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Development of a motorized rice de-stoning machine

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 202 January, 2018 AgricEngInt: CIGR Journal Open access at http://www.cigrjournal.org Vol. 20, No. 4

Development of a motorized rice de-stoning machine

Ojediran, John Olusegun*, Okonkwo Clinton Emeka, Okunola Abiodun Afolabi,

Alake Adewumi Samuel
(Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria)

Abstract: A motorized rice de-stoning machine was locally developed for separating stone pebbles from milled rice. Major
component being the reciprocating screen coupled with the blower and the hopper. The stone separation is achieved by
vertical oscillation of the reciprocating screen coupled with a suction – like air produced by the blower directly beneath the
screen causing rice – mixture to float just above the screen and the stones are sucked up the reciprocating screen then
discharged through the stone chute and the clean rice collected in opposite order. The de-stoning machine was designed to be
powered by a high speed (2980 r min-1) 0.746 kW electric motor. It was evaluated for its efficiencies in terms of rice
separation and de-stoning, the tray loss and impurity level after separation were also evaluated. The highest de-stoning
efficiency was recorded between 5 to 7 mm feed gates as 99.75% and the lowest was recorded at a feed gate of 20 mm as 82.5%.
The highest rice separation efficiency was recorded at 5 mm feed gate to be 98.89% and the lowest of 93.33% was at 20 mm.
The highest values of impurity level and tray loss were recorded at 20 mm as 2.041% and 6.67% respectively, while the lowest
values were recorded at 5 mm as 0.028% and 1.11% respectively. The capacity also increased as the feed gate increase. All
results showed a high correlation with feed gate.
Keywords: rice, de-stoning, blower, eccentric mechanism, pneumaticblower

Citation: Ojediran, J.O., C.E. Okonkwo, A.A. Okunola, and A.S. Alake. 2018. Development of a motorized rice de-stoning
machine. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 20(4): 202–209.

consumed in various forms across localities but most

1 Introduction
The production and consumption of rice has been on a
significant increase due to its adaptability in various
traditional food recipe, bread and alcoholic drinks
(Dagninet et al., 2015).
An approximate 5 billion people consume rice
globally on a regular basis (FAO, 2011; and Prakash et al.,
2014). The rate of rice consumption differs in countries
and continents (Cho et al., 2017). Rice which is mainly
being cultivated for human consumption, still have over
40% (signifying 2.75 million per year), imported to West
Africa (Azouma et al., 2009). However, well over 90% of
globalrice production is from tropical and semi-tropical
climate especially in Asia. An estimated 120 million
Nigerian depend on rice as a staple food where it is
Received date: 2018-02-26 Accepted date: 2018-06-11
*Corresponding author: Ojediran, J. O. Department of
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Landmark University,
Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria. Email: ojediran.john@lmu.edu.ng.
popularly as boiled grains (Gbabo et al., 2015). Similarly,
in West Africa, Nigeria is the largest producer of rice
with an annual average of 3.2 million tons of paddy rice
resulting in about 2 million tons of processed rice. Rice
consumption in Nigeria has risen to over 10% per annum
causing changes to consumer’s preferences (Ajala and
Gana, 2015). Production however is largely done by
small-scale farmers operating an average 1 to 2 hectares
of land and where yield per hectare is relatively low due
to several reasons among which are poor production
systems, lack of basic trainings, aging farming population,
low level of competition between local and imported rice
etc (Onu et al., 2015).
There exists a huge gap of about 2 million metric tons
annually and this has largely continued to encourage huge
rice importation (This Day, 2009; Ayanwale and Amusan,
2012). The reasons for this identified gap include among
others poor production methods, unavailability and high
cost of farm inputs, low pace of technology adoption,
 January, 2018 Development of a motorized rice de-stoning machine Vol. 20, No. 4 203

post-harvest wastage, poor processing methods, and cognizance the pneumatic properties of milled rice
inefficiency in milling, poor marketing strategies, (terminal velocity) (Figures 1 and 2). Shape and size,
polishing and low-quality packaging and low/sub- angle of repose were the physical properties of rice taken
standard mechanization on rice farms which has led to the into consideration while machine properties considered
over-reliance on manual labour for farm operations were the configuration of the screen used and the angle of
(International Rice Research Institute, IRRI, 2010). inclination of the screen housing. The reciprocating
Nigeria therefore has huge potential to increase her screen housing the blower was inclined at an angle of 10o
domestic rice production and marketing with the high in order to aid inward flow of grain across the screen by
hopes of becoming a self-sufficient rice producer as this gravity. The stones were separated by the direction of air
will equally impact positively on the nation’s economy by blast and the reciprocating screen in the reverse direction
affecting all the key players and stakeholders (Paddy to the clean rice grain.
farmers and traders, rice millers and processors,
transporters, citizens, government and exporters).
However, the major challenge in Nigerian rice industry is
poor processing which allows contaminants such as stone
pebbles, sticks and chaff to be introduced during
harvesting and post-harvest handling. For this problem to
be solved, the use of durable and sustainable machines
must be engaged so as to enhance the quality of rice
being produced (Gbabo et al., 2015; Mohammed et al.,
2017). Pneumatic method has been used to clean threshed
rice paddy by air lifting light, chaffy and dusty materials
out of the paddy, with material other than paddy which
Figure 1 A 3–dimensional view of the motorized rice de-stoner
are of the same weight with the paddy being separated by
reciprocating screen (Aderinlewo and Raji, 2014; and
Buggenhout et al., 2013). Reciprocating sieves are known
to eliminate materials other than paddy which is the same
weight with the paddy, since they have the same
aerodynamic characteristics with rice paddy. However, it
has been advocated that for Agricultural mechanization to
be readily adopted in Nigeria, machines must be
indigenously designed, developed and constructed to
ensure their adaptability to our soils, crops and the local
farmers who are the end-users (Adejuyigbe and Bolaji,
2012). The aim of this research therefore was to carry out
the design, construction and performance evaluation of a
motorized rice de-stoning machine. When it has been
successfully tested in Landmark University rice
processing unit, it is hoped to be largely adopted as a sure
way to improve rice processing in Nigeria and beyond.

2 Materials and method

2.1 Design of the rice de-stoner
A motorized rice de-stoner was designed taking into Figure 2 Pictorial view of the motorized rice de-stoner
 204 January, 2018 AgricEngInt: CIGR Journal Open access at http://www.cigrjournal.org Vol. 20, No. 4

Figure 3 Orthographic views of the designed rice de-stoner

2.2 Design analysis
The design analysis was carried out with a view to
evaluate the necessary design parameters, pneumatic
properties, screen configuration, strength of the materials
for consideration in the selection of the various rice
de-stoner components in order for it to perform efficiently
and to avoid failure during the required working life of
the machine.
2.3 Determination of the hopper capacity
The hopper used was pyramidal in shape with a semi
– circular feed discharge gate which can be regulated to
give time for efficient de-stoning of the mass coming into
the de-stoning unit.
1 acceleration due to gravity, m s-2; ρ is the density of
Volume of the pyramidal section= × base area × height
3 de-stoning unit, kg m-3; v is the volume of the de-stoning
where, Base area in m2, Height, m; Volume of the
3
pyramidal section, m .
The capacity of the hopper was 25 kg.
2.4 Determination of the screen capacity
In order to ascertain the capacity of the machine, the
screen capacity is a paramount requirement needed in
designing other components of the machine.
V = LBH
where, V is the capacity of the screen in m3; L is the
length of the screen in m; B is the breadth of the screen in
m; H is the depth of the screen in m.
2.5 Determination of the weight of de-stoning unit
The weight of the de-stoning unit was determined to
establish the amount of load being exerted on the
eccentric shaft by the de-stoning unit and its content.
Hence the weight of the cleaning unit is expressed as;
W = mg (3)
m = ρv (4)
where, W is the weight of the de-stoning unit (blower and
screen component) and its content, N; m is the mass of
the de-stoning unit and its content, kg; g is the
(1) unit, m3.
2.6 Power requirement
In selecting power of the motor needed to drive the
rice de-stoner, the sum total of the various power needed
to drive the pneumatic mechanism(blower) and the
reciprocating unit in a pendulum motion was taken into
cognizance (Gbabo et al., 2015).
The speed and the sizes of the pulley were deduced
(2) from the formula below;
 January, 2018 Development of a motorized rice de-stoning machine Vol. 20, No. 4 205

NMDM = NVDV (5) G is the torsional modulus of elasticity, Nm-2; d is the

where, NM is the revolution of the motor, r min-1, which is shaft diameter of the eccentric mechanism or the blower,
-1
1400 r min ; DM is the diameter of the motor pulley, m; m.
which is 0.09 m; NV is the revolution of the eccentric 2.10 Design of centrifugal blower
-1
shaft, or the revolution of the blower shaft, r min ; which The blower must be capable of providing the required
-1
is 630 and 1400 r min respectively; DV is the diameter of air velocity necessary for the separation of the rice-stone
the eccentric shaft pulley, or the blower shaft pulley, m; mixture. Air velocity was calculated using the continuity
which was 0.2 and 0.09 m respectively. equation. The flow rate was 0.8 m3 s-1.
Power required is expressed as; Q = AV (11)
P = Tw (6) where, A is the area of the blade and V is the actual
where, P is the power required which was 746 W; T is the velocity of air produced from the blower taking
torque, Nm; w is the angular velocity which is taken as consideration of the terminal velocity of rice.
2πN in rad s-1; where N is the revolution of the driven 2.11 Determination of amplitude and frequency of
pulley in r min-1. vibration
The power was calculated to be 0.746 kW. According to Olugboji and Jiya (2014) for a system of
2.7 Determination of twisting moment force vibration with a single degree of freedom, the
T = F× r (7) amplitude is given as:
where, F is the force transmitted by the prime mover, N; F
Y= K
r is the perpendicular distance, m. (12)
ω 2 2 ω
2.8 Determination of the eccentric shaft and the ((1 − ( ) ) + (2ε ( )2 )0.5
wn wn
blower shaft
where, F is the magnitude of excitation, N; K is the
This was determined to ascertain the eccentric shaft
stiffness of spring, Nm-1; ε is the coefficient of damping,
size and the blower shaft size that would withstand the
Nsm-1; ω is the frequency of excitation force, which is
load applied with twisting. It was determined using the
2πN
Khurmi and Gupta (2007) relationships; expressed as = , rad s-1; wn is the natural frequency
60
D3=16(KmM + Te) πbd (8) of vibration (rad s-1) of the rice de-stoner, which is
and;
expressed as;
Te = ( K m M ) + ( K t T )
2 2
(9) k
wn = (13)
where, D is the diameter of either the eccentric shaft or m
the blower shaft, m; Km combined shock and fatigue m is the mass of the system, kg; f is the frequency of
factor of bending, 1.5; M is maximum bending moment, vibration (Hz), expressed as;
Nm; Te is the equivalent twisting moment, Nm; bd is ω
f = (14)
-2
maximum bending stress, Nm ; Kt Combined shock and 2π
fatigue factor of torsion, 1.0. 2.12 Machine description
2.9 Determination of the shaft angle of twist The machine comprises of the following components:
This enabled us to know of the shaft diameter we used machine frame, centrifugal blower, hopper, reciprocating
for the eccentric mechanism and the blower was safe. It screen unit, driving and driven assembly and a discharge
was determined using the formula below; (Gbabo et al., outlet.
2015). 2.12.1 Machine frame
584M t l The machine frame of the rice de-stoner was made up
θ= (10)
Gd 4 of metal iron of one and the half inch which holds the
where, θ is the angle of twist of the shaft in degrees; Mt is main machine components such as the hopper, centrifugal
the twisting moment, Nm; l is the length of the shaft, m; blower, screen casing, prime mover in a position and
 206 January, 2018 AgricEngInt: CIGR Journal Open access at http://www.cigrjournal.org
stabilizes the machine during operation.
2.12.2 Centrifugal blower
The direction of air intake of a centrifugal fan is
parallel to its axis of rotation, while its discharge is
perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Centrifugal fans was
used in producing the require air flow needed for
separating the stones from the rice grain.
2.12.3 Hopper
The hopper is trapezoidal in shape. It forms the
feeding chute through which the rice – stone mixture is
fed, it has a feed gate at the base to regulate the discharge
into the de-stoning unit.
2.12.4 Screen casing
The reciprocating screen casing arrangement consists
of four reciprocating arms. At the extreme, slightly
beneath the reciprocating screen casing is a cam
connection (eccentric mechanism) which energizes the
reciprocating screen in a pendulum motion. The size of
the screen aperture was based on the least equivalent
thickness of rice grain sample evaluated.
2.12.5 Driving and driven assembly
A three (3) phase electric motor of 1hp with its pulley
and eccentric shaft pulley as well as a blower pulley was
used. The electric motor, eccentric shaft and the blower
where connected by a V – belt.
2.12.6 Discharge outlets
The machine consists of two discharge outlet
openings which contain the de-stoned rice and the stone
in the reverse order.
2.13 Operation of machine
The motorized rice de-stoner machine was designed
to remove stones from rice. A 0.746 kW electric motor
provides power to the reciprocating mechanism alongside
the centrifugal blower through an arrangement of pulleys
and belt. The reciprocating mechanism oscillates in a
pendulum motion with the aid of an eccentric drive. The
milled rice - stone mixture discharges from the hopper
through the feed gate by gravity where the lighter
impurities are blown off via the cushion of air coming
from the blower since the milled rice grain terminal
velocity is higher than that of the light impurities. The
milled rice is collected on the rice outlet while the stone
is collected in the stone outlet.
Vol. 20, No. 4
2.14 Performance evaluation of motorized rice
de-stoner
The motorized rice de-stoner comprises of two
functional units: the blower unit and the reciprocating
screen unit. The blower unit is responsible for the
separation of light impurities from the milled rice fed in
through the hopper and also in the de-stoning operation
while the reciprocating mechanism is responsible for
providing the necessary agitation needed for de-stoning
operation. The performance of the motorized rice
de-stoner was evaluated in order to establish its efficiency,
capacity and effectiveness. There were two (2) collection
points for the test materials.
2.14.1 Determination of capacity of motorized rice
grader
The capacity of the machine was evaluated as the
quantity of milled rice the machine was able to de-stone
within a recorded time. Two kilograms of the milled rice
was introduced into the machine while the time for the
de-stoning operation was recorded. It was calculated
using Equation (15), Fadele and Aremu (2016)
Q
C= (15)
T
where, C is the capacity of machine in kg s-1; Q is the
quantity of milled rice introduced through the hopper in
kg; T is the time required for operation in seconds.
2.14.2 Determination of the de-stoning efficiency (DE)
The efficiency of the de-stoner was calculated using
the formula as suggested by (Gbabo et al., 2015).
M scr
DE = (1 − ) (16)
M sm
where, DE is the de-stoning efficiency, %; Mscr is the
mass of the stone in the clean rice after separation, g; Msm
is the initial mass of the stone in the mixture, g.
2.14.3 Determination of the rice separation efficiency
(RSE)
This is the percentage ratio of the mass of clean rice
to the rice in the mixture before separation (Gbabo et al.,
2015).
M cr
RSE = × 100 (17)
M rm
where, Mcr is the mass of the clean rice, g; Mrm is the
mass of rice in the mixture before separation.
 January, 2018 Development of a motorized rice de-stoning machine Vol. 20, No. 4 207

2.14.4 Impurity level after separation (IML)
This is the percentage ratio of mass of stone in the
clean rice to the sum of the mass of clean rice and the
mass of stone in the rice (Gbabo et al., 2015).
M scr
IM L =
M cr + M scr
where, IML is the impurity level after separation, %.
2.14.5 Tray loss (TL)
This is the quantity of rice which was not recovered in
dry method to be 11%. It was mixed with stones in a ratio
of 80% whole rice to 20% stones.
2.16 Experimental design
Performance evaluation of the designed motorized
rice de-stoning machine was carried out using the
(18)
complete randomized design with three replicates at each
feed gate opening level. Twenty kilograms of milled rice
were carefully weighed for each test and the results of
mean values are presented in Table 1.

the process (Gbabo et al., 2015). 3 Results and discussion

M cr
TL = 1 − (19) 3.1 Performance of the designed rice de-stoning
M rm
machine
2.15 Sample preparation The motorized rice de-stoning machine was evaluated
Milled rice sample was collected from Landmark based on the relationship of the feed regulator at the same
University Teaching and Research Farm. The initial moisture content and feed with the various efficiencies
moisture content wet basis was determined using the oven (Table 1).
Table 1 Performance of the designed rice de-stoning machine under different feed gate opening levels
S/N TIME (s) FEED (kg) Feed gate (mm) DE% RSE% IML% C (kg s-1) TL%

1 680 20 5 99.75 98.89 0.028 0.029 1.11

2 560 20 7 99.75 98.61 0.028 0.036 1.39
3 450 20 10 97 96.67 0.344 0.044 3.33
4 250 20 15 95 94.44 0.588 0.08 5.56
5 200 20 20 82.5 93.33 2.041 0.1 6.67

3.1.1 Effects of feed gate opening on the capacity of the

designed rice de-stoning machine
As shown in Figure 4, variation of the feed gate
regulator to the capacity is highly correlated and
polynomial. As the feed gate opening on the hopper was
increased, it was noticed that the capacity being handled
per second was also increasing, because more grain is
being released to the de-stoning chamber. The minimum
capacity was 0.029 kg s-1 and the maximum been
Figure 4 Effects of feed gate opening on the capacity of the
0.1 kg s-1.
designed rice de-stoning machine
3.1.2 Effect of feed gate opening on the efficiency of
designed rice de-stoning machine
The de-stoning efficiency and feed gate opening is
highly correlated and polynomial (Figure 5). The
de-stoning efficiency was highest (99.75%) at a feed gate
range of 5 to 7 mm, while the feed gate of 20 mm gave
the lowest efficiency of 82.5%. From the graph it was
noticed that as the feed gate increased, the de-stoning
efficiency decreases and vice versa. This could be due to
the fact that the de-stoning chamber can properly sort by Figure 5 Effect of feed gate opening on the efficiency of designed
gravity at a specific volume of rice per time. rice de-stoning machine
 208 January, 2018 AgricEngInt: CIGR Journal Open access at http://www.cigrjournal.org
3.1.3 Effect of feed gate opening on the rice separation
efficiency
From the graph it was observed that the relationship
between the rice separation efficiency to the feed gate is
polynomial and highly correlated (Figure 6). As the feed
gate was increased, the rice separation efficiency reduced.
The lowest efficiency of 93.33% was recorded at a high
feed gate opening. This could be because as more rice
was released, the clean rice tends to move up with the
stone for it to be discharged through the stone outlet; the
hopper would be releasing more volumes than that it can
handle since it is a gravity sorter.
Figure 6 Effect of feed gate opening on the rice separation
efficiency
3.1.4 Effect of feed gate opening on impurity levels
after separation
The graphical relationship between the impurity level
to the feed gate is highly correlated and polynomial
(Figure 7). It is observed that as the feed gate is increased,
the impurity level is also increasing and vice versa. This
could be because the rice – stone mixture has not been
properly sorted out, due to the fact that the de-stoning
chamber was fed more than what it can handle per time
being a gravity sorter.
Figure 7 Effect of feed gate opening on impurity levels after
separation
Vol. 20, No. 4
3.1.5 Effects of feed gate opening on tray loss
It was observed that the relationship between the tray
loss and the feed gate is polynomial and highly correlated
(Figure 8). As the feed gate is increased the amount of
clean rice loss was also increasing. This could be because
some of the clean rice tends to move up with the stones,
while some rolled over to the ground since the screen is at
an angle.
Figure 8 Effect of the feed gate opening on tray loss
4 Conclusion
The following are some specific conclusions made
from the work:
1. The de-stoning efficiency decreased with increase
in the feed gate opening.
2. The rice separation efficiency decreased with
increase in the feed gate opening.
3. The impurity level increased with increase in the
feed gate opening.
4. The tray loss also increased with increase in the
feed gate opening.
5. Feed gate opening of 5 mm showed the lowest tray
loss, impurity level and capacity of 1.11%, 0.028%,
0.029 kg s-1 respectively, but has the highest de-stoning
efficiency and rice separation efficiency of 99.75% and
98.89% respectively.
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