Experiment Title : Impact of Water Jet

Course : UEME2123 Fluid Mechanics I

Program : Mechanical Engineering

Name of Student : Khoo Wei Shou

Student ID No : 1600645

Year and Trimester : Y2T2

Date of Experiment : 05 July 2018

Name of Lecturer : Ir.Dr.Bee Soo Tueen

 Title

Impact of Water Jet

Objective

To demonstrate the application of the momentum equation as applies to the impact of a jet of
water onto 3 deflectors of different angles of deflection.

Introduction

Using a Hydraulic Bench LS-1801, the force of a jet that impacts onto a target plate
can be investigated. These reaction forces are produced from the change in momentum. It is
expected the greater the momentum transfer, the greater the mass required to balance the plate
and jet.
 Material and Equipment

Impact of Jet Apparatus, Jockey Weight (4×20 g, 3×50 g, and 2× 100g), target plates 36mm
diameter flat, 120˚ cone, 180˚ hemisphere nylon, Hydraulic Bench LS-1801.

Procedures

1. The top cover of the impact jet assembly was opened.

2. The flat deflector plate (angle = 90 degrees) was installed.
3. The top cover was replaced and the wing nuts were tightened to secure the cover tightly on
to the impact jet chamber.
4. The pointer on top of the cover was adjusted so that it was pointing to the central groove on
the side of the base plate that is used to hold the weights.
5. The 0.5 N weight was applied on top of the base plate. The base plate was now lower than
the pointer.
6. The main input water flow valve was keeping fully open, the bypass water valve was adjusted
to control the volume flow rate until the pointer pointed to the central grove at the edge of the
base plate.
7. The volume flow rate reading was taken and it was entered into the spreadsheet in the
computer provided for the purpose.
8. The procedure was repeated with applied loads of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 N.
9. Steps 1 – 8 were repeated for deflector cup with angles = 130 degrees.
10. Steps 1 – 8 were repeated for deflector cup with angles = 60 degrees.

Results
 Calculation

For deflector ϴ = 60o

A. Volumetric flow rate, Q in m3/s

𝑄(𝑚3 ⁄𝑠) = 𝑄 𝑔𝑎𝑙 × 0.0000631

( )
𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑄(𝑚3 ⁄𝑠) = 4.8 × 0.0000631 = 3.0288 × 10−4 𝑚3 /𝑠

B. Velocity, Vy1

𝑄 𝑄
𝑉𝑦1 = =
𝐴 𝜋(𝑑)2
2

3.0288 × 10−4
𝑉𝑦1 = = 6.0248𝑚/𝑠
0.008
3.142 × ( 2 )2

C. Velocity, V1impact

𝑉1𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 = √(𝑉𝑦1 × (𝑉𝑦1 − 2) × 𝑔 × 𝑠)

𝑉1𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 = √(6.0248 × 6.0248 − 2 × 9.81 × 0.015) = 6.00𝑚/𝑠

D. Force, Fy

For V1 = V2,

𝐹𝑦 = −𝜌 × 𝑄 × 𝑉𝑦1 × (1 − cos 𝜃)

𝐹𝑦 = −1000 × (3.0288 × 10−4 ) × (6.0248) × (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠60°) = −0.9124𝑁

𝐹𝑦 = 0.9124𝑁
For V1 ≠ V2,

𝐹𝑦 = −𝜌 × 𝑄 × (𝑉𝑦1 − 𝑉1𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 × cos 𝜃)

𝐹𝑦 = −1000 × (3.0288 × 10−4 ) × (6.0248 − 6.00 × cos 60°) = 0.9162𝑁

Discussion

According to the graph, the x-axis is the actual applied force while the y-axis is the
theoretical applied force. A best fit line is plotted. For the 60o deflector, the slope of the graph
is 0.8001, as compared with the ideal value of 1.00. For the 90o deflector, the slope of the
graph is 0.7811. For the 130o deflector, the slope of the graph is 0.7444. The discrepancy is
possibly due to systematic experimental errors, such as parallax error when taking readings of
flow rate. A further possibility lies in the behaviour of the jet after striking the vane. It forms a
radial sheet which impinges on the inner wall of the surrounding cylinder, and then divides,
some of the water flowing down the cylinder wall and the rest flowing upwards. Although
visibility is impaired by the spray which is generated, it does seem that some water falls on to
the top side of the vane. This would have the effect of producing a small momentum force in
the downwards direction, so reducing the net upwards force on the vane. Besides, the graph
also shows the R2 values which measure the linear relationship between two variables. 90o
deflector has the highest R2 value of 0.9974, followed by 0.9957 for 130o deflector and 0.953
for 60o deflector. Furthermore, the value of load/Fy represents the degree of data deviation. In
ideal case, both values of the load and Fy should be the same, that means the the value of
load/Fy should be 1. However, in practical, this cannot be achieved. The average load/Fy value
for 60o deflector, 90o deflector and 130o deflector is calculated as 1.49, 1.29 and 1.34. This
shows that the degree of deviation for 90o deflector is the smallest, followed by 130o deflector
and 60o deflector.

There are several errors that cause the inaccuracy of data during the experiment.
Firstly, it is difficult to balance the pointer points to the central grove at the edge of the base
vane and parallax error may occur when taking readings of flow rate. Secondly, there could
also be a frictional force between the weight platform and where it is fixed. This could be one
reason why the calculated force is lower than the applied force. Besides that, the water which
hits the vane could flow downwards and hit the jet again which will give a momentum in the
opposite direction and hence give false values. In addition, for 60o and 90o deflector, the
maximum applied force of 4.0N cannot be balanced by the water jet because the water pump
used is poor in maintenance and has fouling effect.

The relation between the initial velocity of water jet upon impact with the deflector
can be demonstrated by deriving the Bernoulli’s Equation with certain assumptions, the water
flow is steady, inviscid, zero viscosity.

1 2
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ + 𝜌𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2

1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌𝑉1 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑉2 2
2 2

1. P1 = P2 = 0 atm (gage pressure) since water jet is exposed in atmosphere pressure

2. H2 – H1 = s = 0.015m

1 1
𝑔ℎ1 + 𝑉1 2 = 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝑉2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2
𝑉 − 𝑉2 = 𝑔ℎ2 − 𝑔ℎ1
2 1 2
𝑉1 2 − 𝑉2 2 = 2𝑔𝑠

𝑉2 = √𝑉1 2 − 2𝑔𝑠

Newton’s second law states that the applied forces are equal to the rate of the change of
momentum.

𝑑𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠
∑𝐹 = = ∑ 𝑚̇𝑜 𝑣𝑜 − ∑ 𝑚̇𝑖 𝑣𝑖
𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑆

∑ 𝐹 = −𝐹𝑥 𝑖 − 𝐹𝑦 𝑗

𝑚̇𝑜 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑚̇𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃 𝑖̂ + 𝑚̇𝑣𝑜 cos 𝜃 𝑗̂

𝑚̇𝑖 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑚̇𝑣𝑖 𝑗̂
 −𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚̇𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃

−𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚̇𝑣𝑜 cos 𝜃 − 𝑚̇𝑣𝑖

𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑦2 − 𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑦1

The derivation of rate of change of momentum equation for V1= V2 = 𝑉𝑦1 :

𝐹𝑦 = −𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑦1 (1 − cos 𝜃)Error! No bookmark name given. − − (1)

where 𝜌 is the density of water, 1000 kg/m3

Vy1 is the inlet jet velocity in the y direction, m/s

Vy2 is the outlet jet velocity in the y direction, m/s

Q is the volumetric flow rate, m3/s

𝜃 is the angle of deflection of jet flow measured from the vertical, °

The derivation of rate of change of momentum equation for Vy2 ≠ Vy1:

2
𝑉2𝑦 = √𝑉1𝑦 − 2𝑔𝑠

2
𝐹𝑦 = −𝜌𝑄 (𝑉𝑦1 − √𝑉𝑦1 − 2𝑔𝑠 cos 𝜃) − − − (2)

Where g is gravity acceleration, 9.81 m/s2

s is the displacement from nozzle head to point of impact, 0.015 m

The optimum shape (deflection angle) of deflectors that gives the highest impact is
130° deflector. Supposedly, the 130° deflector should have the smallest degree of deviation, but
the result in the experiment shows that 90° deflector has the smallest deviation. This may be
caused by the error occurred during the experiment.
 Conclusion
In conclusion, the calculated force is correlated with the measured force. Both of the
forces will have directly proportional relation. Theoretically, the calculated force should be the
same as the measured force. However, this cannot be achieved in this experiment due to the
errors made during the experiment. From this experiment, 130o deflector can give the highest
impact compared to 60o and 90o deflector.

References

1) Stephens R.C., Ward J.J. (1972) Impact of Jets. In: Applied Mechanics. Palgrave,
London
2) UKEssays, 2015. When A Jet of Water Strikes Engineering Essay. Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/when-a-jet-of-water-strikes-
engineering-essay.php [Accessed on 17 July 2018].
3) Saiful,H., 2016. Impact of Jet. Retrieved from http://saiful-
hafidz.blogspot.my/2016/11/impact-of-jet.html [Accessed on 17 July 2018].