SSPHILO

Introduction:

DEFINITION

• Social science

• a branch of science that deals with the institutions and

functioning of human society and with the interpersonal
relationships of individuals as members of society

• Philosophy

• all learning exclusive of technical precepts and practical

arts

HOW DO THEY RELATE WITH EACH OTHER?

Both studies are interdependent. Topics on Social Sciences is

understood in philosophy

RELIGION
A. NATURE

• THE WORD RELIGION IS FROM THE LATIN VERB “RELIGARE”,

WHICH MEANS “TO TIE” OR “TO BIND FAST”

• IT IS A POWERFUL INSTITUTION THAT CONNECTS HUMAN BEINGS,

BOTH AS INDIVIDUALS AND COLLECTIVELY, TO A TRANSCENDENT
REALITY.
B. DEFINITION

• A PERSONAL SET OR INSTITUTIONALIZED SYSTEM OF RELIGIOUS

ATTITUDES, BELIEFS, AND PRACTICES

• “RELIGION IS A UNIFIED SYSTEM OF BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

RELATING TO SACRED THINGS, THAT IS TO SAY, THINGS SET
APART AND FORBIDDEN.” – EMIL DURKHEIM

C. IMPORTANT ELEMENTS IN RELIGION

1. BELIEFS

2. RITES

3. STRUCTURE/CHURCH

TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

1. CHURCH
• IS A RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION THAT CLAIMS TO POSSESS
THE TRUTH ABOUT SALVATION EXCLUSIVELY.

2. SECT
• PERCEIVES ITSELF AS A UNIQUE OWNER OF THE TRUTH.

• RECRUITMENT TAKES PLACE THROUGH CONSCIOUS

INDIVIDUAL CHOICE.

3. DENOMINATION
• IS ORIENTED TOWARD COOPERATION, AT LEAST AS IT
RELATES TO OTHER SIMILAR DENOMINATIONS

4. CULT
 –A NON- TRADITIONAL FORM OF RELIGION, THE
DOCTRINE OF WHICH IS TAKEN FROM DIVERSE
 SOURCES, EITHER FROM NON- TRADITIONAL
SOURCES OR LOCAL NARRATIVES OR AN
AMALGAMATION OF BOTH, WHOSE MEMBERS
CONSTITUTE EITHER A LOOSELY KNIT GROUP OR
AN EXCLUSIVE GROUP , WHICH EMPHASIZES THE
BELIEF IN THE DIVINE ELEMENT WITHIN THE
INDIVIDUAL, AND WHOSE TEACHINGS ARE
DERIVED FROM EITHER A REAL LEGENDARY
FIGURE, THE PURPOSE OF WHICH IS TO AID THE
INDIVIDUAL IN FULL REALIZATION OF HIS OR HER
SPIRITUAL POWERS AND /OR UNION WITH THE
DIVINE”.

II. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

• PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL EXAMINATION

OF THE THEMES AND CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN RELIGIOUS
TRADITIONS AS WELL AS THE BROADER PHILOSOPHICAL TASK OF
REFLECTING ON MATTERS OF RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE
INCLUDING THE NATURE OF RELIGION ITSELF, ALTERNATIVE
CONCEPTS OF GOD OR ULTIMATE REALITY, AND THE RELIGIOUS
SIGNIFICANCE OF GENERAL FEATURES OF THE COSMOS
A. MAN CAPACITY TO THE DIVINE

 MAN IS A SPIRITUAL BEING

 MAN IS COMPOSED OF BODY AND SOUL
  MAN HAS THE CAPACITY “TO KNOW” ON WHAT IS
BEYOND REALITY

(SUPPORTING IDEAS: PLATO AND AUGUSTINE)

B. HOW DO PERSONS PERCEIVES THE DIVINE
a. TRADITION: ORAL/WRITTEN
i. THE BIBLE
ii. THE QURAN
b. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

C. DIFFERENT PERCEPTION OF THE DIVINE

 PERSONAL/ IMPERSONAL
 MONOGAMY/POLYGAMY

ARGUMENT ON THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

1. THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT

 THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT SEEKS TO PROVE
THE EXISTENCE OF GOD FROM THE LAWS OF LOGIC
ALONE.
 IT ARGUES THAT ONCE WE MENTALLY GRASP THE
CONCEPT OF GOD WE CAN SEE THAT GOD’S NON-
EXISTENCE IS IMPOSSIBLE.
2. THE COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT
 ARGUMENT SEEKS TO PROVE THE EXISTENCE OF
GOD FROM THE FACT THAT THE UNIVERSE EXISTS.
THE UNIVERSE CAME INTO EXISTENCE AT A POINT IN
THE DISTANT PAST. NOTHING CAN COME INTO
EXISTENCE, THOUGH, UNLESS THERE IS SOMETHING
 TO BRING IT INTO EXISTENCE; NOTHING COMES
FROM NOTHING. THERE MUST THEREFORE BE SOME
BEING OUTSIDE OF THE UNIVERSE THAT CAUSED THE
UNIVERSE TO EXIST. THIS ARGUMENT, IF IT IS
SUCCESSFUL, DEMONSTRATES THE EXISTENCE OF A
CREATOR THAT TRANSCENDS TIME, THAT HAS
NEITHER BEGINNING NOR END.
3. THE TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT
 THE ARGUMENT FROM DESIGN SEEKS TO PROVE
THE EXISTENCE OF GOD FROM THE FACT THAT
THE UNIVERSE IS ORDERED.
 THE UNIVERSE COULD HAVE BEEN DIFFERENT
FROM THE WAY THAT IT IS IN MANY WAYS. IT
COULD HAVE HAD DIFFERENT LAWS OF PHYSICS;
IT COULD HAVE HAD A DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT
OF PLANETS AND STARS; IT COULD HAVE BEGUN
WITH A MORE POWERFUL OR A WEAKER BIG
BANG.
4. THE PROBLEM OF EVIL AND THE GREATER GOOD
 GOD IS ALMIGHTY
 GOD IS PERFECTLY GOOD
 EVIL EXISTS.

III. THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN THE SOCIETY

BY EMIR DURKHEIM

1. IT PROVIDES SOCIAL COHESION TO HELP MAIN SOCIAL

SOLIDARITY THROUGH SHARED RITUAL AND BELIEFS

 SOCIAL COHESION IS THE SET OF CHARACTERISTICS THAT

KEEP A GROUP ABLE TO FUNCTION AS A UNIT.

2. SOCIAL CONTROL TO ENFORCE RELIGIOUS BASED MORALS AND

NORM TO HELP MAINTAIN CONTROL IN SOCIETY
  TEN COMMANDMENTS -LAWS THAT TRANSCENDS
RELIGION ITSELF

3. IT OFFERS MEANING AND PURPOSE TO ANY EXISTENTIAL

QUESTIONS.

 EVIL

 SUFFERING