eee etter a Present time Unit 1 Present perfect simple Situations and states that started in ve been a member of MENSA for over five years. ] the past and are stil true AA series of actions continuing up to now She's done a BA, an MA and a PhD so far. Completed actions at a time in the past ‘Have you ever read any books by Edward De Bono? hich is not important or relevant | Completed actions where the important She's been awarded a scholarship to study at Harvard, thing is the | Actions completed recently | Ive just received my exam resutts, The future (in time clauses) Tell me when you've finished the report (see Unit 5 for more information) Words and phrases often used with the present perfect simple since / for / It's the fist/second/ete time / before / already / yet / ever /just / stil /recently / up to now (up) unt now so far BS vs SS Grammar — — — —— + In American English, the past simple is often used instead ofthe present perfect simple US: Did you find the answer yet? UK: Have you found the answer yet? US: ready found the answer UK: Fve already found the answer + Ininformal American English, gotten is sometimes used as a past partcile instead of got when it means ‘obtain | ‘become’ or ‘move’ |___US:I haven't gotten the books yet. = | haven't bought the books yet.) UK: | haven't got the books yet. ‘Actions and situations continuing up to We've all been wondering wiiat to get Tony for his birthday and we just the present (or ust before the present) can't decide. ‘The future {in time clauses) | won't take my driving test until 've been having lessons for at least two months. (See Unit 5 for more information) © - We usually use the present perfect simple to specify a particular number of times/things. i ‘7 lve written two essays this week. ‘We usually use the present perfect continuous to emphasise the duration of an action/situation ¥ lve worked here for fve years. (no emphasis) / I've been working here for five years. (emphasises the duration) Words and phrases often used with the present perfect continuous since / for /just /all day/week/etc SMG ua ahh eum co When certain verbs are used to describe states, they are generally used in simple tenses rather than continuous tenses. Communication agree, deny, disagree Thinking believe, consider, doubt, expect, imagine, know, mean, realise, suppose, suspect, thnk, understand Existence be, exist Emotions adore, pea, appreciate, desire, despise, detest, cislke, envy, fear, fel, forgive, hate, lke, love, mind, need ot, prefer, satisfy, trust, want, wish Perception appear, hear, look, notice, recognise, resemble, see, seem, smell, sound, taste Possession and belong, concern, consist, contain, cost, depend, equal ft, have, include, involve, lack, measure, owe, telaionships between | own, possess, su, weigh Other _ | deserve, matter BE tony oft verbs above can alo be used i cotnous ees when hey describe acon ater han sates, These verbs include: appeal, be, consider, depend, feel, have, include, look, mean, mind, see, smell, taste, think, weigh : ¥ | think it’s important to know how to use a computer. (state: think = believe) ¥ ('m thinking about going on a computer course. (action: think = consider)