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JUNE 2018
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
and Design of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) Scheme for Bucari Pine
Forest” prepared and submitted by Jam Louisse B. Natan and Anne Mary Louise L.
Ongsuco, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science
___________________________________
__________________________________
The Bucari Pine Forest in Leon, Iloilo is a tourist destination that has become vulnerable
to environmental degradation. Being prone to damage and degradation, this study was
conducted to estimate the Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) of the residents of Leon for the
conservation of the natural park.
A survey was conducted among 369 study participants from eight barangays in Leon,
Iloilo. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to analyse the residents’
willingness-to-pay for the conservation of Bucari Pine forest which served as a basis
for a Payment for Environmental Services (PES) scheme for the natural park. Results
show that the mean WTP was 33.88 PHP per month when adjusted to certainty. It was
found further that when adjusted to certainty, there were two significant variables that
affected an individual’s WTP: age and monthly electricity bill. Taking into account
these variables including willing to pay of the study participants, a PES Scheme was
proposed. The porposed program involves three agents: the buyers, the sellers, and the
intermediaries. Residents who are qualified will pay 30.00 PHP per month as
contribution for the natural park and tourists will pay 40.00 PHP upon entering the
natural park. On the other hand, the sellers, who are exempted from the contribution
should have a household income no more than 8,000.00 PHP per month. The
intermediaries will serve as a link between the two.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, we would like to thank the One up above for guiding us throughout
this study. We are eternally grateful for the patience and strength that we have held
because of Him during the times when we are too exhausted to function. All our efforts
and endeavours are dedicated to You, for being with us every step of the way and for
making this possible.
To our beloved thesis adviser, Dr. Gay Defiesta, thank you for becoming our mother in
the process of it all, for the knowledge and wisdom you have partaken, for the guidance
and patience with our shortcomings, for allowing us to learn, and for helping us grow
not only as students but also as individuals. We will always be grateful to have you as
our adviser.
We would also like to thank the municipality of Leon, Iloilo for allowing us to conduct
our study in their community. We would also like to extend our gratitude to the council
of eight local barangays for the warm welcome when we were on your place for our
research study.
We personally thank MENRO-Leon, especially Engr. Feljean Cagape, for the guidance
and patience from the very beginning. For accommodating us and the never ending
assistance in order for us to finish gathering what are necessary in our study. Our
research would not be possible without your help. We are sincerely grateful for having
encountered your team in Leon. Also to Nong Mon, Nong Junnel, and Nong Johnrel,
for extending your time and service in order to assist us in the field. You all never failed
to motivate us to finish our work after a strenuous trek and tiring day of going back and
forth to the mountains of Leon.
To our 369 study participants, thank you for welcoming two unknown strangers into
your home and for the time you spent. We are beyond grateful for your hospitality and
eagerness to participate. You have been crucial for this success and you made our
research possible.
To the third years, Maureen, Jessa, Arianne, Cassie, Clarisse, and Pia who were willing
and happy enough to serve as our enumerators in our study, we will always remember
this favour you have done for us and we are thankful to be your ates. Always do well
in school.
To Batch Virgins and Oeconomicus family, thank you for the four years of ups and
downs.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To thank the people who have been with me throughout this journey is a difficult task as one cannot
simply put into words how grateful I am for the ones worth mentioning.
To my family who have been a constant source of encouragement despite the physical distance. I
owe my life to them and I could not have been blessed with a better family. To you, my family,
thank you for understanding my hopes and dreams and for providing me with all that you can and
for welcoming me with open arms whenever I return home. I’m finally coming back with a sablay
dedicated to you. I love you!
To my friends in high school: Racine, Kathleen, Manuela, Princess, Marielle, Bea, and Iah who
have seen parts of me that other people can only imagine: thank you for existing and co-existing
with me. My memories with you are kept in my heart and within the walls of my room that have
seen and heard everything from us. Thank you for the constant reminders and notes of
encouragement. I love you to the moon and back and I will always be grateful for you.
To Razel, Christell, Jonathan, and Oscar: words are not enough to express how thankful I am for
you. Thank you for being a source of joy, laughter, and love in this university despite the endless
load of work. You have been pillars for me and rainbows after the rain that I look forward to always.
This is for us, for finally making it!
To my thesis partner, Jam, thank you for being the best partner I could ask for. Somehow, your
unbelievably high-pitched voice has been something I’ve become accustomed to and have actually
looked forward to in making our thesis. I could not have gotten a better partner and now the fruit of
our labour has finally arrived, cheers to us!
To my Peer Facilitators family, I’m sorry if you’ve ever felt left behind by me, but do know that I
am eternally grateful for being a part of this family. Thank you for always welcoming me in the
uncalled for visits and never forgetting about me. My experience and memories with you will be
cherished.
To my DUCES utods, thank you, for giving me a sense of a family outside of my home and for
teaching me lessons I would have never thought of. My memories with all of you, especially my
fellow WALFGEEKS, are memories that will forever be etched in my heart.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
There seems to be a lot of people I needed to thank in my four years of college. No words are enough
to utter how much I appreciate every encouragement and effort you have shown me.
To my mom, dad, and ate, I owe you everything I have. Thank you for being patient with me since
day one, for spoiling the brat in me by providing me with more than what is essential. The person I
am today is the product of your sacrifices and hard work no matter the distance between all of us. I
am beyond grateful to have you as my constant foundation of love. Thank you for respecting my
space and for letting me grow at my own phase. I hope I made you proud.
To Mommy and Lolo, for being the reasons why giving up was and will never be an option. You
two are the light at the end of my tunnel, the light that opened my eyes to the world. Seeing the grin
drawn in your faces are the motivation why going home is worth counting the days for.
To Mikkha and Claire, for being the best friends that I could ever ask for, for tolerating me and all
my shenanigans. Also, Janzen and Kim, for making me feel appreciated, for the emotional support
you have aided me when I was so inferior about myself. You four are beyond special.
To my thesis partner, Anne, this is not possible if not for your tolerance and patience whenever I
am around. For being the strong one, for complementing my shortcomings, and for everything.
To Carly, you have seen me in my absolute worst and literally saved me from the chaos I created
myself. You are the best roommate anyone could ever have. We made it through alive, imagine?
To Ate Syd and Ira, for the long distance love, support, and understanding, for taking care and
putting me back in one piece during the times when I could not even love and stand for myself.
To Grace, Whayne, Khreng, Shennie, and Stat friends, you guys are one tough system. For putting
up with me and my dramas, thank you. Senior year is best shared with people like you.
To Sir Hanny, Maam Em, Tita Vyel and Oecon upclass, for the guidance, direction, knowledge, and
inspiration. I do not know what I did to deserve such people like you in this University.
For braving the current, for not giving up, for having faith that you can go beyond your comfort, for
not letting externalities consume you, for growing, you made it through, Jam. You got you.
Always, Jam
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ ii
I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
Biodiversity ......................................................................................... 7
Economic Valuation............................................................................ 13
Willingness-to-Pay .............................................................................. 17
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III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .................................................... 25
Willingness-to-Pay .............................................................................. 27
Research Design.................................................................................. 35
vi
Reasons for WTP ................................................................................ 75
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 93
APPENDICES................................................................................................... 99
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LIST OF TABLES
v
5.15 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Willingness-to-Pay Choices 64
of Study Participants by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
5.25 Mean WTP (with adjustment to certainty) based on the Survey Results 80
in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
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LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
viii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Geographically located at 10o 45” North Latitude and 122o 13’ to 122o 15” East
Longitude with a total land area of 16,397.00 hectares, Leon is settled in the eastern
side of Panay Island and is 28 kilometers west-southwest of Iloilo City. With a total of
49,875 population as of 2015 census, Leon prides itself as the “Summer Capital of
Iloilo” for its cool climate, aesthetic views, and highland attractions. Ecosystem
services such as ecotourism as source of income generating activity and projects of the
municipality, agriculture such as food security, and habitat for the endangered wildlife
such as animals who depend on the forest, are abundant and are being provided by the
natural park. Some people of the Municipality, most especially those who live within
and near the Bucari area are dependent on the supply of resources it boundlessly
provides. However, these supply of resources do not only limit to and cater the needs
of the local residents but also those of the tourists who visit the natural park.
Brgy. Bucari, named as the “Little Baguio” of the province, is a place to be in order to
experience the life away from the busy streets of the city. The Pine Forest and campsite
in Bucari is particularly located in Sitio Tabionan. Another important role of the forest
is that it is home to a number of threatened and endangered wild flora and fauna.
ordinance no. 2017-005 implemented last October 30, 2017. The forest is valuable for
services it can offer such as tourism, air quality regulation, etc. hence, it has to be
1
protected. Further, there is a need to determine whether the local residents are aware of
the value of the forest and the natural asset together with the amenities it provides.
The demand for environmental services provided by the Pine Forest increases
as more and more people from outside the locality discover and hear about the place.
The services the environmnt provides in turn needs to be maintained, protected, and
conserved. Similar to other protected areas, Leon also charges an environmental fee to
enter the Bucari Pine forest to help finance conservation of wildlife in the area.
Thereof in the Municipality of Leon, Iloilo”. The ordinance was for the purpose of
promoting, conserving, and ensuring sustainable and equitable utilization of the forest
areas and its resources. This is in line with the Republic Act 7161 or also known as the
Another purpose of the ordinances is to ensure the benefit and enjoyment of the
maintenance of sound and ecological balance and protecting and enhancing the quality
of the environment. Another is for the promotion of sustainable tourism activities in the
Municipality. The ordinance stipulates that sustainable tourism development plans and
projects must be for promoting and nurturing the cultural and ecological values of Leon.
environmental and tourism plans, activities, and projects or provide and improve the
2
It became mandatory for all non-resident tourists, excursionists, and visitors of
the tourism spot to pay as much as thirty pesos (30.00 PHP) as an ecotourism
environmental fee while twenty pesos (20.00 PHP) for the local people residing in
Leon, Iloilo.
activity in natural environment in order to make sure that the resources are not exploited
to its depletion. Many species thriving in Bucari are dependent on the environment thus
harming the surroundings will further lead into endangering a lot of natural resources
that it provides. Both the conservation and protection of the environment should be
The major reason of conserving the biodiversity is for the sustainability of the resources
degradation of biological and natural resources extracted or disturbed” (RA No. 9154
of 2001).
This research question was pursued to determine the true compensating value
of the natural park from the point of view of the local residents of the Municipality of
Leon in Iloilo. The willingness-to-pay (WTP) of the residents will be used as basis in
designing Payment for Environmental Services (PES) program. The PES scheme is the
rates of renewable and nonrenewable resources to make sure the production will
3
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The study aims to address the main question: What is the appropriate PES
scheme for the conservation and preservation of the Bucari Pine Forest in Leon, Iloilo.
2. What are the benefits that can be derived from the natural park?
natural park?
Generally, this study intends to propose a suitable design for a PES scheme
2. To identify the benefits that can be derived from the natural park
4
1.4 Scope and Limitations
This study deals with the conservation value of the Bucari Pine Forest. The
objective is to propose an appropriate PES scheme for the tourist destination based on
the willingness-to-pay (WTP) of the respondents. The respondents of the study are
residents of Leon, Iloilo. They were chosen based on the accessibility of their area and
information bias, which arises when they are forced to value attributes with which they
The study also aims to analyze the existing environmental payment scheme
presently implemented in the Natural Park. This analysis however, is limited by the
1. The residents of Leon are willing to pay for the conservation and protection of
5
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study estimated the WTP for the Bucari Pine Forest. The researchers of
this study intend not only to design PES scheme for the Natural Park but also to help
It is important that the locality’s government should be able to maintain the park
and uphold its reputation as a popular tourist spot that can attract visitors. The results
of this study can provide information such as residents’ WTP which could help in the
conservation and maintenance of the Natural Park and in turn can maintain the park’s
park. These stakeholders include the beneficiaries and workers who would be part of
the PES scheme. With a proper scheme proposed, these stakeholders who are directly
involved in the scheme will have clear knowledge on the incentives they can derive
from the natural park. This study can also serve as an avenue for awareness for their
Moreover, this study is significant for researchers who plan to conduct studies
in the field of environmental economics in the future. Future researchers may make use
of this research study as empirical basis for studies related to PES, economic valuation
and conservation.
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CHAPTER II
2.1 Biodiversity
being taken into careful consideration. In FAO (2017), it was iterated that biodiversity
The need for sustainability calls for attention to further conserve biodiversity as
a whole in order to enjoy the services it provides in the long run. This research study is
concerned about the worth of the biodiversity or ecosystem to the people who depend
this as a surrogate for the (vague) concept of ‘naturalness’ (Farnsworth, 2015). The
increase and development of many human daily activities across the planet brought
about a large loss of areas of the natural ecosystems, hasty surge of all kinds of
pollution, overexploitation of plant and animal populations, and the spread of hostile
and harmful species (Adhikari et al., 2017). The combination of these factors has
are about a thousand times higher than the estimated historical extinction rate caused
7
In addition, the loss of sorts of species decreases the health and stability of
ecosystems and limiting the services that can be provided which are necessary and
important for the humanity and their well-being. Also, according to FAO (2010) and
WWF (2014), the loss of biodiversity is altering ecosystem functions and services that
resource. This study is about the conservation and protection of a natural park which is
a source of amenities that are beneficial not only for the residents of the locale, but also
Protected Areas (PAs) are the main strategy or approach to conserve natural
resources and decrease biodiversity damage and loss. The creation of PAs for
conserving nature over the long term was one of the defining features of the 20 th century
(Jepson et al., 2011). Being adopted by every country as a policy stratagem, PAs’
increased in number each year since the start of 20 th Century. Non-human forms of life
have intrinsic value and a right to continued ecological existence (Jepson et al., 2017).
The idea behind the establishment of PA has been one of the most important
Protected Areas in their various forms have influenced societies across the globe
and are the cornerstone of efforts to sustain the earth’s biodiversity and ecosystems.
Despite their key role in biodiversity conservation and protection, PAs are under
increasing pressure to justify their existence in the face of competition with other land
uses, especially in the field of agriculture (Laurance and Balmford, 2013; Smith et al.,
8
2010). This is because PAs can indirectly influence regional economies through land
opportunity costs and/or the cost of mitigating the effects of linear infrastructure
All of the risks when developing a PA should be taken into account. One
example is the trade-off of the opportunity cost of agriculture. There is a big trade-off
the land will be protected or will be used for cultivation which provides opportunities
for work. Although PAs have achieved success in terms of biodiversity conservation,
the effectiveness of PAs is largely threatened by local development (Duan and Wen,
2017). A key question for conservation policy and management is: how to increase the
As Jepson et. al (2011) has mentioned, the declaration of PAs was used as a
conservation tool for nature and has been a defining feature of the 20 th century. The
natural resource in this study was declared as a PA which implies that there are
world (Nelson et. al, 2009). Ecosystems are responsible for a variety of services and
amenities that living individuals enjoy. These services include provisioning services,
regulating services, cultural heritage services, and provide support of the systems that
9
uphold, preserve and sustain life on Earth or the habitat services (Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment, 2005a, 2005b). These environmental services are also referred
to as Ecosystem Services (ES), which are all the goods and services provided by the
physical world, not made by the people, other than direct extractive values that the
natural environment is bringing into being to provide for the necessities of the general
The demand for these Ecosystem Services (ES) has been constantly increasing
over the years, this is in accordance with the growing levels of wealth across many
countries. Now the question of why should one value the environment still spins a huge
debate between economists and other people, may it be in authority or not (Verma et
al., 2017). Ecosystem Services (ES) need to be valued in order to measure and estimate
the benefits it provides and the costs it incur for by natural resources damage
measurements. Not to mention that the environment not only provide use values or
direct use of the service, but also nonuse values or those less tangible ecosystem
contributions to other aspects of the well-being of the people that depend and rely on
their assistance (Costanza et al., 2014, 1997). Often these amenities cannot be easily
measured through monetary terms, especially the protection it provides from natural
10
unsound. However, in reality, if natural ecosystems are providing these services, people
tend to mine the resources to the point that it cannot replenish itself leaving it at risk of
being total depletion. It also makes the economic analysis and decision-making
regarding this matter likewise difficult to contest (Kallis et al., 2013). Ignorance of these
Ecosystem Services (ES) have a huge influence and massive impact on their protection
status with serious implications on human well-being and everything that depends on
This research study aims to identify the ecosystem services that the natural
resource provide for the people. So to answer the query as to why there is a need for
analysis. Also, many services are an umbrella specie whereby its protection also
safeguards other habitats of a number of other species. In this way, it ensures stability
varied kind of such environment and delivers social, economic and cultural benefits.
operational basis for policy decisions on natural restoration has been increasingly
recognized (Chen et al., 2014). The rapid degradation of ecosystem health and
escalation of the expectation of the society from the provision of these ecosystems gives
rise to the attention of natural restoration. Hence, analyzing the preference of the society
11
from economic services might be improved through optimizing policy decisions about
natural restoration and spreading critical information regarding the policy and lastly,
managing soundly the natural resources. Despite the challenges and issues of valuating
According to Stone et al. (2008) and Buijs (2009), as more and more
efforts is needed. There is a rising concern that, when valuing the benefits of natural
restoration, only the functional attributes of ecosystems or certain services that are
preferred were considered and some attributes might be lost in the process (Chen,
2014). The result of Chen’s study in 2014 demonstrates that people attached a high
ecosystem services. In addition to the result, the study finds a probable link between
people’s perception of the flow of restored ecosystem services and payment timeline:
when paying recurrently, over a certain long period of time, people rationally pay more
attention to future benefits, as a substantial proportion of the payments occur far off in
the future.
mitigate the outcomes when unfortunate event might happen in the environment. It goes
to show that there is a need for conservation and protection of a natural resource
especially when people deem its importance. This research study shows the impact of
12
the natural resource, especially the ecosystem services that it gives to the people who
A strong economy is not only the determinant of the quality of life being lived.
Natural environment can also be one of the factors regarding the matter. Biodiversity
or the environment is one of the most important provider and producer to the economy
in a way that ecosystems are the sources of many provisions and amenities that supply
Now, why is there a need to make the value of the environment to be measurable
Ecosystem Services (ES) are not measured in monetary terms. Many of the
goods and services produced by the environment and ecosystems are essential and vital,
difficulties arise because these particular goods and services cannot be easily quantified
in monetary terms especially when they are traded in the market (Marre et. al, 2016).
When these services are left unpriced, the decision-making process may favor results
which do not reflect the proper value of these goods and services. So the development
for a process to derive these values is greatly needed to start with (Loureiro and Loomis,
2017).
It is clearly agreed that much additional work will be required before a complete
understanding of this phenomenon take place. After careful analysis of the obtained
13
address the need of these Economic Services (ES) to impose values on them. This
known and is widely used as a tool to quantify the values originating from the natural
Uncertainties arise when Ecosystem Services (ES) are poorly defined and
defended (Coggan et al., 2010). For an instance, people in this field know that ES
rights in this case are weakly defined because of the supply of the resources. In addition,
another uncertainty is the case of “free-riding”. Free-riders are those people who benefit
from the goods and services without bothering to pay for it. In this situation, the
suppliers bear all the cost of producing the ES without gaining back any profit to
compensate for the biodiversity or ecosystem. When market fails in this field, the true
social costs or benefits of a good is not being fully reflected in the market (Coggan et
al., 2010).
It is hoped that by doing Economic Valuation (EV), it will help stimulate the
true value of the ecosystem and manage the effects of market failures. Economic
Valuation has a well-established method and procedures for assessing this kind of
a summary of three (3) methods to integrate ecosystem valuation into economics. These
The market-based techniques are where the extraction of the resources from the
ecosystem if being directly sold and consumed in the market. While the revealed
14
preference techniques happen when the market has data and information available of
the goods and services to the consumers. And lastly, the stated preference techniques
are techniques that reflect limited values of the ecosystem (Marre et al., 2016).
Generally, there are two types of method when valuing the ecosystem. These
are by using choice modelling method (CMM) and contingent valuation method
(CVM). The former, choice modelling method (CMM), is the most recently discovered
stated preference technique. It is similar to CVM but this method is simply ranking
options without totally focusing on its monetary terms. While contingent valuation
method (CVM), which is the method that will be used in this study, is the first stated
preference technique developed. It is used to estimate and measure both use values and
non-use values provided by the environment. In this method, respondents are asked for
their total willingness-to-pay (WTP) for certain goods and services (Marre et al., 2016).
Economic Valuation (EV) in this research study was carried out through
The researchers used this economic method to value the Natural Park since it services
are not protected well. Ignorance of their values may lead to their depletion and along
with this are the services that these natural resources provide for the well-being of the
people (Dumitras et. al, 2011). Human beings harm the environment by polluting the
15
Humans cannot avoid to face crises due to loss of biodiversity. They are directly
affected when an ecosystem fails to provide its services. Generally, it is because of the
activities that people make and the consequences of their actions are the reasons why
resources from the environment are on the verge of extinction. The decline of natural
provisions serves as a threat to the present generation to conserve and protect the
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature in 2013, Natural Parks are
comparatively large reserve areas where a number of species are establishing their
particular community for survival. It is a protected and dedicated place for conservation
of ecosystems and can serve as sanctuary for many wildlife and other living organisms.
Development of a natural park helps the economic growth of the place where it
confronting unreasonable decrease in budgetary allocation for its maintenance like its
assets and amenities. This shortage of budget together with shocking influx of tourists
Costs of decreasing biodiversity are felt at local level but often unnoticed at
higher national and international levels because due to weaker policies. Putting
service by the environment (Adhikari et. al, 2017). It is often measured relative to units
of currency of the locale. It answers the question “What is the maximum amount of
money a consumer is willing and able to pay for the good and service provided by the
16
environment?” and also takes into consideration the opportunity cost of one service to
another.
Economic value of natural parks considers all the services it can provide. The
value of doing recreational activities, the food produced by the biodiversity of the
natural park, the job opportunities, and et cetera, which can be considered as a resource
from the environment. This research study is also about valuing the natural park located
in Leon, Iloilo.
2. 8 Willingness-to-Pay
or service. This type of monetary valuation is often elicited using contingent valuation
(Grutter et al., 2008). According to Grutter et al., (2008), in this process, respondents
are directly asked how much they would be willing to pay for hypothetical intervention.
The amount elicited reflects the value the respondent assigns for the intervention to take
place.
Zhang Tao, Haiming Yan, Jinyan Zhan (2011) estimated the economic
value of forest ecosystem services in the Heshuie Watershed, Jiangxi province, China
using the contingent valuation method. In their paper, they stated that an explicit linkage
between the economic market price and non-market goods is not needed, rather, a
hypothetical situation was presented to the respondents to reveal their value on services.
There were 80 reliable WTP results from the retrieved 186 surveys. They excluded
17
In the study by Tae Dong Cho (2013), the factors biological sex, educational
attainment, and income level reflected a positive coefficient, while age had a negative
coefficient.
According to Lopez et. al (2014), residents who belong to urban areas also
reflected a positive relationship with WTP which implies that upland residents have
lower WTP and would result to a negative coefficient in the regression. Household size,
on the other hand, is expected to have a negative coefficient based on the study of
South Africa.
environment could affect individual’s WTP. The study found that knowledge on
regression analysis which indicated that the more knowledgeable the respondent, the
and other sources (IBGE, 2003 as cited in Francisco, et. al). With that definition, it is
well. Since income is expected to have a positive coefficient (Cho, 2013), the number
coefficient.
In this study for Bucari Pine Forest, contingent valuation was used to elicit WTP
study of Grutter, the respondents were asked directly the amount they are willing to pay
for the natural park. A hypothetical situation was also used similar to the study of Tao,
18
et. al. to see the value respondents give the natural park. Protest bids were also excluded
from the regression as they were considered invalid WTP answers. The results of the
regression of previous studies were also used to determine the expected signs of the
defined service (or land-use likely to secure that service) is being ‘bought’ by (minimum
one) ES buyer from a (minimum one) ES provider if and only if the ES provider secures
evident in the names themselves. User-financed PES schemes consider the ES Buyer to
schemes have the public administration in charge of finances in behalf the private sector
(Engel, Pagiola, & Wunder, 2008). This paper’s aim was to estimate financial
19
Gabriela Scheufele and Jeff Bennett (2017) defined PES schemes as
mechanisms that can perform the role of a ‘market’ for ecosystem services in
promote conservation based on the demands of end-users (Engel, Pagiola, & Wunder,
2008). Understanding the concept of a PES scheme is important as this is a widely used
This study aims to propose a PES scheme for the Bucari Pine Forest for its
above, is when the beneficiary pays for the services for the natural park. A user-financed
PES involves buyers and sellers which is involved in making the PES scheme since it
According to Sven Wunder (2015), a sound and desirable PES scheme must
possess key features. First of which is being consistent and precise enough for
generating empirical knowledge. It should be clear and definitions stated within the
proposed scheme should not be vague. Second, it should be distinctive in function from
indirect positive incentives. It should be easily distinguished and different from the
umbrella of other positive environmental incentives. Third, the PES scheme should be
20
remember. When proposing a desirable PES scheme, one must avoid redundancy and
The forerunner of PES schemes in developing countries is Costa Rica with their
National PES Program in 1997 (Malavasi and Kellenberg, n.d). It established a formal
simply, the PSA program. The PSA program remains largely a “supply side” PES
program (Pagiola, 2007) since the program is not fully financed by its users since its
major financing comes from fuel tax. According to Dr. Edgar Malavasi and Dr. John
Kellenberg (n.d.), the PSA program’s main goal is set on private land users with the
or a licensed forester to participate in the said program. Their plans must include their
payments in return. However, there is no way to identify the extent to which the
program was able to produce environmental services (Malavasi and Kellenberg, n.d).
Despite its strong system to monitor land user compliance with payment contracts it
still seems weak in monitoring its effectiveness in generating the desired services
(Pagiola, 2007). The program revealed to have very little additionality included in its
scheme (Wunder, 2015). This raises the question whether additionality is something
Ram Kumar Adhikari’s (et. al) study (2016) focused on financial compensation
loss ongoing globally, they have establish protected areas and used a financial
21
compensation scheme to promote biodiversity conservation. Compensation in estimates
in the program were based on the net present values of the different land-use options.
The scheme included risk aversion among farmers. Risk aversion refers to the
landowner’s preference to avoid any unknown risks and is the most common behaviour
and proper risk attitude for a rational decision-maker (Adhikari et. al, 2016). The study
showed that strongly risk averse farmers required lower price compensation than those
governments facilitate the distribution of funds to local people which classifies their
necessary to for local people to avoid biodiversity loss in and around protected areas.
They found that compensation payments will increase when considering mutually
exclusive land use options and/or strict protection level. The authors also recommended
to analyse the effect of site conditions, farm sizes and local market prices on
In 2009, Fred Nelson et al. conducted their study on using PES as a framework
for community-based conservation in Northern Tanzania. The aim has been to develop
financial mechanisms that create sufficient incentives for local communities to protect
of all of the Simajiro plains in Sukuro, Emboreet and Terrat villages (Nelson et. al,
2009). Its initial concept was to develop a conservation grant in Terrat Village as a pilot
initiative that would eventually lead to coverage of areas with key wildlife habitats.
Although maintenance was already present through the locals’ traditional land-use
rules, the PES scheme or contract reinforces and formalizes these assuring greater
22
Notably, Fred Nelson et. al (2009) mentioned that a central role in establishing
a PES arrangement is the involvement of the central village government which luckily
in Tanzania, was not an issue. Local communities in Tanzania possess a clear statutory
and corporate form thus, village councils, their accountability to the village assembly
and the formal rights of villages over defined land areas contribute to the establishment
of the PES scheme that was based on land-use criteria. In exchange for the service locals
provided to maintain and protect their properties, the Wildlife Conservation Society
agreed to provide salaries and equipment for four village scouts requiring
conservation (Nelson et. al, 2009). Its initiatives provide a potential mechanism for
mitigating the consequences of entrenched policy and market failures and associated
biodiversity losses (Engel et. al, 2008). The experience in Tanzania implies that PES
approaches may be cost-effective and may serve as a method to develop negotiated and
conservation.
In 2017, Gabriela Scheufele and Jeff Bennett tackled the issue whether PES
schemes can mimic markets. Their aim was to analyse examples of PES schemes that
have attempted to mimic market mechanisms into their design. This was also to propose
proposed by these researchers. They stated that if benefits are lower than costs then
society would bear the loss and without having information on the monetary value of
demand and supply, it remains unknown if this type of scheme generates a social net
23
benefit or loss. Also, they state that cost-effectiveness of a scheme does not guarantee
For this study, the general PES Mechanism by Pagiola (2005) served as the main
framework for the proposed scheme for the Bucari Pine Forest. To create an effective
PES scheme, this study took note of how Sven Wunder (2015) described a good PES
scheme: simple and precise. This is to make sure that the framework and design of the
scheme will be easy to understand by the stakeholders. The simpler and more precise
the PES scheme, the easier to understand and to implement. The respondent’s views of
their local government and preferred payment vehicles were taken into consideration in
the design as this could affect community participation such as the abovementioned
case of Tanzania.
24
CHAPTER III
Welfare economics is the economic study of the definition and the measure of
the social welfare; it offers the theoretical framework used in public economics to help
economic well-being and welfare. Considering policy questions for conservation of the
environment should trace back to welfare economics before proceeding. The economic
based on individual preferences (National Academies Press, n.d.) which when used in
products and services and according to the theory of supply and demand, an optimal
mix of products and services is demanded and supplied which leads to the highest
possible welfare for consumers (Jantzen, 2006). Jantzen, year also explains that for
products and services not available in a regular market such as environmental services
and biodiversity, there is no direct market price which makes it difficult to optimise the
demand supply of such services. Nevertheless, a lack of a direct market price does not
25
Jantzen (2006) also stated that when both demand and supply curves are known,
one can theoretically estimate the optimal quantity of the resource a consumer is willing
to pay. As far as this study is concerned, the researchers will be focusing on the demand
Total Economic Value (TEV) is the total value of the benefits derived from a
marginal change in an ecosystem, expressed in monetary terms (Admiraal, et. al, 2012).
When one fails to place a quantitative value on the environment, it is assigned a default
provides a framework for analysing and evaluating natural resources. The framework
of TEV is based on the presumption that individuals can hold multiple values for
ecosystems.
TEV can be decomposed into three main components: use value, option value
and nonuse value (Tietenberg and Lewis, 2012). Tietenberg and Lewis (2012) explains
further that use value refers to the value derived from the direct use of the resource. An
example would be the scenic beauty of a resource. Option Value refers to a consumer’s
the future despite not currently using it. It reflects a desire to make use of the resource
in the future. Nonuse value refers to a value or satisfaction derived from preserving a
natural resource without planning to ever use it. Nonuse values can be further divided
into two: bequest values and existence values. Bequest values refer to a consumer’s
26
willingness to pay to conserve a resource to ensure its existence for future generations
while existence values refer to one’s willingness to pay to assure that a resource
continues to exist without any interest for future use of the consumer (Tietenberg and
Lewis, 2012).
In this study, the natural park’s value will be based on the willingness-to-pay
(WTP) of the residents of Bucari to preserve and conserve the natural park. WTP can
be taken from a method known as contingent valuation method (CVM). CVM would
reflect the value of nature to the residents who would act as rational actors (Bockstael
3.4 Willingness-to-Pay
willing to forego for a certain good or service (Le Gall-Ely, 2009). It is the theoretical
measure (Whitehead and Haab, 2013). WTP can be elicited through direct surveys
wherein respondents are asked to state the amount they would be willing to pay for the
resource. WTP is the foundation of the economic theory of value (Whitehead and Haab,
2006), creating the idea that if something is worth having, it is worth paying for. The
value elicited through WTP is how individuals value the environment and the resource.
WTP is important for policy making and benefit valuation for non-traded sectors.
In this study, WTP was elicited through Contingent Valuation Method (CVM).
This a type of stated preference method wherein the study participant is asked directly
27
3.5 Framework for Payment for Environmental Services
The framework of a PES scheme revolves roughly around the theory of demand
and supply wherein there are buyers and sellers of a product, in this case: environmental
services.
In a user financed PES program, the buyers are the actual users of the
environmental service. Pagiola and Platais (as cited in Engel, 2008) argue that this kind
of PES program is likely to be efficient since the actors with the most information about
the value of the service are directly involved and have a clear incentive to ensure that
the mechanism is functioning well. This is referred to as the “Coasian” PES program
as it resembles the negotiated solution in the Coase Theorem (Pagiola and Platais as
third party acting in behalf of the service users. The third party is normally a
government agency or a conservation institution. Since the buyers in this case are not
the direct user, they have no first-hand information on its value and have no direct
incentive to ensure that the program is working efficiently (Engel et. al, 2008).
Although government-financed PES schemes are more inefficient, they may also be
feature of PES is revolved around its focus on the ‘beneficiary pays principle’ rather
than the ‘polluter pays principle.’ This is especially attractive for circumstances where
28
for maximizing impact of scarce conservation funds (Ferraro and Kiss as cited in
Borner, 2017). PES thus provides the opportunity to put a price on a resource and
bringing it into a wider economy. According to the United Kingdom Department for
Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (2013), there are four principal groups involved
Buyers are those individuals or consumers willing to pay for the resource.
Sellers are those whose actions affect the resource directly. Intermediaries refer to those
who can serve as links between the buyers and sellers while knowledge providers are
those who can provide knowledge vital for the scheme development.
This study adopted the following framework in designing the PES scheme for
Figure 3.1 General Structure of a PES Mechanism. Adopted from Pagiola, S. (2005)
29
CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY
Leon is a second class municipality located in the second district of the Province
of Iloilo in Panay Island. The municipality has a total population of 49,875 as of August
2015 with a density of 360 inhabitants per square kilometer or 930 inhabitants per
South, Alimodian on the North, San Miguel on the East, and lastly, San Remegio in
Antique Province on the West. According to Republic Act No. 9593 or the “Tourism
Act of 2009” the Bucari Pine Forest of the province comprises of 14 barangays namely:
Ticuan, Gines, Tunguan, Bacolod, and Maliao (Figure 4.1) located in Leon and seven
located in the Municipality of Alimodian. The town proper of Leon is the area
considered an urban zone since this is where everyday business takes place in the
municipality.
The town was chosen as the study site due to the presence of Bucari Pine Forest
where PES can be applied. The natural park has become a commonly visited site among
This makes the site a possible location for a PES scheme to be imposed.
30
The study was conducted within the months of February 2018 to March 2018.
Secondary data was gathered during November 2017 through consultation with people
31
4.2 Study Participants
The participants of the study are residents of Leon, Iloilo and particularly those
who are residents of the barangays chosen for the research. In line with this, officials
and representatives from the respective offices of the chosen locality were also
contacted in order to have access to relevant data and information needed for the
completion and analysis of the research study. The barangays surrounding the natural
Quota sampling was used for the study to assure that the household was well-
represented. The participants were chosen through basic criterion: resided in the
Residency in the barangay was important because it will affect the WTP of the study
participant. Also, the researchers made sure that representatives of the household were
was to assure that the respondents could represent their households well for the study.
characteristics of the represented group are being taken into account. Quota sampling
The underlying reasoning behind quota sampling is that if the sample effectively
represents the population characteristics that have a greater correlation with the study
variable, this will also be correctly represented (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011). This
32
The list of residents for the chosen barangays was requested from the municipal
office. This was used as basis in determining the sample size. The sample of 369 was
𝑧2 [𝑝(1−𝑝)]
𝑒2
n= 𝑧2 [𝑝(1−𝑝)]
1+
𝑒2 𝑁
Where:
To get the sample size per barangay, the researchers used the following equation
𝑛
𝑛𝑛 = (𝑁 )
𝑁 𝑛
Where:
N – Total Population
33
Table 4.2. Population and Sample Size of Selected Barangays in Leon, Iloilo 2018
Upland Barangay Population Sample Size
Bucari 1,448 58
Danao 320 13
Bobon 544 22
Dusacan 352 14
Lowland Barangay
Poblacion 5,511 220
Tina-an Sur 287 11
Jamog Gines 306 12
Panginman 487 19
TOTAL POPULATION 8,655 369
The researchers chose eight barangays in Leon, Iloilo. Four barangays within
the Timberland area of Bucari which were categorized as upland barangays and four
lowland barangays. For the upland barangays, only those near the pine forest were
considered as study sites. For safety reasons, only the barangays recommended by the
municipal personnel were included. The first four upland barangays were adjacent to
the Natural Park itself thus first-hand information gathered from these particular
residents of these barangays are vital in the research study. The same is true for the four
lowland barangays chosen. The urban barangay was included since this is where
upland and lowland the results of the data and information gathered in order to
distinguish the difference between the answers of the study participants in particular
barangays included in the study. This is to show the difference of the answers the study
34
participants and their perspective regarding the importance of the Natural Park in their
opinions.
Bucari, Brgy. Danao, Brgy. Bobon, and Brgy. Dusacan as the upland barangays situated
within the timberland area to be part of the sample population of the conducted research
study. Another four barangays that are classified as lowland areas by the municipality
were included in the study: Brgy. Poblacion, Brgy. Tina-an Sur, Brgy. Jamog Gines,
and Brgy. Panginman. These eight barangays were surveyed with permission from their
local officials.
(CVM) to attain the willingness-to-pay (WTP) of the residents for the preservation and
conservation of Bucari Pine Forest or the Natural Park. The study analyzes the socio-
economic factors that affect an individual’s WTP for the Natural Park. The study also
the Natural Park. Lastly, the research study was designed to identify and determine
further ecosystem services that the Bucari Pine Forest can provide.
WTP) to evaluate the importance of the value of the natural park. It also determined the
true value of the natural park by analyzing the respondents’ WTP choices.
35
4.5 Empirical Model of Willingness-to-Pay
Socioeconomic factors that affect WTP for environmental services have been
identified to attain the true WTP of residents the following factors were considered:
Where:
Dependent Variable:
Independent Variables:
X1 – Income Level
X2 – Age
X3 – Sex
X4 – Knowledge on PES
X5 – Educational Attainment
X6 – Proximity
X7 – Household Size
household unit and are dependent of each other (Francisco, et al, 2006). Income is
36
understood as the summation of earning provided by work and other sources (IBGE,
2003 as cited in Francisco, et. al). This concept is applicable to both households and
surveys, it is often altered to the favour of the respondent during the interview thus
power which in turn reflects their household income. One crucial variable in household
distribution companies often use income predictions to develop their market. The paper
by Francisco is compelled to the assumption that the higher the energy consumption,
the higher the income. In his paper, he explains that the higher the energy consumption
in a household, the more appliances and household items require the use of energy
electricity denotes a high usage of high-valued goods. He concludes that if the number
understate their household income to how they find it favourable for them especially
those whose jobs do not have a fixed income such as informal business owners, farmers,
etc. This makes their income an unreliable variable. Electricity consumption of the
respondents was used as a predictor of their income level with the assumption that the
37
4.7 Interval Regression Analysis
Digital Research and Education (n.d.), Interval Regression is used to model outcomes
that have interval censoring. The dependent variable in this study is an interval. The
individual’s lower bound WTP is the highest amount study participant is sure to pay
while the upper bound WTP of an individual the lowest amount the study participant is
not willing to pay (Breffle et. al, 1996). For an ascending payment card system,
respondents’ lower bound WTP is their chosen bid price while their higher bound WTP
is the lowest bid price in which they are unwilling to pay. The model for an interval
𝑦𝑙 < 𝑦 < 𝑦𝑢 = 𝛼 + 𝛽1 𝑋1 + 𝛽2 𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝛽𝑛 𝑋𝑛 + 𝑒
Where:
e = error term
For the research study, mean WTP of the participants will be calculated through
Turnbull’s lower bound Mean WTP formula which calculates the lower bound WTP
38
means and confidence intervals for each option (Haab and McConell as cited in Agapito
Where: Fj = Nj/Tj
tj = bid prices
Table 4.3 Summary of Dependent and Independent Variables to determine WTP for
Bucari Pine forest, Leon, Iloilo, 2018.
Variable Description Measurement Expected Sign
Dependent Variable
WTP Willingness to Pay In Philippine Peso
Independent Variables
Electricity
β1 Elec_month Consumption per In Philippine Peso +
month
Age of respondent
Β2 Age as of last celebrated In years -
birthday
Β3 Sex Biological sex of 1 = Male +
respondent 0 = Female
39
1 = Upland
Β7 Prox Proximity of resident -
respondent’s home 0 = Lowland
to the resources resident
The main data-gathering tool of the study was a structured interview schedule.
The instrument used consisted of a set of questions done by the researchers in order to
general attitude towards conservation. This section was to see if the participant would
their municipality. This was also to see how the participant acknowledges their
Section B was on the knowledge and use of the Bucari Pine Forest. This was to
see the benefits derived from the natural park as well as to see if the participants are
Section C was for the participants’ willingness-to-pay which was to elicit the
WTP choices of the participants as well the reasons behind their choices. This was also
40
to identify zero WTP choices and the motives for their choice of a zero WTP. This
section was also to see the possibility of the participants offering an alternative to a
monetary contribution if they were not willing to pay. The alternative specified in the
survey was through offering services to conserve the natural park with incentives rather
than contributing for the conservation of the park. Also, in this section, the respondents
were asked of their knowledge on the definition of PES. This is crucial as it is one of
the variables that could affect their WTP for the natural park.
included the factors to be analyzed for the participant’s WTP. Included in this section
were the following: participant’s sex, age, household size, number of income-earning
household members, monthly income bracket, occupation, and monthly electricity bill.
Before proceeding with the questions of the survey, the respondent was shortly
briefed on what the study and survey would be about and informed of the structure of
the survey and explained the objective so as not to alarm the respondent. The
respondents were also informed that they could choose to stop the interview anytime
Photo-cards were used for visual representation of the natural park to address
any information bias that could be present and for those who have not visited the park
recently or at all. For questions that required explanations, photo-cards were used to
give them ample information, there were also cards that contained the definition of PES
respondent’s preference.
The respondents were also reminded of how important this study was through
cheap talk. This refers to explicit warnings about the problem of hypothetical bias
41
provided prior to respondents’ valuation of the good (Cummings and Taylor, 1991 as
cited in Aadland and Caplan, 2003). Cheap talk is in the form of a short script where in
misstating their WTP because of the knowledge that they are given a possible
Secondary data was gathered and collected from the local government of the
municipality and review of related literature was done with help of reputable sources
on the internet and the library. Secondary data includes municipal profile, maps, etc.
With these tools used, the researchers were able to come up with the decision on how
42
CHAPTER V
The researchers used quota sampling in eight barangays and obtained a total of
369 study participants that reside in both upland and lowland zones of Leon. For upland
barangays: 58 (15.71%) of study participants were from Bucari, 13 (3.53%) were from
Danao, 22 (5.96%) were from Bobon, and 14 (3.79%) were from Dusacan. The total
Poblacion which was considered the only urban barangay of the Municipality of Leon
because it is where most number of the residents are situated and concentrated, 11
(2.98%) were from Tina-an Sur, 12 (3.25%) were from Jamog Gines, and 19 (5.15%)
were from Panginman respectively. There were a total of 262 (71.00%) participants
Table 5.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Study Participants by Location in Leon, Iloilo,
2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
Location
43
5.1.2 Age and Sex of Study Participants by Location
The average age of the study participants in the upland barangays is 42 years
old and in lowland barangays is 44 years old. For both upland and lowland barangays,
the average age is 43 years old. Among 369 participants, 114 (30.89%) were male
respondents and the 255 (69.10%) were female respondents. Comprising more than half
of the study participants were female. During data gathering most of the male residents
were out working especially in the middle of the day. Mostly only the wife were home
Table 5.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Age and Sex of Study Participants by Location
in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
Sex
All 369 study participants were grouped according to their occupation. A total
barangays and 52 (19.84%) from lowland barangays. Some of the participants that were
of the dependent members and the family in a household. 27 (7.31%) study participants
44
work as sellers in the public market of Leon, six (5.61%) from upland barangays and
upland barangays and 46 (17.56%) from lowland barangays, own and run a business as
their source of income and livelihood. 26 (7.05%) of the study participants were private
from lowland barangays. There were only 20 (5.42%) study participants that are
employed by the government, three (2.80%) coming from upland barangays and 17
Furthermore, there were only five (1.36%) senior citizens that depends on
pension or retired from work that were interviewed, one (0.93%) from an upland
barangay and four (1.53%) from lowland barangays. Lastly, 90 (24.39%) of the study
participants do not belong in the given particular categories (Table 5.3). Most of these
education.
45
Table 5.3 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Occupation of Study Participants by Location in
Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
Occupation
For the participants’ educational attainment, only six (1.6%) study participants
did not have any formal schooling. There are 57 (12.45%) study participants who had
(9.92%) from lowland barangays. About 145 (39.30%) study participants attended
education, only 21 (19.63%) from upland barangays while there were 140 (53.44%)
study participants who were able to attain college level of education in upland
barangays. Most of the study participants in upland barangays finish either primary or
to poverty. Proximity of residents from school is also a factor since upland barangays
do not always have easy access to schools that offer higher levels of education. The
46
average years of formal education found in upland barangays is ten years, 12 years in
Table 5.4 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Educational Attainment and Years of Education
of Study Participants by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
Highest Educational Attainment
Location
barangays, and an average of five members per household for both barangays. In every
household, there is an average of two members who were earning income to support
the family. Most of the members who are working are males, especially in upland
barangays where the head, mostly the husband, of the family is the one who is earning
47
Table 5.5 Frequency Distribution of Household Size and Income-Earning Members of Study
Participants by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
For the study participants’ monthly household income, there were a total of 59
(16.00%) study participants that are earning and spending not more than 2,000 PHP a
month. There were 35 (32.71%) households from upland barangays and 24 (9.16%)
who earn and spend below 2,000 PHP a month either do not earn much, depend on
other household members and how much they provide them, have their own available
sources of food in their backyard, or are living alone in their household thus explaining
the lesser money expenditures for themselves. Mostly people in upland barangays have
lesser income because of their respective jobs and spending in their respective areas are
lower relative to people who live in lowland barangays of the municipality because they
This is also true with the next two higher income brackets of 2,001 PHP - 4,000
PHP and 4,001 PHP - 6,000 PHP a month with a total of 52 and 72 households
respectively. For the next two higher income brackets, 6,001 PHP - 8,000 PHP and
8,001 PHP - 10,000 PHP, these households have higher number of members who have
work or businesses that help them with the earnings and expenditures. Also, these
48
households have a higher number of dependent members (e.g. students and senior
Table 5.6 Frequency and Percent Distribution of Household Monthly Income of Study Participants
by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
Household Monthly Income
5.1.7 Type of Household, Materials Used, and Water Source of Study Participants by
Location
households which is a type of household where there are multiple families included.
Only 79 (21.41%) household live in a nuclear family type of household and 20 (5.42%)
live together with their extended family members in a single household. As for the
identified their household materials as concrete, while 120 (32.52%) study participants
have light household materials, and finally, a total of 151 (40.92%) study participants
live in a household of mixed, light and concrete, kind of materials (Table 5.7).
households use ground water as their water source, 72 (19.51%) households use private
connection of water, 47 (12.74%) households use shared connection that came directly
49
from the barangay’s water source, only 11 (2.98%) households use communal tap
connection, 84 (22.76%) households get their water from deep well, and 70 (18.97%)
Table 5.7 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Type of Household, Materials Used, and Water
Source of Study Participants by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
Type of Household
Household Materials
Water Source
and the other four (1.08%) households do not have electricity. The average monthly
electricity consumption of the households that use electricity for both upland and
lowland barangays is 910.74 PHP, 489.35 PHP for upland barangays and 1082.84 PHP
for lowland barangays (Table 5.8). Finally, among all the study participants
50
interviewed, 107 (29%) out of 369 study participants were residing in upland barangays
and the rest or the 262 (71%) study participants were from lowland barangays.
The section discusses the views and opinions of the study participants regarding
the problems they think the country is facing as of the moment. The set of questions
were divided into two subsections both tackled general problems in the Philippines and
environmental problems in the country. Study participants were asked to rank their
answers from one, being the most important issue for them up to three, being the lesser
issue they consider. Every answer was recorded, as seen in tables 5.9 and 5.10.
As for the first set of issues queried from study participants, 85 (23.04%) study
participants identified the lack of environmental protection as the major problem in the
Philippines (Table 5.9), 11 (10.28%) out of 85 are from upland barangays and 74
(28.24)% from lowland barangays. For the 66 (17.89%) study participants, they
51
perceive the quality of education as the major issue that should be addressed, 33
(30.84%) of the study participants each for both upland and lowland barangays.
Another seven (6.54%) study participants from upland barangays and 19 (7.25%) from
identified poverty as the biggest problem of the country. The lack of agricultural
participants as the major problem. Only two (0.54) thought economic crisis as the major
problem. Finally, 30 (8.13%) of the study participants recognized other national issues
that were not on the list of choices. It varied from the problem of corruption, inflation,
In terms of the location, both considered poverty as the topmost problem faced
by the country. Moreover, there were 113 (30.62%) study participants who considered
the quality of education as the second major problem, and lastly, in accordance with the
rank, the third major problem the study participants considered was the lack of
environmental protection. The results were consistent with some studies that were
The results gathered in this section show that residents from the chosen locale
experience the same difficulty in their households and that year after year, poverty is
still the top concern of the country. In line with this, other major issues arise together
with poverty.
52
Table 5.9 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of National Issues According to Study Participants
by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
National Issues
No. % No. % No. %
study participants acknowledged air pollution as the major problem faced by the
barangays. They view air pollution as the biggest problem since transportation by
vehicle increases through time, not to mention other factors that contribute to the
pollution, six (5.61%) from upland barangays and 29 (11.07%) from lowland
barangays.
As many as 110 (29.81%) study participants identified the lack of proper waste
disposal as the major component or factor that harm the surroundings out of many other
lowland barangays. Another 64 (13.44%) study participants believed that the lack of
53
barangays identified illegal logging as the major environmental problem. Lastly, 11
(2.98%) study participants identified issues regarding the environment that were not on
the list provided. It includes the problems regarding soil erosion, climate change, etc.
In terms of location, the results from both upland and lowland barangays were
consistent in ranking the problem in proper waste disposal as number one. The second
lastly, the third would be the problems brought about by air pollution.
Table 5.10 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Environmental Issues According to Study
Participants by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
Environmental Issues
No. % No. % No. %
Study participants were asked regarding their personal opinions on the topic of
agreed that had to take part in protecting the environment. 72 (19.52%) study
participants only agreed, 15 (4.07%) study participants had no opinion about the
question being asked, three (0.81%) disagreed, and nine (2.44%) strongly disagreed.
For the second question regarding the use of natural resources, study
participants were asked whether these resources should be used properly for future
54
generations, 296 (80.22%) study participants strongly agreed, 56 (15.18%) study
participants agreed, six (1.63%) study participants had no opinion, five (1.36%)
The third question was about whether the government of Leon should make use
of the natural resources they have to increase job opportunities for the local residents
regardless of its negative effects on the environment, for example jobs like mining. 151
they might harm the surroundings, 72 (19.51%) study participants agreed, 37 (10.03%)
For the fourth question, the study participants were asked whether they agree to
offer help for the protection of the environment, 275 (74.53%) study participants
strongly agreed to offer help, 75 (20.33%) study participants agreed, 11 (2.98%) study
participants had no opinion, and a total of eight (2.17%) did not want to offer help, two
For the last question, study participants were asked whether in their opinion,
there were more important problems that should be addressed aside from environmental
issues, a total of 108 (29.27%) study participants strongly agreed, 116 (31.44%) study
55
Table 5.11 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Study Participants’ Views on Conservation by
Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
The municipality of
Leon should make
use of natural Strongly Agree 27 7.31 124 33.60 151 40.92
resources to create Agree 21 5.69 51 19.51 72 19.51
more job No Opinion 9 2.44 28 7.59 37 10.03
opportunities despite Disagree 11 2.98 18 4.89 29 7.86
having a negative Strongly Disagree 39 10.60 41 1.11 80 21.68
effect on the
environment
The respondents were also asked of their prior knowledge on the natural park
as well as the benefits their use of the natural park. This is to see how aware the
56
respondents are of the existence of the current natural park and if they derive any
The results show that in total, 365 (98.92%) of 369 respondents were fully aware
and had knowledge on the existence of the site. On the other hand, there were four
(1.08%) respondents who have only heard of the site when the researchers presented
them with information and photographs. To further break down, it can be seen that only
one (0.93%) respondent from upland barangays had no knowledge on the Bucari Pine
Forest, and three (1.15%) respondents from lowland barangays had no knowledge of
the natural park. This implies that the Tourism Office, which handles the maintenance
of the park, has spread information and promoted the site well enough for majority of
The results also show that there are a total 78 (21.24%) respondents who have
never visited the forest. There was a total of 12 (11.21%) respondents who had never
visited the site and 66 (25.19%) from lowland barangays. The respondents who have
not visited the site have mentioned their lack of concern and excitement for the tourist
site. Upland respondents expressed their lack of interest because of how near they were
to the site. Lowland respondents have expressed their lack of interest towards the site
because of the travel required to get there (e.g. habal habal). This gives an idea of how
The study participants were also asked of any chances of visiting the site in the
next three (3) years. Out of the 369 respondents, 331 (89.70%) expressed desire to visit
the site while the remaining 38 (10.30%) claimed that they had no interest in visiting
57
the site or assumed that there was no possibility of them visiting Bucari Pine Forest.
This implies the lack of option value for these respondents as it reflect their lack of
Table 5.12 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Participants’ Knowledge and Use on the Bucari
Pine Forest by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
After providing the respondents with a brief background of the site, including
its benefits, the respondents were asked to name the benefits they could derive from the
natural park. Of the 369 respondents, there were only four (1.08%) who believed no
benefits can be taken from the resource (see Table 5.13). This implies that the survey
was useful as an educational tool for environmental awareness on the natural park.
58
can derive from the resource (284 or 76.69% of 369 respondents). Recreation was also
a benefit many respondents chose claiming that their main purpose for going to the site
Majority for both upland and lowland residents chose climate condition or the
prevailing cool weather condition in Bucari as a benefit derived from the forest: 86
(80.37%) and 198 (75.57%), respectively. This implies that their visit to the natural
park is because of the cool climate that is present in the natural park. It also implies the
absence of strong deforestation problems as cool climate can be maintained through the
presence of pine trees and its maintenance. However, only majority of lowland residents
chose products of vegetation as a benefit derived. It can be concluded from the result
that upland residents need not rely on the conditions of Bucari for crops as they may
cultivate their own while lowland residents may be vulnerable to any sudden changes
From both upland and lowland areas, 81 (75.70%) and 187 (71.73%)
respectively, chose recreation as a benefit they could derive from the forest. This shows
a possible avenue for the management of the natural park to add activities that could be
enjoyable for all and not harmful to the resources of the park. From the results above,
there was also a big percentage of respondents from both upland and lowland barangays
who found aesthetic values to be a benefit. 76 (71.03%) upland respondents and 198
(75.57%) lowland residents identified aesthetics as a benefit derived from the park. This
suggests that the park has been well-maintained enough for visitors to identify its beauty
may get from the natural park: 124 (33.60%) of total respondents. Only 36 (33.64%)
59
from upland respondents and 88 (33.59%) from lowland participants. This implies that
very few see the possibility of work and income from the natural park, in both upland
and lowland areas. If a program were to be pursued, job opportunities may become a
strong benefit residents can gain from. There were 28 also (7.59%) of respondents who
identified other benefits which were not presented in the interview schedule such as
calamity prevention and tourism for the municipality. This implies that if well-
maintained, the natural park can offer more services to the residents and visitors.
Table 5.13 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Participants’ Perceived Benefits from the
Bucari Pine Forest by Location, Leon, Iloilo, 2018
Products (fruits,
60 56.07 198 75.57 258 69.92
vegetables, etc.)
60
5.5 Knowledge on the Definition of Payment for Environmental Services
local actors (Engel, Pagiola, & Wunder, 2008). In simpler terms, it is a system to
provide financial compensation for actors that may serve as caretakers for the
conservation of Bucari Natural Park. There must be buyers who would provide payment
or contribution for the conservation of the park and sellers who will willingly serve the
park and will receive financial compensation for the services they will offer. This type
of program was introduced to the respondents to see if they fully understood the concept
of the survey presented to them and the purpose of the study. It was difficult to grasp
PES, its benefits and why it is used to preserve natural resources. As seen in Table 5.14,
only 35 (9.49%) of the 365 respondents had full knowledge of what PES was. There
were 240 (65.04%) respondents who had only heard about it during the interview, and
It is expected that respondents with prior and full knowledge on the definition
of PES to have higher WTP choices. In terms of percentage, there were more lowland
residents who were at least familiar with the concept of PES: 72 (27.48%) versus 22
(20.56%) of upland residents. This implies that lowland residents have more knowledge
When presented with a hypothetical situation and the definition of PES, they
were asked how important they found the implementation of a PES scheme be. They
were asked to rank the scheme’s importance on a scale of one to ten. These values were
61
averaged to see the general perception of the residents on the importance of having a
program to protect the natural resource. For all 369 responses, there was a total average
of 8.62 (Table 5.14). This implies that respondents from both upland and lowland
natural park.
This question was asked to see if having prior knowledge on this particular type
of program affects an individual’s WTP choice. After being presented with the
information, the respondents were asked whether PES was new to them, if they have
any idea of it, or if they are fully aware of what PES is.
Table 5.14 Frequency and percentage Distribution of Participants’ Knowledge and Perceived
Importance of PES by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
62
5.6 Willingness-to- Pay of the Study Participants
5.6.1 Willingness-to-pay for the Conservation and Protection of Bucari Pine Forest
From the answers on WTP choices, it can be seen in Table 5.15 that the most
frequented bid price by respondents was 20 PHP. 154 (41.73%) of 369 respondents had
20 PHP as their WTP bid price. There were also respondents who gave their personal
WTP choices that were not present in the payment card. There was a total of 50
(13.55%) of 369 respondents who gave their own bid price. The bid prices given by the
respondents ranged from 150 PHP to 500 PHP. These values should give a rough idea
The respondents were asked how certain they were that they would be able and
willing to pay their chosen bid price on a scale of one to ten. This question was to assess
how willing the respondents were to contribute a monetary amount for a conservation
program. The values elicited were once again averaged to observe how willing the
general population who answered “yes” were to pay. The total average for 369
responses was 8.46. Responses from upland barangays elicited an average 8.83 while
This implies that if a program were to be pursued, there is high assurance from
63
Table 5.15 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Willingness-to-Pay Choices of Study
Participants by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
Participant’s WTP
who would provide a zero WTP. However, while some zero bids are a true reflection
Respondents who elicit such responses may have reacted to the hypothetical situation
in conceptual rather than economic grounds. According to Stazzera, et al. (n.d.), the
64
presence of protest responses in the estimation process may produce biased estimates
of welfare benefits. With that, to identify the determinants of willingness to pay without
biased estimates caused by protest bids, they were considered invalid answers and were
excluded from the regression. Out of 50 zero WTP responses, 16 were considered valid
responses: those whose reason were the lack of income. This left the researcher with a
valid sample of 335 respondents: 319 with a positive WTP and 16 with a zero WTP.
The remaining 34 zero WTP responses were considered protest bids as they were
Out of 369 respondents from the eight barangays, there were a total of 50 “no”
responses which are equivalent to zero WTP choices (Table 5.16). For those who were
not willing to pay any bid price, they were asked for a reason as to why they are
unwilling to contribute. The participants were presented with possible reasons for non-
willingness to pay. There were two (4.00%) respondents who refused to choose from
because of lack of income. Also, there were 13 (26.00%) respondents who were
unwilling to pay because they believed that if a program were to be implemented, the
budget for the maintenance and conservation of the park should be the government’s
responsibility and not theirs. There were also six (12.00%) respondents who gave other
reasons such as having only the tourism office handle monetary concerns of the park,
implementing only an entrance fee for tourists rather than having residents contribute,
and not implementing one at all since people pay for other services the park offers
65
(lodging, environmental fee, etc.). Other options and answers are presented in the Table
5.16.
For the respondents of these protest bids there were exactly 13 (26.00%) of the
50 who were not willing to pay who believed that the government should take
responsibility for the conservation of the park. This suggests that if a program were to
doubts of the validity of the project. To treat such problems, strict implementation and
Table 5.16 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Participants’ Reasons for Zero WTP Choice
by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
No Answer 2 10.00 0 0.00 2 4.00
Lack of Income 9 45.00 7 23.33 16 32.00
I do not believe the new
1 5.00 1 3.33 2 4.00
system will change anything
It is the government’s
3 15.00 10 33.33 13 26.00
responsibility
Protecting the Forest is not 0 0.00 2 6.67 2 4.00
important
I do not understand the 1 5.00 0 0.00 1 2.00
question
The forest can improve 2 10.00 1 3.33 3 6.00
without my help
Services offered for the 1 5.00 4 13.33 5 10.00
environment are priceless
Others 1 5.00 5 16.67 6 12.00
66
5.7 Service to be rendered by Respondents who were not Willing to Pay
For the 50 respondents who were not willing to pay, regardless of their reason,
they were asked whether they would be willing to offer services rather than paying a
monetary amount for the conservation of the park. This question was treated as an
alternative to the WTP question. There were 37 (74.00%) of the 50 respondents who
agreed and said they would rather provide services for the site rather than contribute.
However, the remaining 13 (26.00%) remained firm upon their decision of not helping
Table 5.17 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Participants’ Willingness to Render Service for
the Natural Park and Time Willing to Offer by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
Respondent is willing to
provide services rather than
paying
For those who were willing to serve the natural park, they were asked how many
hours of the month they were willing to sacrifice for the services they were to offer.
The total average of the 37 responses were 25.89 hours per month (Table 5.18). This
suggests that although they are willing to offer services for the maintenance of the park,
67
it is still with little provision from them as the average number of hours equates to
The 37 respondents who preferred to offer services rather than paying were
asked of their reason as to why. Out of the 37 asked, there were 16 (36.36%) who did
not specify their main reason for offering services. This question in the interview
schedule was open-ended, hence, the researchers generalized their reasons as most of
them were very similar in nature. Most respondents, 19 (43.18%), had said that this was
The 19 respondents had mentioned that this was how they wanted to help since
money was not something they were willing to give for nature. The reasons and number
of respondents who chose them can be found in Table 5.18. This implies that if a PES
scheme were to be implemented, there would be residents who would be willing to offer
services in exchange for monetary benefits and to help in conserving the site. The
results also imply that more residents from lowland residents would be willing to offer
Table 5.18 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Participants’ Reasons for Willingness to Offer
Services in place of Financial Payments by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
Only form of help 9 56.25 10 35.71 19 43.18
To help protect the
0 0.00 3 10.71 3 6.82
resource
To help promote tourism 1 6.25 1 3.57 2 4.55
To avoid payment 2 12.50 1 3.57 3 6.82
Improvements 0 0.00 1 3.57 1 2.27
Not specified 4 25.00 12 42.86 16 36.36
68
5.8 Regression Results of the Research Study
model. These were proximity to study site, the monthly electricity bill, formal years of
sex, and lastly, the level of knowledge regarding payment for environmental services.
The results of the eight variables are as follows: the Proximity has an average
value of 0.29 and is 0.45 units away from the mean with a minimum value of 0 and
maximum of 1. The monthly electricity bill has an average value of 907.99 and is
1001.14 units away from the mean with minimum value of 0 and maximum of 10,000.
Formal years of education had an average value of 11.48 with a standard variation of
3.99, which is also its distance away from the mean and a minimum value of 0 and
maximum of 20. The total household size has an average value of 5.38 and is 2.59 units
away from the mean with a minimum value 1 and maximum of 20. The Income-Earning
Members variable has an average value of 1.99 and is 1.45 units away from the mean
with a minimum value of 0 and maximum of 11. The Age variable has an average value
of 42.84 and is 16.58 units away from the mean with a minimum value of 13 and
maximum of 81. Sex had an average value of 0.30 and is 0.46 units away from the mean
with minimum value of 0 and maximum of 1. Lastly, for knowledge on PES, those who
were not familiar had an average value of 0.65 with a standard variation of 0.48 and
0.25 for those who were familiar had a standard variation of 0.44, both having minimum
69
Table 5.19 Summary Statistics for the Variables included in the Regression Analysis for Economic
Valuation of the Bucari Pine Forest, Leon, Iloilo 2018
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
Based on the expected signs, all variables except educational attainment were
consistent with their respective expected signs in the regression analysis, both without
From the regression of the data without adjustment to uncertainty, four variables
were found to be significant. These variables were the proximity of the study
70
members, and the age of the study participants respectively. All three variables are
significant at five percent level of significance and one at ten percent level of
significance.
Both proximity and age were negative. Proximity indicates that study
level of significance or simply put, study participants in upland barangays have lower
amount regarding their willingness to pay for the conservation of the natural park,
ceteris paribus.
Meanwhile the negative sign for age indicates that the older the study
participant, the lower their willingness to pay. When the age of the study participant
0.4965074 at 0.05 level of significance, ceteris paribus. Therefore, the younger study
participants were more willing to pay for higher amount for the conservation and
protection of the natural park because they perceive more benefits years from now
compared to much older study participants considering the years they have lived.
shows that when there is a one additional income-earning member in the household,
WTP increases by 3.768484 at 0.05 level of significance, ceteris paribus. Also, the
proxy variable for household income which was the study participants’ monthly
electricity bill was significant and positive. It indicates that the higher the monthly
electricity bill in the household of the study participants, the higher their willingness to
71
On the other hand, four variables show no significant relationship with the
independent variables. It shows that the educational attainment of the study participant
has no effect with their willingness to pay as well as their total household size, total
household member who has work, their biological sex, and their knowledge regarding
payment for environmental services. These variables whether they increase or decrease
will have no significant effect with the study participants’ true willingness-to-pay for
The higher the value of Log Likelihood in a regression indicates that the model
is more accurate compared to the other. In this regression without certainty, with 335
Table 5.20 Regression Results (without adjustment to certainty) for the Economic Valuation of the
Bucari Pine Forest, Leon, Iloilo, 2018
Standard
Variables Coefficient z p>|z|
Error
Proximity -14.32779 6.519641 -2.20 0.028**
Monthly
0.0066657 0.0028656 2.33 0.020**
Electricity Bill
Formal Years of
-0.0183427 0.864588 -0.02 0.983
Education
Total
-1.94808 1.244737 -1.57 0.118
Household Size
Income-Earning
3.768484 2.242982 1.68 0.093*
Members
Age -0.4965074 0.1967491 -2.52 0.012 **
Sex 4.622661 6.022629 0.77 0.443
Non-familiarity
on the concept 11.76073 9.618314 1.22 0.221
of PES
Familiarity on
the concept of 15.26674 10.3462 1.48 0.140
PES
Note: * denotes 0.1 level of significance; ** denotes 0.05 level of significance; *** denotes 0.01 level
of significance
72
5.8.2 Regression Result with Adjustment to Certainty
Respondents who were willing to pay for the conservation of the natural park
were asked to rate their certainty of willingness to pay. This was to determine how
confident the respondent is that he or she is willing to contribute for a program that
would ensure maintenance and conservation of the natural park. Those who gave ratings
analysis of the data. With level of certainty incorporated into the regression; the
significant variables have reduced. With the new regression analysis, proximity and
significant variables. Age and monthly electricity bill both resulted to being significant
variables at 0.01 level of significance, ceteris paribus. The respondents’ electricity bill
reflected a positive coefficient, which indicated that when electricity bill increases,
willingness to pay increases as well. Since respondents’ monthly electricity bill was
used a proxy variable for income, the results imply that the higher the income of the
by 0.0080546 at 0.01 level of significance, ceteris paribus. On the other hand, age
reflected a negative coefficient. This indicates that the older the study participant, the
lower the willingness to pay. This also implies that respondents of older age cared little
for conservation of the natural park. The variable ‘age’ shows that an increase in age
73
The remaining variables remained insignificant. This shows that the remaining
dependent variables.
Comparing the two models, it can be seen that there is a higher value for Log
Likelihood in the model without adjustment to certainty which implies that it is a better
model compared to the regression with certainty. Log-likelihood for 335 observations
778.1171.
Table 5.21 Regression Results (with adjustment to certainty) for the Economic Valuation of the Bucari
Pine Forest, Leon, Iloilo, 2018
Variables Coefficient Standard z p>|z|
Error
Proximity -10.92097 6.919455 -1.58 0.114
Monthly 0.0080546 0.0030413 2.65 0.008 ***
Electricity Bill
Formal Years of -.8134263 0.9176103 -0.89 0.375
Education
Total -1.325277 1.321069 -1.00 0.316
Household Size
Income-Earning 3.619951 2.380533 1.52 0.128
Members
Age -0.5587658 .2081912 -2.68 0.007***
Sex 4.269378 6.391984 0.67 0.504
Non-familiarity
on the concept 8.735746 10.20816 0.86 0.392
of PES
Familiarity on
the concept of 11.67014 10.98064 1.06 0.288
PES
Note: * denotes 0.1 level of significance; ** denotes 0.05 level of significance; *** denotes 0.01 level
of significance
74
5.9 Reasons for Willingness to Pay of Study Participants
The 319 respondents who gave a positive WTP choice were also asked of their
reason for their willingness to pay. There was one (0.31%) respondent who did not give
any reason for their choice (Table 5.22). Out of the 369 respondents, there were 236
(73.98%) who were willing to pay because they believed that PES will help protect the
site. This reason was followed by 42 (13.17%) respondents who were willing to pay
because of their fear for the forest’s existence. There were also 16 (5.02%) respondents
who cited other reasons to pay for the conservation of the forest such as helping the
community, conserving for future generations, and to see improvements in the natural
park. There were also those who would be willing to pay merely because the program
Majority of both upland and lowland residents identified their reason for a
positive WTP to be the belief that a PES scheme would be of help to the natural park.
This reflects the majority of respondents’ trust in their government and locality to create
a scheme to protect the natural park. This also implies that residents would be willing
In upland barangays, the reason of I am uncertain if I can afford but I would like
to pay follows as the second top reason for a positive WTP with three (3.45%) of
respondents answering so. This implies that there could be more chances of sellers
coming from upland residents rather than buyers since there could be a problem of
residents should be taken into account as it could affect the respondents’ willingness to
pay.
75
On the other hand, in lowland barangays, following the top reason is the
respondents’ fear for the forest’s existence. There were exactly 40 (17.24%) of lowland
respondents who identified such as their reason. This implies an existence value within
the residents and how they wish to maintain the natural park merely for its existence.
Table 5.22 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Participants’ Reasons for Willingness to Pay by
Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
No specified reason 0 0.00 1 0.43 1 0.31
I believe that the PES
system will help protect 69 79.31 167 71.98 236 73.98
the forest
I fear for the forest’s
existence 2 2.30 40 17.24 42 13.17
I can afford the
contribution 1 1.15 2 0.86 3 0.94
I am unsure if I can afford
but I want to offer help 3 3.45 18 7.76 21 6.58
through which respondents will be expected to pay for the policy or project (Bann,
1999). The respondents were presented with options for a payment collection method
as well as a payment collector and were asked to choose their preferred option.
For the payment collection method, 135 (36.59%) respondents chose the option
76
respondents expressed desire for the tourism office to take charge of the collection since
(to their knowledge) the site was under their care and protection. This also implies that
the tourism office has been maintaining the natural park well and there are no evident
problems with the park under the management of the Tourism Office.
The next preferred option was through a tax collection with 94 (25.47%) of all
respondents choosing this as their preferred option. These respondents chose this
method as they believed it would be a more convenient way. They said it would also be
easier to assure that all residents would pay. The third most preferred collection method
was a collection from the municipality: 66 (17.89%) respondents chose this option.
These respondents mentioned that the municipal office would be the best way to collect
the contribution since they overlooked everything that happened within the area of
Leon. This result implies that the residents trust their local government enough to
For the payment collector, the most preferred option based on the answers of
the respondents is through the municipal official with 135 (36.59%) of respondents who
chose this option. They preferred higher officials from the municipal hall as they
perceived officials to be more trustworthy. The next preferred option was to have a
tourism officer collect the contribution as they viewed the site to be a strong tourism
site and should be under the care of the tourism office. The third option most
respondents chose was the choice of having a barangay official collect the money. They
preferred a barangay official as they were more familiar with their officials in their local
77
Table 5.23 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Participants’ Preferred Payment Vehicle by
Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
Payment Collector
pay of the study participants without adjustments to level of certainty was amounted to
be 42.98 PHP per month and 515.77 PHP per year. On the other hand, the social mean
78
Table 5.24 Mean WTP (Without adjustment to certainty) based on the Survey Results in Leon, Iloilo,
2018
Lower bound Upper bound Number of yes Probability Change in
of interval of interval responses Density
0 20 369 1.0000 0.135501
20 40 319 0.864499 0.417344
40 60 165 0.447154 0.084011
60 80 134 0.363144 0.140921
80 100 82 0.222222 0.02168
100 120 74 0.200542 0.149051
120 120+ 19 0.051491 0.051491
the respondents should be taken into account. With that, when adjusted to level of
certainty, the Mean WTP of the study participants totaled to 33.88 PHP per month or
406.50 PHP annually. Taking into account the total number of households in the
confident WTP as respondents’ certainty in contributing for the program has now been
79
Table 5.25 Mean WTP (With adjustment to certainty) based on the Survey Results in Leon, Iloilo,
2018
Lower bound Upper bound Number of yes Probability Change in
of interval of interval responses Density
0 20 369 1.0000 0.352304
20 40 239 0.647696 0.295393
40 60 130 0.352304 0.062331
60 80 107 0.289973 0.105691
80 100 68 0.184282 0.01355
100 120 63 0.170732 0.121951
120 120+ 18 0.04878 0.04878
5.12 Trust and Perception of the Proposed Program by the Study Participants
The respondents were asked whether they found this program to be the best
method for the protection and conservation of the site. This question was to see how
they would view if such program would be implemented in the municipality. There
were 327 (88.62%) respondents who had elicited a positive reaction saying that this
program would be the best type of method for the site, given that resources and funds
This should give the researchers an idea of how important conservation and
respondents who did not find this method to be a good system for the conservation of
the site (Table 5.26). The 42 respondents who did not find the method to be good for
80
conservation, preferred that the government take care of the resource rather than having
Table 5.26 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Participants’ Perception of the PES program
by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
The respondents were asked whether they found any direct benefits from the
program. There were 289 (78.05%) respondents who viewed the program as beneficial.
The other 81 (21.95%) participants did not believe that any benefits could be derived
from the program, if implemented. The results by location for this question can be found
in Table 5.30.
When asked for what benefits they would be able to elicit, 88 (23.85%)
respondents did not specify the benefits they could get from the program. There were,
however, 38 (10.30%) of total respondents who said they take pleasure in knowing that
they were able to help the community if this scheme were to be implemented. The same
number of respondents that there would be more job opportunities for them and their
81
Table 5.27 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Participants’ Perceived Benefits from the
Program by Location in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
There are benefits that can
be derived from the
program
85 79.44 203 77.48 288 78.05
YES
22 20.56 59 22.52 81 21.95
NO
Lastly, the respondents were asked regarding their participation on the current
environmental fee scheme for the resource. This was to assess their knowledge on the
implementation of programs and fees regarding the site. Despite the recent
implementation of an environmental fee for the site, only 159 (43.09%) of respondents
had participated and paid the environmental or entrance fee for the site. There was also
a case of asymmetric information as there were few respondents who said that residents
of Bucari and Bobon were not required to pay the allotted fee, however, 9 (15.25%)
respondents from Bucari and 7 (31.82%) respondents from Bobon had said that they
The respondents were also asked if they are currently members of the
organization that handles the maintenance of the park and the environmental fee. There
82
were only twelve (3.25%) of the respondents who were members of the organization;
eight of which were barangay captains as they were automatic members of the Land
Use Management plan of the municipality. The remaining four were those who worked
Table 5.28 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Participation in the Current
Management Scheme for Bucari Pine Forest in Leon, Iloilo, 2018
UPLAND LOWLAND TOTAL
No. % No. % No. %
park which is 20.00 PHP for residents and 30.00 PHP for tourists from outside of Leon.
Based on the results of survey, it was seen that only 13.55% or total respondents
were not willing to pay for the natural park. However, there were 16 (32.00%) of the
respondents who were considered valid samples as they refused to pay because of a
lack of income, thus were excluded from the number of protest bidders. Given the
structure and valuation method the researchers pursued, the PES design scheme
proposed will be user-financed, which means the beneficiaries of the resource will
83
provide for the funds of the resource. As cited in Engel (2008), this structure is efficient
as the users of the resource are direct agents and have clear knowledge of their
incentives as users of the natural park. The researchers will adapt the general structure
For a user-financed PES structure to work, there are three (3) necessary agents:
buyer, seller, and intermediary. The buyers are the direct beneficiaries of the resource
and are those who will finance the program. The sellers are those who are directly
involved with managing the resource. The intermediaries are the agents that will serve
As mentioned and described previously, the buyers are those who are
beneficiaries of the natural resource. The survey results were used as a basis for the
design scheme. For the proposed scheme, the researchers have branched out the buyers
Results of the survey showed that majority of study participants were willing
to pay for the conservation and protection of the natural park. With this positive result,
the researchers have deemed it possible and for a PES scheme to be implemented. As
the survey has shown, Mean WTP per month amounts to 33.88 PHP. Given the result,
the researchers have decided to set the amount the residents would pay at 30.00 PHP
per household. Since the regression results reflected age to have a negative significant
84
result, indicating that younger residents or members of the household were willing to
pay, the researchers have designed the scheme to accommodate that result: households
with at least one (1) resident that is at least 20 years old are required to pay the monthly
contribution of 30.00 PHP. However, it was also found that electricity expenditure per
month, which served as a proxy variable for household income, was positive and
significant. This indicates that the higher the household income, the higher the WTP of
the household. Thus, with this variable considered, household whose household income
was below 8,000.00 PHP per month are to be exempted from the said monthly
contribution, however were required to offer services for the natural park.
was a significant variable that possesses a positive relationship with WTP. This
indicates that the more income-earning household members, the higher their WTP.
With this variable in consideration, buyers should also have at least one income-earning
members within their households given that this certain income-earning member is
earning at least 8,000 PHP a month. The residents who are paying the contribution are
also exempted from paying for the environmental fee or entrance fee upon visiting the
natural park. To ensure that the residents would not be asked to pay the entrance fee,
The next type of buyers are the tourists. As expressed by the residents, they
would like the tourists to pay higher fees compared to them. This is upon the
assumption that since tourists are there to visit and make use of the services to be offered
by the natural park, any form of pollution is possible with their visit. They are to be
required to pay 40.00 PHP for their entrance or environmental fee. This fee is to be paid
per person who will wish to enter the natural park. Visitors ten years old and below,
85
senior citizens, and persons with disability shall pay only half of the said environmental
fee. This is with assumption that since they are much younger, older, and physically
weak, they will avail less of the services of the natural park as other activities such as
The sellers are the people who receive the incentives in return of the services
they offer from helping in the form of maintaining, conserving, and protecting the
natural park. For much higher positions like by managing and supervising the natural
park, employees for both positions should be hired by the local government unit. In line
with this, they should be competent and possess the qualities for such positions.
Manager will be the head of the whole office of the natural park and the supervisor will
be the one to overlook daily tasks of staff members. They will come hand-in-hand when
dealing with the activities and projects concerning the natural park particularly when
difficulties like environmental issues arise. On the other hand, people who work in the
natural park who are considered as sellers should work no less than eight hours a day.
These sellers will help in maintaining, cleaning, regulating, and conserving the natural
park as well as the natural resources it provides. Additionally, there will be staff who
will serve as patrol officers in the natural park. This is necessary especially since there
are campers who stay overnight in the tourist destination. These patrols will both have
The people who are allowed to work in the natural park are the local residents
of the municipality who earn as much as 8,000 PHP a month for the whole household
and should have no more than one income-earning member in their household. This
86
particular socio-economic status of will be identified by the municipality supported by
the Income Tax Return (ITR) documents of the employee. Moreover, the household of
these sellers are excluded in paying the monthly payment for the protection, and
maintenance of the natural park but other household members are not exempted in
paying the entrance or environmental fee of 30.00 PHP in visiting the natural park.
The intermediaries will act as mediators between the buyers and sellers of the
good in the market. In the scheme, the intermediaries are the local government unit and
local tourism office of the Leon together with the Management Office of the Bucari
Pine Forest. The local government unit will be expected to create and impose an
ordinance concerning the enforcement of a monthly fee for the conservation and
protection of the natural resource found within the boundaries of their municipal.
From the data gathered, most of the study participants chose a municipal officer
to represent as the collector of the monthly payment for the conservation and protection
of the natural park. The designated municipal officer in every barangay will serve as
the person-in-charge for gathering the payment of 30.00 PHP a month. As chosen by
the study participants as well, the aggregate collection will be then turned over to the
tourism office which will be liable the office for safekeeping the money.
Also, the tourism office will be the one in-charge when it comes to handling the
allotment of the money for the projects and activities that will help for the improvement
of the natural park especially with the amenities in the place. Aside from the local
government unit and the tourism office, the Bucari Management Office itself serves as
a mediator. The office is in charge of managing and supervising all activities within the
87
natural park. The officers-on-duty are those who will collect the entrance fee which
serves as an environmental fee from the people who do not reside in Leon. This
environmental fee in turn will serve as the payment for the services provided by the
natural resource.
88
CHAPTER VI
The Bucari Pine Forest in Leon, Iloilo is making its way to become one of the
most looked-forward to tourist destinations not only by the residents but also by local
and international tourists who come to visit. In line with this, the influx of tourists make
the natural park prone to environmental destruction and degradation. Therefore, the
researchers conducted a study regarding the value of the natural park to the residents of
households in eight different barangays in Leon – four upland barangays and four
lowland barangays including the urban barangay of the municipality. The barangays
were chosen by the researchers with the help and guidance of MENRO-Leon. There
were a total of 107 (29.00%) study participants interviewed in four upland barangays
One of the objectives of this study was to determine the ecosystem services that
natural park can provide. It was found that the Natural Park provides ecosystem services
such as habitat for different species of living organisms and edible resources for
provisioning, tourism and knowledge about the site for cultural, giving off oxygen from
Pine trees and avoiding future landslide in elevated areas for supporting, and lastly,
Furthermore, there are a number of benefits that can be derived from the Natural
Park as identified by the study participants. The following are: more job opportunities
especially for residents of Leon, the quality of the food products from Bucari because
89
of the cool climate in the barangay, good place for recreation, and the view is
aesthetically pleasing for the people who wish to visit. One of the main reasons visitors
go to the park is because of its good climate condition especially during summer. This
implies that there is a need for the management to maintain and protect the park so that
these benefits will continue and more environmental activities can be conducted in the
park.
The researchers identified the factors that can affect the WTP of the residents.
The results show four significant variables namely: proximity, income level, age, and
program for the conservation and protection of the natural park. Also, based on the
results, the researchers identified the preferred payment vehicle of the study
participants. It showed that they prefer the tourism office to keep the collected payment
and that an officer from the municipality should be the collector. This shows that
residents of Leon trust their government enough to create a conservation program for
The researchers aim to identify the perceived benefits of the respondents of the
program. Majority of the study participants believed that tourism for their municipality
is a major benefit from the program. In line with this, there is a recommendation to
increase the existing environmental fee for the natural park because of its increasing
number of visitors.
There were a total of 319 positive WTP responses elicited from the study
participants. Out of the 319 respondents, 236 (73.98%) stated that they would pay
90
because they have strong belief that the PES system can greatly help the natural park.
residents as they portrayed belief in the system that was introduced to them.
Based on the results, when adjusted to certainty rating of the study participants,
mean WTP amounted to 33.88 PHP per month or 406.50 PHP annually. Without
adjustment to certainty, mean WTP amounts to 42.98 PHP per month or 515.77 PHP
per year. These are results based off bid prices which were elicited from the study
participants.
Taking these results into account, the researchers recommend a PES Scheme for
the conservation of the natural park. This scheme involved three main agents: the
buyers the sellers, and the intermediaries. The regression models were used to
The buyers are those who will contribute as a financial source for the program.
Residents will be required to pay 30.00 PHP per month given that they fit the criteria
mentioned in the previous chapter: at least one (1) income-earning member, income of
above 8,000.00 PHP, and has at least one (1) member of the household who is 20 years
old and above. On the other hand, tourists will be required to pay 40.00 PHP upon
entering the natural park. Visitors who are below ten years old, senior citizen, and
persons with disability shall pay only half of the entrance fee with the assumption that
their physical conditions give them less chances to avail of the activities in the natural
park such as hiking. These prices were based on the results of the WTP of the study
participants.
On the other hand, the sellers will be exempted from paying the monthly fee of
30.00 PHP, however, are required to render services to the natural park whether in the
91
form of maintaining or guarding the site. They must have no more than one (1) income-
earning member in the family whose monthly income is less than 8,000.00 PHP.
However, they are still required to pay an entrance fee of 30.00 PHP when entering the
The intermediaries which will be through the local tourism office and local
government unit, will serve as a link between the buyers and sellers. They will take
charge of the money that is would collected through the program. This is based on the
respondents’ preferred payment vehicle which was to have municipal officers collect
the money and have the tourism office handle the money.
In the case that the proposed PES scheme would not be implemented, the
PHP for local residents and 40.00 PHP for tourists is suggested by the researchers as
92
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98
APPENDICES
99
APPENDIX A. INTERVIEW SCHEDULE (ENGLISH)
Good day! We are fourth year undergraduate students from the University of the Philippines
Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo. We are currently conducting a survey to create a Payment for
Environmental Services scheme for the conservation and maintenance of Bucari Pine Forest,
Leon, Iloilo under the supervision of Dr. Gay Defiesta.
To fulfil our research requirements, we are required to survey residents in your barangay. We
would like to request your help in order for us to graduate. The survey we are about to conduct
is not difficult and is based on your opinions which we will use to see the perception of the
residents on the protection and conservation of the natural park. We would like to ask for 10 to
15 minutes of your time.
Please do not hesitate to ask us questions for parts of the survey you cannot understand. We
will be happy to entertain your questions.
Rest assured that all information and data gathered will be kept under full confidentiality.
Thank you!
___________________________ ___________________________
Participant’s Copy
I agree to answer the questions truthfully and trust the researchers regarding this study. I
understand that:
This study’s aim is to elicit our willingness-to-pay (WTP) or willingness-to-accept
(WTA) for the conservation of the natural park.
I should be able to answer the questions with my own opinion and not through the
influence of others.
My participation for this study is voluntary.
I can ask questions regarding this study and should be given appropriate answers
_____________________________ _______________________
Signature Household Position
100
University of the Philippines Visayas
Economics 199.2
BUCARI PINE FOREST CONSERVATION SURVEY
Informed Consent Form
Good day! We are fourth year undergraduate students from the University of the Philippines
Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo. We are currently conducting a survey to create a Payment for
Environmental Services scheme for the conservation and maintenance of Bucari Pine Forest,
Leon, Iloilo under the supervision of Dr. Gay Defiesta.
To fulfil our research requirements, we are required to survey residents in your barangay. We
would like to request your help in order for us to graduate. The survey we are about to conduct
is not difficult and is based on your opinions which we will use to see the perception of the
residents on the protection and conservation of the natural park. We would like to ask for 10 to
15 minutes of your time.
Please do not hesitate to ask us questions for parts of the survey you cannot understand. We
will be happy to entertain your questions.
Rest assured that all information and data gathered will be kept under full confidentiality.
Thank you!
__________________________ __________________________
Interviewer’s Copy
I agree to answer the questions truthfully and trust the researchers regarding this study. I
understand that:
This study’s aim is to elicit our willingness-to-pay (WTP) or willingness-to-accept
(WTA) for the conservation of the natural park.
I should be able to answer the questions with my own opinion and not through the
influence of others.
My participation for this study is voluntary.
I can ask questions regarding this study and should be given appropriate answers.
_____________________________ _______________________
Signature Household Positio
101
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE IDENTIFICATION
CODE:
Interview Schedule #: Barangay #: Household #:
INFORMATION
102
SECTION A: PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS CONSERVATION
General Attitudes Towards Conservation
A1. If the government will provide fund to address the problems below, among the
listed problems, what do you think is the most important? Kindly choose three and rank
according to importance.
PROBLEM ✓ RANK
Lack of environmental
protection
Quality of Education
Rapid Population Growth
Poverty
Lack of agricultural programs
Others, please specify:______
A2. What environmental problems do you think should be given primary attention?
Kindly choose three and rank according to importance.
PROBLEM ✓ RANK
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Proper Waste Disposal
Lack of Calamity
Contingency Plans
Illegal Logging
Others, please specify:______
A3. Below are statements that requires your opinion whether you agree or disagree in
every situation presented. There is no wrong answer. (1 = strongly disagree;
5=strongly agree)
STRONGLY DISAGREE NO AGREE STRONGLY
DISAGREE OPINION AGREE
I have a
responsibility to
1 2 3 4 5
protect the
environment
Natural resources
should be used
properly in 1 2 3 4 5
consideration of
future generations
103
The municipality
of Leon should
make use of
natural resources
to create more job 1 2 3 4 5
opportunities
despite having a
negative effect on
the environment
I agree to offering
help for the
1 2 3 4 5
protection of the
environment
There are more
important
problems that
1 2 3 4 5
should be
addressed over the
environment
YES NO
The Bucari Pine Forest is known as the “Little Baguio” because of its good weather
and cool climate. The Pine Forest and the camp site are both located in Sitio Tabionan
in Brgy. Bucari. This natural resource in Leon, Iloilo is known as an attractive site
for tourists, both local and foreign.
104
Benefits that can be provided by the Bucari Pine Forest
.
Aside from the tourists it attracts, there are also a number of services the Pine
Forest in Bucari provides.
YES NO
B3. What benefits will you get from the Bucari Pine Forest?
B4. Will you be able to visit Bucari Pine Forest in the next three (3) years?
Yes
No
105
Payment for Environmental Services
Payment for Environmental Services is a system where there is a buyer and a seller
of the services provided by the environment for free. The buyer is the one who pays
for the services of the seller who help protect and conserve the environment. This
system is used to help in the protection of the environment to provide compensation
for the services it offers. Also, it helps mitigate the negative effects of overexploitation
of the natural resources.
Example Situation:
The system used by the local government of Leon to protect the Bucari Pine Forest
is by making every tourist pay a monetary contribution amounting to 20 PHP if you
are a native of Leon and 30 PHP if you are not from the municipality, every time
you enter the borders of the campsite.
106
What are the expected results from the Program?
Aside from the aforementioned benefits above, the program will also help in:
mitigating the pollution brought by the tourists
conducting activities like seminars regarding the development,
beautification, and maintaining the camp site
giving the Bucari Pine Forest the attention it deserves
ensuring the future of the Pine Forest
B6a. How important do you think that the system of Payment for Environmental
Services should be implemented? (1= not important, 10=important)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Payment for Environmental Services can help in protecting and maintaining the
environment but the implementation of the system will require monetary amount from
the people who benefit from the amenities in order to continue the resources to provide
its services.
PES Trust fund
A trust fund is a collection of monetary contributions with a purpose of transforming
the collected amount into a favorable activity of a particular community for their
benefit. In line with this, the PES trust fund is a collection of money to help protect
and maintain the Bucari Pine Forest. The PES trust fund can be useful for the
following:
add more people who manage and maintain the Pine Forest
will be useful for the conservation of the Pine Trees in the area
continue the development of the facilities needed for the campsite
increase personnel who are knowledgeable when it comes to managing the
Pine Forest
will be used to further educate the workers and staffs regarding the protection
and conservation of the Pine Forest
When a disturbing situation arise that there is a need to protect and maintain properly
the Bucari Pine Forest, the local government of Leon will implement a PES trust fund
where there is a need to collect monetary contribution every month per household. Bear
in mind that this implementation of such trust fund will help in mitigating unfortunate
effects when negative event occur in the tourist destination and will also help in
maintaining the benefits it provides for the people who depend on its services.
* If the interviewee will hesitate, present the benefits that the PES can provide and the
benefits they will be getting from the system. Also, present the possible avoidable
situation if a trust fund regarding the Natural Park will not be implemented
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PAYMENT LADDER
Please bear in mind that the answers in the given situation are important and will have
effect in result of this research study
The collected amount will be the source of fund of the program mentioned earlier. This
program will help in the protection and conservation of the Bucari Pine Forest. This
will be a good program for the next generation since it will help in conserving the
environmental resources of the Municipality of Leon
C1a. In your opinion, given a situation that there will be collection for the protection
and maintenance of the Bucari Pine Forest, what will be the best way for the fund to be
collected?
Through tax
Through Barangay Collection
Through Municipal Collection
Through the collection of tourism office
Others, please specify:
C1b. In your opinion, who will be the best suitable officer to manage the collection of
the fund to assure that it will go to the program?
Municipal Official
Barangay Official
Tourism Officer
Officers from Non-Government Organization
Others, please specify:
108
Mark (✓) the prices that you are willing to pay and mark (✗) if you are not willing to pay
for the prices presented (If their WTP is 0 PHP, proceed to C2. If higher than 0 PHP
proceed to C4.)
PHP ✓/ ✗
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Others, please specify:
C3. Instead of giving monetary means for the program, are you willing to give your
services to help the natural park by:
(i) Help disseminate information about the Bucari Pine Forest to tourists
(ii) Help the protecting and maintaining the surroundings in Bucari Pine
Forest
(iii) Others…
Yes: ___ (proceed to C3a)
No: ___ (proceed to C7)
C3a. How many hours are you willing to render as a service for the Natural Park?
None
Number of Hours
I am not certain
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C3b. Why are you willing to help in protecting and maintaining the Natural Park?
_____________________________________________________________________
*proceed to C7
C4a. From the prices marked (✓), how certain are you that you will be able to pay? (1=not
certain 10=very certain, kindly encircle your answer)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C4b. Why are you willing to pay? Choose one reason only
I believe that the PES system will help protect the forest
I fear for the forest’s existence
I can afford the contribution
I am unsure if I can afford but I want to offer help
C5. Are you willing to pay higher than your previous amount?
If yes, how
much?
If no, why?
C6. If you will transfer away from Leon, given that your way living is still the same,
are you still willing to pay for the protection of the Bucari Pine Forest?
If yes, how
much?
If no, why?
C8. In your opinion, what benefits will you benefit from the system of PES?
Yes
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C9. In your opinion, the information presented about PES,
Are helpful in making Payment for Environmental Services
understandable
Have no effect
Are not enough
C10a. Do you participate in the system of paying for the entrance fee of 20 PHP for the
residents of Leon when entering the premises of the Bucari Pine Forest?
Yes
No
C10b. Are you a member of the organization that helps manage the Bucari pine Forest?
Yes
No
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SECTION D: SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
112
APPENDIX B. INTERVIEW SCHEDULE (HILIGAYNON)
Maayong adlaw! Mga estudyante kami na manug gradweyt sa University of the Philippines
Miagao, Iloilo. Subong, naga pagtakos kami para sa pag protekta kag mintinar sang Bucari Pine
Forest sa Leon, Iloilo sa pagsayasat ni Dr. Gay Defiesta.
Mangayo kami tani bulig halin sa inyo para sa pagkumpleto sang amun mga kilanlan para sa
thesis namun. Ang amun nga thesis kilanlan matapos para maka graduate kami. Ang pagtakos
namun nga hiwaton ay hindi gid mabudlay. Mamangkot lang kami sang inyo nga mga opinyon
na amun gamiton para makita kung ano ang pagtanaw sang pumuluyo sang Leon sa pagprotekta
sang Bucari Pine Forest. Gapangayo kami tani bisan kinse or bente minutos lang sang inyo nga
oras para diri.
Kung may ara kamo hindi ma inchindihan parte sa mga pamangkot namun, hindi kamo mahuya
magpamangkot sa amun.
Masaligan gid ninyo kami nga tanan nga impormasyon nga ma kwa namun halin sa inyo hindi
gid mag guwa sa mga tao nga hindi namun upod.
________________________ _____________________________
Pangalan:______________________Edad:___________Petsa:__________________
Address______________________________________________________________
Ang papel nga ni ang palatandaan na sugot ako mag partisipar sa pagtakos nga ini
Naga sugot ako na mag sabat sang matuod sang tanan nga pamangkot sa akon. Ka intyende ko
nga:
Ang tuyo sini kay maka kwa sang presyo nga sugot ako mag-amot para sa pagbulig
protekta sa Bucari Pine Forest.
Dapat makasabat ako sang mga pamangkot nga hindi ma apektuhan sang iban nga tao.
Ang akon pag intra diri ay boluntaryo lamang
Pwede ako kapamangkot parte sa pagtukib nga ini kag dapat mahatagan ako sang husto
nga sabat.
_____________________ ____________________________
Pirma Posisyon sa Panimalay
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University of the Philippines Visayas
Economics 199.2
BUCARI PINE FOREST CONSERVATION SURVEY
Informed Consent Form
Maayong adlaw! Mga estudyante kami na manug gradweyt sa University of the Philippines
Miagao, Iloilo. Subong, naga pagtakos kami para sa pag protekta kag mintinar sang Bucari Pine
Forest sa Leon, Iloilo sa pagsayasat ni Dr. Gay Defiesta.
Mangayo kami tani bulig halin sa inyo para sa pagkumpleto sang amun mga kilanlan para sa
thesis namun. Ang amun nga thesis kilanlan matapos para maka graduate kami. Ang pagtakos
namun nga hiwaton ay hindi gid mabudlay. Mamangkot lang kami sang inyo nga mga opinyon
na amun gamiton para makita kung ano ang pagtanaw sang pumuluyo sang Leon sa pagprotekta
sang Bucari Pine Forest. Gapangayo kami tani bisan kinse or bente minutos lang sang inyo nga
oras para diri.
Kung may ara kamo hindi ma inchindihan parte sa mga pamangkot namun, hindi kamo mahuya
magpamangkot sa amun.
Masaligan gid ninyo kami nga tanan nga impormasyon nga ma kwa namun halin sa inyo hindi
gid mag guwa sa mga tao nga hindi namun upod.
________________________ ________________________________
Pangalan:______________________Edad:___________Petsa:__________________
Address______________________________________________________________
Ang papel nga ni ang palatandaan na sugot ako mag partisipar sa pagtakos nga ini
Naga sugot ako na mag sabat sang matuod sang tanan nga pamangkot sa akon. Ka intyende ko
nga:
Ang tuyo sini kay maka kwa sang presyo nga sugot ako mag-amot para sa pagbulig
protekta sa Bucari Pine Forest.
Dapat makasabat ako sang mga pamangkot nga hindi ma apektuhan sang iban nga tao.
Ang akon pag intra diri ay boluntaryo lamang
Pwede ako kapamangkot parte sa pagtukib nga ini kag dapat mahatagan ako sang husto
nga sabat.
____________________ __________________________
Pirma Posisyon sa Panimalay
114
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE IDENTIFICATION
CODE:
Interview Schedule #: Barangay #: Panimalay #:
IMPORMASYON
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SEKSYON A: PAGTANAW SA KONERBASYON
General Attitudes Towards Conservation
A1. Kung ang gobyerno mag-butang sang puhunan para magbulig sa problema nga
nakalista, ano diri sa ila ang para sa imo pinakaimportante nga problema? Markahan
sang ✓ ang tatlo kag irangko base sa inyo opinion.
PROBLEMA ✓ RANGKO
Pagprotekta sang dunang
manggad
Kalidad sang edukasyon
Pagdasig nga pagdako sang
populasyon
Pagkapigado
Kulang nga programa parte sa
agrikultura
Iban pa:_____________________
A2. Ano nga problema sang dunang manggad ang para sa imo dapat tagaan atensyon?
Pili tatlo kag irangko.
PROBLEMA ✓ RANGKO
Polusyon sa hangin
Polusyon sa tubig
Problema sa basura
Kalamidad pareho sang
pagguho sang duta o baha
Ilegal nga pag-utod sang kahoy
Iban pa:_______________
A3. May ara ako basahon, palihog hambal sang imo opinion kung sang-ayon ka ukon
hindi sa mga gasunod. Wala man tsakto ukon sala nga sabat, opinyon lang ni nimo. (1
= hindi sang-ayon; 5 = sang-ayon gid)
STRONGLY DISAGREE NO AGREE STRONGLY
DISAGREE OPINION AGREE
May responsibilidad
ako sang pagprotekta 1 2 3 4 5
sa dunang manggad
Dapat gamiton sa
tsakto ang makuha
halin sa dunang
1 2 3 4 5
manggad para sa
sunod nga mga
henerasyon
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Kinanglan sang Leon
nga panamion ang ila
mga patakaran sa
paggamit sang dunang
maggad para 1 2 3 4 5
makadugang ini ubra
bisan may malain nga
epekto ang
pagpadamo sang ubra
Sugot ako magbulig
para sa pagprotekta 1 2 3 4 5
sang dunang manggad
May ara pa mas
importante nga dapat
unahon kaysa sa 1 2 3 4 5
pagprotekta sang
dunang manggad
OO WALA PA
Ang Bucari Pine Forest ang gina tawag sang mga turista kag pumuluyo nga “Little
Baguio” tungod sa iya mabugnaw nga klima. Ang Pine Forest kag ang campsite
naplastar sa Sitio Tabionan sa Brgy. Bucari. Isa ini sa mga sikat nga lugar nga pirmi
gina kadtuan sang mga turista sa Leon, Iloilo.
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Benepisyo na mahatag sang Bucari Pine Forest
Bukod sa ga dala ini sang turista sa Leon, madamo man nga serbisyo ang mahatag
sang Pine Forest sa aton.
OO WALA PA
B3. Ano nga benepisyo, kung may ara man gid, ang imo makuha sa Bucari Pine
Forest?
B4. Para sa imo, makabisita ka bala sa Bucari Pine Forest sa sulod sang sunod nga
tatlo (3) ka tuig?
Oo, posible gid
Hindi, imposible gid
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Payment for Environmental Services
Ang Payment for Environmental Services kay isa ka sistema kung diin may ara sang
nagabakal kag may ara sang naga baligya sang serbisyo sang dunang manggad. Ang
nagabakal amu ang mga tao nga maga amot para ang naga baligya makahatag
serbisyo na mag atipan sang isa ka lugar. Ginagamit ini para sa pagprotekta sang
palibut naton para hindi sila maguba kag maka-hatag kompensasyon para sa mga
gabulig protekta sang palibut.
Ang sistema nga ginagamit subong sang gobyerno sang Leon para maprotektahan
ang Bucari Pine Forest ay ang pagbayad sa kada sulod sa campsite sang bente
(Php 20) kung taga Leon ikaw kag trenta (Php 30) kung hindi ikaw taga Leon.
Sa subong, wala pa sang Payment for Environmental Services nga sistema sa Bucari
Pine Forest. Ibutang ta abi nga ang munisipyo sang Leon maghimo sang programa
nga magbulig atipan sa Bucari Pine Forest kung may ara malain nga matabo diri
nga hindi ma antisipar sang mga pumuluyo.
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Ano ang mga resulta sang programa nga ini?
Wala labot sa mga nahambal na nga daan nga mga benepisyo makadugang pa gid
ang mga magasunod:
Makabulig nga maiwasan ang polusyon nga posible madala sang mga turista
Pagpahiwat sang mga aktibidades pariyus sa mga seminar ukol sa
pagpanami pa gid kag pag-atipan sang site
Mahatagan ang Bucari Pine Forest sang atensyon na dapat makuha sini
Magdugay pa kag magmayo buwas-damlag sang Pine Forest
B6a. Para sa imo, ano ka importante nga mapatigayon ang sistema sang Payment for
Environmental Services para diri? (1= hindi importante, 10 = importante)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ang Payment for Environmental Services makabulig para sa pagprotekta kag pag-
atipan sang palibut. Pero ang pagpatigayon sini kay may baylo nga pagbayad para sa
pagbulig padayon sang serbisyo nga mahatag sini kung gusto nimo nga makabenepisyo
sa mahatag sang Pine Forest.
PES Trust fund
Ang trust fund isa ka koleksyon sang kwarta nga pangapyutan sang mga tao na
saligan para sa isa ka benepisyo. Sa ini nga butang: ang PES trust fund ay koleksyon
sang kwarta para sa pagbulig protekta kag pag-atipan ka Bucari Pine Forest. Ang
PES trust fund ay pwede magamit sa mga maga sunod:
Dugang sa ma bantay sang Pine Forest
Magamit magdugang sa mga kahoy kag iban nga kailangan para sa pag
mintinar
Pagpadayun sang panama sang facilities sa campsite
Dugang sang mga tao nga makabalo mag mintinar sa Pine Forest
Magamit sa pagtudlo sa mga pwede makabantay sang tsakto nga pag-atipan
Kung mag-abot ang sitwasyon na kailangan na gid protektahan kag atipanon sang
maayo ang Bucari Pine Forest, mapatukod PES trust fund ang gobyerno sang Leon
kung diin kailangan magkolekta kwarta kada bulan para idugang sa trust fund.
Panumduma nga ang pagpatukod sang trust fund nga ni ang makahatag protekta kag
mintinar sang Bucari Pine Forest pati ang mga benepisyo nga mahatag sang Bucari Pine
Forest.
*Kung magduda ang gina interbyu, ipakita ang mga benepisyo na mahatag sang PES
kag ipahibalo nga kuno abi maayo ang pagpatukod sang sistema kag maayo ang
pamalakad; Ipahibalo ang mga problema na pwede mag-abot kung hindi magpatukod
trust fund ang gobyerno para sa Pine Forest.
120
PAYMENT LADDER
Palihog panumdumon nga bisan hatag lamang ang sitwasyon nga ni kay ang sabat diri
importante gid kag makapaekto sa resulta sang thesis nga ginahiwat namun subong.
Ang koleksyon nga makuha kay ibutang para sa programa nga nahambal kagina. Ang
programa kay makabulig gid ini para sa pag-atipan kag protekta sang Bucari Pine
Forest. Mayo gid ini para sa sunod nga henerasyon kay mapreserba sini ang
agrikultura kag manggad sang Leon.
C1a. Para sa imo, kung kinanglan mag-amot para sa pagprotekta sa Bucari Pine Forest
sa ano dapat nga pamaagi ihatag ang amot?
Sa tax o buwis
Koleksyon sa barangay
Koleksyon sa munisipyo
Koleksyon sa tourism office
Iban pa:
C1b. Para sa imo, sino ang dapat nga magkolekta sang amot para masigurado ini nga
makadto sa programa?
Mga opisyal sa munisipyo
Mga opisyal sa barangay
Opisyal sa tourism office
Organisasyon nga hindi parte sang gobyerno
Iban pa:
Markahi sang (✓) ang mga presyo nga kaya nimo amuton ang presyo kag markahan sang (✗)
kung hindi na kaya ma-amot ang presyo. (Kung ang ila WTP kay 0 PHP, palihog diretso
sa C2. Kung taas sa 0 PHP diretso sa C4)
PHP ✓/ ✗
0
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20
40
60
80
100
120
Iban pa: ____
C3. Imbis na mag-amot para sa PES, gusto mo bala magbulig na lang paagi sa imo
pagserbisyo pareho sang:
(iv) Pagpalapta impormasyon parte sa Bucari Pine Forest sa mga ga bisita
(v) Bulig atipan sa dunang manggad sang Bucari Pine Forest
(vi) Iban pa…
Oo: ___ (diretso sa C3a)
Hindi: ___ (diretso sa C7)
C3a. Pila ka oras sa isa ka bulan ang mahatag mo nga serbisyo?
Wala
Oras
Wala ko kabalo
122
C4a. Sa mga presyo nga gin markahan sang (✓), ano ikaw ka sigurado nga gusto nimo
magbayad
(1 = hindi sigurado, 10 = sigurado gid, palihog bilugan ang sabat)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C6. Kung ikaw mahalin sa Leon, pero imo pangabuhi amo man gyapun, gusto mo pa
bala mag-amot para magbulig sa protekta sang Bucari Pine Forest?
C8. Para sa imo, may benepisyo ka nga makuha sa sistema sang PES?
Oo
123
Makabulig pag-intindi parte sa Payment for Environmental
Services
Wala epekto
Kulang sa impormasyon
C10a. Sa subong, may ara sistema ang munisipyo para sa pagprotekta sang Bucari Pine
Forest. Ini ang pagbayad sang entrance free nga 20 PHP para sa mga pamuluyo sang
Leon. Ikaw bala naga partisipar sa amu ni nga sistema?
Oo
Hindi
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Edad: Sex: Lalaki Tao sa panimalay:
125
APPENDIX C. LETTER OF REQUEST FOR THE MUNICIPAL MAYOR
Greetings!
We, the undersigned, are fourth year undergraduate students taking up a bachelor’s
degree in Economics at the University of the Philippines Visayas. This is regarding our
undergraduate thesis which we would like to conduct in Leon Natural Park. Our study
the supervision of Prof. Gay D. Defiesta, PhD. This is in partial fulfilment of our
requirements for the course Economics 199.1 (Economics Research I) and Economics
199.2 (Economics Research II). This study will last throughout the academic year.
Our study would like to tackle conservation and preservation of Bucari Pine Forest. Our
maintain and conserve your natural treasure. A detailed description has been attached
In line with this, we respectfully request access to information and data to complete our
study. There will be interviews to be conducted based on your convenient time. Rest
126
assured that all information and data gathered for this study will be kept under full
confidentiality.
Respectfully:
Signed:
Approved:
127
APPENDIX D. LETTER OF REQUEST FOR PRETESTING AND DATA
GATHERING
Greetings!
We, the undersigned, are fourth year undergraduate students taking up a bachelor’s
degree in Economics at the University of the Philippines Visayas. This is regarding our
undergraduate thesis which we would like to conduct in Leon Natural Park. Our study
the supervision of Prof. Gay D. Defiesta, PhD. This is in partial fulfilment of our
requirements for the course Economics 199.1 (Economics Research I) and Economics
199.2 (Economics Research II). This study will last throughout the academic year.
In lieu of our study (as approved previously), we would like to request permission to
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For Pretesting
Brgy. Talacuan
Brgy. Dorog
In relation to this, we would like to request two (2) or three (3) representatives or field
guides from each barangay to assist us while we survey throughout the area. This is for
safety and security purposes as well as to garner attention from the households.
Respectfully:
Approved:
129