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Coastal River Engineering, PLLC
181003Guidry – FBC Oak Island Page 1 of 10
Load Types and Load Combinations:
Load Types
Dead Load – D
Roof Live Load – Lr
Floor Live Load – L
Snow Load – S
Wind Load – W
Earthquake – E
Load Combinations:
D
D + Lr
D + 0.7Ex
D + 0.7Ez
D + 0.75(0.7Ex) +0.75L
D + 0.75(0.7Ez) +0.75L
D + 0.6Wx
D + 0.6Wz
D + 0.75(0.6Wx) + 0.75L
D + 0.75(0.6Wz) + 0.75L
0.6D + 0.6Wx
0.6D + 0.6Wz
0.6D + 0.7Ex
0.6D + 0.7Ez
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181003Guidry – FBC Oak Island Page 2 of 10
Gravity Loads:
We calculate the roof dead and live loads, the floor dead and live loads and the wall dead load (i.e. the
self‐weight of the wall).
Roof Dead Load:
To calculate the roof dead load, we assume roof trusses spaced at 2’‐0” o.c., plywood roof sheathing,
asphalt shingle roofing, and 5/8” gypsum wall board ceiling. Other dead load that will be included are
the weight of mechanical and electrical fixture, insulation and possible reroofing.
The dead loads are obtained as follows using the dead load tables in Appendix A:
Roofing (5/16” asphalt shingles) = 2.5 psf
Reroofing (i.e. future added roof) = 2.5 psf (assumed)
3/8” plywood sheathing (0.4 psf x 1/8” x0.3) = 1.2 psf
Framing (truss span = 38’‐10” , consider 40ft) = 6.0psf (See Appendix A)
1” fiber glass insulation (supported by the bottom chord) = 1.1 psf
5/8” gypsum ceiling attached to the bottom chord = 3.2psf
(5 psf/in x 5/8”)
Mechanical and electrical (supported off the bottom chord = 5.0 psf
Total roof dead load Droof = = 21 .5psf of sloped roof area
The dead load supported by the roof truss bottom includes the insulation, the gypsum ceiling, and the
mechanical and electrical loads. Therefore, the total dead load on the bottom chord is 9.3 psf of
horizontal plan area, while the dead load supported by the truss top chord is 12.2 psf.
Note that the load on the top chord is in psf of sloped roof area and must be converted to psf of
horizontal plan area before combining with the loads on the truss.
The total roof dead load in psf of the horizontal plan area is given as:
WDL(top chord) = ( 12.2 psf) x (21.104ft / 19.5 ft) = 13.20 psf
WDL(Bottom chord) = (9.3 psf) x ( 21.104 ft / 19.5 ft)= 10 psf
It should be noted that for calculating the roof wind uplift, the dead load must not be overestimated
because it is not conservative to do so. For example, the 2.5 psf reroofing dead load should not be
considered for this case since reroofing is a future event and may not be there for quite a number of
years. Therefore, for uplift loadcalculations, only the dead loads that are likely to be on the structure
during a wind event should be used to calculate the net uplift wind pressure. For this building, the
applicable roof dead load is calculated as
WDL= (for uplift calculation only) = (12.2 psf–2.5 psf) x (21.104 ft / 19.5 ft) + 9.3 psf = 20.12 psf
Coastal River Engineering, PLLC
181003Guidry – FBC Oak Island Page 3 of 10
Roof Live Load:
The snow load S and roof live load Lr acting on this building will now be calculated.
Roof Live Load Lr :
Slope roof factor F = 12 x tan θ
θ = 23° (From Truss CAD dwg.)
F = 12 x tan 23
F = 5.09 = 5
As 4< 5 < 12, so R2 = 1.2 – (0.05 x F) = 1.2 – (0.05 x 5 ) = 0.95
The tributary area of the roof truss = 2 ft x 40ft = 80sft< 200 sft ; therefore , R1 = 1.0.
The roof live load on the truss Lr = 20R1R2= 20 x (1.0) x (0.95) = 19 psf
12 psf ≤ Lr ≤ 20 psf ………………. Okay
The tributary roof area for a typical exterior stud = (2 ft) x (40ft / 2) = 40sft< 200 sft
Therefore, R1 = 1.0
The roof live load on the exterior wall stud Lr = 20R1R2 = 20 x (1.0) x (1.0) = 20 psf
12 psf ≤ Lr ≤ 20 psf ………………. Okay
Snow Load:
The roof slope (5 : 12) implies that tan θ = 5 / 12 ; therefore, θ = 23° (From Architectural CAD dwg.)
We obtain the ground snow load Pg for Oak Island, North Carolina to be 10psf (see attached Ground
Snow Load Report).
Assuming a “partially” exposed roof and a building site with terrain category C, we obtain the exposure
coefficient Ce = 1.0 (ASCE 7 Table 7‐2).
The thermal factor for a heated building Ct = 1.0 (ASCE 7 Table 7‐3)
The importance factor I = 1.0 (IBC Table 1604.5)
The slope factor Cs = 1.0 (ASCE Figure 7‐2 with roof slope θ = 13.68° and a warm roof)
The flat roof snow load Pf = 0.7 x Ce x Cs x I x Pg
= 0.7 x (1.0) x (1.0) x (1.0) x (10)
= 7psf
Thus, the design roof snow load, S = Ps = Cs x Pf
= (1.0) x (35)
= 7psf
The design total load in psf of the horizontal plan area is obtained using the IBC load combinations (in
Section 2.1). Where downward wind loads on the roof are not critical (this will be checked later), as is
often the case, the controlling load combinations, with the dead load modified to account for the roof
slope is given by the equation as
Coastal River Engineering, PLLC
181003Guidry – FBC Oak Island Page 4 of 10
WT = D x (L2 / L1) + (Lr or S or R) psf of the horizontal plan area
Since the roof live load Lr (20 psf) is greater that the design snow load S (7psf), the roof live load is more
critical and will be used in calculating the total roof load.
L1 = sloped length of roof truss top chord = 21.104ft
L2 = horizontal projected length of roof truss top chord = 19’‐5” = 19.5 ft
The total load on the top chord and bottom chords of the roof truss will be calculated separately.
WTL (top chord) = 13.20 psf + 20 psf
= 33.2 psf of the horizontal plan area
WTL (bottom chord) = 10 psf of the horizontal plan area (this is from the ceiling load only)
The total load on the roof truss WTL = 32.2 psf + 10 psf = 42.2 of the horizontal plan area
The tributary width for a typical interior truss = 2 ft
The total load in pounds per horizontal linear foot (lb/ft) on the roof truss is given as
WTL (lb/ft) = WTL (psf)(tributary width)
= (42.2 psf) x (2 ft ) = 84.4 lb/ft
The maximum shear force in the roof truss is
Vmax = WTL x (L2 / 2) = (84.4) x (40ft / 2) = 1688 lbs
The total load in pounds per horizontal linear foot (lb/ft) on the top chord and bottom chords are
calculated as:
WTL (top chord) = (33.2 psf) x (2 ft) = 66.4 lb/ft
WTL (bottom chord) = (10 psf) x (2 ft) = 20 lb/ft
Floor Dead load:
Floor covering/finishes = (4.0 psf x 40 ft ) = 160 lbs/ft
(Assume 7/8” hardwood)
1” plywood sheathing (0.4 psf / 1/8” x 8 ) = (3.2 psf x 40 ft) = 128 lbs/ft
Framing (Assume floor trusses 24” deep at 12”o.c.) = 7 PLF FOR TRUSS WT.
5/8” gypsum ceiling (= 5 psf/in x 5/8”) = (3.2 psf x 40 ft ) = 128 lbs/ft
Partition (assumed) = (15 psf x 9 ft ) = 135 lbs/ft
Total floor dead load Dfloor= 551 lbs/ft
Coastal River Engineering, PLLC
181003Guidry – FBC Oak Island Page 5 of 10
Note: The minimumvalue of allowed for partitions per IBC Section 1607.5 or ASCE Section 4.2.2 is 15 psf
Floor Live Load:
We neglect floor live load reduction as for light framed wood structures, the effect of floor live‐load
reduction is usually minimal.
For education facility, the floor live load LL = 100 psf
Total floor load in psf obtained using IBC load combination (Section 2.1) is:
WTL = D + L = 55.4 psf + 100 = 155.4 psf
Wall Dead Load:
½“ Plywood (exterior face of wall) = 1.6 psf
Stud wall framing (assume 2 x 6 studs at 16” o.c) = 1.4psf
Wood shingles = 3.0 psf
5/8” gypsum wallboard (interior face of wall) = 3.2 psf
1” fiberglass insulation = 1.1 psf
Total wall Dead Load = 10.3psf = 11psf of vertical surface area
Coastal River Engineering, PLLC
181003Guidry – FBC Oak Island Page 6 of 10
DownwardLoads from Lateral Wind & Overturning
Moment:
Uplift and downward load calculation:
Uplift failure is a vertical phenomenon. The loads that act vertically are wind,snow, dead and live load.
Table‐1 summarizes the loads that influence uplift and download failure mode. Table‐2 assesses uplift
and downward failure load combinations. The uplift is based on MWFRS pressure for the foundation
design. Design of the connections to be foundation may require component and cladding (C&C)
pressures to be used.
Table‐1 Vertical Load Values:
Load Type Total load acting on the structure and therefore , must be supported by the
foundation
D D = [Roof Dead Load psf] x [width of structure] + [2nd floor dead load psf] x [width of
structure]
= [ 21.5psf ] x 40.833ft] + [40 psf ] x [ 38.8333 ft]
= 877.92 + 1553.33lbs/ft
= 2431.25 lbs/ft
L = [2nd Floor Live load psf] x [width of structure]
= [100psf] x [38.8333ft]
L = 3883.33 lb/ft
Lr = [Roof Live load psf] x [width of structure]
Lr = [20 psf] x [40.833 ft]
= 816.67lbs/ft
Maximum wind uplift loads occur for winds parallel to the roof ridge at the windward
end
W = [Vertical component roof wind pressures] x [Roof Area] / (Structure length)
W = [57871 psf] / 98.667
= 586.53 lbs/ft
57871 psfvalue took from wind analysis (See attached Wind Analysis)
Coastal River Engineering, PLLC
181003Guidry – FBC Oak Island Page 7 of 10
S = [snow pressure] x [horizontal projected roof area]
S = [7 psf] x [12.125] =84.87 lbs/ft
Table‐2 ASD Load Combinations:
Governing Load Combinations
D + 0.75L + 0.75S
2431.25 lbs/ft+ 0.75 x (3883.33 lb/ft)
5343.74lbs/ft
0.6D + W
(0.6 x 2431.25) + 586.53lbs/ft = 2012.4 lbs/ft
1458.75
In second load combination, 0.6 load factor should be applied to the dead load that would actually be
present over the whole structure. Additions to the dead load tabulation such as mechanical and
miscellaneous or shingles should not be included in this value as they may not be present in all areas or
during a high‐wind event and their inclusion would not be conservative.
Sliding or shearing Calculations:
Sliding is a lateral force phenomenon. The loads that act laterally are wind and seismic loads. Table‐3
summarizes the lateral loads and their values. Maximum lateral wind load occur when the wind is
perpendicular to the roof ridge. Note that lateral wind loads act on the overall structure.
Table‐3 Lateral Load Values:
Load Total load acting on the structure and therefore , must be supported by the foundation
Type
W Maximum lateral wind loads occur for wind perpendicular to the roof ridge
W = Roof horizontal wind pressure + horizontal wall wind pressure
= [lateral roof pressure x roof height] + [Wall pressure x wall height]
= [5.856 + 6.728]x4.125 + [50.076 + 36.376] x 10.5
= 51.909 + 907.75 = 959.65 lbs/ft
Coastal River Engineering, PLLC
181003Guidry – FBC Oak Island Page 8 of 10
Overturning Calculations:
Overturning failure results from loads that act on the whole structure and pivot about the bottom of the
leeward. Dead, live, wind and snow loads can all influence the overturning moment. Table‐4 summarizes
the moments that affect overturning due to wind in this case.
Table‐5 assesses the moment load combination.
Table‐4 Moment Load Values:
Moment Total moment about the bottom of the leeward foundation support
type (positive moment is counter clockwise)
D = [Dead load psf ] x [structure width] x [moment arm]
= [5.856 + 6.728]x4.125 + [50.076 + 36.376] x 10.5
D = 51.909 + 907.75 = 959.65 lbs/ft
L1 = [Live load psf ] x [structure width] x [moment arm]
= [100 psf] X [38.8333 ft]X (4 ft )
L = 15533.32 lbs‐ft/ft
L2 = [Live load psf ] x [Cantilever width] x [moment arm]
= [100 psf] x [‐ 1’‐0”] x (4 ft )
= ‐ 400 lbs‐ft/ft
Lr Lr = [Roof Live load psf ] x [roof width] x [moment arm]
= (20 psf ] x (4 ft ) x (1 ft ) = ‐ 80 ft‐lbs /ft
W Wind Perpendicular to the Roof Ridge (See attached Wind Analysis for Reference)
WWRV = [vertical component roof wind pressure]x[roof width]x[moment arm]
= (‐24.696psf)x (1 ft )(25.125 ft)+ (‐17.808 psf) x (10.5 ft ) (10.5 ft)
= ‐620.487 + (‐1963.332)= 2583.819 lb‐ft/ft
Coastal River Engineering, PLLC
181003Guidry – FBC Oak Island Page 9 of 10
WLRV = [vertical component roof wind pressure]x [ roof width]x [moment arm]
= {‐30.552 psf] x 25.125 ft = 767.619 lbs‐ft/ft
WRH = [horizontal component roof wind pressures]x [roof height]x[moment arm]
= [(5.856‐6.728)x (4.125 ft ]] x (10.5ft)
= ‐37.768 lb‐ft/ft
WW+L = [windward wall pressure + leeward wall pressure] x [Structure height from ground
to roof eave] x [moment arm]
= 50.076b+ 36.376 x (21ft)x (‐9 ft )
= ‐16339.23lb‐ft/ft
Table‐5Overturning Load Combinations:
Moment Load Combinations (positive moment is counterclockwise)
D + 0.75L + 0.75W + 0.75Lr
(959.65) + 0.75 [(2583.819 + 767.619 ‐ (‐37.768‐16339.23) + 0.75 (‐400‐80)]
8917.86 lb‐ft/ft
0.6D + W
0.6 x (959.62) + [(2583.819 + 767.619 ‐ (‐37.768‐16339.23) + 0.75 (‐400‐80)]
575.772 + 19652.97
20.228.74 lbs‐ft /ft
.
Coastal River Engineering, PLLC
181003Guidry – FBC Oak Island Page 10 of 10
References
ASCE 7‐10 (American Society of Civil Engineers)
IBC 2012 (International Building Code)
ACI 318 (American Concrete Institute)
NDS 2018 Edition (National Design Specification for Wood Construction)