
ikamedu:

Acoast
alset
tl
ementbet
ween2200n1900y
rsago

Pot
ter
y,Ar
ret
inewar
e,r
omanl
amps,
glasswar
engems

Chapt
er:
10Tr
ader
s,Ki
ngsandpi
l
gri
ms

Sout
hIndi
a:knownf
orpeppernspi
ces

-
romancoi
nsf
oundi
nsout
hIndi
a

-
pepperwasknownasbl
ackgol
dinRome

Muv
endar
:Ment
ionedi
nsangam poems
-
tami
lwor
dmeani
ng usedf
orheadsof3r
uli
ngf
ami
l
iesi
.e.

-
Chol
as

-
Cher
as

-
Pandy
as

-
Becamepower
ful
insout
hindi
aar
ound2300y
rsago

-
Eachchi
efhadani
nlandandcoast
alcent
reofpower

-
2impor
tantoutof6wer
e:

-
Kav
eri
pat
ti
nam:
por
tofChol
as

-
Madur
ai:
Capi
tal
ofPandy
as

-
chi
efsdi
dntcol
l
ectt
axesi
nst
eaddemandedr
egul
argi
ft
sfr
om ppl

-
Wentonmil
i
taryexpedi
ti
onsncol
l
ect
edtri
but
esndistr
ibut
edt
hem amongstt
hei
rfol
l
ower
s
i
ncl
udi
ngt
heirownfamil
ymembersnpoetsol
dier
setc.

Sat
vahanas:

200y
rsl
atert
heybecamepower
ful
inwest
erni
ndi
a

-
gaut
ami
put
raShr
iSat
akar
ni

Sat
avahanr
uler
swer
reknownasLor
dsofDakshi
napat
ha

Si
l
kRout
e:

:
Techni
quesofmaki
ngsi
l
kwasf
ir
sti
nvent
edi
nChi
na7000y
rsago

:
pplfr
om chi
nawentt
odi
stantl
andsonfoot
,oncamel
snhor
sebackandt
her
out
ethey
f
oll
owedcametobeknownasSilkRout
e

-Chineser
uler
ssentgi
ft
sofsi
l
ktoI
rannWestAsi
aandf
rom t
her
etheknowl
edgeofsi
l
k
spreadfur
therwest
.

-
Rul
erst
ri
edtocont
rol
ther
out
efort
ri
but
esngi
ft
sfr
om t
rader
sandt
heypr
otect
edt
hem
i
nst
eadfr
om r
obber
s

-
Kushanascont
rol
l
edsi
l
krout
e

r
uledov
ercent
ral
asi
anNW I
ndi
a

PeshawarnMat
hur
athei
rmaj
orcent
resofPower

Taxi
l
aal
socameundert
hei
rki
ngdom

-
Kushanasi
ssuedgol
dcoi
nsandwer
eamongstt
heear
li
estr
uler
sint
hesubcont
inentt
odo
so

Spr
eadofBuddhi
sm:

Kani
shka-ani
mpKushanar
uler

-
organi
sedabuddhi
stcounci
l

-Ashvaghosha-
Poetwhocomposedbi
ogr
aphyofBuddhai
.e.budhhachar
it
ali
vedi
nhi
s
ocurt
.

-
Ashv
aghoshanot
herpoet
snowbeganwr
it
ingi
nSanskr
it

-Mahay
anaBuddhi
sm dev
elopednow

:
feat
ures

-
Earl
i
eri
nscul
pturesbuddhawasshownt
hrusi
gnsl
i
kebypeepal
treebutnowhi
sst
atues
weremadei
nmat hur
ant axi
l
a.

-Bodhi
sat
tvas-t
hosewhoat t
ainedenl
i
ght
enmentcudl
i
vei
ncompl
etei
sol
ati
onbutnow
t
heyliv
edinthewrl
dteachi
ngotherppl

-wor
shi
pofboddhi
sat
tvasspr
eadt
ocent
ral
asi
a,chi
nanl
atert
okor
eanj
apan

-Buddhi
sm al
sospr
eadt
owest
ernnsout
her
nIndi
a

Buddhi
sm alsospreadSEt
oSr
il
anka,
Myanmar
,Thai
l
andnI
ndonesi
a.Ther
avadaBuddhi
sm
wasmor epopularher
e.

Cav
eswer
ehol
l
owedi
nthehi
l
lsf
ort
hemonkst
oli
vei
n.

Caveswerel
ocat
ednearpassest
hruWest
ernGhat
swher
etr
ader
scomi
ngf
rom t
hepor
tsn
goi
ngtotheci
ti
esoft
heDeccanhalted

Pi
l
gri
ms:

Chi
nesebuddhi
stpi
l
gri
m -Fa-
Xian

1600y
rsago

XuanZang1400y
rsago

I
-Qi
ng-50y
rsaf
terXuan–Zang

-
Spentt
imeatNal
andast
udy
ingBuddhi
sm

Begi
nni
ngofBhakt
i:

-
Wor
shi
pofcer
tai
ndei
ti
esgai
nedi
nimpor
tance
-
Dei
ti
eswor
shi
ppedt
hrubhakt
i

-
Any
oner
ichorpoorcudf
oll
owpat
hofBhakt
i

-
Ideaofbhakt
iispr
eset
ninBhagwadgeet
a

-Bhakt
ifol
l
owersemphasi
seddev
oti
onni
ndi
vi
dual
wor
shi
pofagodorgoddessr
athert
hen
perfor
manceofri
tual
s

-dev
oteewhowor shi
pswit
hapur ehear
t,dei
tywi
llappeari
nthefor
mi nwhi
chheorshe
desi
res.sodei
tycudbethoughtofanyt
hingl
iket
ree,l
ionorhumanfigur
eet
c

-
imagewor
shi
p

Chapt
er:
11NewEmpi
res&Ki
ngdoms

Samudr
agupt
a:Gupt
ady
nast
y

-
Weknowabouthi
mfr
om al
ongpoem i
nsanskr
itbycour
tpoetHar
ishena170y
rsago

-
Theabov
einscr
ipt
ioni
sofspl
kindknownasPr
ashast
i(meani
ngi
npr
aise)

-
Prashast
isbecamei
mpdur
inggupt
asr
ule

Har
ishenadescr
ibes4ki
ndsofr
uler
sandt
ell
usaboutSamudr
agupt
a’spol
i
cyt
owar
dst
hem

1).
Rul
ersofAr
yavar
ta:
9rul
ersher
ewer
eupr
oot
ednt
hei
rki
ngdomswer
emadeapar
tof
Samudrasempi
re

2).
Rul
ersofDakshi
napat
ha:12rul
erswer
eher
e;sur
render
edt
ohi
m af
terbei
ngdef
eat
edn
samudraal
lowedhi
mt orul
eagain

3).
Innerci
rcl
eofnei
ghbouri
ngstat
es,
incl
udi
ngAssam,Coast
alBengal
,Nepalnnumberof
ganasanghasinNW broughtt
ri
but
estohiscour
t,f
oll
owedhi
sordersnatt
endedhiscour
t

4).
Rul
ersofout
lyi
ngar
eas:Descendent
sofkushanasandshakas,
rul
erofsr
il
anka
submi
ttedt
ohim noff
eredt
heirdaught
ersf
ormar r
iage.

Samudr
asmot herbel
ongedt
oLichchhav
igananhisf
atherchandr
agupt
awasf
ir
str
ulerof
gupt
adynast
ytoadopttheti
tl
eofMaharaj-
adhi
raj
a

Har
shav
ardhana:

r
uled1400y
rsago

Banabhat
tahi
scour
tpoetwr
oteHar
shachar
it
ahi
sbi
ogr
aphyi
nsanskr
it
-
XuanZangspentt
imei
nhi
scour
t

Harshat
ookoverkanauj
nt henbengal,
magadhabutwasst
oppedi
nhi
smar
cht
owar
ds
Deccanbypul
akeshi
nIIarulerofchal
ukyady
nast
y

Pal
l
avasnchal
uky
asr
uleddur
ingt
hisper
iodi
nSout
hIndi
a

Pal
l
avas:

-
Kingdom wasspr
eadf
rom capi
tal
cit
yofKanchi
pur
am t
il
lkav
eri
del
ta

Chal
uky
as:

-
Aihol
e,t
hecapi
tal
ofchal
uky
as,
impt
radi
ngcent
re

-
Pul
akeshi
n-I
I,knownbypr
ashast
ibycour
tpoetRav
iki
rt
i

Hi
sKi
ngdom cent
eredar
oundRai
churDoabbet
weenKr
ishnant
ungbhadr
a.

-
Bot
hdy
nast
iesf
oughtwi
theachot
hernr
aidedcapi
tal
cit
iesast
heywer
epr
osper
ous

Ev
ent
ual
l
ytheygav
ewayt
oRasht
rakut
as&chol
as

Admi
nist
rat
ion:
Chal
uky
as&Pal
l
avas

-
Landr
evenuer
emai
nedi
mpor
tant

-
Vil
l
ager
emai
nedt
hebasi
cuni
tofadmi
nist
rat
ion

Newdev
elopment
s:

Measur
est
akenbyki
ngst
owi
nsuppor
tofpower
ful
men,

 -I
mpadmi npostsweremadeheredi
tar
yli
kehar
ishenawasamaha-
danda-
nay
akaor
chiefj
udi
cial
off
icerl
i
kehi
sfather

 -
1per
sonhel
dmanypost
s

 -I
mpmenhadasayi nLocal
admi nist
rati
onwhichincl
udenagara-
shreshti
orchief
bankerormerchantoft
heci
ty,sathavahaorl
eaderofmerchantcaravans,pr
athama-
kuli
kaorchi
efcraft
smanandtheheadofkay asthasorscr
ibes

Newki
ndofar
my:

-
Wel
lmai
ntai
nedar
miesl
i
keear
li
err
uler
swi
thchar
iot
s,el
ephant
scav
alr
y,f
ootsol
dier
s

-
Mil
i
tar
yleader
sorsamant
aswhopr
ovi
dedt
roopst
otheki
ngwhenheneededt
hem

-
Theywer
epai
dgr
ant
sofl
andnnotr
egul
arsal
ari
es

-
theycol
l
ect
edr
evenuef
rom t
hel
andandusedt
hem t
omai
ntai
nsol
dier
s&hor
ses&f
or
pr
ovi
dingequi
pmentf
orwar
far
e

Assembl
i
esi
nSout
hKi
ngdoms:

I
nscri
pti
onsofPall
avasmentionlocal
assembli
lesnamel
y,sabha-
assembl
yofbr
ahmi
nland
owners;
lookedaf
teri
rr
igat
ion,r
oads,local
templeset
c

ur-
anassembl
yofl
andowner
swhower
enotbr
ahmi
ns

nagar
am-or
gofmer
chant
s

Unt
ouchabi
l
itypr
eval
ent
:

Theunt
ouchabl
eswer
eexpect
edt
oli
veout
ski
rt
soft
heci
ty

Chapt
er:
12Bui
l
dings,
Pai
nti
ngs&Books

Stupas:
ASmallbox(Rel
i
ccasket
)pl
acedatt
hehear
tofst
upa;maycontai
nbodi
lyr
emai
ns
ofbuddhaorhi
sfol
lower
sorthi
ngst
heyusedaswel
laspr
eciousst
onesncoins

-
Pradakshi
napat
hawasl
aidar
oundt
hest
upa

Dev
oteeswal
kedar
oundst
upai
ncl
ockwi
sedi
rect
ion

Ear
li
estHi
ndut
empl
esal
sobui
l
tdur
ingt
hist
ime

-
Mosti
mppar
toft
het
empl
ewasgar
bhagr
iha-
wher
eimageofchi
efdei
tywaspl
aced

shi
khar
a-at
owerwasbui
l
tont
het
opofgar
bhagr
ihat
omar
kitasasacr
edpl
ace

mandapa-ahal
lwher
eppl
cudassembl
e

-
Mahabal
i
pur
am -egofmonol
i
thi
ctempl
e

Epi
cs:

Gr
andl
ongcomposi
ti
onsabouther
oicmenandwomen&i
ncl
udest
ori
esaboutgods

Si
l
appadi
kar
am:

Tami
lepi
ccomposedbyI
langoar
ound1800y
rago

Mani
mekal
ai:

Tami
lepi
c

-
bysat
tanarar
oound1400y
rsago
Kal
i
dasawr
otei
nsanskr
it

Pur
anaswer
ewr
it
tendur
ingt
hisper
iodonl
y

-
Pur
anaswer
ewr
it
teni
nsi
mpl
eSanskr
it

-
wer
emeantt
obehear
dbyev
ery
onei
ncl
udi
ngwomen&shudr
as

Mahabhar
ata:

knownpr
evi
ousl
ybutwr
it
tenabout1500y
rsago

Bot
hMahabhar
ataandpur
anasar
ebyVy
asa

Sanskr
itr
amay
ana–v
almi
ki

Booksonsci
ence:

Ar
yabhat
a:wr
oteAr
yabhat
iyamm i
nSanskr
it

-
Stat
edt
hatdayandni
ghtwer
ecausedbyt
her
otat
ionofear
thoni
tsaxi
s

Hedev
elopedasci
ent
if
icexpl
anat
ionf
orecl
i
psesaswel
l

-
alsof
oundoutt
hewayf
orcal
cul
ati
ngt
heci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
e

Paper
:

-
Paperi
nvent
edi
nchi
nabyCai
Lunabout1900y
rsago

-
thesecr
etr
eachedKor
eaabout1400y
rsagoandt
hent
oJapan.

-Fr
om Baghdadwherei
twasknownabout1800y
rsagoi
tspr
eadt
oEur
ope,
Afr
icaandot
her
partsofAsi
ansubcont
inent