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MANUAL
June 2019
2017 – 21 BATCH
VELAMMAL
ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
Chennai 600 066
Student Name
SYLLABUS
2. Contouring
(i). Radial tachometric contouring - Radial Line at Every 45 Degree and
Length not less than 60 Meter on each Radial Line
(ii). Block Level/ By squares of size at least 100 Meter x 100 Meter
atleast 20 Meter interval
(iii). L.S & C.S - Road and Canal Alignment for a Length of not less
than 1 km atleast L.S at Every 30M and C.S at every 90 M
5. Use of GPS to determine latitude and longitude and locate the survey camp
Location
Apart from above students may be given survey exercises in other area
also based on site condition to give good exposure on survey.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
ILL
Tangential Tacheometry FIELD Theodolite
5 H Trigonometrical Leveling
Fly Leveling Method
FIELD
FIELD
Theodolite
Level To determine the Height of the Hill
Subtense Bar Method FIELD Subtense Bar
Height Contouring Method
using GPS
FIELD
FIELD
Theodolite / Tacheometer
GPS
using Total Station FIELD Total Station
from Google Maps Office Maps
using Compass FIELD Compass
using Theodolite FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer
To determine the Shape of the Hill,
6 Traversing using Tacheometer FIELD Tacheometer
its dimensions in Plan, and other parameters
Around the Hill using Total Station FIELD Total Station
( Complete MAPPING in PLAN )
along with LS / CS FIELD Level and Compass, etc.
Exercise on RING ROAD
Radial Contouring--Top–Down Approach FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer / TS
Radial Contouring–Bottom to Top FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer / TS
CONTOURING
Approach
Grid Contouring FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer / TS
7 Contouring at Points for REQUIRED RL FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer / TS To prepare the CONTOUR Map of the Hill
– DIRECT
Contouring at Prefixed Points / Random FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer / TS
Points – INDirect
Contouring using Total Station FIELD TS - Total Station
# Experiment Sub- Type Field / Equipment / Resources Purpose
Office Required
LS – CS for Ring Road FIELD Level / TS To carry out Fly Leveling and LS – CS Lev
FLY LEVELING
LS – CS for Hill Road FIELD Level / TS Sectioning and Cross Sectioning) AROUND
8 and LS / CS
LS – CS for Hill Steps FIELD Level / TS OVER the Hill ( UP & DOWN ) to determi
Leveling
Hair Pin Bend Survey FIELD Level / TS points; to determine Height; as a Supplemen
9 Setting Out Horizontal Curves – FIELD To understand and ana
of Curves SIMPLE & COMPOUND curves present and req
Horizontal Curves – FIELD and over the hill and a
REVERSE & TRANSITION for various purposes
Vertical Curves – FIELD
SUMMIT & VALLEY
Horizontal & Vertical Curves FIELD
HAIR PIN BENDS
9 Triangulation Survey FIELD Theodolite/ Tacheometer / TS To map the area by Tr
10 Trilateration Survey FIELD Theodolite/ Tacheometer / TS To map the area by Tr
11 Rectangulation FIELD Theodolite/ Tacheometer / TS To map the area by Re
12 Latitude / Longitude using GPS FIELD GPS Determine Location L
13 Determination of Azimuth FIELD Theodolite / Tacheometer Determine the Azimu
14 Lengths and Areas calculation by Planimeter Office Planimeter To calculate Lengths,
15 Determination of Plan Area of the Hill Office
16 Determination of Surface Area of Hill Slopes Office
17 Determination of Paving Area Around the Hill Office
18 Determination of Volume of the Hill Office
19 Setting of Alignment of Hill Road Office
20 Setting of Alignment of Hill Winch Office
21 Design of Pumping and Piping Network for Office
Water Supply Up the Hill from Ground
22 Determination of Quantities using Software Office Surveying Software To calculate any requi
23 Other Experiments
NOTE : The experiments as listed above may be overlapping in parts, in terms of their purposes, methods, instruments or o
experiments as above may be carried out either separately or in combination as found appropriately. The objective is to cap
possible data available at the site in as many ways as possible and prepare the best comprehensive mapping.
NOTE : This Manual is only an outline of the various concepts and procedures of Survey Experiments. students are infor
literature for preparation of the report and for viva -voce
1 DESK STUDY AND RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
1 A DESK STUDY
OBJECTIVES
1 To carry Office / Desk Studies in a very preliminary manner to gather an overall basic idea
about the location and its nature / features
2 To plan further Surveying works. Methods, Instruments required and all related issues
Procedure
(i) Have a look into the maps and photos
(ii) Understand the Location and Plan your Survey Works
(iii) Roughly Estimate the Total Number of Days required to complete the Survey Works
(iv) Identify the Natural and Man-made Features in the location and plan all Survey Procedures
accordingly
(v) Also find out the Socio – Economic – Political – Religious and other data
1 To carry Field Visit and Round – up / Fly – Over in a very preliminary manner to gather an
overall basic idea about the location and its nature / features
2 To plan further Surveying works. Methods, Instruments required and all related issues
3 To explore the Terrain and get first hand information and photos.
4 To Roughly Estimate the various Quantities
Procedure
1 Rough Map
2 List of Risks
3 List of Needs
4 Detailed List of Survey Exercises
5 Detailed List of Survey Instruments
Objectives
Purpose
Even for a small area, when the survey works are spread over a few days, every day or for every
exercise, the Surveyor CANNOT START the observations from the MAIN BM every time. It will
be a time waste and redundant.
The surveyor will be saving time and energy if a local BM is available. This local / proximate /
nearby BM is called as AUXILIARY BM.
If the Surveyor identifies and lists one or more Auxiliary BM, then he / she can start from any one
Auxiliary BM.
1 All maps and lists from Desk Study and Reconnaissance Survey
2 Level or Tacheometer
3 Other Accessories
Procedure
1 Have a look at the maps from Desk Study and Reconnaissance Survey.
2 Being a hill, choose BM at front, back and other sides of the FOOT HILL
3 Also choose BM at the Hill TOP
4 If possible, also choose BM along the Hill Slopes
ONE MAIN BENCHMARK - The FRONT Starting Point of the Hill Steps at
the Foothill.
Thus the Main and Auxiliary BM have been identified and Integrated
RL of MAIN BM 100.000
RL of Hill TOP Temple LIGHT Tower _________________
RL of FOOT Hill Road STARTING Point _________________
5
Deter
minat
ion of
the
Heigh
t of
the
Hill
5A Height - Single Plane Method 5G Height - Fly Leveling Method
5B Height - Double Plane Method 5H Height - Subtense Bar Method
5C Height - Stadia Tacheometry Method 5I Height - Contouring Method
5D Height - Tangential Tacheometry Method 5J Height - using GPS
5E Height - Trigonometrical Leveling Method 5K Height - using Total Station
5F Height of the Hill – Gradient of Line Method 5L Height - from Google Maps
Suitability of the Method When the Point at the height is ONLY VISIBLE BUT NOT
ACCESSIBLE, then Single Plane method is suitable.
Aim: -Find out the Reduced Level (R.L.) of inaccessible elevated point by Trigonometrical
Levelingthrough SINGLE PLANE Method.
Instruments required: -Theodolite, LevelingStaff, Ranging Rod, Tape.
Given data: - Elevation of B.M.= ____________
PROCEDURE
1. Set the Theodolite at A and view any one STAFF READING ( SR ) as per your
convenience through the Theodolite CENTRAL Hair only on the staff placed at Q at
the height . Also note down the VERTICAL Angle α1
2. Then with the help of another staff placed at BM, and keeping the
telescope.HORIZONTAL, measure S 1- Height of Instrument at A(Note the BM
station can be BEHIND or INFRONT OF or BESIDES the station A w.r.t the line
AQ).
3. Fix a point station B BEHIND station A at a known distance “b”
4. ENSURE that all the three points Q, A and B are on the same straight VERTICAL
plane (SAME STRAIGHT LINE).
5. From station B, note down the vertical angle α2and the Height of Instrument S2.
RESULTS
D =
RL of Q
Height of the Hill = RL of Stn Q - RL of BM
Suitability of the Method When the Point at the height is ONLY VISIBLE BUT NOT
ACCESSIBLE, then Double Plane method is suitable.
Aim: -Find out the Reduced Level (R.L.) of inaccessible elevated point by Trigonometrical
Levelingthrough DOUBLE PLANE Method.
Instruments required: -Theodolite, Leveling Staff, Ranging Rod, Tape.
Given data: - Elevation of B.M. = ____________
PROCEDURE
1 Set the Theodolite at A and view any one STAFF READING ( SR ) as per your
convenience through the Theodolite CENTRAL Hair only on the staff placed at Q at the
height . Also note down the VERTICAL Angle α1
2 Then with the help of another staff placed at BM, and keeping the telescope.
HORIZONTAL, measure S 1 - Height of Instrument at A (Note the BM station can be
BEHIND or INFRONT OF or BESIDES the station A w.r.t the line AQ).
4 ENSURE that all the three points Q, A and B are on the same straight VERTICAL plane
(SAME STRAIGHT LINE).
5 From station B, note down the vertical angle α2and the Height of Instrument S2.
RESULTS
Topographic Surveying
NOTE : The experiments as listed above may be overlapping in parts, in terms of their
purposes, methods, instruments or other features. Hence the experiments as above may be
carried out either separately or in combination as found appropriately. The objective is to
capture all the required and possible data available at the site in as many ways as possible
and prepare the best comprehensive mapping.
MAJOR Objectives
To prepare the complete map with all the requisite and relevant details and measures for the
location under survey
RADIAL CONTOURING
Ex.No :
Date :
AIM :
To draw the contour map for the hilly areas by using the method of radial contouring. The
radial lines are the lines by which are radiating from the fixed point with some uniform angular
spacing. The leveling staff is held at various intervals on the radial lines and the staff readings are
noted. From these reduced levels can be determined.
DESCRIPTION :
Contouring is the method of representing the ground surface by using contour lines. It is the
method by which intermediate points are taken on the radial lines whose reduced levels are used to
draw the contour maps. The radial lines are lines which are radiating from a fixed point with some
uniform angular spacing (say each 30 degrees).The leveling staff is held at various intervals on the
radial lines and the staff readings are noted. From these reduced levels can be determined. This
survey was carried out on the top of the hill side near Pachaiamman koil, Thhiruvannamalai Hills.
TACHEOMETRIC METHOD :
This method is another type of contouring. In this method a number of radial lines at known
angular intervals are drawn on the ground and also located in the field by observing the vertical
angles and the staff readings of the bottom, middle and top hairs. It is suitable for contouring the
area of the long steeps with mountains or undulations where direct chaining is difficult.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
Theodolite with tripod stand Ranging rod Levelling staff
FORMULAE :
Horizontal distance : D = KSCos2α +C Sin α
Vertical distance : V =D tan α
Reduced Level (RL) : RL of BM + V – h
Where,
K – Muliplying Constant (=100)
C –Additive Constant (=0)
S – Staff intercept
h - Height Of Instrument
α - Horizontal Angle.
PROCEDURE :
1. After selecting the site, the instrument is set up at station point “o” and temporary
adjustment are done.
2. The North side is focused and Horizontal angle is set up as 00 0’ 00”
3. The staff readings are taken at different intervals and maximum of 5 readings are
taken at 00 0’ 00”
4. Then the instrument is swinger to right and horizontal angle 300 0’ 00” is set and
maximum of 5 readings are taken
5. Similar procedure is done for 300, 600,etc and so on until 3600
6. The readings are taken entered in the field book and calculations are made for
known distance,RL,etc.,
7. The radial lines and position of the points on the each lines are plotted to the
desired scale and their reduced levels are entered.
8. Interpolations of required contours are done with respect to the spot levels.
RESULT :
Thus the staff readings and reduced levels of the intermediate points are calculated and
tabulated.The radial lines were chosen with an angular spacing of 30 0 and seven such lines were
selected,starting from 00 to 3600 .Smooth curves of various contour lines were drawn connecting
points of equal elevation and the contour map was prepared.
BLOCK CONTOURING
Ex. No. DATE:
AIM:
To draw the contour is an imaginary line , on the ground , joining the points of equal elevation
above the assumed datum . The contour map of given plane in near arts college by using the
method of contouring .
DESCRIPTION:
A map without relief representation is simply a plan on which relative positions of
detail are only shown in horizontal phase. Relative heights of various point on the map , may be
represented by one of the method contour. Contour is an imaginary line , on the ground , joining
the equal elevation above the assumed datum . this survey was carried out on the valley site of the
hill near by kanchi madam.
SQUARE METHOD:
It is the indirect method of contouring . Here the entire area is divided in to
number of squares , the sides of which may vary from 5cm-25cm,depending upon nature of the
ground , the contour interval and the scale of the plan . the squares may not be of the same size
throughtout, but may vary according to the requirements of the map. The curves of the square are
marked on the ground and spot levels of these points are given with a level by normal method of
leveling . Special care has to be taken to give spot level to the salient features of the ground such as
hill top , deepest point of the depression etc., and their measurements from respective curves of the
square are noted.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Theodolite with tripod stand Ranging rod Levelling staff Arrows Cross staff Tape
FORMULAE:
PROCEDURE:
1. After selecting the site, the instrument is set up at station point O and
Temporary adjustments are done .
2 . The north of site is focused and horizontal angle is set up as O˚ O' O".
5. Similar procedure is done for 30˚, 60˚, 90˚ and so on until 360˚ .
6. the readings are entered in the field book . do the necessary calculation
RECTANGULATION
AIM:
RECONNAISSANSE:
The site was selected by reconnaissance survey. The instrument stations were
decided and approaches were found out.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2) Ranging rod.
3) Levelling staff
4) Arrows
5) Cross staff
6) Tape
PROCEDURE:
2. The center line was plotted which divides the whole area into
two equal parts.
4. From the land edge the distance 10m was marked by ranging . on
theodolite. This point indicates first stretch of the plot.
5. Then from the land edge the distance 10m was marked to
indicate the stretch of the plot.
6. The same procedure was adopted on the other side of the road
Then the instrument was shifted to every point along the base
line and from there, in the interval of 24m the points were
marked along new line, which was perpendicular to base line.
RESULT:
Thus the given area was plotted into a no of rectangles. The centerline was
first set from the main station using the theodolite, ranging rods and chain. Then the
rectangles were plotted on both the sides of the centerline. On the whole rectangle
were plotted on either side of the centerline.
TRIANGULATION METHOD
OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine the elevation difference between the given station points .
2. To determine the distance between the station points.
DESCRIPTION:
Triangulation is the process of establishing horizontal control in surveying. The
triangulation system consist of a number of inter connected triangles in which the length of the base
line & the angles of the triangles are measured very precisely. The triangulation stations were
selected based on the inter visibility of the stations, the shape of the triangles to be formed , the
length of the sight , accessibility to the stations . The horizontal angles were measured by repetition
method . The survey was carried out in the leveled surface of adaiyur village.
RECONNAISSANCE:
It is the primary survey that has to be conducted before every survey work.
During this , the site is visited to get as general idea about to the work.
We have selected the points for Triangulation, in such that are visible to every
station points .
APPARATUS REQUIRED: