Task 1: Knowledge/Understanding questions

1. Expand and simplify the following powers. Give all of the answers in terms of positive

exponents.

a) (3a4b3)2(−5a7b2)(4a3b6)0

= (3a4b3)2 (−5a7b2)(1)

= -45a8+7 b6+2

= -45a15b8

x4a
b) – (y2a)3b2

x12ab2
=− ( )
𝐲 𝟔𝐚𝐛𝟐

x12ab2
=−
𝐲 𝟔𝐚𝐛𝟐

𝟏
c) (−𝟒𝟓𝐱𝟎) + 𝟔𝟒−𝟑 + (𝟐𝟐 )3

= (−𝟒𝟓)(𝟏) + 𝟔𝟒−𝟏𝟑 + 𝟔𝟒

−𝟒𝟓 𝟏 𝟔𝟒
= + +
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏

−𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟏 𝟐𝟓𝟔
= + +
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
 𝟕𝟕
=
𝟒

= 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟓

d) b(5x−2)×b(2x+3)

= 𝐛 (𝟓𝐱−𝟐)(𝟐𝐱+𝟑) add the exponents

𝟐 +𝟏𝟓𝐱−𝟒𝐱−𝟔)
= 𝐛 (𝟏𝟎𝐱
𝟐 +𝟏𝟏𝐱−𝟔)
= 𝐛 (𝟏𝟎𝐱

The exponent on b should be 7x+1

(𝐱 𝟕𝐚 ) 𝐚−𝐛
e)
(𝐱 𝟑𝐚 ) 𝐚−𝟐𝐛

= 𝐱 −𝟑𝐚(𝐚−𝟐𝐛+𝟕𝐚)(𝐚−𝐛)

𝟐 − 𝐚𝐛
= 𝐱 𝟒𝐚

2. Evaluate log5625 using the following methods. face

a. By switching from logarithmic to exponential form

𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓

𝟓𝐱 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓

𝐱=𝟒
 b. By cancelling the base with the log base

𝟓𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓

= 𝟔𝟐𝟓 you should have the following to lead to an answer of 4

= log 5 252

= log 5 (5 × 5)2

= log 5 54

c. By using the "change of base" rule

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓

𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟔𝟐𝟓
=
𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟓

=4

3. Simplify and evaluate each of the following expressions using the laws of logarithms.

a. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 𝟏𝟖

= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 (𝟐)(𝟏𝟖)

= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 𝟑𝟔

=2
 b. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟔 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟖

= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 (𝟐𝟓𝟔)(𝟐) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟖

= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 (𝟓𝟏𝟐) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟖

= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟔𝟒

=𝟑

c. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟖 − 𝟑𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟒

= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟖 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟒𝟑 )

= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟖 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟔𝟒

𝟏𝟐𝟖
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 ( )
𝟔𝟒

=𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐

=1

4. Solve each of the following equations.

a. l𝐨𝐠 𝐱 81=2

= 𝐱𝟐

= √𝟖𝟏
 𝐱 =𝟗

b. l𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟐 x=3

𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 𝐱

1728 = x

c. l𝐨𝐠 𝟕 (2x−5)=3

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕(𝟐𝐱−𝟓) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕 (𝟕𝟑 )

𝟐𝐱 − 𝟓 = 𝟕𝟑

𝟐𝐱 − 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟒𝟑

𝟐𝐱 = 𝟑𝟒𝟑 + 𝟓

𝟑𝟒𝟖
𝐱 =
𝟐

𝐱 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒

Task 2: Thinking questions

5. Use systematic trial and error to evaluate log35.

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟓 = 𝐱

𝟏𝟎𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 (𝐓𝐨𝐨 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥)

 𝟏𝟎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝐓𝐨𝐨 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞)

𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟓 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟔 (𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞)

𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟓𝟓 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓 (𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫)

𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟓𝟒 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟕 (𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭)

6. A culture of bacteria doubles every three hours. The initial culture contains 500 bacteria.

a. How many bacteria will there be after 27 hours?

𝐭
𝐀 = 𝐈(𝟐)𝐝

𝟐𝟕
𝐀 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎(𝟐) 𝟑

𝐀 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔, 𝟔𝟎𝟎

b. How long will it take for the culture to reach 16 000 bacteria?

𝒕
16,000 = 500(𝟐)𝟑

𝒕
𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎
=
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟎𝟎

𝒕
𝟐𝟑 = 𝟑𝟐

−𝟏
𝟐𝒕𝟑 = 𝟐𝟓

𝐭𝟑−𝟏 = 5
 𝒕𝟑−𝟏 𝟓
=
𝟑−𝟏 𝟑−𝟏

𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓

7. Complete the following comparison of two functions.

a. Create a table of values for each exponential function: y=4x and y=(14)x. Use x-

values of 2, 1, 0, –1, and –2. Then, graph the equations on the same grid. Include

each table of values and graph in your solution.

y = 𝟒𝐱

x y

-2 0.06
-1 0.25

0 1

1 4

2 16

𝟏
y = (𝟒)𝐱

x y

-2 16

-1 4

0 1
 1 0.25

2 0.06

b. Indicate which graph represents exponential growth and which represents

exponential decay.

y = 𝟒𝐱 (Exponential growth)

𝟏
y = (𝟒)𝐱 (Decay)

c. List the similarities and differences between the graphs. Mention domain, range,

intercepts, asymptotes, max/min, reflections, recipriocals etc.

Similarities Differences

Both graphs go through (0,1) One is increasing over time, whereas the

other is decreasing over time.

Task 3: Communication questions

8. Explain the difference between the exponential form, the radical form, and the

logarithmic form of an equation, and give an example of each.

Exponential Form is expressed in terms of a designated power of e

ie: 𝟐𝟑 = (𝟐)(𝟐)(𝟐) = 𝟖
 Radical Form is an expression that has a square root, cube roots, etc.

𝐱𝟑 = 𝟖

𝟑
𝐱 = √𝟖

𝟑
𝟐 = √𝟖

Logarithm form is simply an exponent written as 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐱

Ie: x = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟖

3 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟖

9. Define a common logarithm: A logarithm to the base 10 written as log or log10.

10. A fellow classmate is having difficulty solving the following expression involving

logarithms. List the steps you would take to solve for "x."

log39+log32x2=log3162

Step 1: Add 2 to both sides.

log39+log32x2 + 2 =log3162 + 2

Step 2: Use logarithmic definition: a =𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐛𝐚 )

2 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟑𝟐 ), 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟑𝟐 )

 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟐𝐱 𝟐 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟗) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟑𝟐 ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟏𝟔𝟐) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟑𝟐 )

Step 3: 𝐋𝐨𝐠𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞, 𝐮𝐬𝐞 (𝐟(𝐱)) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐠(𝐱)) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐟(𝐱) ⦁ 𝐠(𝐱))

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟐𝐱 𝟐 )(𝟑𝟐 ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟏𝟔𝟐)(𝟑𝟐 )

(𝟐𝐱 𝟐 𝟗)(𝟑𝟐 ) = (𝟏𝟔𝟐)(𝟑𝟐 )

Step 4: Refine 162𝐱 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟖

𝟏𝟔𝟐𝐱 𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟖
Step 5: Divide both sides: =
𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝟐

𝐱𝟐 = 𝟗

𝐱 = √𝟗,

𝐱 = −√𝟗

Therefore, x = 3, x= -3

11. Explain why there is no solution for the equation log20=x.

The value of power cannot equals to zero because the limit of the base b logarithm of x,

when x approaches zero from the positive side (0+) then it is - ∞.

Lim x0+

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃(x) = - ∞
 12. Use Equation Editor to correctly type and evaluate the expression: common log of the

square root of 925. Round your answer to two decimal places.

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 √𝟗𝟐𝟓

𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 (𝟗𝟐𝟓)
𝟐

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 (𝟗𝟐𝟓)
=
𝟐

= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖

Task 4: Application questions

13. The pH of coffee is 5.2 and the pH of orange juice is 4.4. How many times more acidic is

orange juice than coffee? Round your answer to one decimal place.

Coffee

pH = -log[H+]

5.2 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠[𝑯 +]

−𝟓. 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠[𝑯 +]

[𝑯 +] = 𝟏𝟎−𝟓.𝟐

[𝑯 +] = 𝟔. 𝟑⦁𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝑳
 Juice

𝟒. 𝟒 = −𝐥𝐨𝐠[𝑯+]

[𝑯 +] = 𝟏𝟎−𝟒.𝟒

= 𝟒.0 x𝟏𝟎𝟓 mol/L

𝟒.𝟎 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝐨𝐥/𝐋

= 6.3 mol/L
𝟔.𝟑⦁𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝑳

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐣𝐮𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝟔. 𝟑 mol/L 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐜 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐞.

14. An earthquake with a magnitude of 5.4 is 39 times as intense as an aftershock that

occurs five hours later. What is the magnitude of the aftershock? Round your answer to

one decimal place.

𝐈
𝐌 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠( )
𝐈𝐨

𝐈
𝟓. 𝟒 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠( )
𝐈𝐨

𝑰
5.4 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑𝟗 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑺

= log39 +5.4 you should have

log 39
5.4 − 𝑥 =
log 10
 Which give the answer of 3.8

=7.0

15. The intensity of the sound of a jet engine is 140 dB, while the intensity of the sound of a

motorcycle is 100 dB. How many times louder is a jet engine than a motorcycle?

𝐈
𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠( 𝟏) =14.0
𝐈𝐨

𝐈
( 𝟏 ) =1𝟎𝟏𝟒.𝟎
𝐈𝐨

𝐈𝟏 = 𝐈𝐨 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒.𝟎

𝐈
𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐈𝟏 ) = 10
𝐨

𝑰𝟐
= 1010
𝑰𝑶
 𝑰𝟐=𝑰𝒐 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎

𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝒐 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒
=
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝒐 ∗𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎

= 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎

=𝟏𝟎𝟒

= 10000

16. A new car worth $18 000 depreciates at a rate of 8% per year. Round your answers for

the following questions to the nearest whole number.

a. What will the car be worth after four years?

A = P (1+i)n

𝐀 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖)𝟒the sign is subtract not add because of depreciates

A= 24,488.8~

A = 20,000

b. When will the car be worth half of its value?

10000 = 18000(1+0.08)n
 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏. 𝟎𝟖)𝒏
=
𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟎. 𝟓𝟔
𝐧=
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏. 𝟎𝟖

𝟏
𝒏 = −𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟕.𝟓

With the information from above you will get an answer of 8