Design For RCD

Reinforced Concrete Design of a Five-Storey Apartment Building
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department
CE 502
Reinforced Concrete Design
PREPARED BY:
CUBE, ALESSA S.
CE51FC1
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. RHONNIE ESTORES
Instructor
May 24, 2019
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ACKNOWLEGEMENT
First and foremost, we would like to thank my beloved parents for their unconditional love and
support throughout the days we’ve been sleeping late. And giving us strength to fulfil and achieve our
dreams, to god for his guidance.
We would like to thank GOD ALMIGHTY for giving us the audacity, sanctioning us with
acquaintance and confidence to fulfil this task. Then we owe our deepest and profound gratitude to our
project advisor, Engineer Rhonnie Estores who shepherded us through the bulk of work with his sage
guidance and shrewd cooperation.
To our wonderful parents, our loving family members, and heartening friends are mentioned last to
emphasize the special nature of their tremendous encouragement, support and patience all through our
candidature.
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ABSTRACT
The proposed project is entitled; “Reinforced Concrete Residential Building” located in 15 th Avenue,
Aurora Blvd, Cubao Quezon City and is presented by the designers Engineer Cube, Alessa, as partial
fulfillment for the requirement of Reinforced
Concrete Design Course.
The proposed project is composed of five floors and a roof deck and for the sole purpose of meeting
the demands for housing of the residents. The analysis of the design of the building utilizing the used of use
of software’s such as STAAD and used of design methods in computing Beams, Slabs and Columns.
The main objective of our design project is to be able to perform analysis and design of reinforced
concrete members and connections by a Reinforced concrete residential building based on engineering
methods and third party applications, in compliance to the requirements and standards of National Building
Code of the Philippines and ACI Code (American Concrete Institute) and other national code governing
structural concrete.
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Table of Contents
FRONT PAGE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................................ 2
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9
Project Background and Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9
Description of the Structure ................................................................................................................... 9
Project Location ................................................................................................................................... 11
Scope and Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 11
Project Objectives................................................................................................................................ 12
Project Development ........................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 2 – Project Design Data .......................................................................................................... 16
Related Literature ...................................................................................................................................... 16
Local Literature .................................................................................................................................... 16
Foreign Literature ................................................................................................................................ 18
Design Inputs ............................................................................................................................................. 20
Loads ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
Dead Loads ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Live Loads ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Wind Loads ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Earthquake Loads ............................................................................................................................... 24
Design Loads .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Architectural Plans .................................................................................................................................... 26
Floor Plans ......................................................................................................................................... 26
GROUND FLOOR PLAN ..................................................................................................................... 26
SECOND FLOOR PLAN ..................................................................................................................... 27
THIRD FLOOR PLAN .......................................................................................................................... 28
FOURTH FLOOR PLAN ...................................................................................................................... 29
FIFTH FLOOR PLAN........................................................................................................................... 30
Elevations .......................................................................................................................................... 31
FRONT VIEW PLAN............................................................................................................................ 31
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REAR VIEW PLAN .............................................................................................................................. 32

RIGHT SIDE VIEW PLAN ................................................................................................................... 33
LEFT SIDE VIEW PLAN ...................................................................................................................... 34
Structural Plans ......................................................................................................................................... 35
FOUNDATION PLAN .......................................................................................................................... 35
Framing Plans ............................................................................................................................................ 36
SECOND FRAMING PLAN ..................................................................................................................... 36
THIRD FRAMING PLAN ....................................................................................................................... 37
FOURTH FRAMING PLAN ................................................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER 3 – Design Constraints, Trade-offs & Standards .................................................................. 39
Design Constraints .............................................................................................................................. 39
Trade-offs ............................................................................................................................................ 40
Initial Assessment of Trade-offs.............................................................................................................. 47
CHAPTER 4 – Design Methodology ........................................................................................................... 7
Design Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 53
Structural Design ................................................................................................................................. 54
Design of Beams ............................................................................................................... 54
Design of Slab ................................................................................................................... 65
Design of Column .............................................................................................................. 69
Structural Model .................................................................................................................................. 72
CHAPTER 5 – FINAL DESIGN ................................................................................................................... 83

Design Schedules........................................................................................................................... 83
Design Schedule of columns .......................................................................................................... 83
Deign Schedule of beams............................................................................................................... 84
Deign Schedule of Slab .................................................................................................................. 84
Detailing ......................................................................................................................................... 85
Column Details ............................................................................................................................... 85
Beam Details .................................................................................................................................. 87
Slab Details .................................................................................................................................... 87
Appendix A – References ......................................................................................................................... 89
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Appendix B – Analysis of Loads .............................................................................................................. 90

Appendix C – Design of Beam .................................................................................................................. 95
Appendix D – Design of Slab .................................................................................................................. 107
Appendix E – Design of Column ............................................................................................................ 111
Appendix F – Results of structural analysis ......................................................................................... 118
Appendix G – Cost Estimates ................................................................................................................. 119
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction
Figure 1-1: Perspective View of the Project ...................................................................................... 7

Figure 1-2: Satellite View of Location of the Project.......................................................................... 7
Figure 1-3: Project Development Flow Chart .................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2 – Project Design Data
Figure 2-1: Active Fault Trace........................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2-2: Architectural Plans.......................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2-3: Elevation Plans ............................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 3 – Design Constraints, Trade-offs & Standards
Figure 3-1: Distribution of loads to the columns ................................................................................ 7
Figure 3-2: Rectangular Squared Tied Column ................................................................................ 7
Figure 3-3: Lateral view of steel reinforcement cage ........................................................................ 7
Figure 3-4: Circular Spiral Column .................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3-6: Rectangular Spiral Column ............................................................................................. 7
Figure 3-8: Ranking Scale for Percentage Difference ....................................................................... 7
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CHAPTER 4 – Design Methodology
CHAPTER 5 – Structural Analysis
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction
CHAPTER 2 – Project Design Data
CHAPTER 3 – Design Constraints, Trade-offs & Standards
CHAPTER 4 – Design Methodology
CHAPTER 5 – Structural Analysis
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Chapter 1:
Introduction
1.1 The Project Background and Introduction
High-rise structures in this era and in the future has always been a key construction development in
keeping pace with the increasing demand of population. This grasps the attention of the engineers and
designers all over the world in looking into diverse possible way of constructing safe and sound structure. An
archetypal high-rise building can be categorized as reinforced concrete frame or steel frame. As this course
is focus on designing a structure as reinforced concrete. Reinforced Concrete structures have been major
structural materials for over a century, and are still most marketable and popular material. Rapid
advancement in the field of construction had given a platform for reinforced construction to develop at
enlarging scale. Reinforced concrete has its great advantage as it has a great resistance to the actions of fire
and water and is a preeminent structural material available for situations where water is present as its best
example is dam or any other structure built near water. One of its advantages also is that during fires of
average intensity, members with a satisfactory cover of concrete over the reinforcing bars suffer only surface
damage without failure. It has also a very long service life. As what the designers have researched, that under
conditions, reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without reduction of their load-carrying
capacity abilities, as what Engr. Randy Policarpio has explained. It also stated in his discussion that this can
be explained by the fact that strength of concrete does not decrease with time but actually increases over a
very long period, measure in years because of the lengthy process of the solidification of the cement paste.
Concrete is widely used in the construction industry around the world because of its durability and
resistance to compressive stress. However, it remains weak when it comes to tensile stress. Therefore,
reinforcements such as rebar’s and other reinforcements have to be used in order to maximize the strength
concrete can offer.Reinforced Concrete is defined as a concrete that contains embedded steel bars, plates
or fibres that strengthen the material. As reinforced Concrete is used extensively in all construction around
the world and become the most commonly utilized construction material. It is very important to study the
concept of Structural Analysis as it is the foundation on designing structural member made up of reinforced
concrete where with the help of knowledge of structural analysis it describes how the structure will behave
under different type of loads.
1.1 Description of the Structure
The project is an irregular structure and is an apartment building with five floor levels. The covering
designed by the designers in this project is a roof deck which can also be used as a multipurpose hall for the
residents and aside from that the roof deck has also a room for laundry and on top of that water tanks are
placed presented in the floor plans of the project. The total area of the five-storey commercial building is
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235.77 square meters without subtracting the area of stairs with a dimension of 1.2 meters for its width by
14.85 meters for its length. The ground floor area is 235.77 square meters and 266.265 square meters for
second floor up to fourth floor, also, 269.546 square meters for the floor area of the roof deck. The total height
of the structure is 16.950 meters from the ground level up to the deck of the water tank. Inside the building,
in the ground floor is composed of spaces for the purpose of commercial establishments. In the second floor
up to fourth floor is composed of studio type unit apartments with kitchen built, comfort room and balcony,
also, spaces for their designed built rooms. The designed columns have dimensions of 0.300 by 0.500 meters
in all floor levels of the structure. The perspective view of the apartment building is shown below:
Figure 1-1: Perspective View of the Project
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Each part of the structure is composed of columns, beams and slab. The area of each part is shown
in the table below:
Table 1-1: Cross-sectional and Total Area of Beams, Slabs and Girders
Length (m) Width (m) Thickness (m)
Columns 0.5 0.3 -
Beams 0.3 0.5 -
Girders 7 - 0.3
1.2 Location of the Project
The project is to be constructed in 15th Avenue, Aurora Blvd., Quezon City, Metro Manila. The stated
project site is appropriate for the structure because there is a nearby school within the vicinity map of the site
since the structure is built for the students` dormitories. The site has been tested by the engineers and it
resulted that it is safe for construction of building. The vicinity map of the project site is shown below.
Figure 1-2: Satellite View of Location of the Project
1.3 Scope and Limitations
1.3.1 Scope of the Project
The design team shall provide and intends to cover the following Scope of the Project stated below:
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• Design of Reinforced Concrete Residential Building for desired location in accordance to the codes
and standards both local and foreign codes.
• Evaluation or analysis of the structure by the use of the software program, STAAD, ETABS, and
MS Excel.
• Estimated cost and quantity of the materials utilized in the design of the structural works.
1.3.2 Limitation of the Project
The design team shall indicate the boundaries beyond which the project findings do not legitimately
applied or shall not be covered by the services of the designers; the following are the Limitations of the
Project:
• The designers shall not assess other constraints with no relation on water distribution system
design.
• Comprehensive computation of the project’s cost estimates including mechanical and plumbing.
• Design and detailed activities in Construction Management.
1.4 Project Objectives
The project aims to design reliable Reinforced Concrete Residential Building to the residents focusing
on high quality outcomes through:
1.4.1 General Objectives
• The main objective of our design project is to be able to perform analysis and design of reinforced
concrete members and connections by a Reinforced concrete residential building based on
engineering methods and third party applications, in compliance to the requirements and standards
of National Building Code of the Philippines and ACI Code (American Concrete Institute) and other
national code governing structural concrete.
• And be able to identify and interpret the appropriate relevant industry design codes and to equip
the designers with basic understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete structures and to
develop the skill to analyze and design basic concrete members.
• Designers will be able to perform an industry relevant design project in a team setting.
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1.4.2 Specific Objectives
• To practice and develop skills in operating software like STAAD, ETABS, and MS Excel.
• Designers will understand the general mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete and analyze and
design singly and doubly reinforced concrete beams under flexure and shear, including regular
(rectangular shaped).
• Designers will be able to analyze and design reinforced concrete flexural members.
• Designers will be able to analyze and design reinforced concrete compression members.
• Designers will be able to analyze and design for structural concrete beams subjected to shear
loading.
• Designers will be able to analyze transfer and development length of concrete reinforcement and
determine bond length, lap splice and detailing requirements for reinforced concrete members.
• Designers will be able to analyze and design for deflection and crack control of reinforced
concretemembers.
• Designers will be able to analyze and design one way and two way slabs under flexure and shear.
• Designers will be able to analyze and design reinforced concrete columns and develop moment-axial
load interaction curves.
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1.5 Project Development
DESIGN PROCESS FLOW CHART
Planning of the Project
Identification of Parameters
Identification of Constraints
and Standards
Identification of Design Trade-

offs
Evaluation of Design Trade-

offs
Final Design
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Figure 1-3: Project Development Flow Chart

The designers have prepared a design project to meetdemands of people when it comes to
residential house. The first phase is planning of the structure with accordance to the client’s perspective as
well as the perspective location to where the structure will be built. The design of the structure was also
discussed in this phase.
The next phase is identifying parameters with accordance to the National Codes and Standards that
will meet the structures sustainability before the designing process will undergo including the design of the
structure as well as its architectural, structural, elevation plans.
The next phase is the identification of Constraints and standards. In this phase multiple constraints
were discussed that is based on the designers perspective constraints in the project. Constraints referred as
factors that limit the range of potential design solutions that can be adopted.Constraints are needed to be
considered in order to reduce the future problems during the implementation of the certain project. In this
project the requirements of the client is also considered with regards of the constraints in order to choose the
best among the alternative design.
The next phase is the identification of design trade-offs. In this phase, designers designed trade-offs
to identify which factors the proposed structure will yield the highest benefit. Designers will define and
evaluate each trade-offconsidering each constraint will be analyzed that provides the greatest value overall
benefit under the specified selection criteria analyzed and defined by the researchers. In order to maximize
the total return or effectiveness under given circumstances at multiple expected events.
The next phase is the evaluation of design trade-offs to identify which factors the proposed structure
will yield the highest benefit and plays a significant effect on the proposed project were provided by the
designers.
The last phase is the final design which includes presenting of design plans, initial estimate
computation of each trade-offs. The trade-offs who have the most favorable rating will be used as the basis
of the final design of the proposed structure.
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Chapter 2:
Project Design Data
2.1 Related Literature
This chapter presents the related studies both in local and foreign authors that provided discussions
and conceptual facts to which the present study is related. Reviewed literature and studies served as an
underlying basis of the present study to which shepherded the researcher in pursuing their research and may
clarify the vague points about the problem of the study.
2.1.1 Local Literature
2.1.1.1 According to the thesis of TEMPLONUEVO, Julinel, YOUNG, Channel James,

ZOTOMAYOR, Rafael Louis of De La Salle State University, 2013, with their thesis title “Effects of
SusScrofaDomestica’s hair to the properties of fresh and hardened concrete”, their study aims to find a
cheaper alternative as reinforcements proved to be expensive. Specifically, the researchers explored the
possibility of using pig-hair fibers, a natural fiber, as reinforcement for concrete, because generally, natural
products tend to be cheaper than manufactured products. With these stated, this study aimed to find the
effects of pig-hair fibers to the properties of fresh and hardened concrete; specifically its effect to the slump,
workability, air content, and finish ability for the fresh state of concrete and its effect to the compressive and
tensile strengths for the hardened state of concrete. The researchers conducted two phases in their
experiment. Based on the results of the air content and slump tests from the first phase of the experiment, the
addition of pig-hair fibers made the fresh concrete mix less workable. Furthermore, they noticed that as the
fiber content increases, the slump decreases while the air content increases. Also, results indicated that dry
mixing, unsorted length of fiber, and less than 1% fiber content by volume of concrete made the greatest
improvement on the hardened properties of concrete. In this study, the compressive and tensile tests showed
that 0.80% fiber content generated the highest compressive and tensile strengths of 15.27 MPa and 1.69 MPa
with a percent increase of 35.49% and 10.46% respectively with reference to the control specimens.
2.1.1.2 According to the thesis of OROPEL, Joseph Christopher, PANALIGAN, Gian Carlo, SY,
Jerome Caldrich of De La Salle State University, 2013, with their thesis title “A study on the confinement
effects of fiber reinforced mortar (FRM) on reinforced concrete columns”, their study aims The study shows the
potential of two fibers namely synthetic and cellulose fibers in retrofitting RC columns when using them as a
jacketing material. The fibers were used as the reinforcing agent for the mortar which will in turn be the jacket
for the RC column specimen. The aim of this research is to quantify the effectiveness of the retrofit. Evaluating how
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effective the retrofitting done on the specimen would be determining the confinement effect of each specimen. The
research conducted a compression test using the Universal Testing Machine with a capacity of 1000 kN on a total of
twenty one (21) reinforced concrete column specimens with fiber reinforced mortar as jacket. These specimens were
divided into four (4) different cases in order to investigate the compressive strengths and confinement effects of Fiber
A and Fiber B in combination with no and thirty percent (30%) fly ash. The confinement effect was quantified by obtaining
the individual contribution of each material that comprised the RC column specimen and subtracting them from the
actual load being resisted. The percentage of the confinement effect was also obtained in order to determine the
percentage contribution of the mortar jacket.
2.1.1.3 According to the article of Bing Kimpo of The Manila Times, February, 2018, with his article
entitled “Precast reinforced concrete box system’ pushed to address housing backlog”, it said there that while
the housing backlog issue is multi-faceted and complex, one aspect may be addressed, according to
developers Woodendragon. The firm has been building mass housing units using their own version of precast
reinforced concrete modular housing. Woodendragon calls what they do “precast reinforced concrete box
system for modular houses.” The method, certified by the Accreditation of Innovative Technologies for
Housing (AITECH) Committee of the government’s Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council,
is a precast construction system that literally raises modular housing from the ground up on-site – minimizing
build time, reducing the number of deliveries required, and managing the manpower needed, all while being
responsive to the conditions there. All required utility installations are embedded in the reinforced concrete
panels. Moreover, Woodendragon’s “pre-cast concrete box system for modular row houses,” is cost-
efficient—Agbulos says it can even cost one-third of what other players can budget for construction—even
as it is solid and safe. The “precast reinforced concrete box system” complies with all relevant codes,
including the American Concrete Institute (ACI)’s building code requirements, the American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC)’s standard code for steel buildings and bridges, the country’s National Building Code,
the National Structural Code of the Philippines, and the standard specifications for highways and bridges
adopted by the Department of Public Works and Highways and the Department of Transportation.
2.1.1.4 According to Quora an open forum site, a question was raised “Why are buildings in the
Philippines made mostly of concrete and buildings on the US made mostly of steel? Which building method
is better?”, and was answered by a responder named Akshay Garg an Architect in The Maharaja Sayajirao
University of Baroda, he said that whenever a building is constructed it has 70–75 % material component and
25–30% labor component. In western countries the cost of labor is very high, where as South Asia the cost of
labor is less expensive or one can say very cheap. Hence if one need to do faster construction the best is to
do it with steel, where no time is wasted since they come in pre determined section based on structure
engineering calculation and at Site they only need to be either be refitted or welded as per shop drawings.
Whereas if these buildings are to done in Asia they are done with lesser steel in the form of reinforcement
and rest is taken care with compressive cement concrete by using cast-in-situ method. Since steel in Asian
region is
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costly and labor is cheap they are done in RCC. Hear the engineers have found a cost effective balance in
making buildings by innovatively using the compressive strength of concrete & tensile strength of steel with
its lesser quantity in the form of reinforcement.
2.1.1 Foreign Literature
2.1.1.5 According to the study of A. Puskas& L.M. Moga of International Journal of Sustainable
Development and Planning and Department of Structures, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania,
2015, their case study entitled “Sustainability of Reinforced Frame Structures”, the study states that when
thinking about sustainability of structures, traditional mentality has to be set aside, as comparing different
structural systems is becoming a complex task. Even if reinforced concrete structures are not generally known
as the most sustainable solutions for several structural queries, reinforced concrete structural solutions are
preferred for most of the situations due to the other advantages presented by these structures. Hence,
considering that specific building indispensable for the society, the aim of obtaining sustainable buildings
becomes equivalent to decrease their negative impact on the environment while still taking full advantage of
their strength. This target can be achieved by judicious choose of the built-in materials. For a given multi-
storey reinforced concrete frame building, the scope is to establish the concrete and the reinforcing steel
classes in such a way that the impact of these materials on the environment to be kept at the lowest possible
level.
2.1.1.6 According to the literature of Case Studies in Construction Material, Editor-in-Chief: M.

Grantham, the case study of Abrahao B. Rohden and Monica R. Garcez of Civil Engineering Department,
Regional University of Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil and Interdisciplinary Department, Federal University of Rio
Grande do Sul, Tramandaí, Brazil, February 2018, Revised 7 May 2018, with their case study entitled
“Increasing the sustainability potential of a reinforced concrete building through design strategies: Case
study”, the study aims to investigate the influence of design strategies on the economic and environmental
performance of 30- storey residential reinforced concrete (RC) building located in the Southern Brazil.
According to their study, the results show reduction of environmental impacts, embodied energy and
construction costs when a decrease in the amount of steel is combined with the increase in the concrete
compressive strength of columns, which is more representative for the building designed as hinged frame
system. The production of materials phase showed to be the major contributor to environmental impacts with
steel and concrete being the most relevant impact producers. Results highlight the importance of design
strategies to increase the sustainability potential of a RC structure and contribute to consolidate contemporary
approaches that suggest the need to incorporate the degree of environmental impacts in design methods.
2.1.1.7 According to the literature of Journal of Cleaner Production, Co-Editors-in-Chief:

JiříJaromírKlemeš, Cecília Maria Villas Bôas de Almeida, Yutao Wang, the study of Pierluca Vitale, Antonio
Spagnuolo, Carmine Lubritto and Umberto Arena of Department of Environmental, Biological,
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100,
Caserta, Italy, September 2017, Revised 6 April 2018, with their study entitled “Environmental performances
of residential buildings with a structure in cold formed steel or reinforced concrete”, the study aims to designed
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following two different approaches for its structural components: by using Cold Formed Steel (CFS), with
sheathing and insulating panels, or a more conventional reinforced concrete, with brick walls. The analysis
has been carried out along the whole building life cycle, broken down into three main phases: pre-use, use
and end-of-life. The study quantifies the environmental impacts related to each of these phases, based on high
quality data, which have been in large part collected on the field. The results show that the contributions of
pre-use and use phases to the overall environmental performances are significant for both the design
solutions. The outcomes of the life cycle impact assessment indicate that the house made of CFS has a
better performance for the more important environmental impact categories.
2.1.1.8 According to the literature of Case Studies in Construction Material, Editor-in-Chief: M.

Grantham, the case study of Yasser E. Ibrahim of Engineering Management Department, Prince Sultan
University, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia, 10 April 2018, Revised 13 June 2018, with his study entitled
“Assessment of a cracked reinforced concrete beam: Case study”, the study presents the analysis and repair
of a cracked reinforced concrete beam in a 3-story office building in Riyadh, KSA during its construction and
near completion. In October 2015, a reinforced concrete beam with a cross section of 300 mm x 1500 mm
and a clear span of 16.5 m in this building cracked at the connection with one of its supporting columns. This
crack propagated on both sides of the beam. To investigate the main reason of the beam cracking, a site visit
was conducted to visually inspect the cracking beam and the connecting structural elements. The analysis
revealed the inadequacy of flexural resistance of the beam as well as the shear and torsion capacity. The
main reason of the crack is underestimating the cladding weight. Based on the results, a repair methodology
was selected using CFRP sheets to increase the flexural capacity of the beam section with enhancement to
its torsional and shear carrying capacity to meet the design demand.
2.1.1.9 According to the literature of Engineering Structures, Editor-in-Chief: P.L. Gould, the case study of
B. Palacios-Munoz, L. Gracia-Villa, I. Zabalza-Bribian, B. Lopez-Mesa of University of Zaragoza, School of
Engineering and Architecture, Department of Mechanical Engineering and CIRCE Research Institute, María
de Luna 3, C.P. 50018, Zaragoza, Spain, 21 March 2018, Revised 2 July 2018, with their study entitled
“Simplified structural design and LCA of reinforced concrete beams strengthening techniques”, the study
provides the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of four commonly used strengthening techniques of reinforced
concrete beams. Firstly, it provides a simplified methodology to size the strengthening, overcoming the need
of extensive knowledge in structures. Secondly, it provides the application of LCA to the selected techniques.
The method improves the applicability of LCA to buildings, analyzes the environmental differences between
techniques, and reveals the importance of the anchoring method as well as the enormous benefit in reusing
building structures. Results obtained for conventional beams are displayed in tables ready to use in LCAs
with broader boundary systems.
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2.1.1.10 According to Wiki.org Building Schools for the Future (BSF) was the name given to the British
government's investment programme in secondary school buildings in England in the 2000s. The programme
was ambitious in its costs, timescales and objectives, with politicians from all English political parties supportive
of the principle but questioning the wisdom and cost effectiveness of the schemeThe delivery of the programme
was overseen by Partnerships for Schools (PfS), a non-departmental public body formed through a joint venture
between the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) (formerly the Department for Education
and Skills), Partnerships UK and private sector partners. Fourteen local education authorities were asked to
take part in the first wave of the Building Schools for the Future programme for the fiscal year 2005/6. By
December 2009, 96 local authorities had joined the programme. On 5 July 2010 the Secretary of State for
Education, Michael Gove, announced that following a review, which was informed by an impartial analysis from
Robin F. Paynter Bryant, an experienced City banker, the Building Schools for the Future programme was to be
scrapped. Projects which had not achieved the status of 'financial close' would not proceed, meaning that 715
school revamps already signed up to the scheme would not go ahead. He also announced that a further 123
academy schemes were to be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
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22. Design Inputs
Loads
Loads that act on structures can be divided into four general categories:
Dead Loads
Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the lifetime
of the structure such as: floor fill, finish floor, and plastered ceiling for buildings and wearing surface,
sidewalks, and curbing for bridges.Dead loads, also known as permanent or static loads, are those
predominantly associated with the weight of the structure itself, and as such remain stationary and relatively
constant over time.Dead loads can be calculated by assessing the weights of materials specified and their
volume as shown on drawings. This means that in theory, it should be possible to calculate dead loads with
a good degree of accuracy.
The minimum design loads contained in this document were selected under National Structural Code
of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010. These values are used in computing structural loads needed in this project.
Table 2-1: Dead Loads for all Floors
Loads for all Floors

Component Description Load (kPa)
Plaster on tile or Concrete 0.24
Ceiling
Suspended metal lath and cement plaster 0.72
Windows, glass, frame and sash 0.38
Frame Walls
Clay brick wythes ( 200 mm ) 3.74
Floor Fill Lightweight concrete per mm 0.015
Subflooring, 19 mm 0.14
Floor and Floor Finishes
Terrazo (38 mm) directly on slab 0.91
Frame Partitions Movable Partitions (Steel) 0.19
Total Load: 6.335
Table 2-2: Dead Loads for Roof Decks
Loads for Roof Deck

Slab Reinforced Concrete (Slab depth 150mm) 3.54
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Water proofing membrane Bituminous smooth surface 0.07

Total Load: 3.61
Table 2-3: Total Dead Loads
Total Dead Loads

Description Load (kPa)
Total Load for all Floors 6.335
Total Load for Roof Deck 3.61
Total Dead Load: 9.945
2.1.1.1 Live Loads

Live loads are those that are either fully or partially in place or not present at all, may alsochange in
location; the minimum live loads for which the floors and roof of a building should bedesigned are usually
specified in building code that governs at the site of construction. Also known as imposed loads, are usually
temporary, changeable and dynamic. These include loads such as vehicle traffic, occupants, furniture and
other equipment.Live loads may be concentrated or distributed and may involve impact, vibration or
acceleration.
Live loads can be prescribed to any structural element (floors, columns, beams, even roofs) and will
ultimately be factored into a calculation of gravity loads.
Table 2-4: Live Loads
Live Loads
First Floor Residential (Basic floor area) 1.9
Second Floor Residential (Basic floor area) 1.9
Third Floor Residential (Basic floor area) 1.9
Fourth Floor Residential (Basic floor area) 1.9
Fifth Floor Roof Deck 1.9
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Wind Loads
Applied by the movement of air relative to a structure, and analysis draws upon an understanding of
meteorology and aerodynamics as well as structures. Wind load may not be a significant concern for small,
massive, low-level buildings, but it gains importance with height, the use of lighter materials and the use of
shapes that my affect the flow of air, typically roof forms. Where the dead weight of a structure is insufficient
to resist wind loads, additional structure and fixings may be required.
A building's design wind speed is usually determined from historical records using extreme value
theory to predict unusual wind speeds that may occur in the future.
SYMBOL AND NOTATIONS

The following notations shall be followed unless otherwise specified in relevant clauses. Notions
have been defined in the text at their first appearance. A few of the notations have more than one definition,
having been used for denoting different variables:
Table 2-5: Symbols and Notations for Wind Loads
SYMBOLS NOTATIONS
V Basic wind speed obtained from table 207-1, kph
Kd Wind directionality factor in table 207-6
Kz Velocity pressure coefficient evaluated at height z
Kzt Topographic factor as defined in section 207.7.2
Iw Importance Factor
Gust effect factor for rigid buildings, also called “simplified
G dynamic response factor” and is equivalent to Gf with R
(resonant response factor) assumed as zero
Mean roof height of the building, tower or other structure, except
h that eave height for a building shall be used for roof angle θ of
less than or equal to 10°, m
qh Velocity pressure coefficient evaluated at height z = h, Kpa
External pressure coefficient to be used in the determination of
Cp
wind loads for buildings
Product of internal pressure coefficient and gust effect factor to
GCᵨᵢ
be used in the determination of wind loads for buildings
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Product of external pressure coefficient and gust effect factor to

GCᵨ
be used in determination of wind loads for buildings
Design Parameters
Table 2-6: Table 207-1 of NSCP - Basic Wind Speed
BASIC WIND SPEED PROVINCES

V = 200kph Metro Manila
Table 2-7: Table 207-6 of NSCP Wind Directionality Factor, Kd
STRUCTURAL TYPE DIRECTIONALIOTY FACTOR, Kd*

Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Table 2-8:Table 207-7 of NSCP Importance Factor, Iw

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY DESCRIPTION Iw
IV Standard Occupancy 1.00
Table 2-9:Enclosure Classification of NSCP
ENCLOSURE CLASSIFICATION GCpi
Enclosed Buildings +0.18

-0.18
Table 2-10:Table 207-13A of NSCP External Pressure Coefficients, Cp
WALL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS

SURFACE L/B Cp Use With
Windward Wall All Values 0.8 Qz
0-1 -0.5
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Leeward Wall 2 -0.3 qh

≥4 -0.2
Side Wall All Values -0.7 qh
2.1.1.1 Earthquake Loads
The seismic loads on the structure during an earthquake result from inertia forces which were
created by ground accelerations. The magnitude of these loads is a function of the following factors: mass of
the building, the dynamic properties of the building, the intensity, duration, and frequency content of the
ground motion, and soil-structure interaction.
Figure 2-1: Active Fault Trace
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Design Parameters
Table 2-11:Design Parameters for Earthquake Loads
Occupancy Category Standard

Seismic Importance Factor, I 1
Soil Profile Type SD
Seismic Zone Factor, Z 0.4
Seismic Source Type C
Na 1
Near Source Factor
Nv 1
Ca 0.44
Seismic Coefficient
Cv 0.64
Framing System SMRF
Number Coefficient, R 8.5
Distance from fault line (km) 1.9 km
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2.2 Design Plans
The proposed project is given a design plans to be presented to the prospect and possible client. Design
plans including architectural plan, elevation plans and structural plans were given in the design process to
give a more detailed representation of the structure. The proposed five storey apartment building’s designs
plans are presented below.
2.2.1 Architectural Plans
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2.2.2 Elevation Plans
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Chapter 3:
CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS AND STANDARDS
3.1 Design Constraints

This section will review multipleconstraints, as design constraints are factors that limit the range of
potential design solutions that can be adopted.Constraints are needed to be considered in order to reduce
the future problems during the implementation of the certain project. In this project the requirements of the
client is also considered with regards of the constraints in order to choose the best among the alternative
design.
The following are the design constraints in this project:
3.1.1 Economical (Cost)

Generally one of the largest limiting factors of any design project is the economic
constraint.Economic constraints relate to the project budget and the allocation of resources considering also
the client’s budget before the project starts to avoid the future problems related to the budget of the project.In
this project in order to assess this constraint the materials and manpower cost will be estimated each by the
designers to choose the best alternative design of the 5-storey project.
3.1.2 Constructability (Duration)

In this constraint the duration of the project’s construction is considered because of the allocated
budget is limited within the estimated time frame. The budget controls the project hence the time controls the
budget. The failure of the estimated construction duration will has a huge effect for the project budget so the
designer needs to analyze the duration of the designs accurately.
The designers will estimate the man-working hours or days for the construction of a Five-Storey
Apartment Building to have an accurate duration of the construction. The labor and material cost is based on
the existing five storeyapartments and to know if there are some ways to reduce the construction duration.
3.1.3 Sustainability (Design Life)
Sustainability refers to the ability of an engineering design to perform under normal operating
conditions for given length of time. Every structure needs to sustain a long lifespan. The designers will choose
the best material in the project in order for the structure to have a long lifespan. The greater design means
the higher the material cost. In this project the designer will choose the adequate design to sustain a project
with long lifespan. . In the choosing of the parts and modifications, manufacturing lifetime was considered by
choosing the most generic parts possible with multiple providers to ensure a long manufacturing lifetime.
36 | P a g e
3.1.3 Safety
Safety refers to the assurance that all workers that will contribute to the construction of the project
will gain safety measures and precaution during the project construction. Also safety for the people
who will use the building is also prioritized and highly considered.
3.2 Trade-offs
This section will review multiple trade-offs considering design constraints, and trade-offs that will
yield the highest benefit and plays a significant effect on the proposed project were provided by the designers.
Researchers will define and evaluate each trade-off considering each constraint will be analyzed that provides
the greatest value overall benefit under the specified selection criteria analyzed and defined by the
researchers. In order to maximize the total return or effectiveness under given circumstances at multiple
expected events.
The trade-off chosen by the designers is Column.
Columns
According to ACI Code, a structural element with a ratio of height to least lateral dimension exceeding
three used primarily to support compressive loads is defined as column. Column as we all know is a structural
element or member that is designed and responsible to transmit a compressive load. They transmit loads
from the upper floors to the lower levels and then to the soil through the foundation. Designing columns is an
important phase on the design process of the structure because failure of a column results in the collapse of
the entire structure, hence it should receive importance. When considering the RC linear elements (columns),
an important amount of resources are dedicated to fabrication and handling of the transversal reinforcement
(stirrups).For a RC structural element, depending on the design data, geometry and location, the resulting
cost of transversal reinforcement may reach a percentage of 65 from the cost of entire reinforcement cage
of that structural element.
Figure 3-1: Distribution of loads to the columns

(Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/7373965/)
37 | P a g e
Under this will define each trade-offs considered by the researchers.
3.2.1 Rectangular Tied Column

The first trade-off is the used of Rectangular shape in column and used of squared tied. Tied columns
have the bars braced at close interval by close loop ties called ties. A Tied Column will have horizontal
reinforcement (aka closed ties or hoops).Lateral ties are used because of a lesser construction cost and ease
of placement. As we all know, concrete in a column loses all its strength rapidly after concrete yields, leading
to non-ductile behavior. Thus providing lateral ties at the suitable spacing confines concrete like seizing the
concrete enclosed between the lateral ties by this means preventing pieces of concrete from diminishing or
falling away. Therefore, even when it is no longer able to create additional resistance to increase in external
loads, it can go through further deformations thereby making the column ductile.
Figure 3-2: Rectangular Squared Tied Column

(Source: https://teklastructures.support.tekla.com/2018i/en/det_reinforcement_rectangular_column
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Figure 3-3: Lateral view of steel

reinforcement cage
(Source: https://www.quora.com/For-
column-reinforcements-why-is-helical-
reinforcement-sometimes-designed-
instead-of-normal-links)
Table 3-1: Advantage and Disadvantages of Rectangular Squared Tied Column

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• It performs best for inflection loads, if they • It fails suddenly due to excessive cracking
are bent about their short axis (with their log in the concrete section.
sides parallel to the bending plane). • Cracking are followed by buckling of the
• Ties support long bars (Reduce buckling). longitudinal reinforcement between ties
• Ties provide negligible restraint to lateral within the failure region.
expose of core. • Cannot withstand more loads.
• Column tie helps in reducing the lateral • It does not shows toughness and great
sway there by reducing the slenderness ductility when load eccentricities are small.
and the additional moments developed. • Damage was appeared and localized at the
• Providing lateral ties at the proper spacing joint body.
confines concrete (like gripping the
concrete enclosed between the lateral ties)
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thereby preventing pieces of failed concrete

from falling away.
• Lateral ties are to stabilize the main
reinforcement.
• To hold the longitudinal bars in position in
the forms while the concrete is being
placed.
3.2.2 Circular Spiral Columns

The second trade-off is the used of Circular shape in column and used of spiral tied. Spiral columns
have the bars and the core concrete wrapped with a closely spaced helix. Spiral Column that will have
reinforcement in the form of a continuous spiral that circles up and down the column.The longitudinal
reinforcement bars in columns can be tied together with separate smaller diameter transverse bars along
the column height or they can be spirally-reinforced.Spirally-reinforced columns they are ones in which the
longitudinal bars are arranged in a circle surrounded by a closely spaced continuous spiral. Spiral columns
are used where we need more ductility. Spiral columns sustain maximum load at excessive deformation and
thus prevent the complete collapse of the structure before the total redistribution of moments and stresses
is complete.
Figure 3-4: Circular Spiral Column

(Source: http://blogs.autodesk.com/bim-and-beam/2017/05/08/spirally-reinforced-round-concrete-
columns-revit/)
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reinforcement cage
(Source:
https://www.quora.com/For-
column-reinforcements-why-is-
helical-reinforcement-sometimes-
designed-instead-of-normal-links)
Table 3-2: Advantage and Disadvantages of Circular Spiral Column

• It performs best for torsional loads. • Very difficult to place in the field, due to this
• The longitudinal reinforcement bars in reason it use is practically limited.
columns can be tied together with separate • Once the ultimate load is reached, the
smaller diameter transverse bars along the concrete shell covering the spiral starts to
column height. peel off.
• Sustain maximum load at excessive
deformation.
• Improved safety for your structure – Several
important structures collapsed due to
stirrups opening when subjected to seismic
actions. This risk is minimized in the case
of using spiral stirrups, since it
consists of only one wire as transversal
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reinforcement, throughout the entire length

of the element.
• Assembly on site – The circular section
concrete columns with spiral transversal
reinforcement are easier to produce,
require a shorter time to assemble, and
when subjected to lateral loads the failure
by stirrup opening is not an option.
• The lateral expansion of the concrete inside
the spiral is restrained by the spiral.
• Concrete columns reinforced with spiral
reinforcement can withstand more loads
than tied column.
3.2.3 Rectangular Spiral Column

The third trade-off is the used of Rectangular shape in column and used of spiral tied.Compared to
the usual stirrup, the rectangular spiral can be obtained only by using dedicated equipment, since it is difficult
to obtain more than 3 loops by simple man labor.From the results from the study entitled “Seismic Behavior
of Reinforced Concrete Columns with Rectangular Spiral Shear Reinforcement”,we can see that the
specimen with rectangular spiral reinforcement has shown a better response in terms of maximum loads and
hysteretic energy absorption compared to the one of the specimen with the stirrups. Damage appeared only
at the beam’s critical region with the formation of a plastic hinge. This behavior is considered as the best
expected one since the damages remained outside of the joint body and appeared mainly flexural (ductile)
characteristics. The assembly formed by longitudinal and rectangular spiral stirrups is more rigid prior to
concrete pouring, due to diagonal like effect of the inclined transversal wire. This aspect provides better
stability of steel cage before concrete reached its strength, thus avoiding deteriorations and miss positioning
of reinforcement from man work or undesired actions. This aspect is also important in transportation and
handling, since usual steel assembly needs to be straightened or repositioned after a few handling operations.
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Figure 3-6: Rectangular Spiral Column

(Source: https://www.quora.com/For-column-reinforcements-why-is-helical-reinforcement-sometimes-
designed-instead-of-normal-links)

reinforcement cage
(Source: https://www.quora.com/For-
column-reinforcements-why-is-helical-
reinforcement-sometimes-designed-
Table 3-3: Advantage and Disadvantages of Rectangular Spiral Column

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• Can be obtained only by using dedicated

equipment
• Has response in terms of maximum loads
and hysteretic energy absorption.
• Multispiral configurations exhibited higher
compressive strengths, energy capacities,
and ductility than those with rectilinear
confinement designs.
• The assembly formedis more rigid prior to
concrete pouring, due to diagonal like effect
of the inclined transversal wire.
• Provides better stability of steel cage before
concrete reached its strength.
• Considered a viable and advantageous
solution as transversal reinforcement in
rectangular RC sections.
• It improves the shear capacity and ductility
in beams and can reduce the total cost due
to labor costs.
3.3 Initial Assessment of Trade-offs

The ranking scale that will be used in the design process isadapted by the “Trade-off Strategies in
Engineering Design” by Otto and Antonsson (1991). The importance factor on each constraints and trade-
offs were deliberated in reference to the design criteriawhose importance is scaled from 0-10, 10 having the
utmost importance while that of the lower values areotherwise.After obtaining the results from the
assessment, the product of the importance and the ability to satisfy the criteria will be summed. The result
will be then the over-all ranking of the trade-off.
Computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion of materials:
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = Equation 1.1
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Subordinate Rank = Governing rank – (% difference)*(10) Equation 2.2
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The governing rank is the subjective value set by the designers. It depends on the designers own
judgmenton ranking the importance of each constraint. The subordinate rank in Equation 3-2 is a variable
thatcorresponds to its percentage distance from the governing rank along the ranking scale.The governing
rank is the subjective value set by the designers. It depends on the designers own judgmenton ranking the
importance of each constraint. The subordinate rank in Equation 3-2 is a variable thatcorresponds to its
percentage distance from the governing rank along the ranking scale.
Figure 3-8: Ranking Scale for Percentage Difference
3.3.1 Initial Estimate and Ranking Computation

In order to evaluate and deliberate the trade-offs in a more systematic approach, the designers put
into consideration the different design criteria. For economic constraint, a cost estimate was provided.
For constructability constraint, an estimate of the number of working days was provided. For the
sustainability, compressive strengths are considered adapted on research in “Stress-Strain: Behavior
of concrete columns” by Hisaki Sato and and Katsuhiko Yamaguchi (2000)
Table 3-4. Summary of initial estimate values
Estimated Value
Constraints Rectangular tied Circular Spiral Rectangular Spiral
Columns Columns Columns
Economic Php 29,000,000.00 Php 40,000,000.00 Php 42,000,000.00
Constructability 395 man days 850 man days 1000 mandays
Sustainability 80.4 mPa 76.1 mPa 68.7 mPa
For Circular Spiral Columns

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
40,000,000.00 − 29,000,000.00
= 𝑥10
40,000,000.00
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓%
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𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

= 10 − 2.75
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟓
3.3.2 Raw Designer’s Ranking
For Rectangular Spiral Columns

42,000,000.00 − 29,000,000.00
= 𝑥10
42,000,000.00
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟕%
= 10 − 3. .1
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟔. 𝟗
Computation of ranking for Constructability Constraints

Since Rectangular tied Columns is the one having the lowest of man day, the designers gave it a
scale of ten.
850 − 395
= 𝑥10
850
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟓𝟑%
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= 10 − 5.353
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟔

1000 − 395
= 𝑥10
1000
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓%
= 10 − 6.05
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟓
Computation of ranking for Sutainability Constraints

Since Rectangular tied Columns is the one having the highest value of compressive strength, the
designers gave it a scale of ten.
80.4 − 419
= 𝑥10
80.4
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟑%
= 10 − 0.53483
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟕
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80.4 − 68.7
= 𝑥10
80.4
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐%
= 10 − 1.45522
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟖

Considering the multiple design constraints stated in Design Constraints, the tradeoffs were ranked
according to its ability to satisfy the given constraint. The discussion on how the designers came up with the
raw rankings values are shown and computed below.
After making an initial estimate of the structure considering the constraints, the design came up
with the raw rankings on the rectangular tied columns, circular spiral columns and rectangular
spiral columns. The values computed in the latter section is tabulated.
Table 3-5. Raw Designer’s Ranking

ABILITY TO SATIFY THE CRITERION
Constraints IMPORTANCE Rectangular tied Circular Spiral Rectangular
Columns Columns Spiral Columns
Economic 10 10 7.25 6.9
Constructability 9 10 4.646 3.95
Sustainability 10 10 9.46517 8.54478
Over All Ranking 290 208.9657 190
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*Economic Constraint is given an importance factor of 10 because the designer prioritizes an economic
project.
*Sustainability Constraint is given an importance factor of 10 because the designers consider the importance
of the compressive strength of the structure.
*Constructability Constraint is given an importance factor of 9 because the designer considers that there are
many factors that can affect the constructability of a project.
3.4 Design Standards

The designer utilized the Codes and Standards that will be the basis on our proposed project. This section
researcher will identify accepted and uniform procedures, dimensions or materials, Specifications of
materials, physical measurements, processes, performance of products, and characteristics of services
rendered. Design standards are established by individual manufacturers, trade associations, and national
standards organizations. The general purpose is to realize operational and manufacturing economies, to
increase the interchange ability of products, and to promote uniformity of definitions of product characteristics.
Under this are the design standards considered by the researchers. Design parameters will be based
from the following legislations implemented by the government.
The National Building Code of the Philippines, also known as Presidential Decree No. 1096 was
formulated and adopted as a uniform building code to embody up-to-date and modern technical knowledge
on building design, construction, use, occupancy and maintenance. The Code provides for all buildings and
structures, a framework of minimum standards and requirements to regulate and control location, site, design,
and quality of materials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance.
The National Structural Code of the Philippines, this structural code provides minimum requirements for
building structural systems using prescriptive and performance-based provisions. It is founded on broad-
based principles that make possible the use of new materials and new building designs. It is also designed
to meet these needs through various model codes/regulations, to safeguard the public health and safety
nationwide. This is the main reference for the design procedure of the structure.
• Material Strength. Materials conforming specifications of NSCP 6th edition 2010 were used in the design of
the project.
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• Loadings. Dead loads, live loads, wind loads and earthquake loads are the forces acting on the structure.
Dead loads are consists of the weight of all materials of construction and partition loads. Live loads shall be
the maximum loads expected by the occupancy. The required lateral loads due to wind and earthquake forces
shall be separately calculated.
• Wind Loads. The wind load is calculated in STAAD Pro using specifications adopted in American Society of
Civil Engineers ASCE7-05 and based on procedure as stated in NSCP 2010, section 207.
• Seismic Loads. The structure shall be designed and constructed to resist the effect of seismic ground motion
as provided in section 208 of NSCP 6th edition (2010).
• Basic Load Combinations. Strength design or load is used structures shall resist the most critical effects
from the following combination.
o 1.4DL
o 1.2DL + 1.6LL + 0.5(Lror S or R)
o 1.2DL + 1.6(Lror S or R) + (1.0L or 0.5W)
o 1.2DL + 1.0W + 0.5(Lror S or R)
• 1.2DL + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
o 0.9DL + 1.0W
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Chapter 4:
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
4.1 Design Methodology
The design of proposed structure was done in accordance to different parameters and considerations
suitable for designing a reinforced concrete structure. The design of the proposed project was described in the
succeeding chapter as part of the trade-offs.
The flow chart below will be the process on designing proper of the proposed structure.
DESIGN PROCESS
DESIGN PLANS
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURAL
PLANS PLANS
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
WITH ACCORDANCE SPECIFICATION

TO NSCP & NBCP OF MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
DESIGN MODELLING
LOAD MODELS STRUCTURE

FROM STAAD MODEL FROM
ANAYSIS STAAD ANALYSIS
FINAL DESIGN
DESIGN DESIGN
SCHEDULES DETAILING
Figure 4-1-: FINAL DESIGN PROCESS
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4.1 Structural Design

In this section the design processes of beam, columns and slabs were presented prior to the design
process and guidelines taken as a reference of the designers. The objective of the said design is to calculate
the number of bars and their corresponding spacing and check conditions if it meets the conditions to consider
the design as adequate for the structure.
The calculation of column and beam, only the most critical parts or sections were designed in order to obtain the
desired data. For the design of slab, two-way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the
loads are carried by the supports along both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two way slab, the ratio of
longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2. And only one strip was to be designed considering both
transverse and longitudinal directions. In one-way slab, is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry
the load along one direction.The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater than 2. And only
one slab was considered in the design calculation both in transverse and longitudinal directions.
4.1.1 Design of Beam
Beam is the structural (generally horizontal) element that resists traverse loading and transfer load to
columns.Therefore to get optimumsize of beam with the optimum steel amount we need to design the load.In order
to be able to design beams, we need both moments and shears.It is not possible to provide reinforcement only in
the tension zone, because we need to tie the stirrups. Therefore two rebar are utilized in the compression zone to
tie the stirrups and the rebar’s act as false members just for holding the stirrups. There are some forces acting on
the beam and due to that the total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending
moments within the beam that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. The beam
which had the maximum moment value were chosen by the designers, the end result of the analysis of chosen
beam were to be applied to all other beams of the proposed structure. The dimensions of beam and other
parameters such as f’c and fy were provided by the designers. The stress strain diagram of singly and doubly
reinforced beam was used as a reference for the computation of singly and doubly reinforced beam.
Figure 4-2: Bending Representation on beam subjected to Loads

(Source:https://www.google.com.sa/search?q=stress+strain+diagram+of+singly+reinforced+beam&safe=strict&so
urce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir143WzfzdAhVFEbwKHarjDy4Q_AUIDigB&biw=1422&bih=675#imgr
56 | P a g e
c=p8u2DUZspTrzkM:)
Figure 4-3: Stress-strain diagram of Singly and Doubly Reinforced Beam

(Source:https://www.google.com.sa/search?q=stress+strain+diagram+of+singly+reinforced+beam&safe=str
ict&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir143WzfzdAhVFEbwKHarjDy4Q_AUIDigB&biw=1422&b
ih=675#imgrc=p8u2DUZspTrzkM:)
Under this are the following flowcharts for the computation process of Beams
57 | P a g e
Figure 4-4: Design of Singly Reinforced Beams
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4.1.1.1 Design of Vertical Stirrup (Shear and Diagonal Tension)
Other than bending failure on the beam there is also a shear failure. Shear failures are very
dangerous most especially if shear failures occurs before flexure failure as shear failures can occur without
warning. Beams must have an adequate safety edge against other types of failure, some of whichmay be
more dangerous than flexural failure. Therefore, concrete mustbe provided by “special shear
reinforcement” to insure flexural failure would occur before shear failure.In other words, we want to make
sure that beam will fail in a ductile manner and in flexure not inshear. Without stirrup, the concrete may
experience splitting due to diagonal tension as stirrups haveits main objective, to prevent this occurrence
in the concrete.
Figure 4-6: Shear and Diagonal Failures on Beams

(Source:https://www.google.com.sa/search?q=shear+and+diagonal+tension&safe=active&source=l
nms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq6bbQz_zdAhVGfrwKHYq7ApoQ_AUIDigB&biw=1422&bih=675#im
grc=PKTKzAcgOvnKsM:)
Under this are the following flowcharts for the computation process of Design of Vertical
Stirrup (Shear and Diagonal Tension).
:
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4.1.1.2 Design of Torsion Reinforcement of Beam
On several situations beams and slabs are subjected to torsion in addition to bending moment and
shear force. Loads acting normal to the plane of bending will cause bending moment and shear force. However,
loads away from the plane of bending will induce torsional moment along with bending moment and
shear.Diagonal cracking continuing along all the four sides, both longitudinal bars and links are intersecting the
cracks: they both work in equilibrating torsion Due to diagonal cracking the rigidity of the member (beam) is much
reduced. The resistance to flexural deformations is decreasing significantly by the effect of torsion.
Figure 4-8: Beam subjected to Torsion

(Source:http://www.szt.bme.hu/phocadownload/english%20courses/reinforced%20concrete/2012/rclect6_1
2.pdf)
Figure 4-9: Beam subjected to Torsion

(Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1026309811002562)
62 | P a g e
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4.1.1.3 Design of Deflection of Beam
Given parameters:
b, d, f’c, fy, Ec, Es, fr
Calculate Mcr, Ma, Ig, yt,

Icr
Calculate Ie
Condition satisfies:
YES
Check condition:
𝐼𝑒 < 𝐼𝑔
Use Ie in Flexural
Rigidity
Calculate 𝛿
YES
Check condition:
𝛿 < 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙
Design is okay
Calculate 𝛿′, 𝜆, 𝛿𝑙
NO
Check condition:
𝛿𝑙 > 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙
Redesign
Figure 4-11: Design of Deflection
64 | P a g e
4.1.1.1 Design of Length Development in a Beam
Because the design is based on the reinforcement attaining the yield stress, the reinforcement
needs to be properly bonded to the concrete for a finite length (both sides) so it won’t slip. This is referred to
as the development length, ld. Providing sufficient length to anchor bars that need to reach the yield stress
near the end of connections is also specified by hook lengths. Detailing reinforcement is a tedious job. Splices
are also necessary to extend the length of reinforcement that comes in standard lengths.
Figure 4-12: Beam with Development Length

(Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=no+development+length+in+beam&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa
=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUjvKiqv3dAhXVEXAKHeT2C1wQ_AUIDigB&biw=1280&bih=654#imgdii=GRkLDvg82D
4zFM:&imgrc=hmm12AmkP5kEjM:)
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4.1.2 Design of Slab
Slabs, used in floors and roofs of buildings mostly integrated with the supporting beams, carry the distributed
loads primarily by bending. These slabs are either single span or continuous having different support conditions
like fixed, hinged or free along the edges. In designing slab, we consider both longer and shorter side of the slab
as it is primarily used in solving Moments.One-way slabs, supported by parallel walls or beams, bend in only one
direction and transfer their loads to the two opposite support walls or beams. In the design process of computing
one way slab, we assume a strip on the structure with a value of 1m length of the slab. In designing one way slab,
the calculation process is similar to designing a singly reinforced beam, as its final results are computing the
number of bars in one way slab as well as its spacing of bars considering a base of 1 m.
When the ratio (L/S) is less than 2.0, slab is called two-way slab.Bending will take place in
the two directions in a dish-like form. Accordingly, main reinforcement is required in the two directionstwo
way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are carried by the supports along
both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two way slab, the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b)
is less than 2.And its method of calculation is different from one way slab, as calculation of two slab
considers positive and negative moment to be distributed at column and middle strip.
Figure 4-14: One-way and Two-way Slab

(Source: https://www.quora.com/Engineering-What-are-the-basic-differences-between-one-way-
and-two-way-slabs-Where-do-we-use-them-specifically)
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Figure 4-16: Design of Two-Way Slab
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4.1.3 Design of Column
Columns act as vertical supports to beamss and slabs, and to transmit the loads to the foundations. Columns
are primarily compression members, although they may also have to resists bending moment transmitted by
beams. It may be classifies as short or slender, braced or unbraced depending on various dimensional and
structural floors. As we all know, may fail on buckling and compression and combination of buckling and
compression, as buckling may occur with columns which are long and slender while compression most likely to
occur with columns which are short and stocky.
In the design process, we are considering the axial capacity of reinforced columns in determining spacing
of lateral ties and spiral spacing. The design procedure are shown in the below flow chart.
Figure 3-1: Distribution of loads to the columns

(Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/7373965/)
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Figure 4-17: Design of Axially Loaded Column
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4.2 Structural Model

Structural model are the results of the analysis loads in the Staad. The following are the results:
Figure 4-18. Geometric
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Modeling of the Structure
Loads Inputed:
Dead Loads
Floor loads = 6.335 kPa
Self weight = 1 kPa
Figure 4-19. Dead load
Live load:
Floor loads = 1.9 ka
Figure 4-20. Live Load
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Figure 4-21a. Wind load (+x)
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4.1 Structural Analysis

For structural analysis of the members, the results considered are those that came from the load
combination which gave the maximum values of the member forces and reactions.
A summary of values of the member forces is presented in the appendices. The following figures
shown the results of the structural analysis done through the software STAAD
Maximum Value of Axial forces in

columns
F = 934 kN
Figure 23.Axial and Shear forces
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Maximum Value of bending Moments

+M = 139 kN-m
-M = 100 kN-m
Figure 24. Bending moments
4.2 Raw Ranking Validation, Comparison of Results, and Final Ranking Assessment
In this section, the designer’s ranking was validated through the gathered results of the design. The
initial and final estimated values was then be compared. With the help of the final designer’s ranking, the
final ranking assessments was concluded.
4.2.1 Final Estimates of Tradeoffs

The table below show the results of the estimation of construction cost, man days, and cost
of maintenance for each tradeoff.
Table 5. Final Estimate of Tradeoffs
Estimated Value
Constraints Rectangular tied Circular Spiral Rectangular Spiral
Columns Columns Columns
Economic Php 29,834,780.15 Php 42, 370, 186.17 Php 42,716, 109.92
Constructability 419 man days 838 man days 2232mandays
Sustainability 80.4 mPa 76.1 mPa 68.8 mPa
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4.4.3 Final Designer’s Ranking

Computation of ranking for Economic Constraints
Since Rectangular tied Columns is the one having the lowest amount, the designers gave it a scale
of ten.
42, 370, 186.17 − 29,834,780.15

= 𝑥10
42, 370, 186.17
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟒%
= 10 − 2.95854
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟔

42,716, 109.92 − 29,834,780.15

= 𝑥10
42,716, 109.92
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟕%
= 10 − 3.01557
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟒𝟒𝟑
3.1.2 Raw Designer’s Ranking |Page

Computation of ranking for Sutainability Constraints

Since Rectangular tied Columns is the one having the highest value of compressive strength, the
designers gave it a scale of ten.
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80.4 − 419
= 𝑥10
80.4
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟑%
= 10 − 0.53483
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟕

80.4 − 68.7
= 𝑥10
80.4
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐%
= 10 − 1.45522
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟖
ABILITY TO SATIFY THE CRITERION

Constraints IMPORTANCE Rectangular tied Circular Spiral Rectangular
Columns Columns Spiral Columns
Economic 10 10 7.04146 6.98443
Constructability 9 10 5 1.87724
Sustainability 10 10 9.46517 8.54478
Over All Ranking 290 210.0663 172.18726
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4.4.4 Designer’s Final Ranking Assessment

For Economic Assessment, the designer provided initial material cost estimates for each trade-offs. By
comparing the initial estimates amount for each trade-off the designer will give governing rank to the least
amount of estimates and compute the subordinate rank of the other trade-offs. The most economic trade-off
given rectangular tied columns by having the least cost of all the other trade-offs.
For Constructability Assessment, the designer researches the construction time of each trade-offs and
compare which is having the least construction time. By comparing the trade-off with the least construction
time is given the value of governing rank which is 10 and computed the subordinate rank for the other trade-
offs. The most constructible trade-off is Rectangular Tied Column.
For Sustainability Assessment, the designer researches the compressive strength of each trade-off and
compare which is having the highest strength. The trade-offs with the highest compressive strength is given
the value for governing rank which is 10 and computed the subordinate rank for the other trade-offs. The
most sustainable trade-off is Rectangular Tied Column by having the highest compressive strength.
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Chapter 5:
FINAL DESIGN
After estimating cost and final ranking of the three trade-offs in the previous chapter, the
governing trade-off was rectangular shape squared tied column. This will be the final basis of the designers
to which the final design will be based on. The detailing and final designs were showed below
5.1 Design Schedules
In this section, the design schedule of the governing trade off were showed in the following tables
below which includes the dimensions, number of bars and spacing.
5.1.1 Design Schedule of Columns
The table below shows the dimensions of the column including number of bars and spacing.
Table 5-1: Column Schedule
Dimensions Number of Tie Wires
Designation b (mm) t (mm) Bars ∅ (mm) Spacing
Second Floor to Roof Deck (22
COLUMNS PER FLOOR)
C-1 300 500 4 10 300
C-2 300 500 4 10 300
C-3 300 500 4 10 300
C-4 300 500 4 10 300
C-5 300 500 4 10 300
C-6 300 500 4 10 300
C-7 300 500 4 10 300
C-8 300 500 4 10 300
C-9 300 500 4 10 300
C-10 300 500 4 10 300
C-11 300 500 4 10 300
C-12 300 500 4 10 300
C-13 300 500 4 10 300
C-14 300 500 4 10 300
C-15 300 500 4 10 300
C-16 300 500 4 10 300
C-17 300 500 4 10 300
C-18 300 500 4 10 300
C-19 300 500 4 10 300
C-20 300 500 4 10 300
C-21 300 500 4 10 300
C-22 300 500 4 10 300
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5.1.2 Design Schedule of Beams

The table below shows the dimensions of the Beam including number of bars and spacing.
Table 5-2: Beam Schedule
Dimensions Longitudinal Reinforcement Stirrups #
Designation b t (mm) Bar Top Bottom Top Diameter Stirrups Spacing
(mm) Diameter (Left) (Mid) (Right) (mm)
(mm)
Second Floor to
Roof Deck (22
BEAMS PER
FLOOR)
B-1B-1 200 300 12 2 3 2 10 1 100
B-2 200 300 12 2 2 2 10 1 150
B-3 200 300 12 3 2 3 10 1 150
B-4 200 300 12 3 3 3 10 1 150
B-5 200 300 12 2 2 2 10 1 150
B-6 200 300 12 2 2 3 10 1 150
B-7 200 300 12 3 2 3 10 1 150
B-8 200 300 12 3 2 2 10 1 150
5.1.3 Design Schedule of Slabs

The table below shows the dimensions of the slabs including number of bars and spacing.
Table 5-3: Slab Schedule
t Bar Remarks
Designatio (mm) Diameter Short Span Long Span
n (mm)
Top Bottom Top Top Bottom Top
(Left) (Mid) (Right) (Left) (Mid) (Right)
S-1 330 12 300 300 300 300 300 300
S-2 330 12 - 250 250 - 250 250
S-3 330 12 - 200 200 - 200 200
S-4 330 12 - 200 175 - 200 150
S-5 330 12 - 200 200 - 200 -
S-6 330 12 200 200 200 - 200 100
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S-7 330 12 300 300 300 300 300 300

S-8 330 12 300 300 - 300 300 300
S-9 330 12 - 200 200 200 - 200 -
S-10 330 12 200 200 200 - 200 100
S-11 330 12 300 300 300 300 300 300
S-12 330 12 300 300 - 300 300 300
S-13 330 12 300 300 - 300 300 300
5.2 Detailing
5.2.1 Column Details
The figure below shows the details of the columns.
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Figure 5-1: Column Detailing
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5.2.2 Beam Details

The figure below shows the details of the beams.
Figure 5-2: Beam Detailing
5.2.3 Slab Details

The figure below shows the details of the slabs.
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Figure 5-3: Slab Detailing
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2.1.1 Structural Plans
The Figures below are the foundation plan of the proposed project as well as the framing
plans.
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APPENDIX
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APPENDIX A:
REFERENCES
1. Website
https://www.slideshare.net/IrfanMalik9/columns-lecture1
https://slideplayer.com/slide/7373965/
https://www.slideshare.net/Khawwam/chapter-5-reinforced-concrete-columns
http://www.basiccivilengineering.com/2015/03/column-and-beam-system-in-construction.html
https://www.slideshare.net/Khawwam/chapter-5-reinforced-concrete-columns
https://www.concrete.org/publications/internationalconcreteabstractsportal/m/details/id/844
http://www.wikiengineer.com/Structural/ConcreteTiedColumns
https://civiltoday.com/structural-engineering/35-why-spiral-column-can-support-more-loads-than-tied-
column
https://civiltoday.com/structural-engineering/33-reason-for-using-column-ties-rcc-columns
2. Studies& Articles
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262042450_Seismic_Behaviour_of_Reinforced_Concrete_Co
lumns_With_Rectangular_Spiral_Shear_Reinforcement
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061816313332
https://civilengineering.blog/2017/10/10/analysis-of-a-singly-reinforced-beam/
http://www.ce.memphis.edu/4135/PDF/Notes/Chap_9_1_shear.pdf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1026309811002562
92 | P a g e
APPENDIX B:
ANALYSIS OF LOADS
The following tables below are used in each design computations:

Table 5-1: Dead Loads for all Floors
Loads for all Floors

Plaster on tile or Concrete 0.24
Ceiling
Suspended metal lath and cement plaster 0.72
Windows, glass, frame and sash 0.38
Frame Walls
Clay brick wythes ( 200 mm ) 3.74
Floor Fill Lightweight concrete per mm 0.015
Subflooring, 19 mm 0.14
Floor and Floor Finishes
Terrazo (38 mm) directly on slab 0.91
Frame Partitions Movable Partitions (Steel) 0.19
Total Load: 6.335
Table 5-2: Dead Loads for Roof Decks
Loads for Roof Deck

Slab Reinforced Concrete (Slab depth 150mm) 3.54
Water proofing membrane Bituminous smooth surface 0.07
Total Load: 3.61
Table 5-3: Total Dead Loads
Total Dead Loads

Description Load (kPa)
Total Load for all Floors 6.335
Total Load for Roof Deck 3.61
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Total Dead Load: 9.945
Table 5-4: Live Loads
Live Loads
First Floor Residential (Basic floor area) 1.9
Second Floor Residential (Basic floor area) 1.9
Third Floor Residential (Basic floor area) 1.9
Fourth Floor Residential (Basic floor area) 1.9
Fifth Floor Roof Deck 1.9
Table 2-6: Table 207-1 of NSCP - Basic Wind Speed
BASIC WIND SPEED PROVINCES

V = 200kph Metro Manila
Table 2-7: Table 207-6 of NSCP Wind Directionality Factor, Kd
STRUCTURAL TYPE DIRECTIONALIOTY FACTOR, Kd*

Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Table 2-8:Table 207-7 of NSCP Importance Factor, Iw

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY DESCRIPTION Iw
IV Standard Occupancy 1.00
Table 2-9:Enclosure Classification of NSCP
ENCLOSURE CLASSIFICATION GCpi
Enclosed Buildings +0.18
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-0.18
Table 2-10:Table 207-13A of NSCP External Pressure Coefficients, Cp
WALL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS

SURFACE L/B Cp Use With
Windward Wall All Values 0.8 Qz
0-1 -0.5
Leeward Wall 2 -0.3 qh
≥4 -0.2
Side Wall All Values -0.7 qh
Table 2-11: Table 208-1 Seismic Importance Factor

Occupancy Category Seismic Importance Factor, I Seismic Importance Factor,
Ip
I. Essential Facilities 1.5 1.5
II. HazardousFacilities 1.25 1.5
III. Special Occupancy 1.0 1.0
Structures
IV. Standard Occupancy 1.0 1.0
Structures
V. Miscellaneous Structures 1.0 1.0
Table 2-12: Table 208-2Soil Profile Types
Soil Profile Soil Profile Shear Wall SPT Undrained Shear

Name Velocity Strength
𝑆𝐴 Hard Rock > 1500
𝑆𝐵 Rock 760 to 1500
𝑆𝐶 Very dense Soil 360 to 760 > 50 > 100
𝑆𝐷 Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
𝑆𝐸 Soft Soil Profile < 180 < 15 < 50
Table 2-13: Table 208-4 Near Source factor, Na

Closest distance to known
Seismic Source Type Seismic source
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≤ 5km ≥ 10 km
A 1.2 1.0
B 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0
Table 2-14: Table 208-5 Near Source factor, Nv

Closest distance to known
Seismic Source Type Seismic source
≤ 5km 10 km ≥ 15 km
A 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0
Table 2-15: Table 208-7 Seismic Coefficient, Ca

Seismic Zone
Soil Profile Type 2 4
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
𝑆𝐴 0.13 .32Na
𝑆𝐵 0.2 .40Na
𝑆𝐶 0.24 .40Na
𝑆𝐷 0.28 .44Na
𝑆𝐸 0.34 .44Na
Table 2-16: Table 208-8 Seismic Coefficient, Cv

Seismic Zone
Soil Profile Type 2 4
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4
𝑆𝐴 0.16 .32Na
𝑆𝐵 0.20 .40Na
𝑆𝐶 0.32 .56Na
𝑆𝐷 0.40 .64Na
𝑆𝐸 0.64 .96Na
Table 2-16: Design Parameters
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Occupancy Category Standard

Seismic Importance Factor, I 1
Soil Profile Type SD
Seismic Zone Factor, Z 0.4
Seismic Source Type C
Na 1
Near Source Factor
Nv 1
Ca 0.44
Seismic Coefficient
Cv 0.64
Framing System SMRF
Number Coefficient, R 8.5
Distance from fault line (km) 1.9 km
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APPENDIX C:
DESIGN OF BEAM
DESIGN OF BEAM WITH MAXIMUM MOMENT

PART 1: ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
The Tables below shows the computation process of designing of beams.
Beam Data
fc'= 20.7 Mpa
fy= 414 Mpa
Length 4725 mm
FACTORED MOMENT 139000 N-mm
Step 1:
Load Combination and Computing Moment Due to Loads (Mu)
FACTORED MOMENT 139000 N-mm
Step 2:
Assumption value of Steel Ratio, ᵖ
Steel Ratio, ᵖ 0.5 Unitless
ß 0.85 Unitless
Step 3:
Computing ᵖb, ᵖ and ᵖmin
Steel Ratio, ᵖ 0.01068787 Unitless
ᵖmin 0.003381643 Unitless
ᵖb 0.02137574 Unitless
Step 4:
Reinforcement Index
ω 0.213757396 Unitless
Step 5:
Value of Dimensions
Assuming Depth, d 1.5 1.5b
Substituting to bd² 2.25 2.25b³
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bd² 597196.3518 mm³

b³ 265420.6008 mm³
b 64.26554713 mm
d 96.39832069 mm
Step 6:
Checking Value of Beam Moment Capcity, Mucap
Mucap 2610048.804 N-mm
Mu 139000 N-mm
Assessment Singly Reinforced
Use Computed Steel Ratio
Step 7:
Steel Reinforcement
As ( Tension ) 80.15902367 mm²
Diameter of rebars, Ø 25 mm
Number of Bars, n
TOP (Compression Steel) BOTTOM (Tension Steel)
- 1 pieces
fs 2949 Mpa
f's 16230.47929 Mpa
Assessment: Compression Steel Yields
RESULTS:
DESIGN SECTIONS
Results Unit
Base, b 75 mm
Effective depth, d 100 mm
d' 75 mm
Concrete Cover 40 mm
Diameter of rebars, Ø 25 mm
Over-all Depth 175 mm
Depth of Compression Block, a 25.14792899 mm
Top Fiber to Neutral Axis, c 29.58579882 mm
99 | P a g e
The tables below show the computation of analysis of beams.
SECTIONS OF THE BEAM
Diameter of Bar Ø 25 mm
Number of Bar N 1 pcs
Area of Steel As 80.15902367 mm²
Base B 75 mm
Effective Depth D 100 mm
Length L 4725 mm
Concrete Cover Cc 40 mm
Specified Strength of Concrete f'c 20.7 Mpa
Specified Yield Strength of Steel Fy 414 Mpa
β 0.85
Area of Steel at compression A's 0 mm²
Area of Steel 2 As2 0 mm²
Mu1 - N-mm
Mu2 - N-mm
Area of Steel 1 As1 - mm²
d' 75 mm
Step 1:
Check if Tension Steel Yields, Computing ᵖb, ᵖ
Balance Steel Ratio, ᵖb 0.02137574

Steel Ratio, ᵖ 0.01068787
Steel Ratio, ᵖmin 0.003381643
Assessment: Tension Steel Yields
Step 2:
Reinforcement Index
W 0.213757396
Step 3:
Computing fs, a, and c
Depth of the compression block, c 47.46259003 mm

Depth of stress block, a 40.34320152 mm
100 | P a g
e
Fs 59400 Mpa
Assessment: Tension Steel Yields
Step 4:
Checking Value of Beam Moment Capacity, Mucap for Singly Reinforcement Analysis
Ultimate Moment Capacity, Mucap 2610048.804 N-mm

Mu 139000 N-mm
Assessment: Design is Adequate
Analysis is Singly Reinforced
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Part 2:
Designing of vertical stirrups
The table below shows the computation of the shear reinforcement for beams.
Data Needed:
FACTORED LOAD wu 139 kN/m
Base b 300 mm
Effective depth d 460 mm
Specified Strength of Concrete f'c 20.7 mPa

Specified Yield Strength of Steel fy 414 mPa
Length of Beam L 4725 mm
Diameter of Stirrups Ø 10 mm
Area of Strirrups A 157.0795 mm²
Maximum Shear Vmax 100 kN
Live Loads 1.6 LL 9.5 kN
Dead Loads 1.2 DL 6.335 kN/m
ß ß 0.75
Step 1:
FOR COMPUTATION @ near support
Ultimate shear, Vu 97.0859 kN
Nominal Shear, Vn 129.4478667 kN
Shear of Compression, Vc 0.227486263 kN
∅Vc 0.170614697 kN
Step 2:
Checking if Strirrups are Necessary
Conditions:
A. Vu>∅Vc
B. 1/2∅Vc < Vu <∅Vc STIRRUPS ARE NECESSARY
C. Vu<1/2 ∅Vc
Step 3:
Checking if Vs is Adequate
Vs 129.2203804 kN
Assessment: Section is Adequate to carry the Shear
101 | P a g e
Step 4:
Spacing of Stirrups
Spacing of Stirrups 230 mm
1/3*(SQRT(f'c))*bw*d 209287.3623
Step 5:
Maximum Spacing of Stirrups
Maximum Spacing of Stirrups 115 mm 115 mm
300 mm
Spacing:
Spacing: 115 mm
Part 3:
Designing of torsion on beams
The Table below shows the torsion reinforcement for beams.
DATA NEEDED
Specified Yield Strength of Steel fy 414 Mpa
Base b 75 mm
Depth of Concrete h 175 mm
Effective Depth d 100 mm
Modulus of Rupture fr 3.184807687 Mpa
Length L 4725 m
Moment due to Loads Ma 139000 N-mm
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Ec 21650 Mpa
Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement Es 200 Gpa
Period 5 years
Time Factor ξ 2
Area of Steel at compression A's 0 mm²
Area of Steel As 490.8738521 mm²
Live Load LL 9.5 N/mm
Dead Load DL 6.335 N/mm
Total Load w 0.015835 kN/mm
Live Load Sustained 0.25
Number of Bars no. of pcs 1 pcs
102 | P a g e
Singly Reinforced
Step 1:
Moment of Inertia of Gross Concrete Section Ig 33496093.75 mm⁴

Distance from the Centroidal Axis of Gross Concrete Section yt 87.5 mm
Cracking Moment Mcr 1219184.192 N-

mm
Step 2:
Solving Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie:
Modular Ratio n 9.237875289
9
Depth from Top Fiber to Neutral Axis c 96.29334839 mm
Moment of Cracked Inertia Section Transferred to Concrete Icr 104229017.1 mm⁴
Effective Moment of Inertia Ie -47625083208 mm⁴
Assessment: Ie -47625083208 mm⁴
VALUE OF Ie:
Step 3:
Solving Instantaneous Deflection, ϒ:
Instantaneous Deflection ϒ -9.96714E-05 mm
Instantaneous Deflection Allowable ϒallow 13.125 mm
Assessment: Design is Okay
Use value of Instantaneous Deflection ϒ -9.96714E-05 mm
Step 4:
Solving for Long Term Deflection, ϒL :
Load due to Sustained Loads w' 8.71 N-mm
Deflection Due to Sustained Loads ϒ' -0.054823977 Mm
ρ' 0
Lambda λ 2
Long Term Deflection ϒL -0.109747626 Mm
103 | P a g e
Time Factor:
5 Years 2
12 Months 1.4
6 Months 1.2
3 Months 1
Checking:
Deflection ϒall 13.125 mm
Assessment: Design is Okay
104 | P a g e
Part 4:
Design of length development in tension
The table below show the computation of length development
105 | P a g e
DATA NEEDED:
Base b 75 mm
Depth d 175 mm
Design is Singly Reinforced
Diameter of Bar, BOTTOM (Tension Steel) Ø 25 mm
Number of Bar n 1 pcs.
Area of Bars (provided) Ab 490.8734 mm²
Diameter of Bar, TOP (Compression Steel) Ø - mm
Modification Factor m 1.69

Average splitting tensile strength of LAC fct 500 mPa
Area of Bars (required) Abars 500 mm²
106 | P a g e
Development Length ld 1509.74 mm
Part 5:
Design of length development for hooks
The table below shows the computation for the development length of hooks.
DATA NEEDED:
Base b 100 mm
Depth d 25.147929 mm
Number of Bar n 1 pcs.
107 | P a g e
Solving Development Standard Hook, lhb:
Development Standard Hook lhb 549.483728 mm

Solving Required Development Length, Ldh:

Required Development Length Ldh 548.15967 mm
108 | P a g e
APPENDIX D:
DESIGN OF SLAB
Part 1:
Design of One way slab
The table below shows the computation for the design of one way slab.
109 | P a g e
110 | P a g e
Part 2:
Design of two way slab
The table below shows the computation of two way slab.
Thickness
Both End Continuous (Ribbed) 340 mm
Thickness with Variation
Normal Weight 338 mm
Effective Depth
Depth 307 mm
111 | P a g e
INTERIOR SPAN
RIBBED M (Kn-m) Ru ρ ρ to use As (mm²) Spacing (mm)
CS 19.89182018 0.234506705 0.000570267 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
(+)M
MS 88.40808969 1.042252021 0.002596854 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
LONGER SIDE
CS 46.1774397 0.544390565 0.00133595 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
(-)M
MS 102.6165327 1.209756811 0.003030138 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
CS 13.4519262 0.158586135 0.0003848 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
(+)M
MS 59.78633865 0.704827268 0.001738019 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
SHORTER SIDE
CS 31.22768581 0.368146385 0.000898745 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
(-)M
MS 69.39485736 0.818103079 0.002024304 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
EXTERIOR SPAN
RIBBED M (Kn-m) Ru ρ ρ to use As (mm²) Spacing (mm)
Interior CS 36.94195176 0.435512452 0.001065314 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
(+)M Positive MS 88.40808969 1.042252021 0.002596854 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
Exterior CS 36.94195176 0.435512452 0.001065314 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
LONGER SIDE
Interior CS 46.1774397 0.544390565 0.00133595 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
(-)M Positive MS 55.25505606 0.651407513 0.001603705 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
Exterior CS 46.1774397 0.544390565 0.00133595 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
Interior CS 24.98214865 0.294517108 0.00071745 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
(+)M Positive MS 59.78633865 0.704827268 0.001738019 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
Exterior CS 24.98214865 0.294517108 0.00071745 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
SHORTER SIDE
Interior CS 31.22768581 0.368146385 0.000898745 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
(-)M Positive MS 37.36646166 0.440517042 0.001077715 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
Exterior CS 31.22768581 0.368146385 0.000898745 0.003381643 1038.164251 105
1|Page
APPENDIX E:
DESIGN OF COLUMN
Design of Columns Axially Loaded
PART 1: Design of Square tied columns (Trade-offs 1)
The table below shows the computation of design of Square tied columns.
Data needed
Axial Dead Load 575 kN
Axial Live Load 795 kN
Combination Load 1962 kN
Assumed Ratio 0.02
covering 30 mm
f'c 27.6 mPa
fy 414 mPa
Main bars 20 mm
ties 10 mm
1st FLOOR Square tied Column FINAL DESIGN 1st FLOOR

Pu 733 kN N 4 pcs
Ag 34,649.27 mm f'c 27.6 mPa
Ast 692.99 mm fy 414 mPa
t 190 mm Main bars 20 mm
N 4 bars ties 10 mm
2nd FLOOR Square tied Column FINAL DESIGN 2nd FLOOR

Pu 934 kN N 4 pcs
Ag 44,150.64 mm f'c 27.6 mPa
N 4 bars ties 10 mm
3rd FLOOR Square tied Column FINAL DESIGN 3rd FLOOR

Pu 437 kN N 4 pcs
Ag 20,657.20 mm f'c 27.6 mPa
1|Page
N 4 bars ties 10 mm
4th FLOOR Square tied Column FINAL DESIGN 4th FLOOR

Pu 290 kN N 4 pcs
Ag 13,708.44 mm f'c 27.6 mPa
N 4 bars ties 10 mm
5th FLOOR Square tied Column FINAL DESIGN 5th FLOOR

Pu 114 kN N 4 pcs
Ag 5,388.84 mm f'c 27.6 mPa
N 4 bars ties 10 mm
300mm x 500mm column with 4-28mm bars

Spacing of ties :
a.) 16 x db : 448 mm
b.) 48 x tie diameter : 480 mm
c.) Least dimension of 300 mm
column :
FINAL SPACING 300 mm
2|Page

Part 2: Design of Spiral tied columns (Trade-offs 2)
The table below shows the computation of design of Spiral tiedcolumns.
1st Floor Round Spiral Column
Pu 733 kN
Ag 34,649.27 mm^2
Ast 692.99 mm^2
D 215 mm
N 3 bars
Ac 18,869.24 mm^2
Pmin 0.02508851
as 78.54 mm^2
RESULT
s pitch 55 mm
clear spacing 45 mm
2nd Floor Round Spiral Column

Pu 934 kN
Ag 44,150.64 mm^2
Ast 414.00 mm^2
D 240 mm
N 2 bars
Ac 25,446.96 mm^2
Pmin 0.0220502
as 78.54 mm^2
RESULT
s pitch 55 mm
clear spacing 45 mm
3|Page
3rd Floor Round Spiral Column

Pu 437 kN
Ag 20,657.20 mm^2
Ast 413.14 mm^2
D 165 mm
N 2 bars
Ac 8,659.04 mm^2
Pmin 0.041568726
as 78.54 mm^2
RESULT
s pitch 45 mm
clear spacing 35 mm
4th Floor Round Spiral Column

Pu 290 kN
Ag 13,708.44 mm^2
Ast 274.17 mm^2
D 135 mm
N 1 bars
Ac 4,417.88 mm^2
Pmin 0.0630885
as 78.54 mm^2
RESULT
s pitch 35 mm
clear spacing 25 mm
5th Floor Round Spiral Column

Pu 114 kN
Ag 5,388.84 mm^2
Ast 107.78 mm^2
D 85 mm
N 1 bars
Ac 490.88 mm^2
Pmin 0.299341
as 78.54 mm^2
RESULT
s pitch 5 mm
clear spacing 0 mm
4|Page

Part 3: Design of Compositecolumns.
The table below shows the computation of design of Compositecolumns.

1st Floor Composite Column
Pu 733 kN
Ag 34,649.27 mm^2
Ast 692.99 mm^2
N 3 bars
Ac 150,000.00 mm^2
Pmin -0.02307015
as 78.54 mm^2
RESULT
s pitch 60 mm
clear spacing 50 mm
2nd Floor Composite Column

Pu 934 kN
Ag 44,150.64 mm^2
Ast 883.01 mm^2
N 3 bars
Ac 150,000.00 mm^2
Pmin -0.02116987
as 78.54 mm^2
RESULT
s pitch 55 mm
clear spacing 45 mm
5|Page
3rd Floor Composite Column

Pu 437 kN
Ag 20,657.20 mm^2
Ast 413.14 mm^2
N 2 bars
Ac 150,000.00 mm^2
Pmin -0.02586856
as 78.54 mm^2
RESULT
s pitch 50 mm
clear spacing 40 mm
4th Floor Composite Column

Pu 290 kN
Ag 13,708.44 mm^2
Ast 274.17 mm^2
N 1 bars
Ac 150,000.00 mm^2
Pmin -0.02725831
as 78.54 mm^2
RESULT
s pitch 45 mm
clear spacing 35 mm
5th Floor Composite Column

Pu 114 kN
Ag 5,388.84 mm^2
Ast 107.78 mm^2
N 1 bars
Ac 150,000.00 mm^2
Pmin -0.02892223
as 78.54 mm^2
RESULT
s pitch 40 mm
clear spacing 30 mm
6|Page
APPENDIX F:
RESULTS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Maximum Loads
First Floor
Mz (+) Mz (-) Fx (+) Fx (-) Fy (+) Fy (-)
kN-m kN-m kN kN kN kN
Column 43.7 -16.1 733 17.1 -17.1
Beam 135 -87.4 -36 99.9 -95.6
Slab 82.1 -49.4 -21 49 -56.5

Second Floor
Column 52.8 -49.8 934 934 39.5 39.5
Beam 131 -84.6 3.61 3.61 97.9 -97.6
Slab 79.4 -47.6 0.273 0.273 50.3 -55.2

Third Floor
Column 64.9 -65.7 437 437 -50.2
Beam 134 -85.2 1.34 1.34 96.7 -98.8
Slab 74.8 -47.8 -1.58 51.5 -53.9

Fourth Floor
Column 61.7 -68 290 290 -49.9
Beam 139 -83.7 -16.7 95.5 -100
Slab 71.9 -46.8 -13.9 52.8 -52.6

Fifth Floor
Column 114 -76.8 114 114 -68.1
Beam 124 -94.6 70.1 70.1 98.8 -96.7
Slab 69.6 -53.3 36 36 51.4 -54
7|Page
APPENDIX G:
COST ESTIMATES
COST ESTIMATE OF RECTANGULAR SHAPE TIED COLUMN TRADE-OFF
Floor Level Member Length Width Height No. of Volume Cement Sand Gravel Unit Price PRICES
(m) (m) (m) Columns (m3) (bags) (m3) (m3) Cement Sand Gravel
(800/bag) (50/m3) (800/m3)
per pc
First Level C-1 3.9 0.3 0.5 21 12.29 64 6.1425 12.29 Cement 250.00 ₱ 16,000.00 ₱ 307.13 ₱ 9,828.00
Second Level C-1 2.8 0.3 0.5 22 9.24 48 4.62 9.24 Gravel 50.00 ₱ 12,000.00 ₱ 231.00 ₱ 7,392.00
Third Level C-1 2.8 0.3 0.5 22 9.24 48 4.62 9.24 Sand 800.00 ₱ 12,000.00 ₱ 231.00 ₱ 7,392.00
Fourth Level C-1 2.8 0.3 0.5 22 9.24 48 4.62 9.24 ₱ 12,000.00 ₱ 231.00 ₱ 7,392.00
Fifth Level C-1 2.8 0.3 0.5 22 9.24 48 4.62 9.24 ₱ 12,000.00 ₱ 231.00 ₱ 7,392.00
TOTAL COST ₱ 64,000.00 ₱ 1,231.13 ₱ 39,396.00
1|Page
Floor Level Member Bar Ø As Height No. of Bars No. of Weight Of PRICE (52/kg)
(mm2) (mm2) (m) per Column Steel (Kg)
Columns
Foundation to NGL C-1 20 314 2 4 22 55264 ₱ 2,873,728.00
First Level C-1 20 314 3.9 4 22 107765 ₱ 5,603,769.60
Second Level C-1 20 314 2.8 4 22 77369.6 ₱ 4,023,219.20
Third Level C-1 20 314 2.8 4 22 77369.6 ₱ 4,023,219.20
Fourth Level C-1 20 314 2.8 4 22 77369.6 ₱ 4,023,219.20
Fifth Level C-1 22 379.9 2.8 4 22 93617.2 ₱ 4,868,095.23
TOTAL COST ₱ 25,415,250.43
2|Page
COST ESTIMATE OF RECTANGULAR CIRCULAR SPIRAL TIED COLUMN TRADE-OFF
Floor Member Length Diameter No. of Volume Cement Sand Gravel Unit Price PRICES
Level (m) (m) Columns (m3) (bags) (m3) (m3) Cement Sand Gravel
per pc (800/bag) (50/m3) (800/m3)
First C-1 3.9 0.3 21 24.57 127 12.285 24.57 Cement 250.00 ₱ 31,750.00 ₱ 614.25 ₱ 19,656.00
Level
Second C-1 2.8 0.3 22 18.48 96 9.24 18.48 Gravel 50.00 ₱ 24,000.00 ₱ 462.00 ₱ 14,784.00
Level
Third C-1 2.8 0.3 22 18.48 96 9.24 18.48 Sand 800.00 ₱ 24,000.00 ₱ 462.00 ₱ 14,784.00
Level
Fourth C-1 2.8 0.3 22 18.48 96 9.24 18.48 ₱ 24,000.00 ₱ 462.00 ₱ 14,784.00
Level
Fifth C-1 2.8 0.3 22 18.48 96 9.24 18.48 ₱ 24,000.00 ₱ 462.00 ₱ 14,784.00
Level
TOTAL COST ₱ 127,750.00 ₱ 2,462.25 ₱ 78,792.00
3|Page
Floor Level Member Bar Ø As Height No. of Bars No. of Weight Of PRICE (52/kg)
(mm2) (mm2) (m) per Columns Column Steel (Kg)
Foundation to NGL C-1 22 379.94 2 6 22 100304.2 ₱ 5,215,816.32

First Level C-1 22 379.94 3.9 6 22 195593.1 ₱ 10,170,841.82
Second Level C-1 22 379.94 2.8 6 22 140425.8 ₱ 7,302,142.85
Third Level C-1 22 379.94 2.8 6 22 140425.8 ₱ 7,302,142.85
Fourth Level C-1 22 379.94 2.8 6 22 140425.8 ₱ 7,302,142.85
Fifth Level C-1 22 379.94 2.8 4 22 93617.22 ₱ 4,868,095.23
TOTAL COST ₱ 42,161,181.92
4|Page
COST ESTIMATE OF RECTANGULAR SHAPE SPIRAL TIED COLUMN TRADE-OFF
Floor Member Length Diameter Height No. of Volume Cement Sand Gravel Unit Price PRICES
Level (m) (m) (m) Columns (m3) (bags) (m3) (m3)
Cement Sand Gravel
(800/bag) (50/m3) (800/m3)
per pc
First C-1 3.9 0.3 3.9 21 343.98 1770 171.99 343.98 Cement 250.00 ₱ 442,500.00 ₱ 8,599.50 ₱ 275,184.00
Level
Second C-1 2.8 0.3 2.8 22 190.96 983 95.48 190.96 Gravel 50.00 ₱ 245,750.00 ₱ 4,774.00 ₱ 152,768.00
Level
Third C-1 2.8 0.3 2.8 22 190.96 983 95.48 190.96 Sand 800.00 ₱ 245,750.00 ₱ 4,774.00 ₱ 152,768.00
Level
Fourth C-1 2.8 0.3 2.8 22 190.96 983 95.48 190.96 ₱ 245,750.00 ₱ 4,774.00 ₱ 152,768.00
Level
Fifth C-1 2.8 0.3 2.8 22 190.96 983 95.48 190.96 ₱ 245,750.00 ₱ 4,774.00 ₱ 152,768.00
Level
TOTAL COST ₱ 1,425,500.00 ₱ 27,695.50 ₱ 886,256.00
5|Page
Floor Level Member Bar Ø As Height No. of No. of Weight Of PRICE (52/kg)
(mm2) (mm2) (m) Bars per Column Steel (Kg)
Columns
Foundation to NGL C-1 22 379.94 2 6 22 100304.2 ₱ 5,215,816.32
First Level C-1 22 379.94 3.9 6 22 195593.1 ₱ 10,170,841.82
Second Level C-1 22 379.94 2.8 6 22 140425.8 ₱ 7,302,142.85
Third Level C-1 22 379.94 2.8 6 22 140425.8 ₱ 7,302,142.85
Fourth Level C-1 22 379.94 2.8 6 22 140425.8 ₱ 7,302,142.85
Fifth Level C-1 22 379.94 2.8 4 22 93617.22 ₱ 4,868,095.23
TOTAL COST ₱ 42,161,181.92
6|Page
7|Page

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Reinforced Concrete Design of a Five-Storey Apartment Building

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Reinforced Concrete Design of a Five-Storey Apartment Building

May 24, 2019

REAR VIEW PLAN .............................................................................................................................. 32

CHAPTER 5 – FINAL DESIGN ................................................................................................................... 83

Appendix A – References ......................................................................................................................... 89

Appendix B – Analysis of Loads .............................................................................................................. 90

Figure 1-1: Perspective View of the Project ...................................................................................... 7

Figure 3-8: Ranking Scale for Percentage Difference ....................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 4 – Design Methodology

CHAPTER 5 – Structural Analysis

CHAPTER 2 – Project Design Data

CHAPTER 3 – Design Constraints, Trade-offs & Standards

CHAPTER 4 – Design Methodology

CHAPTER 5 – Structural Analysis

1.1 The Project Background and Introduction

1.1 Description of the Structure

Figure 1-1: Perspective View of the Project

Length (m) Width (m) Thickness (m)

Columns 0.5 0.3 -

Beams 0.3 0.5 -

1.2 Location of the Project

Figure 1-2: Satellite View of Location of the Project

1.3 Scope and Limitations

1.3.1 Scope of the Project

1.3.2 Limitation of the Project

1.4 Project Objectives

1.4.1 General Objectives

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

1.5 Project Development

DESIGN PROCESS FLOW CHART

Planning of the Project

Identification of Design Trade-

Evaluation of Design Trade-

Figure 1-3: Project Development Flow Chart

2.1 Related Literature

2.1.1 Local Literature

2.1.1.1 According to the thesis of TEMPLONUEVO, Julinel, YOUNG, Channel James,

2.1.1.6 According to the literature of Case Studies in Construction Material, Editor-in-Chief: M.

2.1.1.7 According to the literature of Journal of Cleaner Production, Co-Editors-in-Chief:

2.1.1.8 According to the literature of Case Studies in Construction Material, Editor-in-Chief: M.

22. Design Inputs

Loads for all Floors

Table 2-2: Dead Loads for Roof Decks

Loads for Roof Deck

Slab Reinforced Concrete (Slab depth 150mm) 3.54

Water proofing membrane Bituminous smooth surface 0.07

Table 2-3: Total Dead Loads

Total Dead Loads

2.1.1.1 Live Loads

Table 2-4: Live Loads

SYMBOL AND NOTATIONS

Table 2-5: Symbols and Notations for Wind Loads

Product of external pressure coefficient and gust effect factor to

Table 2-6: Table 207-1 of NSCP - Basic Wind Speed

BASIC WIND SPEED PROVINCES

Table 2-7: Table 207-6 of NSCP Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

STRUCTURAL TYPE DIRECTIONALIOTY FACTOR, Kd*

Table 2-8:Table 207-7 of NSCP Importance Factor, Iw

IV Standard Occupancy 1.00

Table 2-9:Enclosure Classification of NSCP