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ASSISTANTS:
SONNY KOSASI SP067
RICO GIYAR PIONAR SP068
ALDO CHRISTANTO PURNAMA SP070
1.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the bulk density of fine aggregate
which is determined as the comparative value between the weight and volume of the
sample of dry sand in loose conditions.
Where :
W1 = Mold weight (Kg);
W2 = Mold weight + sand (Kg);
V = Mold volume (m3).
1.4 CONLUSIONS
The conclusion of the loose bulk density of fine aggregate practicum is
1,090.823 kg/m3.
1.6 REFERENCE
(2019). Bobot Isi Agregat (Padat dan Lepas). Malang: Politeknik Negeri Malang.
Darmawan, R. (2019). Berat Isi Agregat Halus. Makassar: Teknik Sipil Politeknik
Ujung Pandang.
2.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the bulk density of fine aggregate
by comparing the weight and content of the sample of dry sand that used for concrete
mixture in compact condition.
Where :
W1 = Mold weight (Kg);
W2 = Mold weight + sand (Kg);
V = Mold volume (m3).
= 5298.75 cm3;
= 0.00529875 m3
W2 -W1
Compacted bulk density = V
18-10.48
= 5298.75
7.52
= 0.00529875
= 1,419.203 kg/m3.
2.4 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the compacted bulk density of fine aggregate practicum is
1,419.203 kg/m3.
2.6 REFERENCE
(2019). Bobot Isi Agregat (Padat dan Lepas). Malang: Politeknik Negeri Malang.
Darmawan, R. (2019). Berat Isi Agregat Halus. Makassar: Teknik Sipil Politeknik
Ujung Pandang.
3.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to calculate and determine the water content
of the aggregate sample by drying using the available equipment.
Where :
W1 = Weight of fine aggregate (gr);
W2 = Weight of dried fine aggregate (gr).
PRACTICUM RESULT
3.2.1 PRACTICUM DATA
The following are practicum data that are obtained :
Weight of the fine aggregate (W1) = 0.580 kg – 0.080 kg
= 0.500 kg;
Weight of the dry fine aggregate + pan (W2) = 0.512 kg – 0.080 kg
= 0.432 kg.
3.2.2 DATA CALCULATION
W1 -W2
Water content of fine aggregate = x 100%
W2
0.500 - 0.432
= x 100%
0.432
= 15.74%.
3.3 CONCLUSION
From the practicum we know that the water content of fine aggregate is
15.74%.
3.5 REFERENCE
Bestari, N. (2017). Kadar Air Agregat Halus. Pekanbaru: Universitas Riau.
4.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the condition of the sand whether
sand can be used with organic matter in the sand.
The greater the number of colors on the color standard, the older the color of
the mud will be. Based on the Indonesian National Standards for testing the color of
organic matter, the test results in numbers 2 and 3 can be used as normal concrete
while the results of test in number 1 can be used as high-quality concrete.
4.4 CONCLUSION
From the result of organic impurities in fine aggregate practicum, the color
range that obtained is between 3-4. We can conclude that the aggregate have a lot of
organic content.
4.6 REFERENCE
Amran, D. (1992). Pengaruh Kadar Lumpur, Kandungan Organik, Gradasi Butir
Dan Berat Jenis Agregat Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton Tiap Tingkat Umum
Proses Pengerasan. Padang: FPTK IKIP Padang.
Maulidawati, G. (2016). Uji Kadar Zat Organik Agregat Halus dengan
Perbandingan Wrna (Standard Colour Test). Bandung: Politeknik Negeri
Bandung.
5.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the density and percentage weight
of water that can be absorbed by fine aggregates calculated from the dry weight of an
aggregate.
d. Effective specific gravity is the specific gravity of the aggregate in a dry state.
Specific gravity and volume of aggregates that cannot absorbed by asphalt.
Water absorption is the ratio of the weight of water that can be absorbed to the
dry aggregate weight in percent. In fine aggregates, water will seep into the pores but
in certain circumstances the water held on the surface will be considered as the
percentage of the aggregate dry weight.
= 2.371 gr;
S
SSD (Saturated Surface Dry) =
B+S-C
250
=
951+250-1099,6
= 2.465 gr;
A
Apparent Specific Gravity =
B+A-C
240.4
= 951+240.4-1099,6
= 2.619 gr;
S-A
Absorption = x 100%
A
250-240.4
= x 100%
240.4
= 3.993%.
5.4 CONCLUSION
From the practicum, we can conclude that :
a. The bulk specific gravity that we get is 2.371 gr;
b. The saturated surface density that we get is 2.465 gr;
c. The apparent specific gravity that we get is 2.619 gr;
d. The percentage of absorption is 3.993%.
5.6 REFERENCE
Amran, D. (1992). Pengaruh Kadar Lumpur, Kandungan Organik, Gradasi Butir
Dan Berat Jenis Agregat Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton Tiap Tingkat Umum
Proses Pengerasan. Padang: FPTK IKIP Padang.
Maulidawati, G. (2016). Uji Kadar Zat Organik Agregat Halus dengan
Perbandingan Wrna (Standard Colour Test). Bandung: Politeknik Negeri
Bandung.
6.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the ratio of fine aggregates and
coarse aggregates which have a gradation through sieving or filtering analysis.
Where :
A = Sample weight that left in the sieve;
B = Total weight of sample.
= 8.741%;
= 99.479%;
b. Passing percentage (%) = 100% - % Cumulative retains weight
= 100% - 99.479%
= 0.521%.
100%
90%
Passing Percentage (%)
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0.01 0.1 1 10
Grain Size (mm)
Figure 6.1 Fine Aggregate Size Distribution
275.06
= 100
= 2.751.
6.4 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the gradation and fineness modulus of fine aggregate
practicum :
a. The most aggregate is retained in the sieve number 100;
b. The most aggregate is passed in the sieve number 16:
c. The fineness modulus of the fine aggregate sample is 2.751 which means the
aggregate that we use in this practicum is medium sand;
d. In this practicum gradation of fine aggregate, the sieve number that didn’t
include in zone is 0,6 mm. so the closest one is zone 4.
Sieve Number The Percentage of The Grain That Passes the Sieve
(mm) Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV
10 100 100 100 100
4.8 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.4 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.2 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
0.6 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
0.3 5 - 20 5 - 30 12 - 40 15-50
0.15 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15
6.6 REFERENCE
Fachrizal, R. (2016). Pengaruh Modulus Halus Butir Terhadap Nilai Slump Dan
Kuat Tekan Dengan . Banda Aceh: Fakultas Teknik Syiah Kuala.
(2019). Pemeriksaan Gradasi Agregat Kasar. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
Prayoga, N. (2019). Analisis Saringan Agregat Kasar Dan Halus. Lubuklinggau:
Universitas Musi Rawas.
7.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the bulk density of coarse
aggregate content to be used as a mixture of concrete making.
Where :
W1 = Mold weight (Kg);
W2 = Mold weight + sand (Kg);
V = Mold volume (m3).
To do the bulk density of coarse aggregate practicum process simply pour
coarse aggregate into the provided mold until evenly distributed.
= 5298.75 cm3
= 0.00529875 m3;
Coarse aggregate weight = W2 – W1
= 18 – 11.02
= 6.98 kg;
W2 -W1
Loose bulk density =
V
18-11.02
= 0.00529875
6.98
= 0.00529875
= 1,317.292 kg/m3.
7.4 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the compacted bulk density of fine aggregate practicum :
a. The loose bulk density of coarse aggregate is 1,317.292 kg/m3;
b. Mold volume is 1,317.292 kg/m3.
7.6 REFERENCE
Trisna, S. (2019). Ilmu Bahan Bangunan. Banyuwangi: Politeknik Negeri
Banyuwangi.
Viper, D. (2019). Pengujian Berat Isi Agregat. Malang: Politeknik Negeri Malang.
8.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to find and determine the water content of
coarse aggregate samples that have been prepared by doing the drying process with
existing equipment.
Where :
W1 = Weight of fine aggregate (gr);
W2 = Weight of dried fine aggregate (gr).
This coarse aggregate itself can be defined as an aggregate that has a size of
more than 4.80 mm and is usually in the form of gravel or broken stone. Gravel is the
result of the natural disintegration process of rocks while broken stones are the result
of artificial or deliberate rock breaking processes which are 4.80 - 40 mm in size. The
value of water content on coarse aggregates is used to correct the dose of water in the
design of concrete mixtures.
= 2.585%.
8.4 CONCLUSION
From the practicum we know that the water content of coarse aggregate is
2.585%.
8.6 REFERENCE
Trisna, S. (2019). Ilmu Bahan Bangunan. Banyuwangi: Politeknik Negeri
Banyuwangi.
Viper, D. (2019). Pengujian Berat Isi Agregat. Malang: Politeknik Negeri Malang.
9.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the clay lumps in coarse
aggregate.
Where :
W1 = Weight of coarse aggregate + pan (gr);
W2 = Weight of dry coarse aggregate + pan (gr);
W3 = Pan weight (gr).
Because of the bad influence of clay contained by an aggregate, an aggregate
that has a sludge level is determined to have a sludge content below 1% for coarse
aggregate and 5% for fine aggregate.
= 2.371%.
9.4 CONCLUSION
From this practicum we can conclude that the value of clay lumps in coarse
aggregate is 2.371% which means the aggregate at soiled condition.
9.6 REFERENCE
Rahmawati, R. (2015). Pengujian Agregat. Bandung: Politeknik Negeri Bandung.
Trisna, S. (2019). Ilmu Bahan Bangunan. Banyuwangi: Politeknik Negeri
Banyuwangi.
Viper, D. (2019). Pengujian Berat Isi Agregat. Malang: Politeknik Negeri Malang.
10.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the density and percentage weight
of water that can be absorbed by coarse aggregates.
Water absorption is the ratio of the weight of water that can be absorbed to the
dry aggregate weight in percent. In coarse aggregates, water will seep deeper into the
pores. Because the pores coarse aggregates are larger so that it can determine the
volume of all existing pores.
= 3.122 gr;
B
SSD (Saturated Surface Dry) =
B-C
1855.6
=
1855.6-1285.2
= 3.253 gr;
A
Pseudo Specific Gravity =
A-C
1780.2
= 1780.2-1285.2
= 3.593 gr;
B-A
Absorption = x 100%
A
1855.6-1780.2
= x 100%
1780.2
= 5.921%.
10.4 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate :
a. The result of dry specific gravity is 3.122 gr;
b. The result of SSD is 3.253 gr;
c. The result of pseudo specific gravity is 3.593 gr;
d. The result of absorption is 5.921%.
10.6 REFERENCE
Maulana, K. (2019). Pengujian Berat Jenis Dan Penyerapan Agregat. Padang:
Universitas Negeri Padang.
Maulidawati, G. (2016). Uji Kadar Zat Organik Agregat Halus dengan
Perbandingan Wrna (Standard Colour Test). Bandung: Politeknik Negeri
Bandung.
Viper, D. (2019). Pengujian Berat Isi Agregat. Malang: Politeknik Negeri Malang.
11.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the ratio of fine aggregates and
coarse aggregates which have a gradation through sieving or filtering analysis.
A
Percentage of sample weight = x 100% .......................... (6.1)
B
Where :
A = Sample weight that left in the sieve;
B = Total weight of sample.
Sieve Retains
Sieve
Size Weight
Number
(mm) (gr)
1" 25 117
3/4" 19.1 855.4
1/2" 12.5 6018.2
3/8" 9.4 2684
4 4.75 353.6
8 2.36 22
Pan 68.2
Total 10118.4
= 1.156%;
= 99.325%;
100%
90%
80%
Passing Pecentage (%)
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1 10 100
Grain Size (mm)
= 3.739.
11.4 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the gradation and fineness modulus of fine aggregate
practicum is the fineness modulus of the coarse aggegate is 3.739.
11.6 REFERENCE
(2019). Pemeriksaan Gradasi Agregat Kasar. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
Prayoga, N. (2019). Analisis Saringan Agregat Kasar Dan Halus. Lubuklinggau:
Universitas Musi Rawas.
12.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the pH value of water used for
making concrete with the aim of obtaining strong and durable concrete.
From the litmus paper that we use for the practicum, we get 7 as the pH of
water.
12.4 CONCLUSION
From the water pH test of the water sample, we can conclude that the water
pH we get is 7 from litmus paper and 7.3 from pHmeter.
12.6 REFERENCE
Manisa, T. (2014). PH Meter Dan Makanan. Pontianak: Universitas Tanjungpura.
13.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of designing a concrete mixture is to be used as a design and
implementation reference in determining the proportion of concrete mixtures. While
the aim is to be able to know the proportion of mixtures so that we obtain the desired
concrete quality according to the plan and also to get concrete that meets the
requirements such as easy to work, durable, and economical. In other words the
concrete mixture is designed to get the best concrete.
In Indonesia the method used in the concrete mix design adopts the British
Standard or Department of Environment (DoE) method written in standard book No.
SK. SNI. T-15-1990-03.
Annotation:
fc : Compressive strength of each test result (MPa);
fcr : Average of compressive strength (MPa);
n : Amount of compressive strength test result (minimum 30 data).
If amount of compressive strength test result less than 30 data, then correction
calculated towards standard deviation value with a multiplier shown in Table 13.1
below.
Table 13.2 Standard Deviation Value for Quality Control of Work in Site
Figure 13.1 Relation Between Concrete Compressive Stength and Concrete Water
Cement Ratio for Cube sample (15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm)
b. Look at Figure 13.1 or Figure 13.2 (according to the type of sample used),
Make point A with water cement ratio 0.5 (as an axis) and concrete average
compressive strength that obtained from Table 13.4 (as an ordinate). In point
A then made new graph that has same shape with 2 other close graphs;
c. Next, draw a horizontal line from the planned concrete average compressive
strength until it touches the new graph. Then, from that point draw a vertical
line until it touchs the horizontal axis and obtaining the value of water cement
ratio.
Table 13.6 Maximum Water Cement Ratio for Concrete that Related to Soil
Water that has Sulfate Content
Sulfate Minimum Cement
Concentration Content with Maximum
(SO3) Inside Soil Aggregate Size (kg/m3)
(SO3)
(SO3)
Inside Water
Inside
Soil Cement Type Cement
Total Soil
Water Ratio
(SO3) Water 40 mm 20 mm 10 mm
(gr/lt)
(%) Mixture
= 2:1
(gr/lt)
Type I with or
without
<0.2 <1.0 <0.3 80 300 350 0.50
pozzolan (15 –
40%)
Type I without
290 330 350 0.50
Pozolan
Type I with
Pozolan 15 –
0.2 – 0.5 1.0 – 1.9 0.3 – 1.2 40% (Pozolan 270 310 360 0.55
Portland
Cement)
Type II or V 250 290 340 0.55
Type I with
Pozolan 15 –
40% (Pozolan 340 380 430 0.45
0.5 – 1.0 1.9 – 3.1 1.2 – 2.5 Portland
Cement)
Type II or V 290 330 380 0.50
1.0 – 2.0 3.1 – 5.6 2.5 – 5.0 Type II or V 330 370 420 0.45
Type II or V
>2.0 >5.6 >5.0 and protection 330 370 420 0.45
layer
Table 13.7 Water Cement Ratio for Reinforced Concrete Inside Water
Minimum
Cement Content
Water (kg/m3)
Concrete
Related to: Cement Cement Type Maximum
Type
Ratio Aggregate Size
40 mm 20 mm
Freshwater 0.50 All Type I – V 280 300
Type I + Pozolan
Reinforced 15 – 40%
0.45 340 380
or Brackish Water (Pozolan Portland
prestressed Cement)
0.50 Type II and V 340 380
Sea Water 0.45 Type II or V 340 380
From Table 13.9 if fine aggregate and coarse aggregate that used from different
type (natural or broken stone), then the amount of water that estimated should be
corrected using equation below:
2 1
A= 3 ∙ Ah + 3 ∙ Ak .......................................(13.5)
Annotation:
A : Amount of water demands (lt/m);
Ah : Amount of water demands for fine aggregate;
Ak : Amount of water demands for coarse aggregate.
Figure 13.8 Percentage of Fine Aggregate Towards Aggregate with Maximum Grain
Size 20 mm
Aggregate relative
density (dry
surface saturation
condition)
A -A
Fine Aggregate= B + ( h100 1 ) ∙ B ......................................(13.9)
A -A
Coarse Aggregate= C + ( k 2 ) ∙ C ................................ (13.10)
100
Annotation:
A : Demands of water (lt/m3);
B : Demands of fine aggregate (kg/m3);
C : Demand of coarse aggregate (kg/m3);
Ah : Water content in fine aggregate (%);
Ak : Water content in coarse aggregate (%);
A1 : Fine aggregate absorption (%);
A2 : Coarse aggregate absorption (%).
The percentage of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in this experiment are:
23+27
Fine Aggregate = ;
2
=25%.
Coarse Aggregate = 100%-25%;
= 75%.
STEP 18 : RELATIVE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AGGREGATE
Calculation of the relative of bulk density aggregate:
BJcamp = P . BJah + K . BJak
= 25% × 2.371 + 75% × 2.831
= 2.716 kg/m3
Aggregate relative
density (dry
surface saturation
condition)
From figure above, bulk density concrete is obtained 2475 kg/m3 with water
requirement 185 liter/m3 and specific gravity 2716 kg/m3
= 152.542 kg.
Ah −A1
Fine aggregate =B+ ( ) . B;
100
15.69−3.993
= 480 + ( ) . 480;
100
= 536.146 kg/m3.
Ak −A2
Coarse aggregate =C+( ) . C;
100
2.59−4.235
= 1440 + ( ) . 1440;
100
= 1416.312 kg/m3.
So that the concrete mixture design material used with the cube specimen is as
follows:
Total sample = 11 Samples.
Volume = p × l × t;
= 0.15 × 0.15 × 0.15;
= 0.003375 m3.
Water = total of water × total sample × volume;
= 152.542 × 11 × 0.003375;
= 5.663 lt.
Cement = total of cement × total sample × volume;
= 370 × 11 × 0.003375;
= 13.736 kg.
Fine aggregate = total of fine aggregate × total sample × volume;
= 536.146 × 11 × 0.003375;
= 19.904 kg.
Coarse aggregate = total of coarse aggregate × total sample × volume;
= 1416.312 × 11 × 0.003375;
= 52.58 kg.
Name Data
f’c 25 MPa
m 12 MPa
f’cr 37 MPa
Cement Water Factor (CWF) 0.5
Minimum Cement Weight 325 kg/m3
Maximum CWF 0.6
Slump 7.5 cm – 12 cm
Water Consumption 185 lt/m3
Weight of Cement Needed 370 kg/m3
Gradation Area IV
Percentage of Fine Aggregate Needed 25%
Percentage of Coarse Aggregate Needed 75%
Specific Gravity of Aggregate Mix 2.934 kg/m3
Weight of Mix Aggregate 1920 kg/m3
Weight of Fine Aggregate 480 kg/m3
Weight of Coarse Aggregate 1440 kg/m3
Water Correction 152.542 kg
Fine Aggregate Correction 536.146 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate Correction 1416.312 kg/m3
Water Used 5.663 lt
Cement Used 13.736 kg
Fine Aggregate Used 19.904 kg
Coarse Aggregate Used 52.58 kg
13.7 REFERENCE
2B, K. K. (2010). Pengujian Bahan Agregat. Bandung: Politeknik Negeri Bandung.
Hidayat, A. (2014). Perbandingan Job Mix Design Beton. Jurnal APTEK, 43-48.
Murdock, & Brook. (1991). Bahan dan Praktek Beton . Jakarta: Erlangga.
Shakhmenko, G., & Birsh, J. (1998). Concrete Mix Design and Optimization.
Budapest: Riga Technical University, Departmen of Building Materials.
SNI-03-2834-2000. (2000). Tata Cara Pembuatan Rencana Campuran. Bandung:
Badan Standarisasi Nasional.
14.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the pH value of water used for
making concrete with the aim of obtaining strong and durable concrete.
From the litmus paper that we use for the practicum, we get 7 as the pH of
water.
14.4 CONCLUSION
From the water pH test of the water sample, we can conclude that the water
pH we get is 7 from litmus paper and 7.3 from pHmeter.
14.6 REFERENCE
15.1 PURPOSE
Mix design that has been produced with a standard module for a planned target
must be tested to prove that the standard of strength has been achieved.
15.4 CONCLUSION
From the practicum that has been carried out it can be concluded that the
concrete obtained during the practicum is 10 concrete cubes.
15.6 REFERENCE
Adhyati, T. (n.d.). Laporan Praktikum Beton. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Teknolog
Malaysia.
Indrayurmansyah. (2001). Pentingnya Perawatan Beton Untuk Mencapai Nilai
Kekuatan. Jurnal R & B. Volume 1 Nomor 2, 1-7.