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Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizational settings. It examines how individuals and groups act within organizations and how their behaviors impact areas like job performance, communication, and motivation. Organizational behavior draws from multiple disciplines including psychology, sociology, and economics. It aims to understand, predict, and influence human behavior in organizations in order to improve job satisfaction, leadership, organizational culture, and productivity. The field examines individual, group, and organizational factors and how they interact to influence behaviors and outcomes.
Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizational settings. It examines how individuals and groups act within organizations and how their behaviors impact areas like job performance, communication, and motivation. Organizational behavior draws from multiple disciplines including psychology, sociology, and economics. It aims to understand, predict, and influence human behavior in organizations in order to improve job satisfaction, leadership, organizational culture, and productivity. The field examines individual, group, and organizational factors and how they interact to influence behaviors and outcomes.
Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizational settings. It examines how individuals and groups act within organizations and how their behaviors impact areas like job performance, communication, and motivation. Organizational behavior draws from multiple disciplines including psychology, sociology, and economics. It aims to understand, predict, and influence human behavior in organizations in order to improve job satisfaction, leadership, organizational culture, and productivity. The field examines individual, group, and organizational factors and how they interact to influence behaviors and outcomes.
Organizational Behavior Explained: Definition, Importance, Nature, Model Organizational Behavior Definition
“Organizational behavior is directly concerned with the understanding, prediction, and
Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of human behavior in organizational settings, control of human behavior in organizations.” — Fred Luthans. the interface between human behavior and the organization, and the organization itself. Organizational behavior is the study of both group and individual performance and activity Organizational Behavior researchers study the behavior of individuals primarily in their within an organization. organizational roles. One of the main goals of organizational behavior is to revitalize This area of study examines human behavior in a work environment and determines its organizational theory and develop a better conceptualization of organizational life. As a impact on job structure, performance, communication, motivation, leadership, etc. multidisciplinary field, organizational behavior has been influenced by developments in a It is the systematic study and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups number of allied disciplines including sociology, psychology, economics, and engineering act within the organizations where they work. OB draws from other disciplines to create a as well as by the experience of practitioners. unique field. History and Evolution of Organisational Behavior Studies For example, when we review topics such as personality and motivation, we will again Origin of Organisational Behaviour can trace its roots back to Max Weber and earlier review studies from the field of psychology. The topic of team processes relies heavily on organizational studies. the field of sociology. The Industrial Revolution is the period from approximately 1760 when new technologies When we study power and influence in organizations, we borrow heavily from political resulted in the adoption of new manufacturing techniques, including increased sciences. mechanization. Even medical science contributes to the field of Organizational Behavior, particularly in the The industrial revolution led to significant social and cultural change, including new forms study of stress and its effects on individuals. of organization. There is increasing agreement as to the components or topics that constitute the subject Analyzing these new organizational forms, sociologist Max Weber described bureaucracy area of OB. as an ideal type of organization that rested on rational-legal principles and maximized Although there is still considerable debate as to the relative importance of change, there technical efficiency. appears to be general agreement that OB includes the core topics of motivation, leader In the 1890’s; with the arrival of scientific management and Taylorism, Organizational behavior, and power, interpersonal communication, group structure and processes, learning, Behavior Studies was forming it as an academic discipline. attitude development and perception, change processes, conflict, work design, and work Failure of scientific management gave birth to the human relations movement which is stress. characterized by a heavy emphasis on employee cooperation and morale. Features of Organizational Behavior Human Relations Movement from the 1930’s to 1950’s contributed to shaping the Organizational Behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people, Organizational Behavior studies. individuals, and groups act in organizations. It does this by taking a system approach. Works of scholars like Elton Mayo, Chester Barnard, Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett, That is, it interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the whole person, the Frederick Herzberg, Abraham Mas low, David Mc Cellan and Victor Vroom contributed to whole group, the whole organization, and the whole social system. the growth of Organisational Behaviour as a discipline. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational Works of scholars like Elton Mayo, Chester Barnard, Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett, objectives, and social objectives. Frederick Herzberg, Abraham Maslow, David Mc Cellan and Victor Vroom contributed to 6 features or characteristics shows the nature of Organizational Behavior the growth of Organisational Behaviour as a discipline. A Separate Field of Study and not a Discipline Only. Herbert Simon’s Administrative Behavior introduced a number of important concepts to the An Interdisciplinary Approach. study of organizational behavior, most notably decision making. Applied Science. Simon along with Chester Barnard; argued that people make decisions differently in A Normative Science. organizations than outside of them. Simon was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for A Humanistic and Optimistic Approach. his work on organizational decision making. A Total System Approach. In the 1960s and 1970s, the field became more quantitative and produced such ideas as the informal organization, and resource dependence. Contingency theory, institutional theory, and organizational ecology also enraged. Objectives of Organizational Behavior Starting in the 1980s, cultural explanations of organizations and organizational change The organizations in which people work have an effect on their thoughts, feelings, and became areas of study. actions. These thoughts, feelings, and actions, in turn, affect the organization itself. Informed by anthropology, psychology, and sociology, qualitative research became more acceptable in OB. Organizational behavior studies the mechanisms governing these interactions, seeking to Furthermore, it is but part of the whole cloth of an organization. identify and foster behaviors conducive to the survival and effectiveness of the We can discuss organizational behavior as a separate subject, but to apply it, we must tie it organization. to the whole reality. Improved organizational behavior will not solve unemployment. 1. Job Satisfaction. Organizational Behavior will not make up for our deficiencies, cannot substitute for poor 2. Finding the Right People. planning, inept organizing, or inadequate controls. It is only one of the many systems 3. Organizational Culture. operating within a larger social system. 4. Leadership and Conflict Resolution. 3 major limitations of OB are; 5. Understanding the Employees Better. Behavioral Bias. 6. Understand how to Develop Good Leaders. The Law of Diminishing Returns. 7. Develop a Good Team. Unethical Manipulation of People. 8. Higher Productivity. Organizational Behavior Model Fundamental Concepts of Organizational Behavior The OB model Shows the 3 levels, Individual level, Group level, and Organization System Fundamental Concepts of Organizational Behavior. level and how they impact the elements of human output. Organization Behavior is based on a few fundamental concepts which revolve around the The above figure presents the skeleton on which constructed OB model. nature of people and organizations. It proposes that there are three levels of analysis in OB and that, as we move from the Individual Differences. individual level to the organization systems level, we add systematically to our Perception. understanding of behavior in organizations. A whole Person. The three basic levels are analogous to building blocks; each level is constructed on the Motivated Behavior. previous level. The desire for Involvement. Group concepts grow out of the foundation laid in the individual section; we overlay The value of the Person. constraints on the individual and group in order to arrive at organizational behavior. Human Dignity. Contributing Disciplines to the Organizational Behavior field Organizations are Social System. There are some important disciplines in the organizational behavior field which developed Mutuality of Interest. it extensively. Holistic Concept. Due to the increase of organizational complexity, various types of knowledge are required Main Challenges and Opportunities of Organizational Behavior and help in many ways. Challenges and opportunities of organizational behavior are massive and rapidly changing The major disciplines are; for improving productivity and meeting business goals. Psychology. 1. Improving Peoples’ Skills. Sociology. 2. Improving Quality and Productivity. Social Psychology. 3. Total Quality Management (TQM). Anthropology. 4. Managing Workforce Diversity. Political Sciences. 5. Responding to Globalization. Economics. 6. Empowering People. 4 Approaches to Organizational Behavior studies 7. Coping with Temporariness. Organizational behavior approaches are a result of the research done by experts in this 8. Stimulating Innovation and Change. field. 9. Emergence of E-Organisation & E-Commerce. These experts studied and attempted to quantify research done about the actions and 10. Improving Ethical Behavior. reactions of employees, with regard to their work environments. 11. Improving Customer Service. 1. Human resources approach. 12. Helping Employees Balance Work-Life Conflicts. 2. Contingency approach. 13. Flattening World. 3. Productivity approach. Limitations of Organizational Behavior 4. Systems approach. Recognize the limitations of organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior will not Why Study Organizational Behavior? abolish conflict and frustration; it can only reduce them. It is a way to improve, not an 1. OB is the study of learning how to predict human behavior and, then, apply it in absolute answer to problems. some useful way to make the organization more effective. It helps in the effective utilization of people working in the organization guarantees the success of the acquires by observing, practicing, and learning from others and the surroundings is known organization. as learned characteristics. Learned characteristics includes the following features − 2. OB helps the managers to understand the basis of motivation and what he should Perception − Result of different senses like feeling, hearing etc. do to motivate his subordinates. Values − Influences perception of a situation, decision making process. 3. OB helps to maintain cordial industrial relations which help to increase the overall Personality − Patterns of thinking, feeling, understanding and behaving. productivity of the industry. Attitude − Positive or negative attitude like expressing one’s thought. 4. Helps greatly in improving bur inter-personal relations in the organizations. Traits of Personality 5. Helps managers apply appropriate motivational techniques in accordance with the Personality traits are the enduring features that define an individual’s behavior. A nature of individual employees who exhibit a learning difference in many respects. personality trait is a unique feature in an individual. Psychologists resolved that there are Conclusion five major personality traits and every individual can be categorized into at least one of Organizational Behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people, them. These five personality traits are − individuals, and groups act in organizations. It does this by taking a system approach. Extrovert Neurotic Open That is, it interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the whole person, the Agreeable whole group, the whole organization, and the whole social system. Conscientious Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives. OB encompasses a wide range of topics, such as human Openness to experience: (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Appreciation for art, behavior, change, leadership, teams, etc. emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience. Openness reflects Organizational behavior has a great impact on individuals and also in organizations which the degree of intellectual curiosity, creativity and a preference for novelty and variety a cannot be ignored. In order to run the businesses effectively and efficiently, the study of person has. It is also described as the extent to which a person is imaginative or organizational behavior is very essential. independent and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict Personality routine. High openness can be perceived as unpredictability or lack of focus. Moreover, The word personality is derived from a Greek word “persona” which means “to speak individuals with high openness are said to pursue self-actualization specifically by seeking through.” Personality is the combination of characteristics or qualities that forms a person’s out intense, euphoric experiences. Conversely, those with low openness seek to gain unique identity. It signifies the role which a person plays in public. Every individual has a fulfillment through perseverance and are characterized as pragmatic and data-driven— unique, personal and major determinant of his behavior that defines his/her personality. sometimes even perceived to be dogmatic and closed-minded. Some disagreement remains Characteristics of Personality: about how to interpret and contextualize the openness factor. i) Personality is not related to bodily structure alone. It includes both structure and Conscientiousness: (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless). A tendency to be dynamics organized and dependable, show self-discipline, act dutifully, aim for achievement, and (ii) Personality is an indivisible unit. prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior. High conscientiousness is often perceived (iii) Personality is neither good nor bad. as stubbornness and obsession. Low conscientiousness is associated with flexibility and (iv) Personality is not a mysterious phenomenon. spontaneity, but can also appear as sloppiness and lack of reliability.[4] (v) Every personality is unique. Extraversion: (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy, positive emotions, (vi) Personality refers to persistent qualities of the individual. It expresses consistency surgency, assertiveness, sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of and regularly. others, and talkativeness. High extraversion is often perceived as attention-seeking, and (vii) Personality is acquired. domineering. Low extraversion causes a reserved, reflective personality,which can be (viii) Personality is influenced by social interaction. It is defined in terms of behaviour. perceived as aloof or self-absorbed.[4] Inherited Characteristics: The features an individual acquires from their parents or Agreeableness: (friendly/compassionate vs. challenging/detached). A tendency to be forefathers, in other words the gifted features an individual possesses by birth is considered compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. It is as inherited characteristics. It consists of the following features − also a measure of one's trusting and helpful nature, and whether a person is generally well- Color of a person’s eye tempered or not. High agreeableness is often seen as naive or submissive. Low Religion/Race of a person Shape of the nose agreeableness personalities are often competitive or challenging people, which can be seen Shape of earlobes as argumentativeness or untrustworthiness.[4] Learned Characteristics: Nobody learns everything by birth. First, our school is our home, Neuroticism: (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). The tendency to experience then our society, followed by educational institutes. The characteristics an individual unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability. Neuroticism also refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control and is Generally, managers are reluctant on taking risks. However, individual risk-taking sometimes referred to by its low pole, "emotional stability". A high need for stability inclination affects the bulk of information required by the managers and how long it takes manifests itself as a stable and calm personality, but can be seen as uninspiring and them to make decisions. unconcerned. A low need for stability causes a reactive Thus, it is very important to recognize these differences and align risk-taking propensity Major Personality Attributes with precise job demands that can make sense. Following are the five major personality attributes that influence OB − Theories of Personality Locus of Control I. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Locus of control is the center of control of an individual’s code of conduct. People can be This theory is based on the belief that man is encouraged more by unforeseen forces than grouped into two categories i.e., internals and externals respectively. the conscious and logical thought. Freud believed that most of the things in life are not People who consider themselves as the masters of their own fates are known as internals, present at the conscious level but they are present at an unconscious level. while, those who affirm that their lives are controlled by outside forces known as externals. The features of Freud’s theory include three attributes − Id, Ego, and Superego. Before making any decision, internals actively search for information, they are Id − It defines the innate component of personality. It achievement driven, and want to command their environment. Thus, internals do well on is the impulsive and unconscious part of mind that seeks immediate satisfaction. jobs that crave complex information processing, taking initiative and independent action. Example − A hungry baby cries till he/she is fed. Externals, on the other hand, are more compliant, more willing to follow instructions, so, Ego − It is derived from Id and assists in dealing with the external world. It also helps in they do well in structured, routine jobs. translating the inner needs into expressions. It deals with practical and rational thinking Machiavellianism process. Machiavellianism is being practical, emotionally distant, and believing that ends justify Example − we have a fight with our friend and expect the friend to talk first, even though means. both of us want to talk. Superego − It is different from ego and is partially Machiavellians always want to win and are great persuaders. Here are the significant unconscious. It includes the traditional values of society as interpreted by our parents. It features of high-mach individuals also helps in the integral vision of punishment. High-Machs prefer precise interactions rather than beating about the bush. Example − Ram came late today so he is grounded for a week. High-Machs tend to improvise; they do not necessarily abide by rules and regulations all II. Erikson’s Theory the time. This theory states that personality is groomed throughout lifetime. He presents eight High-Machs get distracted by emotional details that are irrelevant to the outcome of a distinct stages each with two possible outcomes. Successful completion of each stage leads project. to a healthy personality. These stages are − Self-esteem Infancy − It is the period between 0-1 years of age. In this stage, children learn the ability It is the extent up to which people either like or dislikes them. Self-Esteem is directly to trust others depending on their caregivers. Unsuccessful completion in this stage results related to the expectations of success and on-the-job satisfaction. in anxiety and insecurity. Individuals with high self-esteem think that they have what it takes to succeed. So, they Example− Children of this age are more comfortable with those faces they see more often take more challenges while selecting a job. and not with strangers. On the other hand, individuals with low self-esteem are more susceptible to external Early Childhood − It is the period between 1-3 years of age. In this stage, children learn to distractions. So, they are more likely to seek the approval of others and to adapt the beliefs be independent. If given support, they become more confident else they become dependent and behaviors of those they respect. over others. Self-monitoring Example − Children in this age are taught how to walk, how to talk etc. Self-monitoring is the capability of regulating one’s behavior according to social situations. Play Age − It is the period between 3-6 years of age. Individuals with high self-monitoring skill easily adjust their behavior according to In this stage, children assert themselves frequently. The failure leads to development of a external, situational factors. Their impulsive talents allow them to present public personae sense of guilt among them. which are completely different from their private personalities. Example − Children in this age group, need to be taught how to behave and should be However, people with low self-monitoring skills cannot cover themselves. Regardless of taught to be focused. any situation, they are always themselves. They have an attitude of, “what you see is what School Age − It is the period between 6 years of age till puberty. In this stage, children you get.” become more innovative. They feel confident and want to achieve their goals. If not Risk taking encouraged they may feel inferior. Example − Teenagers should be protected and parents need to understand them and should 2. The Mechanic - As the name suggests such individuals are inclined towards handle them patiently. machinery like aeroplane, motorcycling, cars, races and so on. They are interested to know Adolescence − this stage is a transformation from childhood to adulthood. Here children why and how certain things function. Theories do not interest them. You would not be able find their own identity and should be guided and supported in order to help them choose to convince them unless and until they see the practical application themselves. Such the right direction. individuals are extremely adventurous and have a strong power of logical reasoning. Example − Decision such as which stream to choose science or commerce etc. happens 3. The Nurturer - Nurturers are individuals with a large heart. For them, the during this stage. happiness of others is more important than their own interests. Such individuals actually Young Childhood − this stage is also known as young live for others. They do not look at the darker sides of life and believe in extracting the best adulthood. Here, they begin to open up and become more intimate with others. out of people around. They have a positive approach in life and want to believe only the Example − Making close friends. best of people. Adulthood − in this stage, they focus on establishing career and settling down with 4. The Artist - Artists have an eye for natural beauty and creativity. Rather than relationships that are important. worrying about future, they believe in living for the moment. Such individuals are Example − Applying for jobs. extremely cool headed and do not get into unnecessary fights and troubles. They do not Mature Adulthood − in this stage, a person is old and thus in this stage the productivity blindly copy others and aspire to create a style of their own. slows down. 5. The Protector - You would find such a personality type in very few people, Example− Taking care of the family. making it a very rare personality type. Protectors are systematic individuals who want the III. Sheldon’s Physiognomy Theory best system to get things done. They often think irrationally. They are pessimists who find This theory was proposed by William Sheldon. He presents personalities by classifying a problem in every situation. Such individuals do not trust others and only believe in individuals into convenient categories based on their body shapes. They are − themselves. Endomorphs Mesomorphs Ectomorphs 6. The Idealist - Such people have strong set of values and ethics. They find Endomorphs happiness in helping others. They consider themselves lucky if they get an opportunity to In this category, the body is soft and spherical. People with this kind of personality love help others. comfort; eat a lot, like to be around people and desire affection. Some commonendomorph 7. The Scientist - Such individuals believe in careful and strategic planning. They are features are large amount of fat accumulation, insatiable appetite, larger frame etc. Some good observers who believe in constantly gathering information and upgrade their existing endomorph personalities are John Goodman, Jack Black etc. knowledge. Scientists are extremely intelligent people who have a very sharp analytical Mesomorphs mind. In this category, the body is hard and rectangular physique. People with this kind of 8. The Doer - Individuals with such a personality type are the ones who believe in personality like to take risk, are courageous and have power. Some common mesomorph quick actions and immediate results. They enjoy taking risks in life and fulfill tasks features are wide shoulders, small waist, low body fat. Some mesomorph personalities are assigned to them in the shortest span possible. Jennifer Garner, Tina Turner etc. 9. The Guardian - Such individuals are perfectionists who ensure that everything Ectomorphs everywhere is going on smoothly. They are mature individuals who have a clear set of In this category, the body is fragile, flat chest and delicate body. People with this kind of standards. personality are anxious, ambitious and dedicated. Some common ectomorph features are 10. The Performer - Performers strive hard to grab attention of others and love being narrow frame, low body fat, etc. Some notable ectomorph personalities are Brad Pitt, Bruce the centre of attention. They are fun loving individuals who enjoy fun and excitement in Lee etc. life. Types of personality 11. The Inspirer - Inspirers are talented individuals and often act as a role model for 1. The Duty Fulfiller - Such individuals take their roles and responsibilities seriously others. They have great people skills. and perform whatever tasks are assigned to them. Duty fulfillers are serious individuals and 12. The Giver - Individuals with “The Giver” personality type enjoy the company of believe in honesty and a peaceful living. They never do anything which is not good for others and do not prefer staying alone. themselves, their job, families or for the society. Such individuals are actually good and 13. The Executive - Such individuals are born to lead and make very good leaders. responsible citizens who abide by the legal system and can’t even dream of breaking the They love taking charge and are good decision makers. law. People with such a personality type are extremely hard working and often find it Learning can be defined as the permanent change in behavior due to direct and indirect difficult to say NO to others, eventually becoming overburdened at the end of the day. Such experience. It means change in behavior, attitude due to education and training, practice individuals adopt an organized approach towards work and are extremely loyal and and experience. It is completed by acquisition of knowledge and skills, which are faithful. They also show a strong inclination towards creativity and aesthetics. relatively permanent. Nature of Learning conditioned stimulus, when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone. The conditioned Nature of learning means the characteristic features of learning. Learning involves response is mostly similar to the unconditioned response, but unlike the unconditioned change; it may or may not guarantee improvement. It should be permanent in nature, that response, it must be acquired through experience and is nearly impermanent. is learning is for lifelong. Operant Conditioning Theory The change in behavior is the result of experience, practice and training. Learning is Operant conditioning theory is also known as instrumental conditioning. This theory is a reflected through behavior. learning process in which behavior is sensitive to, or controlled by its outcomes. Factors Affecting Learning Let’s take an example of a child. A child may learn to open a box to get the candy inside, Learning is based upon some key factors that decide what changes will be caused by this or learn to avoid touching a hot stove. In comparison, the classical conditioning develops experience. The key elements or the major factors that affect learning are motivation, a relationship between a stimulus and a behavior. The example can be further elaborated practice, environment, and mental group. as the child may learn to salivate at the sight of candy, or to tremble at the sight of an Coming back to these factors let us have a look on these factors − angry parent. Motivation − The encouragement, the support one gets to complete a task, to In the 20th century, the study of animal learning was commanded by the analysis of these achieve a goal is known as motivation. It is a very important aspect of learning as two sorts of learning, and they are still at the core of behavior analysis. it acts gives us a positive energy to complete a task. Example − The coach Social Learning Theory motivated the players to win the match. The key assumptions of social learning theory are as follows − Practice − We all know that ”Practice makes us perfect”. In order to be a Learning is not exactly behavioral, instead it is a cognitive process that takes perfectionist or at least complete the task, it is very important to practice what we place in a social context. have learnt. Example − We can be a programmer only when we execute the Learning can occur by observing a behavior and by observing the outcomes of the codes we have written. behavior (known as vicarious reinforcement). Environment − We learn from our surroundings, we learn from the people Learning includes observation, extraction of information from those observations, around us. They are of two types of environment – internal and and making decisions regarding the performance of the behavior (known as external. Example − A child when at home learns from the family which is an observational learning or modeling). Thus, learning can occur beyond an internal environment, but when sent to school it is an external environment. observable change in behavior. Mental group − It describes our thinking by the group of people we chose to Reinforcement plays an important role in learning but is not completely hang out with. In simple words, we make a group of those people with whom we responsible for learning. connect. It can be for a social cause where people with the same mentality work The learner is not a passive receiver of information. Understanding, environment, in the same direction. Example− A group of readers, travelers, etc. and behavior all mutually influence each other. These are the main factors that influence what a person learns, these are the root level for Cognitive Learning Theory our behavior and everything we do is connected to what we learn. Cognition defines a person’s ideas, thoughts, knowledge, interpretation, understanding How Learning Occurs? about himself and environment. Learning can be understood clearly with the help of some theories that will explain our This theory considers learning as the outcome of deliberate thinking on a problem or behavior. Some of the remarkable theories are − situation based upon known facts and responding in an objective and more oriented Classical Conditioning Theory manner. It perceives that a person learns the meaning of various objects and events and Operant Conditioning Theory also learns the response depending upon the meaning assigned to the stimuli. Social Learning Theory This theory debates that the learner forms a cognitive structure in memory which stores Cognitive Learning Theory organized information about the various events that occurs. Classical Conditioning Theory Learning & Organizational Behavior The classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is coupled with an An individual’s behavior in an organization is directly or indirectly affected by learning. unconditioned stimulus. Usually, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is an impartial stimulus Example − Employee skill, manager’s attitude are all learned. like the sound of a tuning fork, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is biologically effective Behavior can be improved by following the listed tips − like the taste of food and the unconditioned response (UR) to the unconditioned stimulus Reducing absenteeism by rewarding employees for their fair attendance. is an unlearned reflex response like salivation or sweating. Improving employee discipline by dealing with employee’s undesirable behavior, After this coupling process is repeated (for example, some learning may already occur drinking at workplace, stealing, coming late, etc. by taking appropriate actions after a single coupling), an individual shows a conditioned response (CR) to the like oral reprimands, written warnings and suspension. Developing training programs more often so as to grab the trainees’ attention, provide required motivational properties etc.
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