MYTHS

&LEGENDS
 CONTENTS
-------- ~ ~ -
S•ni<>rbl ih>r< SoonAlkiM<>n,l'>ui>R<gon
&litorsP,.nckN=man,MoniohaThakk.at
US F-<Ii"" Eii:.>be<hBro" lmrodttction Fertility Deities
l'roj<<1 "'" &!~or Anna 1-l.all Pan and Syrinx
Duign er<DeonMorri•.MamV..~ lk<t Northern lO u rope
EUROPE 10
~hruoging f ditor Dd>I>Woll<t Norse Origins 90
Classical Europe 14
~hn• gi n~A" &lioorl<o,.nS.If The Norse Cosmos 91
AociemGreekCre~tion 16
"'" Dio.<tor Bryn\l~llo
1\obUsh<r joiUOO.nM<tolf
As.social < l'ui>lish<tlizWbt<l<r
Cosmic War
The Twelve Ol;•mp i~tiS
l8
10
The Norse Gods
Loki
Thelas1 Battle
"96
98
Produ<1ioo Ed ~ o.. joonMBym<,l.ucaFr..,<in«ti
Prx>du<tio>n Con•NIIO< hodoryuBhulbt
"~
ThcCreationofHurnank ind
H
16
Kaleva \a 100
T:JksofHcroismandChivalry
Pi<lur<R<><•tchcr Robnd5mithtt< Apollo
Beowttlf 106
lllo>O roati<>ns Aouhu!lhanugarand~iDutta Poseidon and the Flood
Legends of the Ring 108
Mythical Beings
EanhDcities 110
f'Nj<e~&li"" RohanSi" ha
Dionystts 3i
Wcstc rnl:uropc 112
Edioo,.. Suchismitollonttjtt, At hen;~ 36
M;1hsoftheAncientCehs 114
KinphukGJ.:>shal Thelo,·esofAphrod ite 38
The Ulster Cycle 116
lk!oignMonog<r ArunehTobpatr.o TheGn::ekGoddesses iO
The Fenian Cycle 11 8
Pwj<<ID<signcrTonnishtlu Cha k""""'y ThtUndemwld i1 ~tagical Worlds
D<signo< f> MtunBol><tj«,Mahu.aM>ndal,lryRoy Orphettsin theUnderwo rld H
TheMabinogi
lllusr,..o i<> n w-o r ~ in •tor Mob.'1k.alaluW.r The Labors of Herxles 46
KingAnhurandhisKnights
lllPro-onlin.tool)aiwltnt Stngh TheGardenof theHesperides 48
I)TP jo.gurStllglt,PlutomS4t><;h TheHolyGmil 118
TheseusandtheMinotaur 50
lludofPublishin&Apom>Shamu CcmrJia nd Eastern Europe 130
Bel\erophonandPegastts 52 Koscheithe lrnrnonal 131
l'utli.n.dinlh<Unil<dSUttsl>j TheExploitsofPersetts Legendsofthe\Vitch 13<
37~~~:-;::~~ AbandonedChildrrn
Oedipus
56
58
Mythsof\Voodand\Vater 136
NtwV<:rt.NtwYotklOOii GodsandG.:.idessesojLMt 138
TI~eTrojat1War
1»1011 12 l09816H32J Tl~eFi rebird 1i0
TI~eOdysse;•
SbvicGodsofPower 141
Classica\ Antil~eroes
Copyngltt02009rx.tonsKn<lmleylimot<d Classica\ Amil~eroir~es
Allrigh ....... N<d The Argonauts Wt: ST AND C t: NTRALASIA
l>.llhM~m ot;ns t h<righO>oni<t<OJ')'rigltr,.......w
RornanGodsandGoddesses 76 West Asia 148
obmo<,,.,pandthisp..bi""""' "''Yb.t<produt<d,
-..Jonoti,...~•moortt~l>y>«tn,ot Aeneasand theOriginsofRorne 78 EnttmaEiish ISO
'""""ill<d,on"l)'lotm. otl>j'"')'m<>n>(dtdron.c Guardian Deities 82 ln;~.nna 1H
m<d>""""l~g.t«»«>ins.ototh<ro;>t),
wilOOutthtpnorwnot<nl"m";sirnolboththt
«<p'frigltt.,.,.,.,....:ld><obo>¥<publi ..... ol ..... boolc
F'ubli>h<d inG.,.,Btit>tnl>j
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TheEpicofGilpmesh 156 A!' RID\ 230 Mythsof thePlumedSerpent

~1)1hsof Ugarit Ancient l:gYIII 234 AztecN~tureGods
~1}1hsof the
lhtt itcs The&ginningofthe\Vorld 236 The Caribbean
TheGreatSkyGod 162 Book of the Dead 238 The Five Eras 3()6
DciursofF~Ieand Fortune 3()8
Ccmoal As ia and Arabia
TI~eFightApinsthil 168
'" A KingS Murder
Goddesses of the Nile
journeytotheLmdoftheDe~d
240
2H
246
Gods and Spirits
Ghede
SoUlhA merica
310
312
TheltgendofRusnomandSohmb 170 West Africa 248 Inca Beginnings 31<
Animal M)'thsofMongolla 172 African Origins 250 Sky GodsoftheAndes 318
Godsof\\\u A tlatiSe 252 Spiri1SojP1au 320
The EpicofGesar Khan 176 Mythica11lerMs
TheGoddessAl-L:l.t 18() CeutraiArriu. 156
OCEANIA 322
Lonkundo 258
Au s tralia 3 26
Mwindo 260
SOLJTH AND EAST ASIA 182 The lbinbowSnake 328
The \Vise King 262
S<.> uth Asia 186 The Primal Sisters 330
l:asr Africa 264
The Vedic Gods 188 The 1\ilhngoflurnalurna 332
TheFirsrC..u le 266
BrahmalndrheCreat ion 190 The Brarn-Bram-Buh 33<
Shamans 268
Shiva Po lynes ia 336
Sourhc rn Africa
TheTenA,':ltarsofVishnu 196 Tangaroa 338
MythsoftheS.1n 272
Durga 198 The Origin of Death 3<0
Hbk:myam 273
Stont~
TheRamayana
TheMah:lbh:lrata
TheOriginoftheGanges
200
206
208
Southern African Folk Tales 174
Sacred

Index
"'
3 44
!;astAsia THE AMERICAS 276 Acknowl edgrncrrl s 351
PanGuCreatestheUniverse Norrh Arnc rica 280
legendsoftheChineseHeroes Navajo Emergence 282
TheCourtof t hejadeEmperor Ancestor~
TheTenSmtsofllea,·en Raven Steals the light 286
The Adventures of Monkey 220 j ourney to the Sky 288
Thejap;meseCreation 222 MytltsoftheFarNorth 290
Susano-Oan d hisDes.:endanrs 226 Mesoame ri ca
Ki111aro 228 PopolVuh 19<

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INTRODUCTION
yths-stories of the gods. of heroes.
M and of grem cosmic events-are told
in all of the world's many cultures
They deal with the deepest, most fundam ental
issues: the creation of the universe and of the
human race. the nature of the gods and spirits,
what happens to us when we die, and how the
world will end . They examine love and jealousy,
war and peace. good tmd eviL Myths explore
these crucial issues with intriguing plots, vivid
characters, memorable scenes, and conce pts
1har touch our deepes1 e m oli ons~ and so they
have become eternally fascinating
Myths began as tales told around the fire by
successive generm.ions. and in places they are
srill passed on orally. L"ller. with the inventio n
of writing. people began to write their myths
down and adapt them in new ways-mrning
1hem im o plays, poems. or novels. for example
Some of the world's greatest literature, from
the Greek epics of Homer to the sagas of the
early Icelandic writers. are based on much
older myths that were origi nally told orall y.
MYRIAD MYTJ-lS
Because of their oral roots, myths are not set in
stone. Each one, endlessly retold, has spawned
variations_Often, there is no single "correct"
version of a myth. The name of a god will
change from one tribe to the next: a twist in
a rale will be explained in different ways by
neighboring groups. Written versions of a
myth multiply the retellings still further
This book can only 1.ell a fraction of rhe
world's myrhs. and usually only b>ives one
version of each story. But it does contain a
generous selection of myths from around the
globe, including many from rhe cultures of
-- 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SOi\\E CULTU RES HAVE THOUSANDS O F
DEITIES, SO Tl IE SCOPE FOR VA RIATIONS
IN THEIR MYTHS IS AL1\ lOST INfiN ITE.
Europe thac because they have been written
down and widely circulated, have had an
enonnous influence across the world.
COSMOS AND PEOPLE
Among the seemingly endless variety of myths
are common themes. Nearly every mythology
starts with the question: "How did the universe
begin7" Often. a shadowy c reat or takes the firsT
step: a god. perhaps, who wills himself into
bei ng. Frequentl y, the creator is faced \'lith a
cosmic egg_ In one variation of the Chinese
creation myth, for instance, the god Pan Gu
has to break such an egg 10 fom1 the land and
sky. Sometimes the creator has 10 fetch land
from the depths of a primal ocean-like The
Earth Diver, a common figure in Native
American myths. In other myths the world is
the offspling of a male and a female creator
Often, people come much later. Usually
they are molded from day or cmved from
wood Like human sculptors, the gods often
make several false starts. Myths from Mexico
to Greece tell of three versions of people, onl y
the last being right_ Sometimes the first people
are male. and when they begin to die the gods
make women so that the people can reproduce.
GODS AND THEIR POWERS
Most cultures have a large number of gods or
spirits-sometimes thousands, because there
are spiriTs evel)'\vhere . In places as far ap:m as
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FOR EARLY PEOPLES, THE EX ISTENCE O F
DEITIES EXPLAI N ED I VI IY TilE SUN SII ONE
AN D I VI-I ERE T HE RAINS CA1\ IE FRO!'vl.

Japan a nd Aflica. every rock. stream, lake.
and hill may have its own spilit. Many are
local deities, worshipped mainly by the people
who live nearby and share their sacred space
Yel even in cultures that ha\'C thous.. mds
of deities rhere are ~core" groups of widely
known gods with special powers. There are
gods of the sun, the rain, the sea, the sky, the
mountains. and rhe rivers_ Specific gods look
after hunting, fam1ing, love. childbirth, war.
and death. The myths involving these gods
rend w relate closely tO their roles
Man>' other myths involve rnonals with
extraordinary superhuman powers. These
heroes accomplish apparently impossible tasks.
win battles single-handedly, and even visit the
Undenvorld. They may also be culture heroes,
who teach people imponant ski ll s such as
fire-making_ Their achievements are often so
great that they become gods when they die.
MYTHS OFTJ-IE ELEMENTS
Among the most prominent gods are those
of the elements, notably the sun and the rain.
They detem1ined whether crops grew. so the
sun and weather gods were often the most
widely worshipped of all the gods. From the
Inca sun god lmi to the Greek sky god Zeus,
they were supremely powerful
Some of the most familiar mythical themes
concern the elements. Many cult ures have a
myth in which the sun disappears, depriving

the world of food and wannth and explaining
night and d1y. Other cultures, such as China
and pans of Africa, have a myth in which there
is too much sunlight which the gods reduce, or
counter with night. Worldwide, wrathful gods
send great fl oods, sometimes wiping out all but
one human L·unil y before nonnality is restored
Stories like these explain natuml disasters and
encourage people to honour the gods. so that
they wil l not unleash their anger: they are also
glippi ng tales of adventure and rescue.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MYTHS
Myths reinforce the cultuml identity of the
people who tell them. For the Abo rigines of
Australia, the oli!,>in myths of each tlibe tell not
onl y of the ancestors, but of the routes they
took across the land when they brought each
natural feature into being: the land, it.s people,
and their myths are united inextricably. Myths
were just. as important 10 the ancient Greeks.
who named their gremest cit y. Athens. after its
-· .. ;":"·'d
. \(~
patron goddess, Athena: to the lnc.1s, who
believed their mlers to be descended from the
sun god himsel f: and to the Norse, whose
warliors tlied to emulate their great god Odi n.
rhe vitality and importance of myths is
seen not only in their countless retellings. but
in the way their gods, heroes, and creatures
have inspired artists. From China to ancient
Rome, artists have painted and carved images
of the gods. an activity that is sometimes itse lf
an act of worship, someti mes more simply a
celebration of the dei ties and their deeds
Myths alise from an intimate relationship
between people and the natuml and spi rit
worlds-something so many of us have lost
They opemte on the borders between reality
and fantasy. celebrate oddity and uncertainty,
and describe terrifying cosmic forces_ But they
also deal \vith great excitement and inspirat ion
Myths are the most enthralling stories we have,
because they w uch our hearts and minds and
reach to the very core of ou r being
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£ Aitartorh• godrluo fonuna
Jhosaltarcomoskornlhaatyolc-ten.burltt,.the[u""""".whowamtheltaloa.n
lorOO\Oino:.. ot tOoflctnan> lldol'd•a""'"ficetol«t""".ago;ldosool<ktunywf>:l
s!OO!odlhaoourwolpooplo's l""'andwhowasalwlaloowasii'I'P"''tft' lheflctnans
 CLASSICAL EUROPE
The mylhs of ancient Greece and Rome, with their tales of the great loves,
tivalries, and achievements of the Classical deities and heroes, are some
of the most familiar stories in all world literature.

TheciviliutionofanciemGreece,which fher<Xslike Heracles~ndj3SOn, involving

reached itszenith intheStha::muryKf, greatadventuresandjourneysasbrasthe
wasfoundednotbyonelargenationor Underworld.havebeenendlesslyretold
empire,butinaseriesofcity-states,eachof
whichhaditsowntr:Jd itions,culture,and AN EN DURI NG INF LUE NC E
deities. Asaresuh,manyofthegodsand \VhenGrttk civili:w.tion declined,the
goddessesofancientGreecehadlocal mythslivedoninnriousw~ys.Asthe
followings . For example , A!lu~na was Romansbuihuptheirvastempire ,the}'
closelyassocbtedwithAthens,Zeus adoptedlocal deitieswherewr theywent.
with Olympia, and Apollo with Delphi They found thegods~nd goddesses of
But anciemGreekse"erywherecameto • Sicilion t.mplo Greeceespe<:iall)·~ppealing,:mdcombined
recognizealargegroupofde itieswho CjasS>Cai~Waslhosooo ~n .I.;Jn ii""IO in S<clly tbeirpersonllities withtheir owndeities
-eooclangulaoou..:IUreSendooedby oCM'Solwl..-nns
interacted with one another- and with ln$0d(lwasaooomwoth awllsmtoao!thaienltkda<ty, tocreatefigurestlut\\-erecloselyrebted
theworldofpeople-ratherin the wherualuableolle<onopsuch .. !Pdands~""'-•lett butsubllydifferent.Thesky godjupiter,
m:mner of an extended human family, for example. is the Rom~nequiv~lentof
with its myri ~d close rebt i,·es. ~ ! embers th eGreekgodZeus,but differsfromhim
of this great pantheon of gods and goddesses fe ll in love ~nd in several ways the Romans linked him with justice. with the
had reb.tionshi ~,·en with mere monals--hld immense keepingofolths,andwiththeirmagistrates,whomade
persotl:llandpoliticalrivllries,andfrequentlywenttowar. sacrificestohimwhentheytookuptheiroffice
The~rt,architecture,andmythologicaldepi<:tionsof the
TilE GREEKS AND T JI EIR G O DS Greeks were also preserved and h~d a longer-term im]XICI.
TheattcientGreeksworshippedtheirdeitiesbyleaving plrti<:ularlyonanistsandwritersin\\'esternEuropeduring
offerings tothern internples.andhonoredt hernbyholding theRemissance(c.l350-c. l 550)
regubr fest ivals. Muchisknownaboutthisworshipbecause
manyoftheirtemples,togetherwithritua\objectsandcult
Statues.havesurvived.andancientGreekwritersdescribed
rehgiousritualssuchasrnakingofferingsoffoodandwine
lnreturn,worshippershopedthmthedeitieswouldlook
kindlyonthem,siocemOSigodsandgoddessesweresaidto
takeakeenimerestinhurnanaffairs. ln themythicalgreat
warbetween Greecea ndTroy.forexample.everystage ofthe
conflict,togethe rwiththefinal outcome. wasinfluenced:IS
muchbytheac!ionsofthedeitiesasbywhmthemenofthe
twosidesactuallyachievedonthelxtttlefield
The myths of Greece also show this interaction between
deitiesandhumans intheguise of numerousher<Xs:figures
whoaremonalbut.bec:msethey oftenhave onedivine
parent,h.1\·esomeofthech.1racteristicsofthedivine. Stories
 ANCIENT GREEK
CREATION
Classical mythology contains several accounts of the creation,
telling how creator dei ties gave the universe shape and form
before the first races to inhabit the cosmos were born. These
creation stories give the background to the birth of the gods
and goddesses who dominate much of Classical mythology
and who were beli eved to dwell on Mount Olympus.

TIIEMYTII • orphion
!hawrpen t O.~ooiOO
ln thebeginningtherew:J.Snothingbutavast,darkvoid otselfaooundlha"J'lhidb>,>
[uryooroo.wflichcootainOOtha
calledChallS.Outofthisernpt ine,;sthecreati'·eforce
begi M t"'JSoi~ I I[IIIJIII'tfm( "-' is\
ernng~d. The ''ariousGreekaccoum~ofcreat iongive this
force different rume~- In SO(ne, shew~ agoddr.sscalled
Eurynome,whocottpledwithaprimalserpemcalled
Orphiontobegintheproce~ofcreatiop, w hilein·others,
she was Gaia. MotherE:lrth

THI: PRI MAL EGG

Eurynotne took the fonn ofado\'e J nd laid a great egg,
around whichOrphioncoiled. Warmed b)• the serpent's
coils. the egghltche~, and out of it came allthingsthat
exist: Ur::mus,thesky;Ourea,the mountains; Pomus,
thesea:a ttd allthestarsaitd pbnets. Gaia,theEan h,and
hermountainsandriversen:tergedfromtheegs althe
same time . \Vhenallthesethings wereborn.Eurynome
and Orphion uavelled w Mount Olym pus and made
the irhotne!here ButOrphiondecbrtd hintself
solecreatorofthecosmos,andEurynome
armsbrar u:hingoutfromtheirshoulders.Thcncamcthe
C)·dopes. arru;eofone-eyedgiantswhowere~kil ledin
metalworking. Somesaythatbtertheyatt:u:kedthegod
Astlepius,sohisfather,Apollo,kil!edthem. Their ghosts
stillhaunt theca•·esbenearhthevo\canoMountEtna
Othersd:umtlwthepowerandskillofthe
CyclopesftightenedUrnnus,whothought
thattheym ightrobhimofhispower.So
UrnnusbanishedtherntotheUnderworld
The most important ~ produced by Gaia

~
ptmishedhimforthisby andUranus wereagroupofgiamsk ttown
firstkickinghim a nd astheTitans.Theybecamethe
then, when he persisted, firstrulersofEarthandstanedbm il ies
~
byOO.nishinghimtothe with theirfema!ecounterparts, the
u Underworld forever Tit:messes. Titeirchildrenbecamesorne
~ ofthemostpowerfulgodsand goddessoes,
:5 MOTHt:R t:i--\RTH
J. Thotlo--io
suchasllelios,thesungod,andEos,the
goddessofdawn,whowere thechildren
' u lha•I<W\'ol thaplfll(llg::.ddess ofHyperion. ~loS! influemial of all were the
!1G E...,....,....lab"'J theloomotadoi'Olis
a•urroo•~""'"\ha t f)XJ<t.<ma•nly•n
childrenofCronus, the leaderoftheTitans,
lragroontsoi...,OOGrool:wo mog• who became the de ities of Mount Olympus

~~~2<~-,
KEY CHARACTE RS
lhe~neientGI'ffkcosmosbegin>"ithshado")'characrerswhose
mainpurposeistogetcrea!ionSiantd,butwhodonotha,·ethe
highlydewlopedpers.onaliti.sor compkxmytflsassociated"ith A
~
rhe la1~r Olpnpian deities. Eurynome, for example, is deS<:ribcd a:;
rhegoddessofall t hings,afigu""whocand~n<:eac:rossd>eprimal
dtaOs,bn:><l<lonthewater,or~ake•l"'fonnoftl>ebirrllhatl.t}'$111(
universalegg.Othercharncu:rs,suchasCrooms,originallyaharves•
god,presidem·ernaturalforu:s. TheT\tane<SRheawasaprimal
god<loe<slikeGala,amatenulfiguresuonglyidenhfi«<"iththe
A. Gaia.thomollll! godde..
Earth . TI~eTitansalsorultd t he\'ar\oushea\·enlybodies. Phoebe
and Atlas ruled the moon. while Rh<a and Cronus go'·• mOO th.e
planetSatu m . Theiaand H)l>erion
::h:::':.:u;::
geogoapho:alfwl<ore;;''''''"
ri..,.o.and<! ro.,...

~ CronU IH tlft9h11Chlld
farr>J<.,ko>Yollllowlngtt.lliol!froo
ol ... chilot..,ls8<1p.!8llho lrtan
CKIIIUS~I<Id wotllhtsconooot 111oo
no rcrl:ymadelooMJuntOthfl'

THE GIANTS AN D CYCLO PES TH E TRI NITI ES

Amongth.:firsttreaturesinth.:unh·erse v... reraasofgiants,suchas TiteTitansandotherptimalbeings
the one·e)..d Cyclopes and the Hundred · Handed Giants. TileS<: raas produced a numberofchildrenwho
hadsuperhumans:trengt handbe<:au~of t his(andrhelrdis:turbing hadthes:tatusoflesser delrles,bur
appearancdtheTitansb.nlsht;drhernto theUnderv.-orld.Later cooldst ill ha,·egreatinfluenceowr
rn)1hs,OOv."'"'·tellofanumberofCyclopeswh<> foundaroute thehesofothers.llteyoftencame
bJcktoEanh,wheretheyh,-edasshepherds in groupsofth""'.suchasthethrtt
Mostof thes.:Eanh-dv...,lllngCyclopesv.'ere HesperidesandthethreeF.tes. llte
gen~e, buta fewliked toeathumanflesh latterwereer>dov.'edv.ithtremendous
power.controllingthelivesnoton!y
ofhumansbutalsoofthegods----
theGreeksbelievedthatnoone
coul d e«:Jpethepow.:roffute
j.:f·
COSMIC WAR
The gods of Mount Olympus, who are the
dominant characters in most of the myths of
ancient Greece, took control of the universe
by fighting a long war with their ancestors
and rivals, the Titans. The story of this
Cosmic War, wh ich is also known as
the Titanomachia, involves many themes-
such as oracles, lost children, and revenge-
that arc prominent in later myths. At the end
of the struggle, Zeus emerged as the supreme
ruler of the entire cosmos, and the defeated
Titans were banished to the Underworld.

TI-IE M YTII admimstered to Cronus, would make him

Anor:;clehadtoldtlreTitanCronusthatone
of his children would killhim.As~resUlt.
whenc•·er~childwasborntohiswife.Rhea.
Cronus would swallow it. After Cronus·had
disposed of five children. Rhea hatched-~
plan . Whentheirne~tchild,Zeus,w:tibom, .A Bron.. •hie ldandoword
she sem him to c;ete. wheo-: Am:l.lthea. a
friend lygoaHtymph,broughtupthechild.
~leanwhile. Rheawr:Jppedastone insw.1d dling
cl<llhes ~nd g~ve it to Cronus to swallow.
THE RETUR N O F ZEU S
After 7.eusgo-:w up, one day his fo;aer-mother. Amalt hea,
rel·ea\edhistrueident itytohimandnarmtedhowCronus
hadsv.-allov.edallhissiblings.Anenr:JgedZeusthenresolved
vomitupallhischildren. Zeusfollo""ed Metis's
instruelioi\Sandrr>euedhissibling>--~hegods
~o..eidon and ll:tdes, and the goddesses 1\erJ,
H~stia,and Demeter. Then Zeus freed the
Cyclopes, the one-eyed giarns whom Ur:Jnus had
b.wishedtotheUnderworld. Thegodsandtlle
llllQocb!OO:ln rrral:aW.bo:n!a Cyclopesledby7.eusdeclan:d\\':lronCronus.
_.,._ M,-tl~aro.t""""Muk<Js T11e two sides were equal\)' matched and
:~!Msi~=~:.,lal the conflict seemed destined to \a;,t forever.
. But the Cyclopes were master metalworkers,
and they created ~number of magic~\ wupons. including~
thuuderboltforZeus.atridentforPoseidon,andahelmet
for Hades th:lt made the wearer invisible. These eventually
gal'ethegods theupperl:mndintheconllict.Attheendof
thewar.the .godscontrolledthecosmosandtheTitanswere

-..~!""!!!:l'"'""' ~ n ~~ser:~~:~for
01
· fearsome mon~ers guarded by the Hundred -Handed Giants
thiscrime. \ \)hen
he declared his
intention to the
- ..... , .. . , . TitanessMet is,she
toldhimthat!Je
couldst ill rescuehis
brothersm1dsisters
Shrg:~1>ehi madrug
th~t,whenitwas
~ In bani•
l!uoling""""vrochwooone
wayonwllio:ll lhog.:;<lllN-.:l andanns---withhisthunderbolt,themonstercontinuedto
IJI•ntsattackedeachOIOO..
l hispa<n11ngohows3.....-.l
IIQIIIIhoGIIJ"f'to:rnachia. lho
battlebetwoo<llhoQOO!ar>d
Gaoa-..childoon.lhogooots
imprisonedinTanarus,aregionintheUnderworld full of
FURTHER BATTLE S
Gai~.outr.t.ged that her children had beendisp.1tched to
Tartarus.begananotherwaragainst rhegods,bringingthe
Giams,whowerealsoherchildren. imob..1ttleagainstZeus
andthe01hergodsandgoddesses. Thegodswerefimll)•the
victors in this b~nle. known as the GigantomxhL1, and the
Giantswereburiedbeneathvolcanoes. Buteventhentheir
rulewasnotsecure . Zeuswaschallengedonelastrimeby
Typhon, ~<::t::tnO'IherofGaia"soffsp ring. AhhoughZeus iqjured
Typholl----<lhugecreawrewithlrutn)·heads:mdcoumlesslegs
hurl enormous rocks at him . 7...eusreuliaredb)· attacking rhe
rockswnhthunderbolrs,sotiL11theyreboundedonTyphon ,
knockingthestrengthoutofhim.Fimlly.Zeushurledhim
downtoTanarus. Hisrulew:ISsecureatbst
IVEAPONS OFTIIE GODS ATLAS
ThedeiliesofandentGreeeertsembledhtunansinseveralways SonoftheTitanlapetusanda
Wh.en the gods fought a war, the Greeks imagined th.em as beings in sean}mphealleddymene,
hwnanform.fightlngwithweapons.n..seweaponswerernadefor Atlasru ltdalargeisland
thembyl-ll:plueSIUS, thegodofm.:L11working,cr•flsmansltip ,atld fire , kingdomcalledAtlomls
whow·~sakindofe<:le>t ialblacksmlth_ Buttheweaponsof thegods Hehadrrumysubjeeu,but
hadpower;thatwemfarbeyonde>nhlyswordsanddtggers..When theybttamedeg.:ner•te.so
ZewwieldedhisthUllderi:>oltorPoseidonsnuckhistridettt, theemln: thegodsd(Cidedtopunish
eosmos<hook.Hepha¢;1ussoon<:limesmadeannorformonalheroes
like Achilles (<U pp.60-6J), otld when a hero showed sptcia) prowess
inanns.proplesaidhisweaponrymuSihave
beenmadebyHephaestus.

n
0

"
(j
 ZEUS
Zeus, son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea, was the god of the
sky and thunder. His most feared weapon was his thunderbolt,
fashioned by the Cyclopes. He became ruler of the gods when
he led them in their defeat of the Titans dming the Cosmic War
(see pp.lB-19). Though he married the goddess Hera, he was famous
for his many other sexual conquests, which included goddesses,
nymphs, and mortal women. Some of the numerous children of
these liaisons wielded immense power over the people of Earth.

- - - - - - - - -ol!l.- -·

THE DISG UISES OF ZEUS

Zeus'sshmingbodycou ldterri fymon~lsand hist h underboh
cou\dburn todeathanythingthatcametoonear. For these
re~ns, an d beca~ many of his sexw.l panners were
unwi ll ing, 7.eusadoptedvariousguiseswhen:.ppro:>ching
hi> loves. HecharmedEuropabymkingtheformofabuiL
gotthroughDJ.na~'sprisonbyturningintoashowerofgold,
becameaSJ.t}T torapeAmiope,aprincesoofThebes,and
approache d Leda as a owan. He tricked Akmene (su p.-16)
bydisguisinghimself:~Sherh usband .Amphitryon,and
turnedintoan eagletocarryoffGanymede,J.young
manheh.:t.dblleninlovewith.Zeuscou lddisguise
theobjectsofhislove too, turninglo,apriestessof
Hera. into a cow ;~.nd Callisto, a nymph of Anemis.
intoabear toalbythesuspicionsofhiswife

!;';.".)~-,
 ,; :".

J,. TM diYino oouplo
llilllouyhHe!awaslarrw:ust,-J'I'IIOu$,ho<-sh'l'fl'l<1
s!l<ISOOd!ha i ~olmamago . ..-.di!OO'IIlaiUst>
~~ayedho<andlW<Malan<lao.kwlllQCOUpla
ZE U S AND HERA
Zeus tookhissister.Hern.thegodde.sofmarriage.ashiswife
Hera had been ignoredwhe n thegreatgodsZeus. Poseidon. and
Hadesdividedupthecosmosbetweenthem.somarl)'ingleus
and ruling theskyashisconsongawher thepowershehad
been denied . Mostofthestoriesabout Hernrecoum thejealousy
shefeh atl~rhusband'salf3irsandthe,·endeuasshelaunched
aga in>t her riv11ls . When lo W:tS tr:JtiSformed into~ cow, Hera
sentaflytostingherperpetually,md drivehermad. Whenthe
goddessletowasexpectingZeus'schildren, Hembanr~dher
fromgivingbinhonthemainlandoronany island.Shetricked
Semeleintodemanding th atZeusappear toher inallhisglory.
Wl ~nhe:Jgreedrelucta mly.Sernelewasb\lrnedtoashesbyhis
pow·erful thunderbolt. Heraalsopersecutedtheolfspringof
Zeus'saffairs.includingDionysus(sreppJ'f-J5)and the hero
Her:teles (se~pp.i6-i7), whom sl~ drove insane-as a resub
ofwhichhekilled hisownwife~ndchildreninafitofrnadness
llo"·e,·er.theeffectsonl\era'svictimswerernrelyperrnanent.

------------
ThetlwooGroc"'oclm1"'..00Aphoodillla00[roo
Theybr<Jug h tpaoplahappneu.Oiop(OOl~ly l nlo<.l
aMtheubl.,..hhelf"ld~nts11ounsh

THE CIIIL DREN

O F ZEUS
Zeus h~d dozens of children by
hisvariouspanners,andsome
oftheseolfspringhadprominem
p;>nsinotherGreekmyths--either
3Simmonals whoruleddifferemaspectsof thecosmos.
orasheroeswhoseexploitsbecamefarnousamongmonals.
Zeusandhiswife,Hern,we~theparentsofdeitiessuch
asAres(thegodofwar)and Hebe(thehandmaidenofthe
gods). Hermes was the product of his union with ~\aia, and
hisalfair with~ \ettsresuhedinthebinhof At hem(scep.J6)
Withl.eto,Zeusbtheredthetwindeitiest\polloand
Anemis,whilewithEurynomeheproduced thethree
Gr.lCes. His liai,;on with the Titaness named Mnemosyne
(memory) produced the Muses, and his affair with Ananke
producedtheFates. Arnonghismonalloves,Europawas N
themotherofSarpedon(a heroof theTrojan\\'ar),Mmos c
(the King of Crete), and Rhadamanthus(whobecamea
judgeofthedead). Danaeg;~,·ebinhtotheheroPerseus,
while A\crnene was the motl~ r of rhe famed Her..cles
 THE CREATION
OF HUMANKIND
Unlike many cultures, ancient Greece did not have a single
StOiy nan ating the origins of humanity. Greek myths men tion
several a11empts at creating humans, or mortals as they were
knovm. Three of these attempts failed before the current race
of humans finally emerged , although it is not clear who is
responsible for their creation. However, the origins of key
cultural skills, such as fire-making, are firmly amibuted to the
Titan Prometheus, who is port.rayed as a friend of humanity.

THE 1'dYT I-I

The first attempt at cre~ting :t hutnl tlt;JC(: took pbce whet\
the1ltans.b.lb)·Cronus,ruled thetosmos(supp.!6---17).
Thcresuhwa~ theGoldenRace,agrot(pofpe.oplewho
li•·edanidealexistence withoutworkofageirig.andfor
whomlifew:o:;.one-longfeJSt.Whenthepeopleofthe
Goldenlbcefinlllydied,theirdeath wasli keapeacdul
sleep. Nevertheless, itlefttheE:lrthu npopubted
lntentonfillingupthevoid,the01)·mpbns(seepp.20--2/)
createdtheSi\verRace.wholivedfor J iongtimebutgre"'
\'ery slowly to mat urity. Their children were brouglu up
carefullyb)'theirmothers,andspentonehundredyears
as babies before re~chingadu lthood. However, they
tumedout tobedullandunintelligentpeople,fighting
continuously~mongthemsehes.and
oncctheybeomeadult stheytended
to die quick!)'- These qualities,
togetherwiththeirrefusalto
worshiporevenrespectthegods.
exasperatedZeus,sohebanlshed
them to the Underworld. Zeus then
crafredanewrnceout of clay The
peopleofthisT:lceworebronze
THE HUM AN RACE
Finally.thecu rrentraceofhumans
appeared . Somesaythatt hegreatTitan
cr:~.ftsman,Prometheus,was itscreator.WhetherornOihe
xnmlly created humanity, Prometheus certainly became its
protector. He taught humans many important skills. including
n3vigation and medicine, and showed them how to m~ke
sru;rifices.b)·keepingsomeoft hemeatforthemselvesand
offeringtherest tothegods. Once,thepeoplekilledabullbut
n;>uldnotagreeonwhichpart toofferthegods. Prometheus
cle\·erlywrappedthemeat inthebull"s
skin,andthebones initS(;l\ . Zeuschose
thebonesco>"ered inFat,andbecameso
angry at the deception tl~lt he refused
togt•·efiretothehumans.
THE n1EFT O F FIRE
T3kingthesideofhurnanity, Prometheus
stolefirefromheavet\atldcarried itlo

*
armorandusedtoolsmadeofthe
samemetal,so theywerecalled t he
Bronze R::lce . UketheSi lverR:lce,
:.£ the}· wereaggressi,·e,anddestroyed
themseh·esinruthlessbaules
A Th• toog• otH• phbuttn
Pt""""""'sloondhosi«l•nlhe...,..mpollloJfue>tuo,
wt...elheomflSIIIan(IOdl•od.""""""f. t00CI'Oioposl
koQI)dleus"• th lllldo)ob:M!$and(l!tl(lO~tulwoop0<1J.
Eanhsothatthepeoplecouldcook
theirfoodandheat theirhomes . Zeus
pun ishedPromet heusfor thetheftby
havinghimchainedtoarock,wherean
eaglecame!opeckat luslivere''eT)'day.

~ .~.~~~-.
 TH E GOLDEN AGE

as ~here v.'aS oo "·~r or h~u>rice. and ~he Golden Race did tl01
lu\'tiOWOrl<becouoernoug)>f<X>dwasw.<ldily
'""•il>blefrornpl.am.sa.>dtrees.lnlal(rer2S,the
Goldo:nAg<:be<:ameabywordfor otitn.:inlhe
distantpastwhenthings''''""rnochbenuth.m
thep""""'t.TheideaoftheGoklenAgebocame
fcl-oionableintheRm.oissa"""(c.l350-<:.l550)
whenltaliananistsandwritersmli.sro'"""dthe
cultureofallCirntG"""".andthisClasskolera
becameafavorite>ubjec~forpainters.

" The Golde n Roc• • cronuo

fl.;flat~arbSI$1'1W l).)$~!!)ho$wJenc:et<:M'ar<ll
the Golden Age ala hlsoonchoklroolsoop.18).

~:,~-:::: ::·
trysdlWl lhWII:l'""""'l'
CrOIUll i;otl(>'l....,. .. a
IJO<llle, JU>I,andkLfd rulor
oltlolGoldrn~Hewa<
wob:ulaoyfear<J•nacl I'M<hiWOdasahaoostdany

-.W.
PR01\IETHEUS BOUND
Aspunishmentforstealingfirefromthegods.Z.ushad
Prometheusct..i..,dtoarockinaplaasaidtobeOl\the
b01dersofEanhandChaos.l-kre.hewasrondenmedto
sufferwhileaneaglepockedathisher.whichronst•rulr
repairWi~<¢llsodtaltho:lrlrturecouklrontinu.e.b:us
decn:tdthatPrometh<ousshouldremainbounduntil

Slars, while the Gocek hero H~rades

(secpp.46-47) killedtheugl~.

~odlng Prom<theus~ agon~

 Portrayed as a handsome young man, the god Apollo had power
over many aspects of life. Patron of archers, his bow brought pain to
humans, but he was also a god of healing and father to the
mythical physician Asclepius. He was the god of
music and the arts, and an accomplished player
of the lyre. The son of Zeus and Leto, Apollo was
also worshipped as the god of light and the sun.

THE LYRE OF APOLLO

Once when Apollo went on a journey in pursuit of one of his lovers. he
lef! his fine herd of canle umended. Hermes, who had long admired the
creatures.sawthattheywereleftaloneanddecidedtosteal them
andhidetheminacaw.ButApollo.whohadthegiftofpropht""Cy.
knewexoctlywherethecaulewereandwenttofind
Hermes an d dem:md his animals back. When Apollo
arrived, l!ermesbeganpbyinganinstrumentthat
hehadcreatedfromtheimestinesofoneofApolloS
canle.Apollowasenchamedonhearingthemusicof
thelyre,andagreedtoexchangeitforthecanle

APOLLO NW DA PIII':E
WhenApolloscornedthearche rrski llsofEros.thegodoflove,
Erosdecidedtoukerevenge HeshotApollowithagold-headed
arrow.tomakehimfall inlove,bmshottheobjectofhisdesire.
Daphne. with an arrow tipped with lead. so that she would reject
him . Apollo chased Daphne,bmshewouldnOtgiveinto
himand.asshemn.shepmyedtoZeustobetr.msfonned
intosomethingthatwoulds.aveherfrornApolloSpursuit.
Zeusrespondedbyturningherintoabureltree.
 APO LLO AN D DE LPIII
WhenZeusSwife, Hera, foundoutth~t her husband hadh.ldan
affairwithleto(sup.25),shedecidedtotakerevengeonherand
sentagreatscrpem, known as the Python.toanackher. The snake
lurked around the great peak of Moum Parnasslls ,md bid was1e
the are:~ of Delphi. Apollo killed the scrpem with a bow and arrows
gi,·enby Heplmestus,thedivinecrahsman(step.39).Afterwards,
De lphi became sacred to Apollo, and his shrine was built there. The
Pyth ian Games were hdd there e'·ery four years to commemorate
Apollo'striumpho,·e r the P}1hon,andApollohasbeenassociated
A. Tho *- plootDolphi
wnh Delphi ever since. Theactivitiesatthegamesincluded poe try Theleu~oi Apolo atllelpho.lirstboJ~t"'ooodthe
andmusiccornpet it ions,inadditiontose,·eralathletice,·ems /lf1..,oluty !Q, <IariliMahobuleandwasOO <jloali:y
our<oondodbysmwo.ot..,.lhi<aiGroo<herooo

THE FLAYI\JG OF M A RSYA S

• Mo oicalduelwithM•rqn
Ma.sya~wa<lcio)o.lhiOiangle""lhApoiiO,whokt<kOOhon
I MOio:!.I10Jihamu~chaii""!J".Ihooii'JWOOdhomMho8
l ~ i nooeof tOOcruelenwayooJJIII(I I nable
The s;~tyr (serpJ2) Marsy~s was just as accomplished a performer on
the double lluteasi\pol!ow:o.sonthelyre . ~brsyasthoughtth:u he was
thebeuermusicl:tnanddL1llengedthegodtoacomesLApolloagreed
ontheconditionthatthewinnercouldpunishtheloserinan)'Wayhe
chose. NoonecoulddecidewhowasthebeuerplayerumilApollo
suggested they both play their instruments upside-down . This worked
with ApolloS l)•re, but not with MarsyasS flute. so Apollo was judged
the winner. HepunishedMars)•asbyskinninghimali,·e. ?.J
POSEIDON AND
THE FLOOD
Many ancient Greeks lived on islands or in settlements
dose to the coast, so their lives were dominated by the
sea . Consequently; the sea god Poseidon , a bringer of
violent storms, who also controlled natural forces such
as earthquakes, was one of the most powerful gods of
Mount Olympus. But he longed for more power, and
became involved in a dispute with Athena for the great
honor of being the patron deity of the city of Athens.

---· · - - - - - - - - - - -,l!r, -·- -·

THE MYTH
Poseidon mod Athena both WJmed 10 be the com rolling
deityofthecityofAthens. R.atherthandecbringwar,md
fightingabaule,thetwogodsdecidedthmtheywould
seuletheirdisputebycompetingtoprovidethebestg•ft
fortheci ty'speoplt-. TheseagodclimbedtheAqopohs
(lhehilloverlOOk ingAthens):whenherexhedthetop,
hestruckthegroundhardwithhistridemauda<;J.hwjter
spring beg:Jn to flow. Then At hem came to the Acropolis
andofferedhergift: thefirstolivetreetogrov.inthecity.
HIE GODS " JUDGEMENT
Zeus summoned the otljer gods from Mount O!ym~us
tojudgethegiftsanddecidewhichofthetwowasgrealer.
TheappearallCe of thespringwasimpres:sive,bulsahwater
wasoflin!euse101hepeople. Theoh,·erree.ontheolher
• Poo• idon
ThagodofltJe...,isolten
""""""'"booldodnunholdiogo~odoot
a..J(I<IIIvo;o>ad.,aqli!<llCiarn <hellorabo<wda
shell-fikadmiOllllfladbjdolphonsoo"""tmas
Atheniansbuta!sotothosewithwhomtheytmded---so
lhetr'tecou!dbolhnourishthepeop!eofAthensandmake
them rich. The}·wou!dbeab!etousetheoh,·ewood.too,to
cmiSiructthings.KingCecrops.theru!erofGreece,confirmed
th.1tsuchatreehadnewrbcrnseenon1heAcropo!is.After
!ll:':~ringalltheevidence,ZeusdedaredAthenalobethe
winner ofthecomest. Shebecamerhecity"spatrondeily.
andtheplacew:.snamedafterher.

THE COMI NG OF THE FLOOD

forbothcookingand Poseidonwasfuriouswhenheheardtheresult
lighting. Olive oil was oftl~ecompetition. Hetookuphislridentandsmote
valU.1blenotjuSitOthe lhesea!m.nyt irnes.causingagreatslonn . Thew:11ers
roseandthephinofEieusis,whereAthensstood,was
flooded. Thewalerscowred lhepbinforalong
• Tho dispu1o wi1hAthona time, but finall)'theysubsided.allowingtheAthenians
Posedon"'"lhhis no:lolrll3ndAI~wnh torepairtheircity_ Theybuiltatempletotlteirnew
~spearmJ001ormodaNe(W011911tl.
alltroo.oqhthaydocoded1o.>WIIIa1hen goddes:s.Athena.whowou\dbringthem prosperity. but
oJospo1<111'13<efulfy alsomadeofferingstoPoseidon.toplacatetheangrygod.
POSEIDON AN D
THE BEA STS
Poseidonwaslinkeddo>ely
withthoevitoli tyandenergyof
animals. Twocreatu..,sespcd.ally
assoct.tedw irhhimwuethebull
atxltheS!allioo.Bo!hweresin#<Jout
bytheGreeksfortheir..,xualpotency
and,iolwct . Duringhissexwltxploits
PoS<idonsometimes took th.eformofa
horse ,asontlleocrasionwllenhewas

bullth;urostfromthooseainsome mphs,
suchas!hal ofllipp<>I}1Us(sup.70),is
alsoamanifestalionof Poseidon'spower. had.lpilkldonau:ld

·!',~.,.,.- -" :;.,

.. - ·- i

r ) ~ '

I
. ,.,;,,,..,.,,, ,~"'""
Alt<Jacuo..,komf'o!eoOOn,lhequoonoi C!ele.l'a>rphoo,
t.)IIOII(M)!Mih ,;>nd ""!f)dWIIIl,3b<JII~tt,.lhe>OO')>d
II
it.)oll$pongolthosU<liOn'M'ISihe~•r ootaurlseepp.50-51).

-~ - ------~ ---------- ,;!!, -------- ---------- - -~--

PO SEID ON AND ODYSSEU S

Horner's0Jyssey(secpp.64-61)describes!here!umoflhenaglc
h.:roOdySSI:usfiOlnTroy!ohh...:aasaseritsof mishapsa!S<:a
1 5
1
1
~~:~~~;;;,~9c~!?n !!~2y~vered some of
templeslusesu"·l\·ed.Hewls•I<Jtalwaysworshippedasaseagod
ond his

Mostof lhesewertd'-"'I<>Poseidonandcameaboul because -some temples wert dedicated to Poseidon Hippies ("Poseidon of
Odysseus had blinded the Cyclopes Polyphemus. who was1he
seagod'sson.Thepoemdescribesvhidlyhow thegodstirred
up storms and ttmpests. which wrecked Odys.seus~ ship and
1
horses"), and many people worshipped a fotm of Poseidon who was a
god of plants. At least one of his temples in Greett, though-the
tempkatSounion , i nAuka~issitedona
§
0
dro.,.nedhiscompanions.ManyoflheperilsOdysseusfaced. spectaculardifftopo,·erlookingthesea.a 0
suchasthewhirlpooiCharybdis.v..,retheoffspringofPoseiOOn dea r mninderofthe deity~ sphertof z
influrnce . Boa.tr.c•""'""'hdd ~
th.:rein hon<>rofthegod
z
0
~ Po H idon ol i ,. tlo • w•• ..
~
Soroob"""""""doo.llriOiathoS93wrth
"
.,. Tompl • ~ tSounion 5
~ ·~~·' 0
Souno:rnc:ooldbeseenby 0
ohipslar ootat -N<Mrrt

'Mihlw\Jr(rmo!oolun'WIS
31
"''"'"""""platfoom.
SEE Al SO S..doO"'l~lllHI.~.-.J/,331-JII • F IIKol*"'"''lllf-97.2ll-IJ.nl-1~2lOH!l.3 1 4-1~m--l!l
~
h"'· DIONYSUS
The god of wine, Dionysus, was an anarchic figure who presided over
dmnkenness and other irrational or ahered states, such as religious
ecstasy. A shape-changer, he could take the form of an animal but also
appeared as a human, when he was often accompanied by revellers or
anima ls. These quali ties made him a patron of actors, and plays were
regularly performed at the Athenian festivals held in his name.

- - ~------~~-· ---~
THE RESCUE O F DIONYSUS
When Zeus, di,;gu ised ~~a mona!, began an affair "ith Semele,the daughter of King
Cadmus and Queen Harmonia of Thebes, his wife, Hera, grew jealous and plotted her
revenge . Shetooktheformofanoldwornana ttdpersuJdedSeme \etoaskthegodto
appearbeforeherinallhissplen dor.\Vhenhedidso, t he !Jeatfromhis thunderbolt
killed Semele, who W35 a mona\. One of\ he gods-some say Hermes, Nhers \he river
goddess Dircc-rescued her unborn child, Dionysius, and wok him 10 Zeus, who cut
ar~open i ng i r~histhighand pbced thechildsafely insideumilit W:tSread )•tobe born
When Dion)'SUS emerged from Zeus's thigh , l!era was so angry tim she il\(: ited t he Tiuns
(seep./6-19) totearthebabyintopieces. His grandmother, Rhea, took pit y on Dion)·sus, A flio.,.ouo
lhagodoiWIOOKlallttl"'!>l<IS
put hisbodybacktogether,andcarriedhimtofosterparents . Again, Hera discovered Oiooymhalolll<lboeoruuayed
what had happened,sotoproteo him Rheadisguis.edthech ild as a ram a~ahard&<wre)'!)U"Jman Clf'!'"'J
a cup,wodo,.ooiea>elrnholhait

~
,:!
£ flttl
ln!haS1oryollloorryou$,lioraphl'l'•hel
U ll$tiiii«J0lb$fl)31o)ul wlle,$ho)do)IOOI$
~ he<«\IIISemaie,bo.Jtn(JI$emehl'Hhild

:5U • s.molo
flamesfr omlr•us'sthunrleri:>ol t~ lled
31 Semalell91•101ybec-apopui:J r
:Wbjeo:llr;opainiOolondklr lheC(WnJXIO'(ll
e * . Handel,whawrotean(lfOrllabouthoo

l ~4~
 Ti lE JO U RNEY O F THE \ VINE- DA KK SEA
DIONYSUS Ashe1ravelltd :~.round the \1~duerr.mtan, Diortrsus
As he g~v. up. 01011)'~1.1~ hecame m>tle>~> and toldthose 'l hometandfollowedhimho"'toh.1r\'eStthe
Wf:nt on :tSo!rie~of longJOUrtl~)'S \\
hcrt•n he grapes, pm;s them . and mrn their JUitt UJto wine. When
trave~d. hebtcarnc famousforlnsdrunken peoplctastedther~uhs.hebtcamever)'popular.Onct
();("CS!iotiwlnchemkdmakmdofms:mefrenzy_ Jhegodwasonhistra\'tb'lhenhe"ascapturcdby
\bnysatdtluttht~f~nZ}·"~c.:tustdbyllera, pirates,whothoughthe"asa .. eahhy)·oungman.When
v.ho\\JSSiill~semfultlutthc..onofSemdc 1he pira~esmed to tic him up. ho"ever.rhe knot.~ kept
ludsurvtl'rd. Dton)'SUS\\lSXCOtnpankdonhrs umringoftheiro .. naccord. OiO!l)'SUslhenmadeihemasl
travclsbysat)'rs. kdbytht.irking.Silenus.Aiw andriggingturnmtogrape
amongh~:Scompanion"'''"-""Jgroupofftm:dc ''ines,andnansformed
follo"ns called the "\bcnad~.· The \l~tuds theseaaroundiheshtp
wert p~d wnh a kind of m.xhltSS. in "hich iruowine. Thepif:lles
theyworkcdthem!otlvesimoanccstaticfrenzy weresofrigluened
Astheydidthis,theydanccdawilddan~. bythesightofthis
cvcntuallygcuingsoo.utofcomrolthattl-.c)·
wouldnpapalla ttycreaturethcycan'oeacross
I tll:lltheyjumped
imo1hesea
TheMaemdsdrew!l-.etrSlrengthfromDionysus. turned

§:;~~~~:;~ m\,
d:u~et:orbring
< i : .:::: :.::;;:b-
:::.:.~~-=•
II ~~:~o:h...,~

··-
themtohann.

~ s.rrrs d 8t:----- ------

thoolb!lmJol•-•._.
ood~gooi.~AlJI_holl_,

::::'..."::::.,"'::." THE TRAGEDY OF PENTII EUS

ThedancmgjourneyofOionysusandJhe Maenadsbrought

'"',......_.... ....._
them 10 The~. which wa;, ruled by Pentheus. TI1e young

tf
king'smother,Ag.wc."'asanrxtcdtoOionysusandbl:-came
ondelaraclk>lho-ollho a Maemd. gelling drunk and JOmmg rhe fnmztcd danct
dooot*lrutea.d . . . . . . PentheuswashorriliedJoseehismmher;.bl:-luviorand
r!'.~.=::.:!.. dcci<;led rotrylostopthcdancc. Heturnedforadvkc\O
""-ncloo!IIJIIIIhorJ. OiOrt)'liUS,\\hO!oldthekitlgiO
hidcand'latch5ecretly
bl:-forcdomganything.
However.1he Maen.ads
' discovertdl'emheusand
- ton'himtopieth
0
i5
• s11....
z
~
<II Du ltootP• nl t.Uf
AWIIOloldSII!yls.lonuJ !lno:ll~t~lhoMao ..... wOO
Diooyoul• ........ atl3l:k00Penthouswashos
Somo ........ uyt. .,..molhoo,ft9.we lot.Go
was._otm... lt\MIIY.~ • tlilstlhoo.f9ht
wh(lbtoooght~lhoOOd •wasblongala.bobo
wt....llowasadold liiii~~"!!IIWIISioertoo

SHilS0.-...,.4f-4>.61-t1. "'-llt8-11,1'1f-2t
 ATHENA
A powerful war goddess, Athena was usually depicted with her shield
or protective cloak, known as the aegis. She was also a patron of
crafts, especially pottery, weaving, and shipbuilding, and the
goddess of the city of Athens. She inherited the wisdom of her
mother, Metis, an attribute that made her favor Odysseus, the
wisest and most cunning of the Greek heroes. In all these roles
she was especially valued because she was always accessible,
unlike many gods who kept their distance from humans.

- -- · - - - - - - - - - - - ol!lo---- ------
, ~ A!tlonaormodforwor
Athel'la'!I<Mlredmapon
TilE BIRTII OF ATIIE N A 1 '''"har-.whi<h8ha
Oneofthefirstlovesofthegodleus wasMet is,
! :~rt=:::.
~ :.::~OS==~
daughter of the Ti! ansOceanusand Tethys. ~ \etis
wasknownnotonlyforherbeautybutalsoforher
brai ns--hermmemeans-cunningimell igence.·
Shew:tSespe<:bllydeartoZeus,bmwhenshe
becamepregnam,GaiaandUranustoldZeus tlw
lftershe ludgivenbinhto~da\ogluer, Met is wou ld
thenh:ll'eason,alsobyZeus. whowouldtake
awayallhispower. TheyadvisedZeustoactat
oncetoprevem this.Gai3toldZeusthatthebest
waywswp thisch.1inofevems w:tStoswallow
Metiswholebeforeshegavebirth.Zeusdidthis,
butwhenitW:lStimeforMetis'sdaughter tobe
born. Hephaestu~im ervened.spliuingope ttZeus's
head with anaxe and emblingthechildtostep
forth . Miraculously, Athena emerged from Zeus's
skullfullyarmed,uueringawarcry.Accordinglo
several accounts,A1henaw:lSherfa1her'sfavorite
child,and!l~eonlyor~eallowedtouseh isaegis

"" Athou"obinh
[•~jdap< tioosollhe
boothoiA\hon3,$1.>ChU
th""""'''""""'l·W...
3G :~~
~:Zoo~'~woth
 THE \VEAV ING CO N TEST
One of Atll{na's roles was as the goddess of weavers and embroiderers_When
someone W'aS good at we:wing, people &tid their gift came from Athena. But
Arachne,amortal girl andafinewea\·er.insistedthathergiftw-asherown,

\f~~K'>!:and ~~~~~:~:;~s;~:~~~·i1t: ~~:e~~1:;:~;:~~;!~~er~ ~~~~~~:r·. ~~~a

Y Arachn• -••ing
1\lhenawal'~lloundt,th&boo uty;)ndqua~lyol
Arachoo'sW<IO~Soola•~""'was"'I"' OO. t hatonalil
ol""'l"'""'<tr..:klha!JIIIWI!hheloonwe<Mng....,nla
s::tw that Amchne's weaving was at least as good as her own
work.whichshowedthegodsvictoriousoverthemortals
However. she was offended by the subject of ArachneS tapestry, which
depictedthevariousinfidelitiesofherbther.Zeus.lnherjealousyandmge
she wre up AradmeS work. A humilbted Amchne resoll·ed to hang herself.
ButAthenadecidedthatthiswastooharshaptmishmentandtransfonned
Arachneimoaspiderinstead,soth.1tshecouldcominueweaving

r TO TilE GODDESS YIELD,

c" .. : ~/.
. ~ .
AND 1-l UJv\BLY MEE K
A PA RDON FO R YO U R BO LD
PRE SUM PTIO N SEE K.

,_..____ '*'_ . _____ -· ·-------

ATI-IEC.:A AND HEPIIAESTU S
The craftsman god Hephaestu~.whorescuedAthem
I T H E llAT!-1 1\!G O F ATI-I E\!A
AI hen~. who was a modest goddess. did n01 like others
from he r fa!her'ssk ull,hadal:lStingimer~stinthe towatchwhenshebathedatthesacredspringcalled
goddes.5Asshegrewup.Heph:~tstusfellinlovewith Hippocrene on Moum Helicon. But Tiresias. a man
herand~kedZeusforpermissiontomarryher. Zeus fromThebes.w.-.ss.oentrancedbythebeautyofthe
agreed. provided that his daughter was willing . But goddessthat hefollowedherandher
Atheruvaluedhervirginityanddid notwamtom:lrry, attendantnymphs,andspiedonthe
s.oshetumed Heph.wstusdown . Heph:~estusthen goddessasshetookoffherdothesand
lriedJorarwAthena.butthepowerful goddesspushed bathed.WhenAtherurealizedshe
himawJyand HephaeStusspilledhisseedomothe wasbeingwatched,shedimbedout
ground. TheseedferlilizedGaia(MOJherEanh)and and in her artger hit Ti reS~1S :>CrOSS
Erichthoniuswascreated. theeyes.mJkirtghimgoblind
Athemagreedtorearthe Oneofthenymphswass.orryfor
child , andhegrewup TiresiasandbeggedAthenatogl\-e
rolaterbecomethe him something incompensation for
rulerofA1hens thelossofhissight.Sot\ihenag;~,·e
Tiresiaslhegiftofprophecy

• Alhono thofoo10rmothor
Gaoahando,_her~n 11011
. ,_; .
'"""""'i'"""'"'e<klad ..."'"""""·""""l"'"ll'"ol' 'Sl
Eo~ ht hon•usiOihawaot • rJQAthena pr~IO i ni!)M)<Io)"'~"'o'lh<, lncludmgltioM
wloi le~tuslooksoo abou10adi~s;)nd t hecilyol'lh00osi""'PP-51l-59l-

-=::ol.'od.',c~~~oU-- SEE ALSOW..dH..,Jl.-3!1,40HI,141-.!~ 1 14-I~doM-«> • Vign~-1. 82-83. -l • .

\'-.._. ~ ~ ....~~~
THE LOVES
OF APHRODITE
The name of Aphrodite, the goddess of love,
means "born from the foam ." She was bom in
the frothing sea and was famous both for her
exquisite beauty and for her many lovers, who
included both gods and mortals. Her partners
found it impossible to resist her charms, and
~~IE ~~:T-:---------*,,~:.~""'~::=,~~l!
Aphrodite was marned to Hephac~tus the dtvme
blxksmuh He adored her and crafted beauttful g~fts for
her Amongthern"asagoldenchanOidra"nb}doves
whu;h "ere s:tewd ro her Howe\er she was frequeml)
unbithful to him_ Of her many affairs. the most bmous
ofa\lwaswith,AreS,thegod..ofw:>r. Th}saffairproduced
fourchildren,thefirsttwoofwhom
ltwassomet imebeforeHephaeSiusfoundout
abouthiswife'sliJ.isonwithhisbrother.Ares,
butwhenhedid,hedecidedtot:>kerevenge
byridicuhngthecouple. He used his skill in
metalworkingtomakeabrgenetoutofbronze
wire,andsecretlysuspendedthisabo,·ethelovers
bed.\Vhenthepairwereinbedtogether,
Hephaestustuggedthe netsothatit fell onto
the couple.tr:>ppingthem . Then he called the
godstowimesstheludicroussight
MORTAL LOVES
this magnetic attraction made her one of the
most powerful of all the deities. Yet some
accounts describe her as vain, ill-tempered,
and easily offended. Her children included
the Trojan prince, Aeneas (see pp.78-79),
and Priapus, the god of fert ility.
preferred Aphrodue and :l,J£alous
Persephone told Ares about the afbtr
Enr.:.ged Aresunle:>shed:>wtldboar Dcm•Vfllbol
whw::h :tU:tCked Adoru~:md ktlled ofAphrod"'
arrivedinthelJnder,vorld,wherehewas
immediatelypursuedbyPersephone. Aphrodite
appeakdwZeus,andthekingofthegodsdecided
onacomprornise.,\doniswouldspendhalfthe
)"~rintheUnde.rwor!dwithPersephone,:tndthe
otherhalf.,ithAphrodite
lhedeathofAdonisshowsllO"
dangerousitwasforanJe"remonaltofall
inlovewithAphrodite.AnOihermortal
whofellforhercharms.Anchtses,also
p.1iddearlrAnchisesw:~Sashepherd,whose
li:>isonwithAphroditeproducedthehero
1\eneas.aocestoroftheRomans.Aphrodite
disguisedherselfasamortaltosleepwith
AtJChises.butheglimpsedherinhertrue
form. Aphrodite made him promise not to
reveal the afbir-an al liance with a mere
shepherdwoulddamageherreputation
Butonce,whenAriChisesw:ISdrunk,he
revealedthesectl':tarrdw:.sblinded(or,
somesay.bmed)b)•Zeusaspunishment
<l lkgoddon otlo••
U<ualtydepo<IOO&ab(lauMui )Wng""'""""· Aplnodllll
osotb)fosh(wmnai.OOfletauwsho rc,w!)$(!01odplrylo<ai
parloctm.shawasa l"""'les~OC1b.'J<Uip~<.-s
APIIRODITE'S lllRTII
Aphrodi~issold~<>bcthcd;o.uglutroftht
nun Ur.mus. Gall and Unltlw Jud mony
chikl..,n.ir>dudir_,!I,.C>'CioPC>IIlddl<
Hund.W-Hafld,d Clams. Agha~ atthtit
monstrousapp.an~rn.Ur.onusdrddt.l
10 Imprison all ofthnn In Tonan.os. ~.
dldnot"·amanymoll'chlldnmand
~IOithlltroffs.prlngwpm!tc'lhtr
froonUranus~ad\·arocn.An.lty.Cronus
bo~asickltfromllisiOOih.riUldrut
APHRODITE'S LOVERS
Aphrodi tt'sf""'"<,.tom.tktodl(rsf.oll!niO\-ewlthhnc-arTI<from
hug... atphystc.o.lbcallly.Sk.alsohad;utaphrodisiacglrdk,lronically
gif~ to htr by Htp~us. which sll< wore rw:xt ro htrbruSIS. This
girdlew;>Sthctn,yofod"'r~wswho•...mtdAphrodnt'sallun:
Honw:r~ n:dd- for tnmplt- ~us how m.god..lus lkn bonowtd 1110
<fur.-..:tLeus"1tllhetch:annsduringthtTrojanWartoU..tthtGrttk<l
could";n_Ahhougt\Aphrodnt"'.Umarrift:ltoHcptu..5tUiandw><in
lm'!"1thA~.shealsoUSo!dhtrchlonnswauranm.onymhulo-.-,rs

II EPIIAESTUS
Thrw><Joffi~randmttalworl<.tng,lkpii:.O<Siu>wasalsoth.d.ity
whorontrolltd\-ol.canot!~.Wlt!chwcres.tldtobthls""rksmps.
~ "'15 bmt. as thr ~It of an lr~ury tll.tt cam< about wl>tn 1>t
t..d.., •'&"ffl~llt with Ztw. wh<> then thn:w him off Mown
Ol)mpu•. ThiJ infirmity &1-'t lkpiLatSCUs a comic cp.10hty IOrtl>t
G~ks. who ~~rro pll)'Sbl ptrf«1ion. In ~Itt of tim. t.. was
admlno:dforlmltlfJ'nultyandslalllnrnakin&thlngs.fromthe
tltltlu.teapo.uno:dApluocbttandAJe.toarnaglalthroneon
whrllt..muldltnprison~stntmlu
 THE GREEK GODDESSES
The Greeks had many goddesses who played
a variety of roles in their mythology. Some
were primal, shadowy figures , such as Gaia
(Mother Earth), who existed before most
other deities, and Rhea, often seen as a
Titaness, who was the mother of many of the
Olympians. Others ntled over different aspects
of the da ily life of the people. Like most
ancient cultures, the Greeks sought to explain
natural phenomena by auributing them to the
activities of the gods. Greek myths typically
ascribe human em01ions to their deities,
hence there are n umerous stories featuring
the loves and rivalries of the Greek goddesses.

·-·-·· - -----------o!lo ---- - - - - - - - - -

Y O.moll<inmoutlling
DEI'v\ETER AND PERSEPHONE Whilellomatern>J<Jrrll'>:l th&louolhordaughh)',,ha
ooje<tedherdubos3$1he')OOdnssol•"9"tll<lna!d
Persephone "·astheonl)·daughterofDemeter,thegoddess
oftheEanh,grain,andfeniht;:t!ades,therulerofthe :~~~~;::~U..thlxo:aroobal!oo
Undetv:orld,fellinlovewithPer>ephone,butknewdw
Demeter wouldnotpanwithherbecaU5eshehelpt'dher
mother inmakingtheplantsgrowandthecropsripen. So,
oneday, whenDemeterSattentionw·aselse\lhere, Hades
stUlchedPersephonewhileshe waspb yingwithher
companions, and drawd her down with him to the
Undetv;orld. Demeter wasenragedanddislraught.She
wemona longsear<:hforherd:~ughter,du ri ng
whichtimeall thecrops \>.i theredand died
Zeusrealizedtlwifthisstatew·asallowed . -. .lr\'llli.
tocominue,lifeonEarthwould
perish,sinceDemeter wasalso
responsibleforthecycleoft he
seasons.Fimlly,hepersuaded Hades
toagreetoacompromi5e,whereby
Persephonewouldbeallov:edtolin:
onEanhwithDemeterinspringand
summer,bm wouldhavetospendtherestof

~~
~
t he);:~~~~_:~~~:::::~::;~~::~~h<o
shegoesbacktotheUnderv.·orld
U dunngauturnnandwmter.
~
:5U <t lh• g•holcorn
__ The-tGmo«s~-lhat

.
~
'
-
..... ,
j)..':v-,;'__ ; :.. ~..
~..: ~c:::::.=~~
' ~'"'"""~"
 A RTEJ\ 11 5
The goddess Artemis was the twin sister of Apollo (see pp.28-29) and the
daughterofletoandZeus.Shewasthep;~tronessofhuming,andtheprotector
of the weak. The deer and the cypress uee were sacred to her. Anemis w:lS
a virgin and devoted to the hunt, but she also used herwe~ponsagainst her
enemies. \VhenthehunterOriontriedtorape
oneofherfollowers,Anemiskilled
him . Whenanotherhumer,Act:«:on,
spiedonherwhileshew:ebathing,
sheturnedhimintoastagandhe
W:lSkilledbyhisownhounds .

.,. Anemi o wit~ htrfamily

leu~andtoiOh!d!NOdlikli-Apolo
whote:aorelhagodotoooS>C.oo:lhiOOI•
... ~--......- · lfarletO.IhaijOO<ktosollhahunt

I-IESTI A HECATE
ThedaughterofCronusand Rhea,Hestiawasthe The goddess Hecate is a shadowy figure-some say
godde,.,;oftheheanhanddornesticity. Unusu:o.llyfor herparentswereTitans,somethatshewJ.Sadaughter
an Olympian goddess, Hestia remained a virgin-in of7..eus. Hecate had manydifferema,pects.Asthe
spite of the bctthatbO!hPoseidonandApollowere moongoddess.shetmvelledacrossthenightskyin
inlovewithher.Shehadswornanomhuponthe herchariot,castmghercoldlightacrossthewhole
headofZeusth:ttshewouldalwaysbechasteand cosmos. Shew3Salsoworshipped3Sagoddessofthe
never marry. Another w:.y in which she differed from Underworld . lnaddition.asshe
theotherGreekdeitieswasthatshedidnottr"wl. wasthegoddessofchildbinh,she
lnstead.shelivedherlifeonMoumOlympus. W:ISofteninvokedtoeasethe
becoming the symbol of hom~. and family. She had pain of labor. Crossroads
nothrone,butw3Sresponsiblefortend ingthe weresacredtoHecate,and
sacredfirem!l.toumO!)•mpus offeringsofmeatwereoften
Hestiarepresemeddomestic leftbytheancientGreeksat
stabihtyandthehearthw:~Sher plxeswherethreeroadsmet
ahar.lnevetysa:rifice.thefirst
offeringwasmadetoHestia
"'l fripto llou to
flao:al(lwasl'OII'IOI III'I9$plrfiayed3$alnpla
goddessC31fi'1"1J•Imll!syrnb:lliiDJiuna!
~aLaiOllp(l<ltl~ti ng i rmi<O"Iahtyl
aod3knoletq-rmoloco!rroclwlloryl.

tlaa•th•mto1hlll'l(l$wheralha
goddassllesoowaswaslupped
SEEAlSOf~tiilydo<,..- 114-1~1-.llol-l~. -.-.liD-11 • ~iiii'~Jl-ll. l:l-13.8IHII . .

-~:\-~~~
ORPHEUS IN THE
UNDERWORLD
The hero Orpheus was famed for two major qualities. The first
was his remarkable musicianship, which, according to some,
he had learned from Apollo. With his music, he was able to
charm gods and mortals alike. Orpheus was also very brave,
and had accompanied jason on his quest for the Golden
Fleece ( see pp.72-73). But his most daring adventure
was his legendary journey to the Underworld.
-·-· · - - - - - - - - - -- - o!r. ----- --
~ Orph o u1 ond Eurydic •
TIIEMYTII O.phoo•'•"""'""looftl!j'di<e
The power of Orpheus's music was mirwred In his \'ery madet.mdwega•dllado•'
mrsterjousorigins,because itw'lSnm knownforcen:~i n -~.aMOOpaio:I!OOpnao""
l.or,dce,..,I!Rll:hadhomflrn
where he came from or who his parents were. Although
it was rumored thm he was a son of ApoJio (supp.28-29), hisqueen,Persephone.lladeswasgenerallynotmO\'edby
his real L1ther was eurponedly a man from Thrace-an appeals from mere mortals, bm Orpheus's eloquellt mUsic
area that rnany-southernGreeksconsidereduncivllized. sohenedhisheartandhelistenedto themusician:Srequest
Hismotherwasbe li evedtobeorn-ofthenine Muses HadesdecreedthatEurydicecouldaccompanyOrpheusback
tobnh,butforbadehimfromlookingathiswifeontheway
ORP~IWS AND ~l ADES
WhettOrpheusSbeloved~>.ife.thenymphEurydice,diedfroni· TI-lE RETURN JOURNEY
asnakebite.h1'"docidedtogototheUnderworldtoget her Orpheusandhiswifebegantheirjourncyanditwentwell
lxlck.ltwasajournerfromwh ichl'irtll.'dlynomon:d!udever initially,withthemusicianpb.yinghislyreandthebeautiful
returned. The great hero llf;racles(sapp.~6---·f1) had made the chordsguid ingEurydicebackth roughthed:uktv:ssofthe
journeyandsun·h·ed, buthisstrengthwassuperhuman.. Underworld t o~>.ardsthelight oftheEanh . But Orpheus w-as
Orphcuswasnot:lSstrong,lluthehadhisincrediblemusical concernedabouthiswife.andworriedthat Hades had not
skill. He sang and played allowedhertofollowhim
thelyresowellthatpeople
belie vedhe<::ouldmove
even inanimate objects
Aherarrivinginthe
Underworld, Orpheus
plaredhis lyretoHades,the
kingofthedarkrealm.and

)> 0'1'1Moo• inlho Undooworld

!lctCfdi"'J!OSOOIO-olthe
"'fd>, rtwasl'eo~"""'wa•
..,..-:lbyCkphouisrrwicthat
$hea>l:odHadostolct(uryd"9
.....,,..thO• phoo•
ORPHEUS AND HIS MUS IC ~
Thebegullingbeautyof OrpheusSmuskwas
fam.ous.hwassa.ldtl,.twhenheplayedhislyre

:~::;,~~~::;,:;~ ~:.c;;:: ~~~:~~~:Y j

~
eouldhearthebeautifulsoundsmortelearly.For
therultu,.,.IO\.ingGr«k.>,thismuskalabilityga'"
Orpheusaspecialplaceintheirm)1hol<>g~<Butthe V- 11'
I
beautyofhismusic,.·asnolalwaysanforitso"n --
s.ke. For example. when OrpheusacrompaniN A Gro•k "" j A Th hiNd ol Orphu•

~~~=~u:'~:::';::;:~";;~-~~~;,: =~;:::m
themfromth<oentral>eingsongoftheSirtns
· - - - - - - a!E: (Wid~h<:QtttsiOtt.)~otlllat!Siand
ORPHEUS'S DEATH
Laoerlnhishfe,Orphe<~Sreoiu:d ooa ~aveand
gaveupthecomr»nyofwomen.Heaoorn~ted
many male folk>wus, who weu: worshippers of
Apollolikehim.Hetaughtthemmusica l skills
andthehiddonmyst<ri~sthat hehadleam<d
asaresuhofhistriptothe Und<rworld.
Euryd~"s fellow nymphs. worshipp<rs
a~..,...,jrgboord
I ~~::::~~~~~::!:.:~~
r<ehedL... bos.SliiSI"'JJ"'J.ItiJ""'tts........:al
! TH E CUlT OF O RP HEUS
! TI>ewisdomandsongsofOrpl"'uslindon
1 afterhisdl:atlLHelxcametheobje<:tofacuh
j thatbeganon11sbos.whereashrill'Cwasbuilt
ataplacrcalledAntissaforpeople toconsu lt
I anoradethatsuppo>edly,.lay"«<Orpheus~

theyrouldcheatdeathbyfredypassinginand
ofDionysus.w~realreadyangrywith

Orpheusbecauseofthew•yhehad
lookedback intheUnde!"'.mrldand
lo>lhiswife.llleywerefurtherenrag«<
I'' ~:::.:~~~~:;:"::· ~~:.:7s"~;::1:a1~,:~d
inl1sbos,notablyAkaeusandSappho.who
~= P~~ri5hedin t he late7thct:ntury JCE
owrhisdecision toforsaktwomenand
becauseofhisdevotiontoApollo.When
theycameuponOrpheusteachinghis
malelollowers.thenyrnphsottackedhim
I
l
Uootr~f'OI'I ~wasloegooo""t"""'*'wo ' teo
....,..,..tv llorlo;a-.oddo•..ed~""""
....,....,,t.li'OIIISplr(ldpQel3.001VOSiil r((Kl!(d>y
andtorehisbrxlyapart. .I. Apollo
O.phe~~.<wascle'oO!edto
oli£,---~------
~lo. w~''"'!hogod 1
otrnu.ll<,!»(ltry,ar>dttoe I
aoto.ar>d!honllllar>dpolao I
-laotlloooy...,

Orjrofdfwr,Ju,(l7t>ll
.,....,.-.d)ba....dvnthf"'-'1)'
Ollenbaeh'scoml<
opera . Orph.'tauxfn(trs
(18';81 _"·~salso
inspiredbythem}1h
and"·aslollo"·edbya
"a&•'·er-;ion _a,wella>
am<n·if.Otpfllr(\04Q\
noadtby_)t-anCoN.-au

SH ALSOL.,..,..,.. ll-1'9.1oo--trJ.IOJ-<ll,116-11.114-~116-ll, l-1.11lj-l/ •

·~C~-r-'lf-•~ J< .~ ' d_;

·-~
THE LABORS OF
HERACLES
The hero Heracles, renowned for his great
strength , was the son of Zeus and the mortal
woman Akmene. Zeus's wife, Hera, was
jealous of the affair and resentful towards
Heracles, and she persecuted him throughout
his life. The hero married Mega ra, daughter
-·----·------------·
THE MYTH
rhelabors imposedont!eradesbyKingEurystheus
involvedslayinghorrificmonsters,bringingbacktrophies
forthe~ing,andothertasks,eachofwhichwasmore
dilficuhandsenttheheroonalong(rjourney\ha ttthe
preced ing one. The firstlaborwastokil!thelionof
Nemaea. not br fro'n M)·cen:)e. Heracle~ thronled the beast
~ndski nned it,takingt hecreature'spehas hisdook. The
second labor w:J:S to slay the Hydra, a water monstn " ith
manyhe:•dsthatlivedat Lerna. Her.>elesfoundtlt-~texh
t i mehecutoffoneofthecremure'sl~e3ds,rwonewones
grew.Soheaskedhisl~elper,!olaos,tocauterizethe
stumps. to stop t l~e new l~eads growing. The third labor was
tocaptureandbringbxktheKeryt~ei:mhind.agolden­
horne ddeerconsecrat.edto thegoddessAnemis. This
invoh·ed theheromalongc;,hase,butevemuallyhe
succeeded. Thefourthtask wastoseizet l~eErymamhian
boar.afiercecreaturethatrosedlitl ieproblemforHeracles.
Next, Heradesundenook
twotasksthatrequired
more ingenuity. He was
helped in theseby
Atl~ena,tl~egoddess
""" H• raoiH ondthbull
lhe~f uiOOiofCmwwa•
thetar!1'1olllaradeSo""""'th
lot>:w.lhehe<onaadadolhl<
s~ength10...Wuethe beasL
of King Creon of Thebes, but Hera made
him go mad and kill his wife and children.
To punish Heracles, King Emystheus of
Mycenae set him l2
apparently impossible
tasks to accomplish.
------ ------
~ Th o Stymphalianb i rd o
l his•-•"'-llaracloosOOo!ingthe
Sf)mlDal13nl:ud$,.,thos!mg,am:;.oe
otloctM>-f"l'llhan hisdubootJON.
ofwisdom. For! hefifthbbor,l~e
wastoldtogotoElisand deanrhe
stablesof KingAugeas,whichwere
fouled with great he~psofhorsedung
Heracles ingeniouslyclearedoutthe
St~bles by divening two rivers >0 tlut they washed the mess
away. Then, for his sixth bbor. Hendes lL1d to l'iSit Gke
Stymphalis,nonh";estofM)·cenae,torid itofapbgueof
birds. Hefrightenedthebirdswithcastanets tlL1lAthe!L1
had lem him, then shot them as they flew imo the ~ir.
FA RHIER A I' !ELD
For his subsequent labors, Herades ludtotrnvel farther.
leaving mainland Greece. Hisseventhlaborwastocapture
amonstrousbullbelongingto KingMinosofCrete.After
tlutheW:ISsemnonhtoThrxe,wherehecaughtsome
man--eatingmaresthatbelongedtoKingDiomedes. The
ninth, tenth.andeleventhbborsrequired lleraclestosteal
itemsofgreat value. Firsthetook thebeltofHi ppol)'ta,
queenoftheArnawns, whol ivedtothesouthoftheBlxk
Sea. Next he ledawaythecattleofthegiant Ger)·on.who
dwelled inthefarwest.After!his,hemarmgedtoobtainrhe
golden apples of the llesperides(setpp.~8---~9). But e'·en
thesebborswerestraightforwardcornparedwiththe
t'l'.-elflh togototheUnderworldandbringbackitsguard
dog,Cerberus.TotheamazementofEurystheus. lleracles
succeededinthisseeminglyimpossiblefeattoo.
THE MONSTE RS OF GREECE
Uke other Grttk heroes, such ~• Perseus (su pp.54-55), Her~des
wasteSitdduringronfronutionswit hnwnerouscreatures,many
of whom were momters that would ttrrify mo>l people. Thv;e
crc.turesrangedhomtheNema.eanlion ,ananim.alofsuprerne
sneng'llt,tomonsu'Ouscr<:a1Ures-such as tlt(three-headcddog,
Cerberos-whkh $0':emed "'come from the world of horror ""d
nightmar<: . By O\'en:oming them , Hera.cks was able 10 demonstr•te
bothhissuperhumanstrengthatldhisexco:p!ionalbra'·ery.He
alsogainedfrom<;<>meofthe .. combatsbyadopting
theaunbutesofhJSadversanes-forexample he
~ tookthehon'sskmashtsdoakandtheHydr•s
HERACLES AND NESSUS
Heracles was trawlling "ith his third wife, Dei.mira, when they mel •
centaur, called Nessus. who offer<d to cony Ddanira across • rtver
Whentheyweuacrossthe".. terandasafedistancefromHer.>cles
Nes,--usrapedDeianlra,butHen•dessawwha!washappcnlng:utd
slt.olthee<:m•urwlthoo~~:ofhlsdeadlyarmws . Asl~~:dil:d,Nessus
toklDeianlradtatifsl~~:w<>VeHeradesashi nfromd~ehair<onhl>
l»ck, tl~e weaurwoold never lea\·e her for atWher womatL Same time
later,Deianirasuspected l~~:rhusbandS fidel ily,andgave himll~esltin

TilE CHARACTER OF IIERACLES

---- --
THE HE RO'S CLUB
Kinglhespius.ruluofakingdomcalled
Thespi.oe,wastroubltdbyalion tftatauacktd
hiscattle.ThespiusSmenhadfailedinkilling
thebon,soHernclesvo lunt.,.,~totry.He
fltst.mdlomnost_lltracl.-slsahtro.afigull'ofitl("l\'dlblt
.trmgthandoUbt.lndlngbn~ry-ButancitntGll'tkwrtttrstll'at
------- ~ hlschararltrlndllftll'ntwaysacrordingtotbtpartsofhl>.rory
tbtyall'narnllng.tortMmplt.lnThtCitMTtnoj/-kt'!Uks
Eulipldtsponrayshlmaslhttr.tgicligull'whoklllshls<>WT~
dtlldun.butinllllOiherplay.Almlis.hegn:>comlcaUydrunk
Sophoclesduls
wllhtheheroS.

mackhimselfanenormousdubbytearingup
anolivem:e.He dubbedtheliontod;::u hond
wasallowedtosle<:pwithallbmoneof
TI~~:spius'sfiftydaughtcr<asareward

• Aformidabl• wH pon
Jhe~dubolllelados.wnh wtlldlhe
<Ml0<3nla"""l'OppOnenl1, wasoohaavytllat
onlyheo:uldpidllopandwlllld llwttheasa.

SHAlSOn...to& ~44~.~~-~-~-~.n-13. 1oo-t3. tlf-19.294-!l ..

,rf(
THESEUS AND
THE MINOTAUR
The Minotaur was a mons rrous ncsh-eating creature, half man,
half bulL Minos, the King of Crete, kept it imprisoned in a
labytinth near his palace. According to a treaty between Minos
and Aegeus, the King of Athens, 14 young people had to be sent
every year from Athens to be devoured by it. But the Greek hero
Theseus resolved to kill the creature and put an end to the carnage.

TIIEMYTI I
ThcseagodPoseidononcegawawhitebull, knownas

~~i~:J'~~ :~~· t~e ~~ :~:;:; ~~:,~:::fi:~::;~,:7~~ on

8

was :mgered He asked Aphrod ite, the g,_oddess of love,

to make Minos's wife. P:lsiphae,f:tUinlove with the bull
"' Th•••••kil!o thoM inotaur
TlleM>roliiU!aiiRI$1""""')9diO

~;:;:;: ,----
..
lnthemiddleOfthebbyrinth.Theseusconfrontedthebea;;t
and killed it \lith a blow from his btherS golden swonl He
as punishment, Thisunionproduced3,_beastcalledthe then retraced hissteps"ith the body of the ~!inotaur by
Minotaur. which had a monstrou~ appetite for human flesh. followingArtadneSthread,umilhefinallyemergedfrornthe
KlngMinoswamedtoavengethedeat hofhissonatth~ entrJnce to the rn:ue. His fellow Athenians rejoiced when
hands of the Athenians. He waged a war on KingAegeus t.heysawthatTheseusludbeenvictoriousandquicklyran
of Athens and won. Ascmnpet!SJtion,hedemandedthar totheirshiptosetsailforhome. TheseustakingAti::tdne
14)"0utlgpeoplebesentfromAthenseachyeartofeed with him. In the excitement. they forgot to hoist the whtte
theMinotaur. Aegeus:Sson. Theseus,decidedtogotoCrete sails to signal Theseus's success
a;;oneoftheill-fatedpwple, andkillthebe:J.St. The ship
carryingTheseusandthemhervictimssetsailfromAthens TRAGIC ENDINGS
"-ithblacksails.andtheherppromisedlusfatherthathe · Onthewayhome,theycalledattheislandofNaxosfor
wouldreturnwithwhitrsailshoistedonhisship water. Whentheyreturnedtotheship,Theseus
ifhesucctededinkillingtheMinotaur. abandonedAriadneontheisland,saihngaway
wit hout her. Sornes;~yth~t he did this since
Hll:SEUS ON CRETE healreadyhadawife::trhome;other<>
WhenrheAtheniansarrivedm Crete. that Dion)·susspottedAriadneonthe
~tinosSdaughter.Ariadne, s.awTheseus island,fellinlovewithher.andputa
~nd fell in love with him. She kne" spell on Theseus. making him forget
tlutTIJeSeuswouldneedhelpinfinding her.AftermarryingAriadne. Dionysus
hisw:~.youtoftheimpenetrablebbytinth , gave heracrownmadeofsevenStars
once hehadslainrhecreature. SoAriadne
gave him a spindle wound with woollen
thread . AsTheseusmadehiswayintothe • t...ving tho lab,rinth
r~oon~;li[>)IOC<Iofti,.VIlS$i"Oh(IIIIGroooo
labytimh.heunwoundtherhreadbehind
~~~do"'fl"9hlsde<d""lm(MJt
him. so th~t it would mark his winding p:uh ofrl<JII!IQI13$~10)lr"""'h~•~tlnrulh
andshowhimhowtoexitthelabyrinth t001at>jlrutlr"-""9ilmohl'•throod

• Anoi• ntlabytintt.
Unlihthepulzle.mawo"""''"["'_ ,
(13 r ileno,whodlha>erna<lyolltl<~IO!rle
:~::'=:~~·::cRy
l1
' i THE 1VVDDLE O F THE LABYRJ NTH ,
THESEUS KI LLED THE BEAST\ VITl-1
A BLO \ V O F H IS GO LDEN S\ VORD
THE CRETA N BULL CU lr
Thebullpla)">~ctntralpart int h emyt hs
surrouoJdingCrete-thecreaturetha!fatherrt!
theMinotaurhadb:ensent toMinosbythe
stagodPostidonasaconfinnationof the
kingSright toruleontheisluJd . Manyancient
imagesofbullshavebttnfoundonCrete.
so theanim•lss<,.mtoho,·e
be.:nimponamln! he
cuswms andbeliefsof
rherealisbnd<:rs. too
THE LABYR INTH
KingM inosordered thebuildingof tll<
labyrinthasaprts.onfortheMinotaur.He
entrumdthedesignofthe labyrinthtothe
master-crahsman Da.:Wius., whc was famous
as. an lm·emor-he wa> said to have hwenRd
saillngboa.tsandsharpurldl:rwaterramsthat
madetheCwanshipsunb<:atableinban le
His labyrtnthb<:cameabyv•ordinthe3lll:ient
worldforcomplexityand impenet rnbility. The
storyofthelabyrinthSttmstocombinetwo
idea>----ther..lpalaceat Knossos.Crete
whkhhashundredsofroomsondappe..-s
impenetrable;O<Jddrawingsofm.uesfound
onanckmc• "1ngsandooins.
KEY CHARACTE RS
TI>em)lhoflhestusandtheMinotaurcontainsa
variedcastofcharacters,mOSiofwhomarepeopk
who meanwell butm.,.,t tragkeOO...Ariadne's
~bJ.ndoomemand Aegeus's sulddeoomeabout
b<:causell>eypl>y ml n.orrpksinalargerdrama-
thecam:r<itheherolheseu>.TIII:li\"CSofthe
THESEUS
A&er b=mlng !be IOns of Albms folknolna
lhedntlhofbbfalbtt Tbatewaabakeclao
•loar;ttlpiO!heUndawo.tcl.wllhlUfdmd.
1'1.-.bout.Onh»mum ~dumewas
ulrm..-.yflumhlm
mdhetpmth»IIIA
ynnu1bqpr.
Hlslfeend!dll.lhl:
................
bthntofllletpkitss
BELLEROPHON AND
PEGASUS
Like most Greek heroes, Bcllerophon was
given a seemingly impossible task-killing
a monster called the Chimaera. With divine
assistance and the aid of the fabulous flying
horse , Pegasus , Bcllerophon succeeded , but
his triumph gave him an inflated view of his
---· - - - - - - - - - - - - - o!f, - - - · - · · - - - - - - - - - - - -
TIIEMYTII
llellerophonwasayoungherowhohadunintentionally
killed a man in his home city of Corinth and was banished.
He was accepted at Tiryns, which was ruled by Proetus, but
thek ing'swife.Stheneboia,fell in lovewithhirn. When
Bellerophonrejectedheradvaoces.thequeen"engefully
occusedtheyoung"manoftryingtoseduceher. Proetus
belie,·ed hiswifeSblsewords,andsollellerophonfound
himselfOO.nishedagain.Thistime,Proetussemhimtolycia
thek ingdomofSt heneboiaSf:tther,IOOO.tes. Proerus
askedlolxuestokfl!Bellerophon,butlob:ues
didnotwamtomurderague!>l . Instead, he
sentBellerophonon:mapparemly
'':tinquesttokillrhemonstrous
Chim:Jer:t, ;lcremure!hatwaspan
serpem.pangoot,and panHon
Atheruhe lpedr heyoungheroby
givinghimthemagical
winged horse, Pegasus
Withhis:~SSistance.
llellerophonw:~Sable
toswoopdownon
themonster3nd
dispatchitwithhissword.fr«ing
lobates'skingdomofthedeadly
menxc. Athenl ~llowed Belkrophon
toretainthehorseand,rid ingon this
remarkablemoum,hefulfilledman)'
other quests. HedefemedtheChimaer:J's
own status. He overreached himself when
he used the horse's flying ability to try to
visit the gods at Mount Olympus. The gods
saw this act as supremely presumptuous.
Although Bcllerophon was a hero , he did not
have the rank of a god , and so was punished.
f:tther,killedsomegiams"'hothreatenedlobatesS
kingdom, and repelled a force of Amazons-female
warriors who were famous for fighting like men
lobJ.teswasimpressedwith Bellerophonlndthetwo
becarnefriends--r.hekingevenofferedtheherohisdaughter
inm:trriage.SoonthespitefuiSihenebobdied . Somem)·ths
cbimshecommilledsuicideindespairwhen Bellerophon
married,Oihers,;ayllellerophonkilledhermfurywhenhe
disco,·ered th.ltsheludaccusedhimofuyingtoseduoeher
.'l.fterherdeath,thefamilywasabletolive inpeace
Olympusunirl\'ited. Thekingofthe gods
semaflytoSting thehorsemidway
in his flight. Pegasu~ reared on
hishindleg;in]Xlin,sending
Bellerophontumblingall
1heway1oEa.nh, where
hemethisde3t lt
OVE RR EACII ERS Ti lE CIIIMAE RA
I nCI.ossie~l m)'lhology tllereisadear ThechildofMomonsters.lhe Jnan.drawnT)"phon
hierarehy,"ithgodsatthetop,mortals andthewoman-,.,rpentEchidna , theChimaera
below, and animals low.r &itl. Heroes, wasoneof themoSibiz.orrehybridsofdassical
howe,·er,occupkdanamblguou,;pl...:eln lll)thologJ'. hwasterrif)ingbo•hlx<:auseoflts
rhts fr.unewori<-they were mortals, bU! Slrang.ecompoundfonn,andbe<:aure ltbrel!hed
ofrenhadon<:di\itll:p.m:m.Thi s some1imes firefroml!smoudt. \\1tenltraided lob.ltes~
rrudethemimoov~m:a<: he~bei ngswho
aspiredtoahigh er=tusthan thd rallott<:d
po;;tion. n..,;, ambition drove~"'"' to great
heightsbutfinallybrought themtogrief.
&llerophon,lcarus,andPhaetonw<reall
lleroe>wOOfkwtoohighandpoidthep..n.

• Ph .. ton
Pt.ooiOn""$ b lodwhen ho i r~>t ll<ldond r Moglhe

:a:~::~heo~~~;oogOO. Ile.,.!<nobcl

J. B• IIorophon
Al1ku)hhob:lold......, i t;;o(lll\gasus,~ lhogrooto:mtt>..,.o-blus<mdewongs""he
tncuoredthewrath ollemw.lht..anoganooand andloo"""lcamo.ooukl ly. But lcouoW100
tellto(artn""""he 1rllld101tj100ho)h ci(>$o) 10 1heounar>:lh"wa<enW1111)1JI'Irllllld

PEG AS US
TI>e name Pe!}ISU> is rd.utd to the G~ttk word for
"spring,-•ndonem)1hofhlsbir1hsaystha.thewas
bominlhtfarwe:Xal•hespringsof theO«an
Aherhisa(h'emures"ilh&llerophonhe
flew back ro Moum Olpnpus, whe"" he
coustdanotherspring.Hippo<:""'>e("horse
spling")roHowfromMountHelkonduringa
singingconte>lin,·ohing theMuses(sup.25).

ot. iohgain:lheopii"Jt<lllod ;;.._~

Hli'I'(XIenfi')U!he<Jk<:wnlhe~
wherehahadkld:;odlhegrouod
SEE ALSO Ma!Hs«i-41.~~64--61.11-IJ.!iiH!l.IIJIHII, I~I.1l8-Z9,114-~ • •

'·1:
_\':",..~ ~ .'-."\
 THE EXPLOITS
OF PERSEUS
Perseus----one of the greatest Greek heroes- wooden chest and threw it into the sea. The
was the son of Zeus and Danae, the daughtet chest reached the island of Scriphos, where
of Acrisius, the King of Argos. An oracle had Perseus and his mother were rescued by the
once predicted that Acrisius would be killed king, Polydectes, who brought him up. Many
by his daughter's son. To prevent the oracle's years later, Polydectes would be the one to
warning from coming true, he imprisoned send Perseus on his most perilous journey-
his daughter and grandson , Perseus, in a to retrieve the head of the Gorgon Medusa

--· - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - · --

THE SLAYING OF MEDUSA

PerseusrashlyboasledtoPolyde<:testh:uhewouldbchcadoneofthe
threemonSirousGorgons.WhenPolydectesheld himtohisboast,
Perseus decided to sby Medusa, a Gorgon who could turn men
tostone withhergaze. DivineassistancewasnttdedforPerseus
to complete his task, so the deities of Mount Olym pus lem
Perseus several objeCIS that helped hirn succeed . H~. use d
HennesS winged saudals to fly 10 the pbet: where Medusa lived.
a11d Hades"shelmet ofinvisibilitywgainaccesstoherdwelling
\VithAthena"sshield.polishedlikeamirror, heapproachedthe
Gorgon,avoidingherdirectgaze. And " ith Hepluestus"sdiamond
sword,hechoppedoffMedusa"shead , thusmakinggoodhisboa;t

Y Hoodof Modusa ~ Moduum o o1Jh11du11!

~~~~~.=:~~=m.
~ladosa 'silead~g l anc e oolywoobldwhonsholooi<OO

b""" """"""· •~was t"" rrit

::_~~~.,.:,!;~~~~~m~":
mortal <>rrong thoGorgons

~
~
u
~
:5U ~ ThothrH Grooo o
Weallnglladao'sholmot.Per..,...crept
~'II- ~thoGr - . throo<i>I<,..Wltfl cn>
"fj and(l(l(llr.»>hbo)lween lherr\Who
* IJWIOOd tho """oltho Gori)OO!

~ ~.~~ • . ; :•• ~. >

 Ti lE RE SCU E OF AN DR01\ IEDA
Some say the winged hor!il' l'fcgasu~ ($U pp.52-5J) grew from
MedUl>.l-, blood after Pr~us had ~l:lm tl~ Gorgon, and h( left for
ho~ontlu;.magicJISlttd.Ashelkwhtsaw·a"omancluined
tos.omcrocksonthePhoemcuncoost.Shtwa.sAndro~Mda,the
d:lughltrofUpheus.t}II'KingofEdnopi;>.His.,..lft-.Ca:.s!optu.had
boastedthatAndron~tdawa.smcrtbcautifulttuntheseanrmplli
Furious at this nbult. the god P~idon lud sem a 5el mof!Slcr
wterroriuEthiopia:thebcast'''ouldonlybcsattsfitdwnhthe
sacrilkeofCa»iopell'~dauglner. Pcl"'<tusswoopeddownand
killed the 11101\51.cr. ll!scuing Amlromeda. He asked for her lund
in ffiJ.m;J.ge but whw her pall'nts rdus.od, Pe~us showed them • "--•N<IAIIII.-u
Tloo$~11Qrllhe-ol~b¥1W_ ...............
McdliS.1'~ head. nmting them to Slone. and ldt wtth Andronl!'d:~. .,og..,tho...,ogedDOCbbrAHo.w-.S.:W.•-ollhe*"YIIaw
t.Jnrodifo;...,..lhosl:yoo .. w.ged'llle<l.,._

J. Toi'MIIIO .....
,.,._<OIIooo-.I~ ..... Uao<t.Q.tirllldt ...•t'-bolg
_ ......... o.. .................. ,.. (i(wgonigMo
_.....,IOptlnlyf'tll,doo:•..tlooo-•~""-..,..lb>d
T ilE PETRIFICATIO N
OF POLYDECTES
Afterhis adwntures wu htl~tGol);onam.lt hesc,tmo<~Ster. Perseus
firollyreturned home to the i~bndof&ripho... KingPolydectes
had bllen in love with Perseus's motl~tr, Darot, and IL1d bun
uying to persuade l~tr 10 marry him_ lie h.1d sent Pn~u~ away in
thefirStplaceforthisverypurpost. Danathidhcn.elfintl~ttcmplc
of Atheroand Polrdccte~ laid ~tcy totht butldmg. Enraged by
\\h:ithes:.wonhisarrivli,Pcrscus!l'vealedMcdUS3Sl~tadtotl~t
kingandhissolditrs,mrnmgtl~tmtoswnt.Pci"S(w.tl~tnll'turned
thtgthstlutthegodshadloanedtohim , andga.l-e~-lcdUS3Shtad
toAthtna,whoanachtdutothe:frontofhcrshicld

TilE DEATI I O F AC RISIUS

Pe~us..,asgomgtoll'mrntoh1ShomclandofArg05.
butiW'hcardaboutthcorackthathadp!l'dicttdth:u
Dan:JtSson"'ouldktllhi>owngrandf:ul~tr,andsol~t
decidedtosuyawly.llcn:wclledinstcadtoPela-;giotiS
(oraccordingtosomeaccounts.l.aris.a)inTI,cSS3ly,
wheret!~t!oca.lking,Teutamides .... a..holdingfm~tral
games for his rec~ml)· de«:c.ed father. Perseus was
keentocompe.teintheg:tmts,especiallyinthedi,;cus,
whichwa-;hisfavor iiCCI'C111. Butwhetl hctook his
throw,tl~tdiscuswenta-;tmy, luuingandkillingot~t
ofthemen"atciung. UnfortmL1tely,tl~tl'ictimmrned
ou1 10 be PerstusSgrandf~ther, Acrisms
 OEDIPUS
Laius and Jocasta , the King and Queen of the child on a mountain and left him to die.
the city of Thebes, were told by the oracle So began one of the most tragic tales in all
at Delphi that their son would kill his Classical mythology. By the end of the story,
fath er and marry his mother. the entire family was destroyed, victims of
Terrified by the prophecy, fat e and the impossibility of avoiding it.
when their son, Oedipus, Oedipus became the archetypal tragic hero ,
was born, they abandoned trying to live well but thwarted by destiny.

- - - - - - - - ,;!!, - -- · - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

TilE ,\\YT H anotherchildandateitup.Oedipu,;alonewasablet o guess

Soon:Jfterhewasab:lndonedonthe
mountainsidebylaiusJttdjoc:Jst;l,
Oedipuswasfoundbyagroupof
shepherdswhotookhimwthecityof
Corinth, where the king and queen,
PQ)ybusandMerope,broughthi!llupas
theirowns.on.Orn:daysomeonetoldhlm
hewasafouudling.s.ohe"'en!tothe
oracleatDelphitofindoutthetruth
Butratherthanenhghteninghimabout
lliSt!"\lep;<remage,lheorx !etoldhirn
hewasdeslinedtok illhtsfatherand
marrylusmother. Thmkmg1heoracle
' -- - - - \' had meant Polybusand Merope,
• n.o illfant Ot<liJ•• Oedipus decided to leave C01inth
t hecorrectanswertotheriddleand.whenhedids.o, the
Sphinxdied,breakingitsneckinafitofrage.Atriumphant
Oedipus became the most popular man m Thebes, and
havingcaughtthe attentionofQueenJocasta,adescend.1n1
ofthefoundingbmilyofthecity.hemarriedher
H IE TRUHI RE VE ALED
ForsomeyearsOedipusandjocast:JeJ~oyedahappy
marrL1geandhadfourchildren--daughtersAmigoneand
lsmene.and son~Eteoclesand Pol)·nices. But after this
periodofcontentment,Oedipusdiscoveredthehorrifying
trlllhabolllhlslifewhentheprophetTiresiasrevealedwhat
hadhappe11ed. ThechariotriderthatOedipuskilledatthe
crossroadswashistruefather,l:Jius,andthequeenhettld
married inThebeswashisownmorher,JOC:asra_Tile queen

=;z:::· ~~:1:~:~:~~a:::~~~;ac=:~ds
Whonlhest.lp'o<lsloond andsetoffonalongjourney. On·
was travelling in the
opposiledirt:ction. ThemanorderedOedipus
toger o utofhisw:~y,oifendinghimwithhis
rudeness. Thepairquarrelledandfought.and
Oedipusendedupkillingtheman.
~NSWERING HIE RIDDLE
Oedipus continuedhisjourneyand
evemuallyarrivedin1hebes,wherea
monstercalledtheSphinxwasdevouring
the citySchildrenandthekinghad
lfl)"Steriouslydisappeared.Eachdaythe
Sphinxaskedabaffiingriddleandwhen
nobod)•couldansv•erilcorrectly,ilgrabbed
kHledherselfindespairol·erwlwhadluppet1ed,atld
Oedipustookap.infromherdresstostabhiseres,
blindinghimse!f.tleleftThebestospendtherest
ofhislifeasJ.wanderer,comfonedonlybyhis
daughterAntigone , theonememberofhisfamily
1\!oo<::::;-~,':-Ol)> who lud not rejected him for his deeds
Aftermanyyearsofnavellingasablind
beggar.Oedipusreachedthecit)"OfColonus,
ontheedgeofAthens,wheretheorac lehJ.d
saidhewoulddie. Here, the King of Athens,
Theseus. welcomed him. Howe1·er, OedipusS
sonswamed himtoreturntoThebes,
convincedtluthisrelllrnwouldbringgood
.6. Thoclol!hotlliuo fortunetothecity.Oedipusignoredtheir
Ihe la~a l moo~ogoiOOOipu,.nd demandsandwalkedimothesa.:redgroveat
Larusloolpiaceatactoss.oodsnot
lar tromllelpho!tJem.lhe"""dsol Colonus,disappearingfromviewandstarting
lheoracle""'epardytul!illed hislastjournq·-tothe Underworld.
 THE FAM ILY TilE RIDDLE OFT/IE SPIIINX
OF OEDIPUS lbepuuleposedbytheSphinxtothepeopleoflbebes isnowaU.miliar
Asaropld}1JaSty,Oedipus's rtddle,butitbaffled.-·el)'One whentheyfirstheardit.Tnitsrnostfamousfonn
farnil y wen: d~ly lnvolwd With tt.etiddleis:•Whatgaesonfour lrgs intt.emoming,t"'Oiegsin tt.eda),ime
thepolitksofthelrdty,Thebes andth~Ukgsatnightr

\VhenOedipusblindl:dltimselfand Oedipusrightlyguessed that

ldtthtcity,Joc~Sia~ brother. Crwn,
mok 0''" the throi>e until Oedipus~
sons.EteocksandPol}1licrs,w.re
oldwoughtorukBwthebrothers
fought andki\led~achother,and
Cr<on r<tumed to the throne. H~
tn:edmruleforthegoodofthtdt)'
butwasknownforhisruthksSOI:ss
HedidnotevenspareAntigone,
~Jocastahu ng whowosbetrothtdtohisson,
haooeltonangUishoo
o(l!llllln(jthatot.)had
Haemon,andconfintdherina
mistal:oo\or""' '""'hao cavetodieforsupponingller
own""'.0odipus brotherPol)1lkesa,w.h1Stltis"ish~.
the answer was a man, who
crawlsonfour limbsasababy,
walksuprightontwolegsas
anadult,anduscsastick,or
thirdleg.inoldage
1 • Tt.oo phi"'
$phoiiJO)$TJI>)YllnO<J.!klnn>mtha
oociootY~Uid.but t OoGreekS!Xl•nx
I hadthah«l<lola,...,.,_thabody;)IIOj
~ ~ota~~:~-=-~~br~ --
l THEBES
I Alt flough it is~ famUy tragedy. the .>tory of Oedipus and hi> sons is intimately
1 bound."iththehistoryoftheircity.Thebes.in~oti•,wOO,.,rulingfamily
1 tractdttsa"""suybacktoamagicale,·•minttlelifeoftfleh<rou.dmu>
t hefour><krofTI~ebes.Muchfater,whenPol ynicrswa>oustedbyhi>brother

I ~:;::';_;~~.:;~~~w:;.:;;~fi:~::~~
1
~~~~~g.Adrastu>.
collecm-.olykoownasthe"SevenAgainst
I lbebes.."TI>eir annywasslaughtered,both
I brotherswertkilltd ,ond thenobleline

J. Antigo no J. C,.on I ~:::~:::::::·: '"'"' , . "

OOOipus'sdaughto<Mugone
S<Jpp:illadheotathaoaodsroJ
upklrheobrolheo.~.
alteohos tOOell""l""'"!lhl~
l'l'lfl'liJdaallimi!'..,th b>"""'
andtf191l<loauth.s!orrit,o,C.I)(In
actod•idootlyandbocarootha
archelypeoltOouoolouler
iI :;~:;;~;::~~:£~
be<amelho...,..t«sollhelhc!Joos
\ -:_··1 -
.¥---.¥--·-···--------
OEDIPUS AT CO LON US I
~;;;~~~~:::::~~·.~~~~::;~l:•~:.::~;.:,r:;:r~::n I FREUD AND OEDIPUS
ofoneof t hemtra,.,.,stotheUnderworld.Af~erOOOipuscametoColonus.lhere

wasathunderstonn,whichhethoughtwas asign from

thelbebans,Oedlpuspassedbelow
theEanhtothene.xtworid. TheGreck
playwrtghtSophocles{+96-406 oc•) 0
wosbomintheareaanddescribedtt.ese
ewntsinhisplayO.JipusarColcmus
g
c
<II Ood ip .. • • blio-dbovg.o•
lfl hos btondwandet""}!.Oedlpus""'<p]OO
11['hosdaugh191Antigone.thaonljlll9fllbal
olllislarl'lt,owt.ooonomedla•thlultohorn.
THE TROJAN WAR
Homer's great epic poem , the Iliad, describes
a war between the Greeks and the Trojans that
lasted for ten years. The conflict began after
Patis, a prince from Troy, eloped with Helen,
the wife of the Greek king, Menelaus, and the
Greeks mounted an expedition to get her
------------------- * --
THE MYT H
The two sides were well matched. Each had the.serdce~of
good leaders.liketheTrojanprince, Hecwr,andtheGreek
genem~ Ag.unemnon. Each had other bmous s.oldters and
fightersontheirside-l'ari~ fortheTrojllnsandmensuch
asAchillesandthecunningDdysseusfortheGreeks. Each
>idealsoludthe~kingofseveralgodpandgoddesse,;­
Aphrod iteandPbseidonwereonthesideofTroy;Apo!lo,
Athena,andHerafavoredtheGreeks. Therefore the
sta!emaiecontinued,withmanyminorb.1ttle~butno
ovCral!\'ictory,foryears.
1\Ct-l! LLE S AND PATROCLUS
The w:~r reached a chmax when two of the Greek !e:~ders
quarreled . Agamemnon, who had been for<:ed to give up
oneofhisconcubi~s.tdokashismistresso~ofthemany
women of Achilles. In disgust. Achilles withdrew his forch
fromthefightingandtheTrOjansbegantogettheupper
hand . Towinb.'lCkthe initiative. Patroclus,aclosefriendof
back. On Mount Olympus, the gods and
goddesses looked down on the battlefield ,
taking sides and influencing events as heroes
of both sides fell. Finally, the Greeks were
Achillts,:.skedhis«>mradeforpemtissiontoleadhistroops
anddisguisehimselfinthearmorofAchilles. Whfnthe
Trojansoldierssaw·thebestoftheGreektroopsbackonthe
b.1ttlefield,apparemlyledbyAchilleshimself,theybegan
tolt>Sc hean ThisgavetheGreeksmoresuccess.butjust
JStheys.!emedtobo;winning. llectorkilledPatrodus
THE GREEKS GAI N GROUND
Thedeat hofPatrodusrous.!dAchilles,whoreturnedto
the fight, killing Hector and dragginghisbodyaround
Tro)''sw:Jlls. Next,thegodsencouragedtheGreekstobring
thegreatarcherPhilocretesintothebattle,and thebowman
killed P~ris.a huge psychological blowfortheTrojans. The
Greeks thenst olet\thena'sstatue,whichwasasignofgood
fonune for the Trojans, from her shri~ in Troy.
Finally,thegodsput intothe mind of Odysseus the
uickofthehollowwoodenhorse, inwhichsoldierscould
hide. TheGreeks leftthehorse infrontofthecityand
feigned a withdrawal. TheTrojansdraggedthestatue into
the city. During the night ,Greeksold iersemergedfrom
itsbell)•andopened the city gates. The restoftheGreek
armypouredinand Troyw~sdestroyed.
TH E JUDGEI" ENT O F PARI S
Theevem•hatSiarted!hewarO«UrredonMoumld•.where
th<Trojanptince.Pari>,wasvisitedby threegoddes.ses:Hera,
Athen.o,andAphrodite.Eris,go<ld<ssofdiscord,hadgi'""
th<magoldenapple,inscriW,-For thefaireSI."Eachofthe
three claimed the apple. Zeus commanded HemKs to take
t h<m to Paris, who would decide which was the most beaut iful
Thegoddes.sestliedtoinnuencehisdecisionbyofferingbri~
Athen.opledgedtogrnmhimsue<:e<Sinwar,Herapromised
power,andAph rodi teoffewltheltandofthe"mld'smost
beau!ifulwoman, llelen . PartsehoseAphroditel;offer--but
Helen was ahady married to Menelalli of Sparta . When"""
elopedwithParis,hostilitiesbetweenGreeceaOOTroybegan

Til E HERO ES
TI~~:storyof•l~~:Troj.ln\\"arlsfullofl~~:roeswlloare theeplc'S.m ain
charac~t:rs. Titeyaregelll:rnllybraveinbanll:.buiHomer~depictionof
ATI !ENE AND I !ERA
tl~~;irch.tmr:tersisp.trticularlyln t eresting.Ma nyare m otivat cdbyhonor THUNDERED,
-"•''~"'. '"'"'.""."""""'""'~'"'"~
"~'
owr theirconcubints.forexample.ignites
becausewhenAgamemnonapproprlates
DOING II O r\ JOR
TO THE Kl 1\JG O F
the woman of Achilks. the lauds honor ~
ls affected . Homershowsthatimelligrnox MYCENAE, RICI-1
lsessennalinbanletoo : lheh<ro0d)"S5eus _____.,
l>n:no,.~tedforhiscunning. ~
IN GOLD.
• Acholln bondlngPwocluo"o woul!d
·' .
hiendohop""'""'""'"lantootlvall<lnll
thewar-..tJaoPatrodU$died.Achrlkls '
wturnedr>lhobanlawomo~ere<'J'I
TH E A NCIE NT CITY
O F J\ IYCENA E
Alth.ough tht:Sioryof the!!iadisam)1h,all its
cltar.octusromefromrealplacesin•ncientGiffCe.
Mycrnae.intl>enonheast<mPdoponn<5e.was
saidtobe thehomeofAgamemnon . The city stat<
was a strong miliwy power during the Lot~ Bronz~
Age.Titi>anciem>itewastxca,·atedinthe l9th
crmury by the Gennan a~hawlogist H~nrldt
• A ...,omnon ,.turning willr Casundro Schliemann. He di>eovered s:tunningjewelry and
11
Atlhoendolthewar. !r,.wascapWred.OOsacb>:l otherortifactsomongtheruins.da1ing back tothe
l>qlrrernoonc:aru«<ollCassandra.theclaughtorof 2ndmillennium ocE. lledaimed tlltseobjecls
Ki"'JPnamollmy.auprrre rd>ebr"J"'""fioJhts"""""'blootau.., belongedtoAgamemnon.

~1
'"""'::;~;:;:,:;::
.J tosupportthis

. . .. ' l i.MI'jjl!~,r ~~~:,::t::

• Hoctorfi11hlin11Achilln • Ajoxcommitting ouicido I
::~~~~!.~.~:;~=.::~ ~~:.7'=~~~:~::.~~,:· G1
t,.lhoklssolonaolthorr~r roWt fighlrloJ. O:lyuoos.a<>Okrllod hrmsoll
SEEALSOW•oll-19.-. 1-lll-ll. l ll-1!.116-21. 110-71.115-71.10HII •

. ,.•_,..• ,..·, r(:

THE ODYSSEY
Homer's second epic, the Odyssey, tells the story of the Greek hero
Odysseus (Ulysses to the Romans) on his journey home to Ithaca
after the Trojan War (see pp.60-61). He faces many perils ,
including monstrous creatures and seductive women. Each
encoun ter stretches his intelligence and cunning. But his
greatest challenge comes when he anives home to find his
wife besieged by suitors who believe him to be dead.
--- -~- ~-~----- o!lo --- ----

THE /V\YTI-I
AfterleavingTroy,O<Iysseusandhiss..1ilorsfirstcametothe
wuntryoftheLotosEaters. Theseinhabitants..wholi''edaluy
ltfe of ~ase, tempted them wnh the lotQ~ fruit, which had the
power 10 tmke them forget the past Odys;seus had to force hb
relucr~ntcompanionsb:ocktotheirships. "lext t6ey
encoumeredtheC)·clope$,araceofono:·eyed
gtmlls.Odysselioandhisfo!lo\\'ersWereCaughtby
oneoftheCyclopes,Polyphemus. "hokeptthem
capti,>einacaveandatesomeofthem.\Vltenthe
Gre~k hero w;;s asked to idemify himself, he
c!e,·erlysaidhew;;scal\edOutis(me~ning•no
one") _QdysseusphedPolyphem uswithwine
~ttd then blinded thegiam wtthaheatedstake
Whenl'olyphemusshouted ,"Outislnoondis
killingme,"theotherCyclopesheard him
butdidnotcometohis
rescue becau~ they _ _.....,~~~~
thought hew;;sdrunk
andtheGreeksmanagedtoescape. Polyphemus
cornplaiaedwhisfather,the~agodPooeidon,who
semterribkstormstohinderOdysseus'sjoumey
AT THE M ERCY O F THE WINDS
At their next ponofcall,Aeolus, thegodofthe
winds,gaveOdys~usthewindstied up inabag,
lllowing him to control his course homew.Irds. But
Odysseus'smen,filled with curiosit)'abomthe
contentsofthebag.untiedit.leuingla<J5eallthe
winds. T!tesh ipwJSblownbroffcourse,firstto
thelwdofthegi3ntlaeslrygoni311S,whodestroyed
mOSioftheirships,mtdthentomtisbndinhabited
bytlteench.1ntressGn:e,whoturnedOd}·sseusS
meninu:>pig;;. BU!Odys,;eus".wedhirnsclfbyeminga.
proteoil-eherbgiventohimbytiY:godHennes. Circe
sawthatOd;-,;seus>vasresistanttohermagic,and
turnedhiscrewb:;ckintomenagain.Circeadvised
Odys,;eus w visit the Undnworld to find out
more about his future Henaveledthere,
andhadavisioninwhichhishomebnd
wasoccupiedbyi'K>:slileinvaders. The
herodecidedtohurryhome
Buthisjoumeywoklongerthan
hehadexpected_Odysse ttsfirst
encounteredtheSirens,etduming
creatureswho5ebeautifulsong lured
all passing sailors. He sailed past them
bycornm:..ndinghismentoblocktheirears
Afterthis,Odysseus'sshipll1dtop3SSbetween
Scylb,asix-headed,man -devouring
monster.andCharybdis,awhirlpool.
Odysseuswasforadtotake thepainful
decisionofl05ingsixofhissailorstoScylla,
e:.chof whosesi xheads couldonlyeJ.tone
m:mruatime,rmherthanlt1\'eallofthem
drown inthe"hirlpoolo!Charybdis. ))
 --.. ;"."'·'d
. \(~

MONSTERS AND OBSTACLES PER ILS OF THE SEA

Odysseusencounteredsever•lobstadesonhisjourney. The giant
Llestrygoni.onsdestroytdalltheshipsinhisatm.>dooexeeptforhisown
WhentheyweretrappedinPolyphernus~c.-·e.heandhismentied
rhe msekes to rhe underbellies of 1he Cyclops's sheep. The ne~r d•y.
Polyphetnuskt hissl>«p out to gt.lle, and 1he Gt«k>esc•ped. On On:o:'s
island.Odysseti>Smenweretunltd intopigs,rhusddl)ing lll<:\'0)-'•ge
lheG""'ks'''"""J>"'O'k"'Tioliwdmainlyonislandsandineo;os.ul
seul.rll<1lts.andhen.,.,wereaeeomplishedsailors. lheyknewwell
that"'•''O)'ages,e,..,nintheoftenealmMediterran<an ,had their
d•ngers,a,dthal sallors hadtow.,ehoutforun[a\'Or~blewinds,
dmge!'QUS wltirlpool sorcu~ms.md Jaro:d I(J(k>, Odysseus had
to oopewithtempeS>ssembyPoseidon .perilouscum:nt s,a nd
scmemorl':fantastkd•ngers.Someofthe;;e,liketheseduclive
scng of the Sirens, could be decepti,·e-Odysseus was wanl«<
byCircethat thescngoftheSirensmuSiberesi51td

N EVER YET l-I AS ANY

MAN ROWED PAST TI-ll S
ISLE IN Ill S BLACK SIIIP
UNTIL I-IE HAS I-l EARD
THE SWEET VOICE FROM
OUR LIPS. lloonec.Oolf'>'Y-Boo~IX

l' Charybdio
THE WO RLD O F THE DEAD lhlsoot;;o"""whol~.anl:allpaSS<ng
shtpo,bul()dy ........ -..d througtltha
""'"""'9"flbeiW<lOOotano.IScyh
Tire<ias.whowat1>cihimt>Ottoham>
theclttleofHelios..Then he methis
mother, Antideia, who told him how
hiswifeandson...,..,re<Uffetingat
home . Odysseusalsometthe
ghostofAdlilles(supp.60- 6!)
fina.lly,hegn:wfeatfuland leh
the Underworld in terror.

~ Aehilloo
T beghoololllchillo>~Ody....,,be
l'o(JUid.atOO. ~I'I!C<l Earth b!alurnbla
labor(lO tMnrulea!llr)ll(jthadaad

-~c~~'lf-,~ '' -~ ' d_;

 HIE JOURNEY CONTINUES
OdysseusnextstoppedatanislandwhereHelios,thesun
god,kepthisca\\le.Ahhoughtheylud~enwarnednotto
killth~animals,thesailorssllughteredafewofthecallle.
Hehos complained to Zeus. who struck their ship with a
thunderbolt,killingthecrew:md~IL111eringtheship.Only
Odrsseussurvived,dingingw the:wreckagf"
Odrsseusw.ao...l·asheduponthek>l~ndbelongingtothe
goddess Calypso, who wanted him to stay with her. Though
helil"edthereforseven)·ears.Odysseusfinall)•resistedthe landsandwealth. Thesuitors":erelivingoffOdysseus'sfood
temptationtostayfurther,andtmvel\ed ou. lie was then :mdabusinghiswife'>hospitality,justlikethehostileinvaders
shipwreckedagainandwashedashoreontheisbndof hehadseeninhlsvisionintheUndetworld. Penelope did not
Alcinous.thel\ingofthePh:u:acians. wanttomarryanyofthem,s.oshe
Here,thegoddessAtherocomrivedto saidshewoulddedareherchoice
tn:Jketheking'sdaughter,Nausica:.. whensheludfinishedv.ulinga
meetOdysseus.andthetwow·ere tapestry on whkh she was working.
a\\ractedtoeachother.Odp;seuswas Finally,Pendopehadtomakeup
temptedtostaywithher,burfinally, hermind.Shesaidshewouldmarry
longingforhiswifeandhishomebnd, themanwhocouldstringOdysseus's
ltha::a,hetraveledonagain powerful bow. Noone recognized
Odysseus(herevealedhimselfonly
PENELOPE'S SUITORS tohisson.Telemachus)ashetook
hispbcewiththeothers. He was
theonlyonewhosttcceededin
stringingthebow. ThenPenelope
realizedthemanwasherhusband
WiththehelpofTelemachus,he
killedallthesui\ors.But,thoughhe
loved Penelope,Odysseus,af1er
• Odfu• ... andC..IypH wanderingforsolong,foundithard
f'TI)rl'»ood~D9$$arxlorrrti(Wtali\'ft,.Ca~~
to settle down in lth~ca. Soon he
:=:::::=·~;:~·
ho$J(l<JH'-'I't.;m)IO I11""'a

Penelop<":~ho>plr•lityand showed no
U:Spe<;tforhetO\-'lS.:ntiments. n11s
ffi •bus.:jusrlfiedthelrtvemualk illlng
:.·-~ byOd)"SS<:Usandhlsson,Telemao:hus

:t::;,~~.-:,·~~. .
DIVINE INTERVENTION
TI>e wd>of Mount Olympus not only influenre:i the Trojan War, but
also had an impact on tl>e a<hemuresof Od)'SS'us. \Vhet>ewrthe htro
offended a deity, his journey home was delay.,.;l.. Poseidon, Helios
andleushimself.all h;mpe~dtheprog~ssofthe
\'O)'lge.AfterblindingPolypl>emus,Odysseus
shoutedouthis~alna metotheCydopsas

hesailedawa)·.Polyphemustold Poseidon tltat

Odyss.:ushadblindedhim,mdtl>eseagod
unleashedaseriesofstonnstowrttkhisships
When Odysseus's men slew the canle of Helios,
Zruspunishedtl-;,m.ThoughHermess.,·edOdrsseus
fromthem•gicofCircr, t!Kooedeitywhoronsistently
prote<:tedandad,·lsedthecunningherowasAtherta.

SOME \VO RK O r
1\JO BLE NOT E, 1'vlAY
YET BE DO N E,
1\JOT UN BE COM ING
1\ \EN THAT STROVE
• Dioin• prot.c!G<
Alh(.-!awasD<t,<$:10<J$'•~taciOr.Shc~•<JadedCa!yp4oiO
I VITI I GOD S.
tele;,ehtm,..,tu ph,.moeb"'JWtlhNauso:.Handad...OO
him todisgu...,him,..IOOk<eroofrootmghi•wif<l•surt<ws

MODERN O DYSSEYS
TI>e ad\·enturesofOdy'>S<us are immensely popular. Becau.>e llomds
epicisapowerfult alewilhanopen-endedrondusion, its material
ltas bttn ustd in new ways . One oftl>ese "mrxlem Ody;.seys" is The
Odpy:AMoJtr"St'l"e1(1938),a
longpoernbyN ikos Kaz•ntL>kis
(1883-lll~n.deS<:tibingOdysseus's
newadventures.Ulxsscs(l922),a
rl<l>'elbyjarnes_loyo:(l882-19+ l).
alsouses theideaofanrxly-ssey inlts
SIOI)'aboutleopoldflloom,a r ~arive

oiDublin.whomakesa tueanderlng
joumeyaroundhishomecity.

~ Joyo • 'o UI,.u t

:'"..;;":';i:u:::~::::::: ()?
alludliOepr»ilslrornlhaGreoll""f'ft
SEEAlSOJw-~-:J;,#-1;,120-11,120-1t • o-..1-o-7.~1-!o3,~-51>,11·73 •

.co•-i'·"'··,J.:
CLASSICAL ANTIHEROES
The myths of ancient Greece are full of
people-usually mortals but often powerful
figures such as kings or princes-who broke
the rules of nmmal conducL They did this
by cheating their fellow mortals, by abusing
--~- - - - - - - - - - - - -.$ -~- -~-----~-~
gifts or hospitality, or by insulting the gods.
These antiheroes often ended up with dire
punishmcms , as a warning to mhers tempted
to break the social or cult rules that normally
made social or religious life run smoo thly.
~--------

I,Xo
I N
l ~ ... U o kllh "'lof [IOIIOUI
•""•'~"~"''
0 11 1
~~~:c::~;r ~ ~ ~b~~~~~~ ~~~~:~:~:u;~7;, :~E:o~: ~~·d :~-~ =~~~~:~:
ordertom~rr}herandagreedtopaythedowrytothegtrls·-~
'""""""'"'""" '""'"""'' """" '""' '"'
""'"P'""'"""''''""'"Imorrrywoorhrd,yof
0\ • 01\h
/,'l(',~if'Al'l
)'
" '""''"""'.'"'
a""'""'"'"""""""'
the v, eddong thek mgsetacrueltrap [orEloneus lie dug \\vlJ rA-({ ~ \ ;'l$10ad.seoltl>lJUnOOXJrdng
a pn near hts palace and filled n wn h burmngcoal and :::;~~=~hal
v. henh lsunsuspect mgfather m b v. arnvedlxwn pushed ~
himtohisdeath. Followingthisoulrage,lxionwas05tracized
byallmon~lsforkil l inga k i n sman.bulforsorne reason Zeus took
pity on him and invi1ed him to a banquet on ~toum Olympus . Even
amongthegods,heoverstepped t heboundsofproprielyandtried
toseducellera,leusSwife. leuspunishedlxionforattemptingto
outragehis wifeSmodestybybindinghim toaburn ingwheel.
whichwouldturnfore,·erinthe Underworld

~ l•ion1oduc i ngHOf•
'M>enZ""'~t<ion'> in lanoons.Oa t od;OOhom

~~h=::~"::"~.:.:~~:::.~
SISYPH US M IDAS
Thefounderof thecityofCorinth,Sisyphusw:~sguihyofseveral KingMidasofPhrygL1helpedSilenus,
transgressions.includingk illingf;uestsandseducinghisownniece afollowerofDionysus(sapp.J~-J5),and
BanishedtotheUndem·orldforhisdeeds,hetriedtoche:udeath,first inretumthegodgrantedMidasanybvor
byconfin ingTiuiUlos,thegodofmort.llity,bmwithoutsuccess. Then he wished . Theking.whowasconsmned
heinstmctedhiswife nottoc~rryouttheburi:llritesforhim. When bygreed.askedthate,'el)'lhingltt;touched
Hades sent him back to E.1rth to ensure th.11 the rites were performed, shouldchJ.ngerogold.Butwhenhisfood
SisyphusrefusedtoreturntotheUnderworld. For anddrinkwereturnedtogold,Midas
hispresumptionintryingwturnhimselfirnoan asked Dionysus to take the gift away. One
immon:d, Sisyphus was condemned ro roll a he~vy d:ty,he came:l<:rossPanandApo!loi nrhe
boulderupahill. Whentherock reached the countryside.Thetwogodswereh.wingan
hilltop,itrolledbxkdownag:~in,soSisyphus argument about who was the beuer
hJ.d to keep repe~ting his task etcrru.lly musician. MidaschosePano,·erthegod
ofmusic,a ndanir.ueApollopunished
himbygivinghimtheearsofanass
Midashadtokeep lnsheadco,·eredwith
aturOOn,butnewsofhisridiculousears
g01out.andheended
hislifebydrinkinghOI
bullS blood

I
~ :•,~:::.::::.~":,; :h\~oot aM I
ooodornmoo•.Si"!Phuo•ndllll19rriblo
pu .. sh!l'l(l<ltboo;)matt.)~onio:omagool I
hard,(lfldiO$$, &r>:lpOm lle!$UI$l$.
I
------- ol!l.

TANTALUS ! 1' Midu wit~Pan andApolkl

j l n spoteotthotacttMt(l[h(Kisl(l<>)OStt.:;.ughiApollo ~
TheKingofSipylusinLydia,T:unaluswasasonofZeus.Asarl"lativeof bolhel:e1181roomoo. Modas""""'hos"'o'a1Pan.roosr"'l
Zeushew:'5allowedwdinewiththegods.butheabusedthispri,·ilegc
Sotnetn)1hsS:lyhegossiped.lboutthegods'secrers.OiherstlutheStole
I
I
tleangoool thootheo00\'1

food from them and gal"e it to mon:tls. Accord ing to an extreme \"ersion.
hetested thegodsbyservingthefleshofhisownson

{l!j9f~~fli'"""' ~~~~~::~~o::·:~s~~us:~~~n:t:~~~ :~~~~

;mdhung<>r. l!ew':lSm:hletoSiandinapool
belowafruit·bdenuee. The pool emptied
exht imeTamalustrieddesperatelytodrink
thewater.whiletheovnhartgingbranches
blewoutofrea.:hwhenel'erhetriedrograsp
' ~th
em.hencrtheword,"tantalize"
1
~ ~ -"" ) ;-,.,r~,:~~::·~~:~.:.,ioo oltOO
._ ~~l\'S \ 11Sualboun\'lollhe!1"h.aliltlfJ{IIl'J'"shment

0
_~~ ~\.~~...- to< Tant<'lu!'soii$UI\.Itot000~mpo;W;
 CLASSICAL
ANTIHEROINES
Greek myliwlogy has many antiheroines who
were embroiled in complex plots, mostly
involving revenge. A number of them, such as
!no and Clytemnestra , chose to do so out of
jealousy, or because they lacked the moral and
social virtues considered necessary in noble
women. But the actions of others were
guided more by the interference of gods in
human affairs. These antiheroines were often
responsible , directly or indirectly; for the deaths
of Olhers , and their stories frequent ly ended
with their own deaths, often by su icide.

-- - ------------,;!(,

PHAEDRA
The daughter of King Minos of Crete and his wife. Pasiphae, Phaedr.J
marnedTheseus(seepp.50-5!)afterhehadbecometherulerofAthens.
But shefellinlovewithHippoly1us,TheseusSsonbyAntiope.anAmazon
queen who had been Theseus's mistress. In some ,-ersions of the mph.
herp:lSSion "~c~usedbythegodsasa "·~yofpu nishing Theseus for
killing Amiope . When Hippolyt us rebuffed Phaedra's ~morous
ad"ances,shetoldTheseust hatHippol}1Ushadtriedtorape her.
Theenraged kingtumedagainsthissonand calle d onthegods to
punish t heyoungmau _ HearingTheseusScry, Poseidon blew up a
4 Phoodroondn,. ....
storm that knocked Hippol}'lltsoffhischariot t ohisde~t h.Grief­
lbadeatt.olfiowolytJI""'*IhartlSlltolh)do<;m(ldr1'101rrlill))beiY.een
r.tricken, Pluedrnhanged herselfonhearingabout herr.tepsonS death PhaodraandlhaiUOO..an kuWJ. IIer boother.Deucalion.Q3Y!lher"'
rrn r lill))lr>l~.~lollroMnyat>:Mill$\ialwlWiitlAAoopio

4 1hdoathotHiJpOIJ1U$
70 Whool'oseoOOnra" od••torrn.a...,...terlll tba lormotabull
__ rooetromlha ..... terufyongllw*Yluioto-n..... so
·~ ""'w-.sltirrJr'.onolthi•ct.ariolanddragrpjlr>hiodealh.

:t::;,~~--:,-~~~--
 C LYT E~ \N ESTR A
The wife of Apmemnon the King of Myt:en.x, Clytemnrstrn had four
childrenb)·herlu.~51xmdlphigt-nla.Eitttrn.Chrp01hemis.and0re51:es.
Aprlll:mnon ~nfic«< tpltigtnb w tht: ga<b m order 10 cllSUre a bir wind
forti~GrttklketsatltngfortlvTrojan\\lr{sccpp.60-6J)
\\lvnCI}1emnbtr:tdt..oovcredhtrcbughu~rSdt>:ll.h,slr
vo,ed re•~ngt.Shttookal.:>l'tr.AegbduJ.S,andpllccd
himo11the \lyctll.X;lll thro~ m A,ll,:lmcmnon\
:iliselloCc.Whenthckingrrtunwcdlromthe"ar.
ClytcrnncstraandAt:gischu:>tr:lppo.odandktlkd
him and manyofhiSsupportcn.. Hcrson,Ort'Sit'S,
escaped the canuge J.nd \\'tnt into nile. He later*"
hismotlv:rtoavcngehisfathcr'smurtkr.Aftcrherdcath,
Clytemrlt51.r:t~ghostwuhthcsupponof1l~eFulies,tried
topunishOrtStcs.butthcgod~(orinsomeversionsof
thestory,ahumancourt)cvemually "' l hooowdlfoi Ago -•o•
decided that what heh:~.d
~u~and•llloas~owod,._....., •• ""and
btutalyUiodhm..,illaniiJIIISomu:toonUolludllalhla'!'
done was justified thtltfocprnorrnonwas<lo\ellclllol.l.onhosblllll.c~IIN'~
rhed"tolhosk<lg\OI"noyhome,wtoanthenodortool~

-- ol!l\ - - - - - - -
1
INO
1\ingAthama-.of~otil\\iliollllrricdtol\ephelt,butldt
hu for !no, the d.:~ughttrofU<lmus{$u p.~9). lno ~med
herstepchildTI:n. Phrixusand l!tlk,anddevist:daplOito
disposeofthtrn.Shehtafirebervaththcgranaryanddlitd
upallthe!>ttd~.sotluttlvy"ould notgcnninate,thereby
causmg a famirv. \\'htn Adunus sem a messenger to the
or:teieJti:klphtto:tikklrasoluuon.lnobribt:dthenttssengrr
to say tlut At !urn~ ohould ll'l<:nfice Phnxus. Tht kmg was
abouttokillhisson"henlkrao;rntagcldtnr:untocarryolf
hiS children. Although Phnxussurvl\'nl, Htlk fell from the
ram"sbackanddrowntdlnthese.:~.whichwasnamtdtht
Hcllespom {now called !Itt Dardarttlk:s) after her. 'ephtk
wa:nred Atl~lnus punislttd, so xcording to .om( '~rsioos of
tht51.01')~ llcrasent 011t oftht Funes to drivt him :tnd !nomad
Utcr, Ath:un~ rna& I no
Ti lE DAUG II TERS
O F DANAUS
Danau~.agra.ndsonofP~tdon.ludSOdaughter.;,
whikhisbrotlvr.Acgyptus.h.WS...1sons.TI~etwo
brotht:rsquam:kdo,-erthttrfathcri;Llndsaftcrhts
de:uh,unuiAcgyprusoffcredtomJrryhissotiSto
Danaus"sd:mgluerstounitcthe family Butanorack:
h.ado~toldDaruustlutt\cgyprlbpllnrvdtokill
himandhisdaughters.sohtr:ma .... ay"nhhis
bmil)' Acg)'pt!bpved~. ~tegmg tlttm m tht
cityofArgosuntiltht)'r:tnoutoffoodlndwtre
fOIO'dtoagrtttotht~.l:btUUSg;l\'tCXhof
htsdaughtersahaorpmandasktdthtrntokilltl~ttr
husbands"lthtt.AII
tht daughters e~cept
onecanicdouttheir
father's instructions. for
"hichtheywerestverdy
punishedaftertheir<;k;nh

1"- Di•ino jomico

llo.-.was ..."'}ldatAtharrw .. Etor.. tpuniohmllll
a<-.Jino, ... ~p;U1$1(1d 'M-m rl.,ptydaughtorsdOI.rtw.r,o
ondoo-oo:lr"lJihoyshoui.Jbe l'lml»hrlh:tarv,oiJ.wloororhey

==~:;::: 1---flJllin.~-
~oolhog<illlaMII
71
-olrhefiOOllo.Ti~. ... ... laOl _ _ ....,
IOIOrn'fjll(rt..IIL'Itymwplo
S!Eioi.SO-:rJ-11.~1.5<1~··15<1-11>.11._\l- •

--~1'''' ' .·{

~
~ , THE ARGONAUTS
The myth of jason and the Argonauts is one
of the greatest quest stories in all mythology.
It concerns jason , heir to the throne of Iolcus
in northeas tern Greece. When jason was a
child, his uncle, Pelias, usurped the kingdom
away and entrusted his care to Cheiron the
Centaur, who raised him. After jason grew to
manhood, he went to Pelias and demanded
the kingdom that was rightfully his own.
Pelias said tha t j ason could only be king if he

and imprisoned jason's father, King Acson.
Jason's mother, Alcimcdc , smuggled him
-- ----------------· - - - · - - - - - - - - · - - -
THE J\ I\YT J-1
For his journe)' 10 Cole his, J~on had a sp;ecial
ship built, named the Argo. The shipS timbers
included planks taken from a sacred oak tree
;>ttheoracleofleu~atDodona,makingthe
n:wl especially strong.jas.:>n persuad~d
!/!.
stole and brought back the precious Golden
Fleece from King AeCtes of Colchis.
CHALLENGES IN COLCHIS
In Cokhis, King Aettes did n01 want to lose the:
;-- Golden Fleece, so he set Jason a challenge-{o
tame~ pair of fire-breathing bulls and use them
. __..:::. topullaplough.droppingtheteethofserpents
iTtto the soil ash~ went . From the teeth. armed.

~::1:~.GP:~~~~~: ~ 1eh::.~~d;~~~:~. J. H•rpi..

1 1
wa~;:y~::!~=~1~~~~~=~~1=:~:::::~
:~~el~t~t0~~~~ ~~~:,~!!~~~up of heroes ?~:=~~ :~ %~~~~e:~~~~~~~ i:~~~~:·;t;~~~~
fcorl'ldJJiernon,lloo · hov•t"l'er,still wouldnotletj:t;Ontakethe
DI\ NGERS AND OBSTAC LES fleece . Thenshesugge-stedth:•tOrpheusl;music
Theheroesfac.edallkindsofobstaclesontheirjourney, wouldcharmthepoisonousserpemguardingitandputitto
from encounters with:tll ractil'e women who debyed their sleep.Withtheneeafinallyinhishands,jasonsailedfor
quest,toconfrontationswiththedeadlyperilsofthesea home,negotbtingh:IZ.lrdssuchasScyllaandCharybdis,the
First.tlte)'Wereseducedbytheall-femalepopulationof Sirens,andthegbntlalos,whothrewhugerocks:n theslnp
theisbndoflemnos,debyingtlteirprogressforsel'eT:Jl umil Medea killed him with a deadly gbnc.e. At bst jason
months. Thenoneoftheirnumber.llybs,lefttheqttest reaclied lokusanddaimedluskingship
when water nrmphs pulled him into a well. and his friend,
Heracles. di~tressed ~~his loss, left the Argo to s:n·e him
There!llainingArgon~ulshad stillmore dangerous
challenges ahead. Theygotinvolved inaboxingmmch. with
1\ingAlll)'CUs.afonnidablefighterwhousuallykilledhis
opponents. Theyweresavedbytheprowes.sofPolydeuces,
whoissaidtohave invemedthesponofboxing.lnanother
encoumer they met a blind prophet called Phineus who was
tonuredbythe Harpies.bird-likecreatureowilhwomen's
heads.alsoknovmasthehoundsofZells. Titesefrightful
beingscontinuallysnatchedawa)'Phineus'sfoodand
peckedathiseyes. TwooftheArgonautschasedtheHarpies
awJyandinrelllrnagratefulPhineushelpedthemsail
7) throughtheCbshingRocks,oneofsewralotherperils
thattheyhadtonegotbtebeforereachingCokhis
KEY CII A RACTE RS TilE GOLDE N FLE ECE
Ancientwriting>eomainse''""ldiffertntliSisofthe Athamas. king of lhebts. had a legitimate son, Phri.~us
Argonauts, buttheyall agrttinincludingmanyof aswdl aschildrenbylno.his mistrtss.lnotritdto
the moSiprominentancimtGrttkheroes,suchas cause t hedea t hof Phrix<.~>,so t hatooeofherown

Heracles, Patnxlus , andPdeus,aswellas•helwins childrtnoouldl nherit thethrone . Nephde , themother

CI.SiorandPolydeu.ces.Somcaccountslis••he
humress Allll<>ta os 1he only woman wanior among
the ~r;:w_ Most of rile"' characters embodkd gn:a1
Slrtngthandskillinanns,but su.ch
ofPhrixus, arrangedforhlm•oflyou•ofd.tngn•o
Cokhisonllt<:blckofagoldenram. Awes.
ruler of Cokhis, wekomed him, hoping that
Phrixu>would givehimtheram, bmhe
sacrificedthebeaSitoA~sat>dthepri<SisoiAres
di>playedthefl_..,in•g.otdm. lt wasguardedby•
><rpan t hat ~r5lept . Pelias.whosrntjasononhis

- =~-~~-=~inofPhrtxus.··-" ________ ::_:_::~_"_

l J~,;~~~~: ~;o:~.~;:pm><•eral
<11 Juoa

::::tl~~l j)l "

;~~= ~~~~t=,l~~~~::::/::.,::;:m ~ f/d.
Jasooouledhappily on i<Jkus
Cil:tiC<>allogelhathiokleWM
luorl<>:lbyMedoo'•><ho<r'l"'l
Troy(snpp.6-1-67l--bothheroe>fa.cedthe
Sirens, with their •lluringmusie , at>dScyUa
andCharybdis.lnaddition.J;osonhadtopass
betwemtheCiastringRocks-.Thechallenges
ofw<atl>er,na>igation . andtheperilsofthe
sutookthcArgonaut>onamuch longer
roure than Odysseus'•, howevcr. TI>eir j<>un>ey :to!::.~~~~~,:~~ ~beat the
encompassed thtBiackSu,th<Danube,the enka-r-«> 1o theBiad:Sea,sbnmod~lho:.-
Adrialie, and th< Mediten-anean whena•~p tt.OO 1opasshl.....,them

AuOOwa'"pr"'t=ol
lloc:ate, lhaUndeo-ld
godo.loss, Medoooouldll$&
OOotol«lfYlOhelp.laron

<II Orph• uo
Orphaus-.onuaocingrrwi<
helpedlheAr{lonau~too
rr'lilll'f'OC(:8$I<)II$ \h"'"-'lhout
me. raodll001100'"'!'

THE HEROES
SHONE LIKE
GLEAI'viiNG
STA RS A1\ IO"G
THE CLOUDS.
73
 AENEAS AND THE
ORIGINS OF ROME
A Trojan prince, Aeneas was the son of Although Aeneas did not actually found
a mortal father, Anchises, and Venus, the their city, the Romans saw him as the
goddess of love. He was a great hero and founder of their race. His remarkable life
leader, whose escape from Troy and arrival was celebrated in the epic poem, the
in Rome was the result of prophecy,
adventure, and divine intervention.

..,. Woondodho10
TH E J'v\YTI-I A<iooe:stougllt hia.../ydultlll)1haii<Jt'ln
Aeneashadbeentoldoftwoprophedes War andwaswooodadbv1haG r"'*buro
t hatwouldshapehislife.ll~efirst 0ll)lll!ldo$Afk>!lloc10odoed, hlnoos
~<l')fldolcadi111J r ololn t bu lr ojanlo!ces
saidhi wouldbethefounderof
~great dyn">t)', and t he >econd,
tlt:llhe woulddestroythecityof the gods. reminded him of hi~
CarthagemnotJ:heinAfrica\Yhen destiny,AeneasldtCanhageand
theTrojanWar(supp.60-61) Ehssakilledherselfindespair.
ended,hebeganajoumeyto Umdingonthe westcoo.stof
fulfilhisdestiny. Aeneastook ltaly, 1\eneasfoundhimselfnear
withhim hisfmher, An.:; hises. Cumae, home of the Cumaean
wholudbeenwoundedinbaule, Sib)'l.aprophetesswholil·ed tJear
buthediedonthejourney.Crossing theentranceto theUnderv.orld
theAegeanSea.Aeneasandhisfriendsvisitedthebndof the Aene:J.SvisitedtheUude rworld toseehisf::uherapin,but
Cyclor--the. aggressi"e one~)·ed giants-from whom whilehe ,lasthere,theSib)•lshowedhimavisionofthefumre
or

I., ;;.~~;.~~~i
theyeSC:J.ped and set sail ~ga.in. The goddess juno, rival ofRome.WI~enhesawthevision,hewasconvincedt l!.11he
Venus,did notwaruAeneastoreach hisgoot sosheordered sbouldcontinueonhisjoun~eytoestablishtheRom.lnrace. so
Aeolus,godofthewinds,toraiseupastonnandwreckhis he wemtob.lium.theregionon thebanksof theRiverTiber.

~
I N LATIUM
Afterarrivinginl:lt ium,Aeneasmetthelocalk ing.Lalinus,
andthetwoagreedona treatythatallowedAeneastomarry
the kingS daughter, lavinia. However.theprincesswas
alreadybetrothedtoTurnus.thel\ingof the Ruti lians.An
enragedTurnusdedaredwarandt hetwosidesfoughrfor
~ goddessVenus,thetwofellmlove momhs. ln t heend,Aeneaskille d Turnusa ndwasablero
::J But when Mercu ry, the messenger of un itethetwo states. Fromthenon, t hepeopleoflatium.
u 1he Rutilians. and Aene3S's followers from TrO)' hed
... Aonuo•ndo\nchiOH togetherpeacefutlyandformed theracefrom whicht!Je
78 ""'"""'had~CJ<'I'his~ fot ..,.on1heo<
J(l<JI"'-'I',bu1Anch•$$$dl00wllon 1h<ry"""'had Romans--includ ingRomulusandRemus.thefounders

.. S«:ily.wherehis.IOIIheldliMSh lUfl01ai1J3roos of thecityofRome itself-weredescen ded

:t::;.~~.-:,-~~'"-'
DIDO OF CA RTilAGE TJ lE DESCEN DANTS
U.ttrknownasDido,EiissawasmarrtedtoSic....,us,theKingofTyre.Afttrhis OF AENEAS
death,h<rbrothertookO\'"tmthroneandshekftthecity.hentually, shearrivtd Aeneasplayedan imponamrolelnRoman
on theNonhAfricanroast , whe"'sheaskedthelocalpeopleforanareaoflandthat myt llology,notonlybecau~theRomanss..whlm
couldbcboundedbyabull'shideWhentheyagreed , shecu•ahideimothln>trips. asthefounderofthelrracebut alsobecau>c , as
jointdthemlogelher. ar>ddalmcdabrgeareaofl.tnd::.he estabhshed•he ciryof lhe sone>fthegoddessVen\IS , heenabledthemlo
U nlugo:andmkdoverithappilyuntiiAeneasleflheriOg<.>lol.a•lum tra.,.,theirlineagebacktothe~s.Thislinkwas
immenselysignificantfortheRomans, be<:noseit
g.>''etOOrruler-inbothltalyand th..ir"idtr
empi~kindol legitirnacythatputthemona
levdaOO,·etheotherrultr-sth.tyhadconquered
orsupplamed.lnaddition.certaininlluemial
Romanfamilies,n<>tablythat
ofEmperorjuliu sCaesar
(c_l00-'i4 Jcr),d•imed

THE CU~ IAEAN SIBYL

The Sibyls"'"~ w<>men wOO were skilled in prophecy.
Theyoftenhedatplacrsontheborders<>ftheEanh
at>d t!KUnderworld.mwheret!Kw<>rklsofthegodsand
h umanscametog.:ther. 11teyusedtheirproxin>it ytothe
godstopredictthefumre.Oneofthem<><tfamou>Sibyl>
lindat Cumae.Shehadbeenastunninglybeautiful)"<>ung
woman.withwOOmApollohadfalleninlm-.o . He granted
heragiftinretumf<>rherfavorsandsheaskedfor
immonality. ButwhensherebuffedApoll<>,herondemned
hertoanettmal<>ldage.\VhenAet"'ascametocmiSulther,
she"·•<apatheticcreaturesa.idtobeabout700)·earsold

.,. Aonuundtho Sibyl

\l(honft<,noostr...-....10
tOO I J -Id troman
ootrance..,..C umae.tlre
Si~acted .. h~gu oda_
GUARDIAN DEITIES
In addition to the great gods who were
related to the Greek Olympians , there were
a number of deities who were much closer
to the Roman people. Many of these were
worshipped at small shtines in people's
houses. They were guardian spirits who
looked after the members of the household
in return for offerings made at the home
altars. Some of these deities, such as the
goddess Vesta, also had state shrines that
the Romans maintained in the hope that
they would look after the city and the empire.

~----- - ------- * -- -------~-----

THE CHASTE GODDESS

\bta,thegoddessofthedome:>~icheanhandpreserverofthen~me
of irnmortaht): v.asthed:lllghterof theprinmlgodS:l.tumandOps,
thegoddessof theharwstUnlikehersisters,junoandCeres,Vesta
did 1101 want to marry and remalned a virgin. Once, when she
" -e m wafeastheldby thegoddessC)·bt-le,shefellasleep.
F'Tiapus.thegodoffenllit)·,~whe r and wasfilled withdesire
Butasheappr~hedher,adonkeybelongingtodv:satyr • Sil•nua
Sllenusbr~)l:dloud ly in her ear. Vestaawokealonceandall Snub-nowd,..-.Jiho;k-I'PI>)d.SilenU$
theotherguests<:arnerunningtosee whathadmadesuch otllloll(ltsodmriltlmthoOO<Jhlrot
a noise f'Tiapusw:JSfoiledand'vblaShonor w:lS """""dohosdoolv)'WIIhoot taNmgoll
preserved. Hea::e,dllrtngrhefeasthe\dinhonorofVesta,donke)·swere
crownedwithflowers.Accordlngtoson~eaccounts.theobjectssacredtotlle
cult ofVesu were the hearth fire and pure w:uer in a clay '":lSI': . Although the goddess
Hesti:J (>u p.il) is often considered to be tl~e Greek coumerp:m of Vesta, the RomatiS
accordedfmmoreimponancetot l~ehearthgoddess intl~eirreligiontlL1ntheGreeks
 ., Wing«<Geniuowit!l10rch
AlightlnQOIIIhehwse<:Oontho
TH E GEN I US ni3HI"'))lbedOI)WIIQIIII)<1,Itll)
"'ll(llldGenouswa.<aguaooJian
The Romansbelievedthateverymanwashelprdall Spoit_hw,\Ssaid tobothe
~otockorotRomJonll)<1tolk
throughhislifebyaGenius,ak indofguardianange l
wholookedaherhisimeres~sandtookthefonnofa
wmgedfigureoramanholdingacornucopia(horn
ofplenty). MenmadeofferingstotheirGeniusontheir
bitthdays,andwhentheyerUoyedgoodfonune,they
offered wine, itl(ense.orflowers.AmanSGeniuspresided
overhishousea:ndhismarriage,ensuringhishealthand
hisabilitytofatherchildren.Men.anceswrs,households,
specificplaces,andeventhecityofRomeitselfwereall
s.1id to possess the ir own Genius, but women were under
theprotectionofJunones,whosen•edthegoddessJuno

THE PEN ATE S

Ukethelmes,thePenates(alsoknovmas"the
inneroJlts')wcreapairofgods whoprotected
Romsnhouseholds. They wereusuallydeplcted
asyouths,andtheirstatues,.erepresentine,·ery
Roman home.The mme "Penates' has the s.ame root
as the word "peneualia:whichmeanspantry,and
hencetheybeclmegodsofthetableandthe larder.
WhenaRomanfamilys.atdownto:Jmeal,thehe:Jd
ofthehouseholdolferedsomeofthefoodtothe
Penates before t he family members themseh·e, were
served.ltwass.aidthat thePenateswere
origirullyTrojandeities.andthatAeneas
broughtthemtocentralltalywhenhe
cametoseulethere(supp.78---79)
THE LARES E'·emually.theybecame the
TheRomansworshippedseveralkindsofspiritscalled gtL1rdiandeitiesofRome.
Laresohspecialdaysandmajorf:unilyoccasions.So!lle
of these were makvolent spirits who haumed crossroads
~nd!L1dtobe p;ocifiedwithofferings,whi!eotherswere
kmderrura!spiritswhobroughtgoodcrops.Perhapsthe
most widely worshipped Lm:s were the benevolent twin
gods who protected Roman households. They were the
sonsof~bnia,thegoddessofrnadness,and Mercury, the
messengerofthegods.btUtheyalsohadadose!ink
with Di~na, the goddess of the hum . The Lares were s.aid
to borrow Di~naS hounds and use them to chase away
~ny thieves or criminals who might threaten ~ny of the
householdswheretheywereworshipped.Besidesha,·ing
statuesoftheUlresinthehome,Romansalsohungan
irnageo!Maniaattheirfrontdoorstowardo!Tevi!doers
FERTILITY DEITIES
Ensuring a regular food supply for their huge
population was of vital importance w the
Romans. Hence, many of their deities were
patrons of vineyard-keepers, shepherds,
fanners, and others who produced food for
the people. They included Lupercus, who
protected herds and flocks from wolves, Ops,
who was the goddess of the harvest , and
Liber, who ruled over the vines and fields.
Most of these deities had e:"isted in h aly
before the Romans built up their empire, and
were later included in the Roman pantheon.

-------------· - --

~-~;;~::::;.·,,
=~~~~ -~,
-L-v
FLORA
· ~-· ~~·-· ''~·
\1
Thegoddessofspringume,flowers,and
ferti lity, Flora is usually portrayed as~~~ attractive
youngnymphcarryingabunchofflowers. At first
sh(wasshya nd retiring.butZephyrus, t hewestwind(also
knownasFavonitts),caughtsightofherand,enchamedb)•her
beauty,blewinherdirection. Shemnfromhiminfrtght,but
eventuallyhecaughtherandmadelove toher. Thestoryendedw'ell
forFlora,however,becausesoonZephyrusrnadeherhiswifeandthepair
livedhappilytoge ther,combining t heirabilitiestobringfenilesoil .mdbvorable
weather so t hat the pbnts grew and the flow'ers bloomed

·-----------· -·- . -----------

SATUR 1\J
Saturn(theRomanversionoftheGreekgodCronus) \\':1501\COfthefounding
deillesofthe Roman people. He had been a deny on ~!ount Olympus, but lud
quarreled withjupiter,whoexpelledhimfromthehorneofthegods. He hid
in lt aly. and the place where he settled became known as Latium, from the
L:otin wordrnt!:lning"tohide.·hwassaidt lwhebuilt a vi llagebytheRi,·er
Tiber,onthesite"•here Rome waslmertostand _ Here,duringthe prosperotts
time known as the Colden Age (sa pp.26---27), he showed the locals how
best to culttvate the ground and how to grow vines and produce wine. ~
The Romans worshipped him at a fest ival called Saturnalia. held in the
month of December, when m<>Sters became >ervants and servants masters. \

~.~L_-II:=J.~
TilE GREAT ,\\OTIIER
TheGre;u \iotherw-asal:soknowna>Bonal)u("lht:
goodgoddes.").Shew:<S\'J.riouslyidtrmfiedu,,thOps.
Fauru_andth!,naturegoddessC)·bek.Somt-.aysl~twas
thernothero£F'aunus(surighr),$ndwasamodest.shy
deitywhohadthegihofprophecy,blllwouldtelll~r
predictlonsonlytowornen.lt isbelievedtlo;Jt ~he began
lifeasamonai.Shedrankalot ofwi1uo onedayandgot
drunk. Whenraunussawtho:-stateshewasin,hewas
enr:.gedandkilledher.afterwhichshr!xcan~tan
imrnonalandas~ialgu:udianofRonlf'.Butinthe
fonn of Cybelc she was mow a goddess of ~xll..llny
FAUN US
Faunus":t:owor<luppedasthep;ltronofagricuhul"l"
andtheprotectorofshtphtrds.Orx-darhe>oa"'
Hercuks(the Grttk lv:ro lkrncks) with Omplule,
hisrnistre~.faunusfcllpassionattlyinlovcwuh
Omph.:de:mddccidedwfollowthecouple.\Vh!:n
He11:ulesandOrnphaletookshelterfor1henight in
:JC;lse.Flunuscrept mafterthem;~.nd,whenall
W:lSSiiU.slldiuquil:tlybesideOmphale
Whenl~touchedherl~w":~Sastounded

P Ot\IO~A AN D
VERTUH\JUS
Pomon~.;tbeautifulnymphwhow:~Salsoa>killed
gardener,w.tStlw:goddeS!>offruittrees_Vertumnu•
w:l!>:~deitywh opreside doverallkindsofdl:~nge ,
indudingtheturningscawnsand thetmnsforrmlion
fromblossomlofruit. Venumnuswasattracledto
Pomona wl~n lw: saw her pruning her tr«~ and
a.stl~godofchange.hedecidcd
totr.msfomthimsclfintomany
dilfercntshapestowooher.But
oomattcrwhatdisgutsclll'
chosc.Pomonawouldnot
lul·chun.Will'nhtshowed

~ Gv•ndi o ooollh•hil
Ai ..... ..,., ,.._,

==~~ !i~
UHt$01....,doo.. -t.n•-~1-lM-I!!. _ ____ :Ifll •

,__ ,.., ,J.:

 NORTHERN EUROPE
The early cultures of far Northern Europe produced a fascinaling body of
m yths about the creation of the cosmos and the lives and adventures of their
deities. The influence of these great stories eventually spread far and wide.

Betweenthebte&h andearlyllthcemuries,the lcebndic writers who wrote down the ffi)1hsand

VikingraidersofDenmark, Norv>ay,andSweden
bec:lmefamousfortheirruthlessauacksonthe
coastal communitiesofWesternEuropeandfor
theirdaring,·oyagesofexplorationinlongships.
Alt hough these Norsemen developed writing
that usedangubrsymbolscalledrunes,theydid
notatfirstproduceagreatwrinenliter:Jture
However,theydidhawarichoraltrndition,
whkhproducedsorneofthemostenthralling
stories in all world mythology.
NORSE DEITIES A N D ~IE ROES
ThegreatNorsemythsdealwithgreatthemes
thecreat ionofthecosmos,thewarsandloves
ofthedeities,andt~comi ngoft~endofthe
lh,.....,..~MlopeMan!•"!l'"-""'lS
world . Theyirnagined ifferentracesofrnythical
!he'-lot .. m...vii iDJOOroor
beings--fromgiamstodwarfs----wholil·ein
differentworldsthatareparalleltoourown
trad itions of the Norsepeople.Theirgreatestwritings
includedtheProseF..dda,bySnorrtSwrluson,who
recordeda\lhecouldfindoftheNorsemyrhs,a ttd
thePoeticEdda,wriltenbyanunknownhand,
whichaddsfunher talestothecanon.Other
lcebndicwriterswroteprosesag:IS--Iextsthat
tell thestoriesofprom inent Norsebm ihesand
mixmythologyandhistory.
GREI\T IN FLUE NCE
Norsemythsandculwreprovedinfluemialfor
centuries. The Anglo-Saxons, who came from
m:unlandEuropeandselt ledinEnglandinthe
Sthcentury,toldstoriesthat werederivedfrom
Jr, hJ!yViking ptnd• nl Scand inaviaandsometimesevensetthere.TIJe
best-known exampleisthegreatAnglo-Saxon
poemBrowu!f,a taleoflam:ISticheroisma nd
:~:~::-:~=~'"~- monsterslayingsetamongthe Danes and the

~ sC::~::~-~~n ~:e~~;::~~~~::: ~~;~~: ~~

home world, which is known as Midgard. The
cuhureolthedeitiesiswarlikeandheroic,and
the real and mythbl worlds meet m Valhalla, the grem hall
oftheleadmgdeit}'Odm,wherethesou\sofdece:JSedhuman
heroesfindtheirheawnlyreward
ThestoriesoftheNorsedeitiesweremainlypassedonby
word ofrnouth Some lll)1hs were written down by monks in
monasteriesasearlyastheSthcemury,butmostwerefirst
recorded in the 13th century. By this time, Norse travelers
spreadsouthtoGermany.wherestoriesofl~eroessuchas
Siegfried,acharacterwhowasbasedon the Norse hero
Sigurd,influencedagreatmanypoetsanddramatists.
OTttER TR A DITI ONS
Meanwhi\e,otl~erpansofNon lJernEuropeludquiJe
z
sepamtetmd it ionsofmythandlegend.Oneoft!Jerichest 0

~
had even colonized came from Finland. Here, a large body of complex m}1hs
Iceland, and it was about the creation of the universe and thead,·enturesof the
earlygodsw:IShandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration
.. Vi~ine loneship bywordofmouth. Onlyinthe 19rhcemurydidtheFinnish
Shot!oiiJOildlaolk>lal mat scholarEhasUmnrotwrite thesroriesdownandcombine
hotneinS<andin:Ma.!heVibriiJS
~aveladwldelyiOio:llli)W themintoasingle.vastpoeticepiccalledtheKafn·a!a. This
lelrlklty.,.....,h,•treanl •ned masterworkofstorytellingbecameasymbol ofFinlan d"s
kn}!lnps. Thesewel-bol lt aall rut io!ulidem ityandhassincebeentranslated imomany
W«elrm<n,..·d"IIJOn-OO.t$
becau:<eot!heoo:umng differentlangLmges,finallybringingthemythsand legends ll9
-*'"JOII·IikecaNOdiW""' ofthissmallcountrytoaworldwideaudience. • • •~

._\':'......~ -~ .'-."\
 NORSE ORIGINS
Like all creation myths, Norse stories abou t snow, and 10 the south is a world of seething
the origin of the world attempt to explain fire and flames. Life, in the form o f the first
natural phenomena. The earliest surviving giant s, emerges from the interaction of these
accounts of Norse myths come from two opposing forces.
Icelandic writers. They set their creation
story in a land where ice and fire come
together as they do among the glaciers
and steaming volcanoes of Iceland.
To the north is the lan d of ice and

THE lv\YTI-I
In the beginningtherewasnothingbuta
l'ast void called Ginnunppp . Grad ually, two
re~lmsap peared oneithersideoft his void
Muspelheim.aregionofhtat andfire,formedlnthesout h:
Niflheirn,apl:~reofcoldandia>,cameimobe i nginthe
north . In the ctmer, be tw~n these two places, the hot ai r
ofMuspe.lheirn rnet t hecoldairofNinheiman d theice
staned tomelt.Siowly t he drip pingiceformedtheshape
of a huge and monstrous being, ~ frost giant called Ytllir
H I E GI AN T S AND A UDtiU M L ~\
Ymirs leptand as the warm air from Muspe lheim played
across his body, he started to S" 'ent. From his sweat
ot her frostgiantsemerged....,...onemaleandonefernale
fromunderhisleftarm.and,anot her
six-headedmalefromhislegs
~lean while,theice c om i nued t omeh
into t heshapeofahugecow called
~~~";suC:,~~t~.~==~,!::,u
uddolo •. • naea ~ "'}theu•bero;tlhan<l theirbr"tality
asonnlmedBor.whomarrie d Bestla,daughtnofagiant
named BOithorn _ ThecoupleiL1datrioofchild ren n~med
Od in, Viii, and Ve, who became the first three of the
Non;egods , withOd inastheir lea der.
THE CREATI ON O F T~I E WO RLD
The three gods were always battling Ymir, who fre quently
auxkedthern.Finallytheygottogetherandkilled
allthefros:tgiamsexcept for Bergehnir{Ymir's
grandson)a nd hiswife, whoes-::aped ina
bo.1tmadefrornatreetrunkandsenled in

~
z
Audhumla,andhermilkfed the first
frost giants. Audhumb lickedtheice
anddrankr hewaterasit m~lred
aplacecalledj ot unheim . The three gods
t henrnade theEarthfrornYrni r'sflesh.
turninghisunbrokenbonesintornountains.
As she lickedaway, agiant's head Hisbloodbecamethe rivers,bkes,andsea,
r appeared, followedbyhisbody, a nd andhisskullthegreat domeof t hesky_TI!ey
t afterthreedays anot hergiantw:I.Sfreed thre"• spmksfrom~ l uspelheimhigh intothe
0
z frorn t heiceSonowthere wasastnall airtoform thesun,rhe moon, andthestars
Thegods t hen createdthefirstman,called
l ""fil•t rmnard......,.._Asl:
an<l(ntla-------;,))O<aod l:) ]l(Mibel)n Ask , fromanash t ree,and t hefirstwoman ,
aruted franaoa>har.:fanelmttOO& calle d Embla,fromanelmtree
rJ IE CREATORS ,. ThoAotit
Odin,Vih,andVe,thecrtatordei!iesofNors.: OIIOOWooloo<lal>ollheAesi.!Minlrooan"'J·noor(l.•
.lhap&dlan(j(K..t.Q~~torrrw.slo(I(JQII1 tntra"la.
mythology.wertthefir>~oftheAe<ir.or,;ky os thernootpo(ln'llnent .. rnyllls.lly(:(lllk&t.Vj,[rnoonong
gods.TheylivedinafortresscalledAsgard 'wi l 'l • ndV..{rrmrur<J"sacredoo:bsura')a«>roo«~

atthehighestpointinthecosmosTogethoer ~ligur<o:"'""~OJinoo~~-
theyfought•longworwithanothergroup
ofgods,theEanhorfenility<kitiesknownas
the:Vanir.whowm:kdbytheseagodN_;..,rd
and his two childrm, Freyr and F~ja. The wor
wasasralemate,ondthetwosldesa&J«dt<>a
tw:ewith<hce:«:h•ngeofhostages.TheA<:sir
sem twoofrheirgods,theduii Hoenirandd>e
wi""Mimir.ashostagtsfrorntheirside
Unhappywith thisexchang<,thtVanir
beh<adedMimir.andsenthish.adto the
Msir.Odin,whowasalwaysinsearchof
wisdom.prtserv«<theheadandrtdted
channso,·orit,•ndit><hisedhimhenceforth.

ODI.\J \ VAS THE CLE VERE ST O F ALL

A LL O THERS LE A R1\! ED FR01\ \ 111 M. 'I' NOI'IIIpoat
T ho..,...wa.oneo!lhe.....,~oomrmnll
SnornS<ur\uson .Yngl<n~S4ga,c112l uwll'fNu..,wanioos_(}linhada..-«>>led
Gung'"'·"""'h-IJIII.S<l<lol$tar0)9l

. --- ~--- ~\C - -- v. -- j -~~~~~~~-

-Odin saldiOt..Ytaeaudlhet\INcalpUbel.
kapakdonbbownspe&fbeh\q;f!QQtY88dQl dw
won! ~Jet brlllnedayslllll:lllhrr~,~~~t~appuMdbdmt
blm.ltunm'ftlltbdkwd!Dhlw:llll.fedpow~:n.Somt
rl.lbt$ellllltiiDII5aiiiiiiWd.ndelntalpUDnlwllh
~lm&fp.Tbt-bdDwlbowsOdlnwllh

• .................
lhrGodJkln&mm..nc -.wtao.er.mlydxpl

tolhedeldlrl.
AS K AND EJVIBLA
MoSI cn:a11.on ln)1hs n.ur.ue the origin of a primal oouple from whom •he
humatl race is de..:ended . A~cording to Norse mythology, Odin, Vili,
and Vewere walking along a lxach when 1hqcame upon two IO«S nu:y
created Ask from till: ash •ree and Embla from the elm 1ree. Thenuch
ofthegodsgavethemag!ft.Odinbreathedlileintothem,Viligavetflem
thouglmandfeding;o.andVepro,i<kdthem"ithsighlandhearing
The pair became the ancrstors of all humans. They liwd in Midgard
(Middle Eanh), the homematedforthem by the gods. h
byfonificationsronstll.ICiedfrom theeyebrowsofYmir
wasprot~ted
...- 91

SHAlSOho_.~..,..,,..,., ,&-11.11lH13 • ~-!I::Hil.ll4-~)l(l-.41 • ~ :

,~;-.~~;·... '~.( ·~:;·
 THE NORSE COSMOS
The ancient Norse myths imagined the cosmos as a
series of separate regions or worlds, each the home
of a different race of beings, from giants to dwarfs.
These various worlds were supported by the roots
and branches of a vast ash tree called Yggdrasil,
also known as the world tree. Though the precise
details of these worlds differed from one account
to another, Yggdrasil remained a constant feature.
-- _____ .., __ ------

TIIEMYTII
The world tree Yggdrasil supported the entire cosmos, from
thedeeyestregioTISoftheUndeJVoorldtothehigheS1 he;wen.
\Vritersd idnotagreeonpreciselyhowthetreesupponed
thev:~.riouop.1rtsoftheNorsecosmos,but:tllweresuretll1t
thetreeformeda~pportingbx:kbonefortheuni;·erse

iHTHE ROOTS the ground. N<~l>y w'>el<d"lli"g ol

Therewerethreeenormousrootsattheb.1seofYggdrasil
SomeSlythatonerootsupponedAsgard,rhehorneofthe
Aesir or principal gods~nd goddesses In Olherl'ersions of
the myth,Asg~rdwasseenas~dwelling
inthearr,heldupbysomeofthetree's
br:mchesand li nkedrothemherworlds
byabridgecalledBifrOst,whichtookthe
fonnofa.rainbow. Thetreei>,;econdroot
supportedjotunheirn, t heicyhomeof
the frost giants. Nearbyw:~Sburiedthe
Hel,thequeenoftheUnderworld,where
evildoerswerebelievedtoendtheirdars.
IN THE BRA N C~1ES
Attl~~:veryheartofYggdrasilw:~SMidgard,
the world of
humans. hwasheldrobeatrheceruerofthecosmosand
somea.;coumosaidtharit W:~SlinkedtoAsgardb)•the
bridgeBifT<)st.Onlythegodsandthesoulsofdeceased
heroesontheirwa)'toValhalla.Odin'sdwellinginAsgard,
wereallowedtousethebridge , whichw:~Sguardedbythe

se'·eredheadofthegodofwisdom god Heimdall . OtherworldssupportedbyYggdrasil's

~!imir, and the well of Mim ir, with its brand~es induded Svanelfheim. rhe home of the dMk
w~tersthmcarriedknowledgeand eh·es,andGimle,thehorneoftl~elightelves

~
z
wisdom. Thethrrdrootextendedto
anothercoldregioncal!edNifiheim,one
oft he placesthate~istedbefore the world
VARYING ACCOUNTS
SorneaccountsoftheNorsecosrnosgivedifferem\ocations
wasfonned(scep.90).1nthisregionrhe fortheseworlds . Accordingtooneversion,jotunheirnb.y
r onlysoun:eofheatwasfromahotspring totheea;;tof~lidgard,separmedfromthehumanworldb)'
t cal!edHvergehnir,\\'hichbubbledupfrom ri,·ersandforests.Gim\ew:~Sseeninsomeaccountsa;;a
0
z shininghall,sethighinthesky. WhentheNorsewrit ers
<OII Ywdru il began to be influenced brChristianculture in the Midd le
ArrllnaltrrBI)IliYiiesatlhahoortollha"'flhoiYggdr""l
Ma"''CIOOiuAAIMldaroonglha troo'•ieavl>sandbrarw:heo Ages, Gimle was seen as a son of heaven. and the light eh·es
andan~aporchOOIJIO)IIIhaho{lhaslbour)h alsotookonsorneofthequ.11itiesofChristianangels.

. '
:ooR:~~\Iatat<>lk camed
ir>Sultmgroo...,.s kom lhe
.,...,.,wOO iiledatdJOOO"'
;~ Jn:n;Y~~~;~-~~ ~w~;he 2~ ~;~AA~o~!t.~~~,;
1' Thootag Di in
lherewerofooomg•IMngrnthe
hOO.So:wrlaWiriU"I"'""'lthem31
L ~fo""'"'8"'S'ofd<No~p<><U Od>o "m<k" Lh«= Datn. INahn.DUOOj'l.and Durathro._
whenhehunghlrnselffrotniland...:qulred tho>wlsdomof
therurii:S(S«:p.91).TI>eti«Wa>al,;oh.ornewanumber
of animals. A!l eat:le arid a hawk dwelled in it> up~=
br~ndw:s, while"' •he base lived =ny Sll.tks, who were Led
byolargeserp~:nt ordragon.lnl:>:<w«nhedasquirn:landa

~~:,~~~ ~~~~:~;:~::;~~:n;:~-~:~~~::;:;:i~!p. ~ 'r

{-
:;?
thusoontinuingthehostilitybetw.,.,.,the twocreatures. Thesug;; ' \ {

~-~~z:~="oo""~"'~"''
..,. .~,...,~
.,.,. . ,.,.... ... .~,,...,~,..l"''~
. ,. ,, ,
lhouoo311d~t.~O'I')> liledoiii(M'lgtfler~$.$Qme ~-
. ~"'
sat a "'"''~ called MI<Wni• """""'" 'HI he wa< """""""'Old
Thoeaqle'. .aPI"ngWifl'}' trjmany01heo1n<~Mmlhos
madeltJewmds rrt,'stouou!underground-'d

-----
BIFR0ST
nv:worliliofgodsandhutru.nswe,ootmectedby
arainbowbridge tMtglimrn<red intheskyabow
Midgard.Thisbridgewasgi,·m thenameofBifll')st
by tflelcrlandicwri t<rSnorriSturluson.Thename
isderh'<dfrornaverbrneaning "toshirnmer." At the
endoftheworld . thewarriorsofMu spell,the fiery
world of the south, "ill cross the bridge to wa,w war
onthegodsofAsgardwhilelleimdallbl<>wshishorn
\O"-'mmonlhtgodsforthe final battle(<npp98-99)
S, · - - - - - - - - - -
Til E REAU\1 O E NIDII OG G
1 TI11: ~lm of the serp<:m or dragon Nidhogg was at the foo t of Yggd r•<iL Thi<
! w•san•mbiguou>plae<,fullofbothdangersandsp«:ial gifts.Theprincipal gift
among these was "isdorn , whkh flowed from Mirnir's well , one of tfle three wells
thotlayat tflefootofthe t..,e. Tfleotflertwowellswe"'moredangerous: one
was the wdl of fate, which was gua!ded by the Noms, who oontrolled the span
ofhurnan life;theotflerw•sawellofpoi>on,whichwastflesourceoftheriwrs
ofHd, tl>eNorse UO<krworld. Aroundthes.:darl<rey;ions
slitheredNidl>Ogg.llefeastedonthe
fleshofhum.tncorpsesandgnawed
at therootsofYggdrasil

• Ttroworld •orpl nl
Nrd!ooggoO)Iir)d(IIQund \ha rOOI$ot
YggdrasilandooohnuallfiiWed"""''
a t them.~ngtode>tr (/!'thehoo.OO t
waseterrraltj trushalfldo'lhrsdoe$l re

THERE N IDH OGG SUCKS THE

CO RP SES O f" TH E DE AD,
DO YOU STILL SEEK TO Kl\JOI \Ti
93
 LOKI
Loki was the trickster of the Norse pantheon lives of humans too , and he was often
and the husband of the goddess Sigyn. He blamed for giving ordinary people the
represented disorder, mischief-making, and desires and passions that caused problems
irrationality; and always s10od in the way of in their lives. A shape-changer with an
those who wanted to bring order and calm to insatiable sexual appetite, his tricks ranged
the universe. Some said he interfered in the from simple pranks to cold-blooded murders.

THE TRICKS OF LOKI

A blood brother of Odin, Loki had three wives who bore him
m~ny children. bm this was not enough for him. So he ~d his
powerofsh.1pe-changing t ohave~ffairswithgodde.ses.gtants,
humans,and anima\s.Lokialsohad arapaciousappetitefor
food,~ nde,·enkilled a dwarfcalledOtrfor l heS:Jlmon that

hehadcaugh1. However,heoccasiomllyusedhis t rickery

tohe lpthegods. Forinsunce,hehatched~plottoret rie"e
Thor's hammer, which had been s1olen by the giant Th rym
The giam was willing 10 return the lL1mmer only if the gods
lethimmarrythegoddessfreyja. Solokisuggestedthm
Thord isguisehimselfasfreyjaandgotolhewedding
dressedasabride.Before theceremony,Thrymbrought
out the hammer and Thor snatched it from him.

~
z
r
t
0
z
Whoollu lhroa!OOOdlolifortumog
S r flhall,tha tr .:blaopO<Iuaded~dw.lrl
tom:ll:ooowhaoio lor thagoddoss
 "' B• Idofs munl• r
Hi,)dw,\Sploo$o)dwt.)nlolJh(Op(<lhoma<mlhadrlr!
""""'o!m.,tOliOO.buiOOtaslaiOOwt.)nheloo<OO'<l
lharhehadkilled!laldor.hisbro!OOr.

T ilE D F. AT II
OF BA LDE R
BalderwasthesonofOdinand
Frigg,andthemoSlh~ndsomeof

.--.._,.-----_.-.. it
allthegods _Qnenighthehada
dre~mthathewoulddie. When

1'riggfoundoutaboutit.shem.1de
everylil'ingrhing- animals,rrees,andpbms----.-prorn isenotro
hannherson. Butwhiledomgthis, t hegoddessforgottoaskone
plant,themistletoe.Assuming th.1t Balderwas invincible. t hegods
oftenusedhirnasa target forknife-throwingandarchery.Oneday.
theywerehurhnglroundal l kindsofobjects,suchasrocksand
bmnches. Lokihadcmfrily leMnedfromFriggrhesecretrlL1tBalder ... _...
-·-
-
w·asnotirnmunetothemistletoe.Hesharpenedatwigofrnistletoeto
makeadart,pL'ICeditinthehandoftheblindgodi !Mandhelped
H<'XIaim irat Balder. The dart pierced Balder'sheartandkilledhirn.

I
!
I-IAN DS01\ \E IN A PPEA RA NCE ,
\V ICKED IN CHA RACTE R,
*
A N D VERY CHAN GEA BLE
[i\J J-II S \ \fAYS SnornSwrlure<>.P'<mfJJ.,clllO

lhe8Y(l!~rooopl;'lnlrntStloiOO,wh(hbo)a r s
h"'tmlhe.., n ter.~l)itenreg.Jr<ledasa
svrnbolo!rteNbrrlh.horritalt\'.rlcaused
lhadeatho!lblclar.beloo.<!do!lhagods

"' Th• pu"ishmomolloki

WI:Jwas[lJmshadlorcau~ngBakler's
cloolhbvbeingi>Juld"" ththe..,trailol)l
h11M.ihegoante<sSI<adopbcadasnal>)
97
abo.oehr m.whidr drrppadl<lOOIIIooklhim.
SHAlSOli-rllHI. I(IH)J.~-M,l/1-IJ,za-111.2IIIHI!I,JIG-11,:Kh41 • •

- ~......~ -~ .\~~i
THE LAST BATTLE
The story of the last battle in Norse mythology is different from the other
Norse myths because it is a prophecy of an event that has not yet occuned.
Known as Ragnar6k, or the twilight of the gods, it is a great battle in
which almost everything will be destroyed and the world will come
to an end . \Vhen Ragnarok is over, the few living things that survive
will begin a new world , and the cycle of creation will start again.

THE lv\YTII '- Viking wa rrior

Therootcauseofthe lastbaul eisthernalevoknCeofLokl,
whowasimpris.onedafterhehadbroughtaboutthedeath
of the-god Balder(seep.97).Aserpemdnppedpoisononto
hisfaceumiiLokiSwife,Sigyn,fee lingsorryforhim,placed
ad ishbelowtheserpernSmouthtoc:uchthevenom
Me:mwhileonEarth,evtrythingbegantoturnwevil
because&llde.;thi:greatsourceo[goodandbeaUty inthe
world,wasnolongerali,·e. Thiswasthebegnmingofthe
end,andtheforerunnerofRa.gmrok.
H IE DESTRUCTIO N OF THE WORLD
On~- day, Loki will final\y break free from his chains. Along
widlmanyotherdeadlybeings,hewillch~llengethegods
andfightthem. llewil\bejoinedbyhismmJSter.children,
indudingthewolffenrtr,theworldserpentj<'>rmungand,
an.d Hel,thegodde,;so[theUnderworld _Helwil\bringrut
armyofmonstersfrornthe·Underworld,andfrostgiants
andfiregiantswilljointheassaulttoo . Soongiants,d"arfs,
AlsokooNoaslheViboOJS.
tOONor .. ....-aawa.-hl:o<iiCil.
$0 <11$11(1$<Up11S<oglhatlhay
orM.agedtOOoodo!lhe
...:.l~auureotOOnle
Thefightmg
y.·ill be viciou~
andtheRwill
be no victor. Bothgoodandevil will be destroyed Fin:•liy,
allthru will rernainofthepopttlmionofthettniversewill
beagreatmottntainofcorpses. The only creatures that
mamgetosurvivewillbethefiregiantSun,togetherwitha
couple<Jfh unlansandafewanimalswhoi11Veman.1ged to
l)ideamongthebranchesoftheworldtree,Yggdrasil
Surtwillmakeav:istbonlireofthedeadbodies,ensuring
thattherearenoothersurvivorsamongthedead,and
riddingtheuniverseforgoodofmonstersandracessuch
asdemonsandelves. The fire of destruction will blaze for
many years and the Eanhwillsinkim othesea

A NEW BEGINNING
Finally the Earth will rise again , and become lush and green
oncemore./\humancouple,amancalled Lif(hfe)anda
wom:m cal led Lifthrasir (longing for lift.), will step forward
from among the branches ofYggdrasil The pair will start a
newbmilytobegintheworkofrepopukuingtheEarth. The
beautiful god Balder. who has been languishinginth~­
Underu·orld,willberesurreoedalong "ithhisblindbrother,
HM(sup.97). Balderwillbecome the ruler of the new
uniwrse. Ufewillbeginafresh,withoutthetaintofevil
VALl lALLA
Meaning the hall of the st.in, V•lhalla "-.s Odin's grtat hall. This was where
Oding;uherffitogeth<r theNorsewarriorswhohadb«nkilledinbattl.s
onEanh,andrtwardtdthemwith!.-i>hjeweltyandweapons.ln this
h.all , whlchwaslinedwithannor,thel>eroes
feaSiedonboar's fleshanddrankn>ead
BRINGERS OF DOO"
lllereartseveralfigun,.as.sociatedwiththettrribleeventsof
Ragnar6k. indudingjOmnuwmd a1>d Hd . Both good and evil
characterswill perishin thisbattle .Asprophesied.thewoll
Femir ,.;neat Od in, l:dore lxing kilkd in rum by Odin's son,
Vida.Someofthegodswill alsofight

RAGNAROK AN D
THE APOCALYPSE
Ragnarokwasdescrilxdbyd"'earlylcelandic"llt<:TS
a sobattlethat will brtngabout theendofthe
cosmos. Scholarshaseseenmanyparalids"ithth<
Apocal)'P"'"sportrayedbyChris!ianwriters
Rag:narokuilibep~byathttt-)""'"int.r,
when mtrl will kiltth<ir rdati\U, wolves will
swallow the moon. forests will be Idled, great
Stonns"illr.lge, ondthe cl>OOS!hat e>.iS!Wlxfo~<:
cn:at\on\\ill~<:turn.AfterRagnarok,life"illJxW-n

BROTIIERS \ VILL
STRUG GLE AND KILL
EACH OTl-IER, AND
SISTE RS' SONS SPOIL
• Horn mo• ofthoApoeoi!PIO
lntheChusto•nAPQ<alnlSe, goodand..,il ligll!a<mrric
KINSHIP'S BO N DS
t<rttle.lheklurh;<<ananwi'I(Jrolemtobaltl(lall)bdii)I<OO
toretw""""tpenilonoo.war_tarr~ne.andclea t h

SEEALS0Wll1 111-19,1lHI,l(M.--U,,l ls-tl.\ \ll-l'. \11i-11_\70-l\,li6-11.10Hll • •

'·1:
_\':'-,...~ ~ .'-."\
 KALEVALA
The Kaleva/a , an epic poem, is based on the traditional oral
poetry of eastern Finland and is the national epic of the country.
It tells of the creation of the world , and about r ivalries be tween
the coumry of the Finnish people (Kaleva Ia) and the Northland
(Pohjola). It also describes how three Finnish heroes-V:hnam6inen,
Ilmarinen, and Lenuninkainen- woo the piincess of the Northland.

--- ·------------ -~<, ---- ---------

TI-IE M YTII
Theswrybcginswith!lma,theair,whoexlstedbeforetime
began.Shehadadaughtercalled Luonnot.1r,whowandered
ceaselessly through the cloud~ m~de by her mother. After
manyyearsshefell,exhiusted.intotheocean.
~ VM n imoi ..n
Tboeoo!!ald'ia!ilCl<llolthafaltwa/a
i>an..........rt.:Mo,anotdDlln..W.:.
pOSIJ(WO$$hoorda(eon'Wlat..,.;>n:l
anoutstandirt;rm"""algllt

VAINAMOIN EN ANI) THE G IANT Thejoumeyto

Luonnotarflo:ued.inthew:uerfor700)'C:lrs. WitlH:>uth(r
knowledge,thebppingwatermadeherpregmnt:but her
pregnaocy\\<assoprolongedthathen:;hild, Ylinllml'linen,
h~d already become all old m~n while still ill her womb.
After his birth. VlilllmOillen swam across the waters umil
he reached rhebnd rhar was to become Finland . H(lud
st:lnedt001lkeahome forhimselftherewhenhe was
ch.allenged b)' a giam mmed joubhai11en. At first the two
quarreled violently, but V.1mlmNnen, who was a skilled
musician,defearedthegiantinamusicalcontestand
won the h:JndofAino.Joukahainen':;sister. inmartiage
l!owe•·er,Ainodid not want to marry an old man, and
thuschosetodrownherselfratherthansubmlttothis
Nonhhndwas\ong
and arduous. but
finallyV.1irllmC.inen
reachedPohjolaa:ndmet
its ruler, louhi.ShepromisedVJ.inlmOinenthathewould
besUowedrorn:lrryherdaughterifhecouldrnakeasarnpo.
amagicalmil\!lllu<:ouldproducesalt.flour.sndgold
VAirllmOinenagreedtotry,inspiteofthefactthmsuclta
mxhinehadneverbeenmade.l!ereturnetltoFinla.ndto
makethesampo.butonthewayhemetlouhi'sdauglner,
the /l!ald of the North, and asked her to marry him without
thesampo . SheagrUd-providedthatheaccomplisheda
fewmoreapparentlyimpossiblet:~>ks,includingpeeling
a stone, kn oninganegg.splitt inga
hairwithabluntknife.and making

~
z w:lS a master craftsman. to make the sampo
forhirn _Af1 eralorofh3rdwork.llrnarinen
r m~rugedtoforgerhesampo. Hewas!hen:lsked
t toperformsomemoretasks,includingploughingafield
0
z full of vipers. When he succeeded, he was allowed to marry
Louhi'sdaughter_VAinlmOinenludforgouenthatitwasrhe
maker of the sampo who would win the hand of the Maid
oftheNorth,sohewasdisappoimedinloveoncemore. ))
 ..,,~1~!
KEY CIIARACTERS
n.. li:altva)a !sa c:olk:<:1ion of m.;~,ny Aru11sh ~nds "ith "'"""'lcharacttrs. Among
r----------.~----~ -,
thtst.VJ.i!tlm6intnlsprucourhrougllout.audatth.tndhtka""sbdtindth..
kantdc.hismusical!tl!lnmw:m.nasymbolofoontinuingFinnishcultu"'.His
brothtr.llmarinrn.isablack.!mnh-torn"'r. l..ttmnlnk.lirw:nlsthcpowt~ui<:ksl:cr
fi&U"'-Hism;~nys..xuol•nrou"''rsinhbqut$1ioraw•f•ar.:t)'Picoloftrid<su:IS
In m)11l Bu1 h. Is abo bno'~ •oousf! 10 •uh tht L'n.d..rworld to kill tht Swan of
Tuone~lnabidw"inLDuhl~cbughttr.

. .........
!NoiU.....-.Ialblltl
plouojllaW<Iol....,tJIIrlo
Maodol ... ltwlllllelpl; .....
••laSl!Jr .......... 10iolvf
............... llld ... llll
Ollgi(IOtoMJillll•"""tJ

SLO\VLY \VAKES TilE SON

AND 1/ER , RI SES FR01v\ TilE TilE SAJ\IPO
DE PT/IS O F SLU 1\ \BER, SPEAKS Dtscribtdasamlllthatwouldprodue<!s.h ,llour.md
gold.t h..sampowuaS~r,ngo:oC,.:C1modcfromm•ny
AGA IN IN MAG IC ACCE 1\JTS. biurreromponmts.llwnfin,.llyforg.:dbytlm;trin•n
aft.rhisiniti>.l atttmptsproduccdacrossOOw,a~l.
o00fer,andapl<>Ugh,whlchhcllm:wb.1cklntolh<
fir.. n.. .. mpohashmJ)1nbolkqU;~hlles:ltlsth~

I ......,, ............ ,.,..

! btideptittofloulll~diughltr,andil•lsortprt~ms

_____ ,.' ~
TilE FINN ISII CREATION STO RY
Whik LuaulOUnoas no..unglutht oo:>!.m_ ~duck sw.un by mel bid htr~on
luolmou.~ lmtt. which w·.u ~ckmg<M ohhc w•tcr. Then tilt bini sctdtddov.-n
to hatch thtm Whtn luoou,..t..r mcwtd the duck ,.·.. s frlglnmcd and 1\ev.· off.
Thc~roUtd•w•y .. Klbrokt.OIKlfromthcmlhc"'Orld•••••=•"'d.Or..lulf
ofthtshcllsfu.. dtogtthutom.&kcuplhcskyaudfromthtmhtrhalfthcLond

101

RECLAIMING T11E SAM PO
llmarinenandl.ouhi'sdaughterdidnotstaytogethcrforlong.
The MaidoftheNorthu"J.,;killedsoonafterthcmarriage
becausrshehadill-trtatedamagiciJncalled Kulletvo
(St"e opposite). llmarinen wam~.J to tnar~y Lou hi's other
daughter,butlouhirefuseJ.Sollmarinenret.urnedto
FinlandandthepeopleofNorthlandkeptthesampo.
Vlin:l.mOin~HJ !td llmarinenthoughtitwasuulairthat
Louhi and her Peorl~ had kept the Slrnpo and the riches it
provided. They decided that ifthey c~uld not find a"''ife in
Northland, at lea>ttheycouldensureprosperit}"fortheir
homelandbystealingthesampoback.Sothetwobrother's
set sail for the North, taking u'ith them Lemmink~inen. the
ad,·emurerandtrickster. LernminkJ.inenhadoncegoneto
Pohjolatowoooneoflouhi"sdaughters.andtherehehad
beettgivensometaskstoaccomplish.Oneo[thesewasto
kill the Swan of Tuonda in the Underworld: lernmink.1inen
• Th• tartj-o"'"Of
JOO..,..,suggoststhat~ltni!mOioon"•la>lioor""'!' i naboa!.
b;M)IIirvupi:!IOsmbal'wnl... toa'ond olhallw.)y landbolwooo
lhebuhl>ll<lt,..,ll;y. ..,..-.ildlOO.,..onadayrtllton
-·-· · - - - - - - - - - - - - --1,- - - - - - - -
FINNISII 1'.'ATURE SPIR ITS
forests. whotyp;fiesthisresponsetothe la.ndscape-some
occoumss..ythathisbeardw.smadeoftreeswhile
hlseyeswerebouomlesslakes.He"·•ssoclosely
iden!ificdwithFinlandthatsome!imesthecoumry
wasc~Jled Tapiola_ Peller•:oinenw.saMthersuch
l(Y) naturespirtt.ah.tl"\·estgodwhopresidedover
fields and meadows.
:!
~~=~~
CWJpaniooshOOto
'vhtolt"""'t"'"'IOO"
~.':':.t~~'":i
a IJ'Ijilnti~ totd
waskilledthere,butrest ore dtolifebyhismOiher. Now he
sought re,·engeJgalnSI Louhi. During theirvoyagethe three
heroescaughtafishand V;iin~rnOinen rnadeJbmele,a
magical harp-like mttskal instrument. [rom its backbone. It
hadthepowertocharmitslislenersandputthemtosleep
When they arrived in the Nonhbnd, Vlitl!!mDinen pbred
atuneonthebmeleandlulledl.ouhiandherfollowersintoa
deep sleep. Thentheysoongotholdofthe&tmpoandsetsail
for home. Unfortunately, just then Lemmink.,inen began to
singaloudandttiumphantsongtha~wokeuplouhiandher
people. Enraged. louhi>entStormstowrecktheirboatand
transforrnedherselfintoamonstrousbirdofpreytopursue
them_ In the tumult. the sampo was broken into many pie.:es
sorneofwhichsanktotheboltomofthesea
VMn~mDinen gathered as many of t he pieces of the
sampoashecould. Althoughheandhisbrotherrealized
thatrheywouldnever beable torecreateit,theyfeltthat
evenitsrnagicalpJrtsmightbringprosperitytotheir
country. Vilinilml\inenbequeathedthesefragmentstothe
Finnish people. Bynowaveryoldman.herealizedhis
powerswere\\"J.ning.Hesailedau"J.yfromthislife,butit
issaidthathewillreturnwheneverhispeopleneedhim
.. Poll• r;oinon
A'P'nlollerllhty
Nleooinoo-•
~~~;;::.::
=· =~
tha ll<!9$oiForilandgrw<
THE TALE OF MARJATTA THE CURSE
Attheendof theKalerala,the&oryofMarjattais OF KULLERVO
told.MJ.tjatu,a,'irgin,becameprtgnantaftereating•
berryandga,·ebitthtoason.Si,..,.,thechildhad~n

bom OU! of wedlock, Vtirum~nen wanted the b•by

k illed.ButtheskygodUkko,afterhearing<:<:na in
detallsofVtltt.imOinen'sownpaSI,declared instud

A. B1rM1
lhofmo.lhwordi(JI;ury,margo<
sorr»laok>MaotatlaandM:lna.lnlhe
Ka/evala.tOOI:enyc:albk>Ma<l3t!a
plwdingwtth .... l<lplud•t

lo- Marjatto with ho tbaby

JhetouhoiMaol"lt:l'schikl"'Jff'lls
lhaaurvalolan!IWa(lll. The<lcwyol
Mall'lttalal:eolheKa/evalailltoaoow .. hllono
di t ec1><~~.h,...,allegorvlhat!O n 1Sll
Thest>ryoll:ulmooisaiOJMlltul u"'J'ldy"'
lheC()mlngoiCho~>11a"'lyiOiinlarwl
whichaheroolurootp«mioeissWjeck<lto
------------~---- ~ acoUI)IIolek:<oc.aW'•""''""It ol h01"""'
I
JEAN SIBELIUS TE A R AN D KILL TH E W ICKED
flnl.mcb btsl-known compoRr. )tm Slbdtus
(1 &1~ 1 957),wa5tnsplmibylhttrad:!uo~~o~l HOSTE SS, TEA R HER GU ILTY
~tryofhl~oountry.espm.tllythtK<Ik....ra FL ES H I1\J PI ECES, W I-/EN SHE
HlsromposlllomsindldtthriOiltpotmf't:>Jqola's
Odwgllu-r and a choral symphony NsN on Uw i COM ES TO V IEW HE R CATTLE.
sto!yofl<ulltlw . ThroughWSII'wotks~bec.amt
dosoely assocUttd With PlnLmd~ ruotionalldtnnty. I
~- -- ---------~-------

1 TUO NELA
! TI~e Finnish Underworld. or Tuonela, was !he realm of Tuoniand Tuone!ar_ll was
aplattofdarknessandsilence.sutmual<kdbydensethickets,""'pforests.and
ad.. rk,icyriver. The,.. defencesmadtitdifficulttoescapefromTuonela ,and
most oftllose who en~ red here were eaten by a motJStercalled Sunna . Any soul
thatsurvi,·tdwasgi,•enthebeerofobli\'ion,which=dethem
lorgettwl)1hingobouttheirlileonE.on h..Theonlymonalto
,;s;rTuonelawasl<'rnminkl.inen.Th-re,lll'
waskllledbyaw,ucrsn•ke.andtorn
•opil:cesbyoncofTuoniSchlldren

103

SEEALSO W_,a .. oJrurcuoo16-11,\IHII • IIowogo11-l~. lhJII.-I.I0-71,1~1. l!l4-!l ...

' ·•'
_'if:'......~--~ .'....:\·
 TALES OF HEROISM
·AND CHIVALRY
The period lhat followed the decline of popular, and sword-wielding heroes-men
the Roman Empire (from the 5th century who were strong, proud, and brave, and who
onwards) was a rich time for myths and somelimes had to deal with supernatural foes
legends in Europe. As new rulers began to - feature in many of these s tories. There were
expand their territories by conques t, tales heroines 100, who often struggled 10 make
of military heroism and chivalry became their mark in a world dominated by men.

-- -------------A,--

TilE ADVENTURES OF DIETRIC H

Die! rich was a figure from a Gennanmediev:~\ legend, supposedly OOsed
onTheOOoric(454-526),the 1\ingoftht:Ostrogoths. Heh:ld TTI.lny
advf.muresinhisyouth .\Vhenadwarf-kingnlmed l;iurinabductedthe
tn3 idenKunhild,Dietrichdecidedlorescueher. Fightingvaliantly,Oietrkh
overpo>~-eredL1urin .btttgr.:~Ciouslysp.1redhislife.1hedwarfrewarded
Dietrich by gi''ing him a sword so well forged il w:;s vinuall)' unbeatable
Among DietrichS other enemies was a giant. called Grim, and his wife,
Hilde. Dietrich kill~d the giant, who h~d robbed m~ny people, but the
giantess rr~pped Dietrich's companion, Hil debrand. Dietrich cut
Hilde in two, bm she heJied rnagtcally This happened rnarl)' times
untiiHildebmll<:lsuggesledtlwDietrichforr:ehisfootbet"·een
the two hah·es. TlnlS, !tilde was killed and Hildebmnd freed

.. Gtimrhogiom
Manyleo.podsollbtfon[uropo
$p00~ ol g.ants 1....., p.l.J). who
a<ell$0fii ~(OOI$0111a,, (IODg,3nd
warlil:e.butnottoo•ueligeoL
lliamch""9"11"'1G•~rr~ ma
lonQdl.....,..,.t,.l~tbekw"

~
z
mnglheg.ant,.,rhhi$.1'M.lr<l.

r
t
0
z
.A. B•oadowoub
AII'I(D)lhe""""",...,.,...oo"'£,.""'~Ul1th9 5r1
Cllii1Uiyoow.rdo-""""<Jb!oadsv.udo.US~Jafvootd >n
IIWhandskl rmbl..,...,.Jul&lasll>ngstrol:aoKlh:lltle
Til E DEATII Of IIADU BRAND
Dktrich had to fig!n Odoocer. the ruler of July. to win
hiskingdom.lkfoK!I~I:xmle,somo.:soldietsfrom
Odoaccr's army challtngcd a few of OW,tnch's men 10
single comOOI: oor such challenW' w~ i!f>utd to D~trich~
warrior. Htldebr:<nd. b)' a )'Oung followu of Odoacrr.
When lhldebr.md que!>li,.)ncd h1:1 cha!kngcr. n l:«ame
ckartlutthcyoungrn:mwJ)iflfXt Hildebr:<nd's
long-lost son. 1!3dubr:md.whom Htklebr.l.ndhadoot
Sttnsinccht "J>.abab)~Butlladubrandh.'l<i~ntOld
th.:lthiSfathtrwasdeadandrtfuscdtobclie'~th:u he 6- THS.tri. .I I!Mc••..
wasah\'c,cvenwhcnlhldcbr:mdoffertdhissonagokl Al..-lpdooogtdiOd.aloaMbotdollthe~P'asa ...
ktogMIIobM...,...-Ihelp(,.._.~.Mid
ring from tht family's trta..u~. Fmally, tl~ir tem~rs l<ldelerat . . ....,_bul_100lall10-llobM
rJi:.t:d,thetwommfought,atld
HadubrandwlSkillcd.
ROLAND AND O LI VE R
ErnpcrorCharlemag~rultdovcrthrFrankish
ki•~gdom.inEuropcinthe8thJnde:ul)·9th
cemurie •. One ofhb kntghts, Roland, was
widelyknownforhbbnwerylnb:lttle.Once,
legendhasit,l~dueltdwtthanOtherknight
forfivedayl>wtthomknowinghisoppo~m·s

....
tl>lllf•,.
identuy:~finallyn::altzedl~v.~tsfightinghis
best friend. Oher, with whom
pcace.later.whcnltxhngtheTtargu.,rdoftl~
I~

emperor's anny :11 tl~ Battle of R.:>nm'lUlC (c.778). Robnd

then nt.tde

<Oil Hi16o~•-•od llaohiK•od didnotpayhcedtoOhver'sadl'tct"toblowhJShornand

~--~.IW<IolD..:I
..,..,.lole<llq(IWIII(In ..... ,.,. summonhclpifntttkd,andwasthusktlltdmb:mle
~----olollodool:at"-

- - - - - --"! --
GL:DRUN A:-ID I IER SU ITO RS
Gudnm v...s a t\cthcrbndish pn11<~""'· daughtu of Hetel
:md s~>o~H of Ort wm. She It fused two ~unors, Sirgfned
atKI llartmm, bu{ ~ {hird suttor. thr br~1·e knight Herwig,
g:uned her favor. WhenSicgfncd foundou{ahou{this.
hclaunchedanauxkonHer"'ig.and Ht{e]andOnwin
plllontheirarmorand rode to aid Herwiginb.:mlc.
Meanv.hile, Hartmut,oeeu~gth.1tbodtlusrivalsuitors
were occup ied in battle, rodetoHctcl'scastleand
:tbductedGudrun.lbrtmut and hisfatnil)• thc ntried{O
persuadeGudruntomarryhim.butthespirtted princess
stau ttehlyrefliSCd,sotheyforcedhertodommialwork.
WhenSiegfried cametoknow ofHanm utSintentions.he
made a truu with HeT\\·ig, and the thn::e knights-Hetel,

*··t
Herwig, ~nd S~gfried-h:mded together to n::scuc Gudrun. lO!:i

SEE.llSDc-1l-li_M4/_ • .._, • hg.Mooo!O-lll.!.f--lll10---71,11't-ll

__,..,__ ~"\.
 BEOWULF
The life of the hero Beowulf is depicted in the
great Anglo-Saxon poem of the same name, a
work that champions the values of honor,
valor, and fliendship. The poem begins with
the story of young Beowulf, a warrior of the
Geats, a people from southern Sweden. He is a
--- _____________ _________________ _
man with the strength and cou rage to defeat
the most teni.ble opponents. Beowulf goes on
to describe how the hero slays the monsters
that terrorize the Danes. Later, he becomes the
Geatish king and enjoys a long reign before
, facing his final challenge and a heroic death.

THE J\'\YT H ofhtsbr:wes(warriorssetoutwconfromthebeast

As a young man, Beowulf tr:welled to ~nmark. For many
years, KingHrothg;~rofDenmarkand hispeoplehadbt:en
lerroritl':d by a monster called Grendel. ll would break into
Hrothgar's palace hall at night, killsomeofthes!eeping
warriors, ~nd carry (hem off for food. Beowulf offered (O figlu
(he monS(er. and b(d a u-ap for Grendel, morully wounding
thecreature,andevemu:J!l)·killingit.King!ltOihg:irwdS
overjo)·edaildbestowedm:ln)'giftsonBeowulf
GRt:NDEL'S MOTHER
GrendelSdeathinluriatedhismonstrousmother,
andsheanackedthepeopleinHeorot.seeking
revengeShelivedinalake ,solleowulf
divednnoithmurkydepthstochallenge
andfighther.ltwasalong,hardstruggle
forlleowu!fbecau,;ehecouldnot
managetopenetratethem6nster:;,thick,
scalyludewithhissword.lntheend,
hewasabletolakeaweapon from the
cRature'sarmoryandstab her"1thit ,
killingthemonsterandensuringpeaceforthe
Oanes_AfterthisHiumph, Beowulfre(urnedto
thebndoftheGeats,where he was made king
Beowulf carried a snong me(a] shield to protect himself from
(hedr.l.gon'shotbreath,but hissv.·ordwasunablewpie=
thebeast'sscalyskirl. l lisw.Jrriorsbegantodeserthimone
atatime,fleeinginterror,anditseemedthatlleowulfwould
bedefeatedwhenthedragongrabbedhimb)·theneck.
A flithful w~rri or named \Viglaf, who had remained 'by
Beowulf'sside,thenswbbed:u the monster's belly with
hissword,whilelleowulfattackedthedragonwithhis
knife. Thecombmedeffortweakened t hedragonandu
felld ownde~d. Themons~erhadbeenslain.butootbefore
rhecreature'shot,venomousbreathhJ.dpoisonedBeowulf.
andhe laydying. \Vithhisdearhimrninem,Beowulf
dttbred\Vigbfashissuccessorandbequeathedhis
treasurt:s,weapons,andannortotheyounghero
whohadhdpedhiminendmgihemenace.

~
z
~nd ruled his people for 50 years

BEOWULF 1-\ND THE DRI-\GON

When lleowulfwJSanold man, he"",.;; fxed with the
r prospectofb:mlingyetanothermons~er,onetlmwas
t ~llxkingtheGeats.Adragonhadguardedahoardof
0
z treJSureinananc ientburialmoundforhundreds
ofyears. WhenathiefemeredthemoundandStole
JOG apreciouscupfromthehoord,theenrageddragon
wentontherampage.Solleowulfandagroup
1\ IONSTE RS
The monsters in &OM·uif and in other Northern Europeallll\)1hs are er.atures whose
strengthexceedsthatofordinaryhumanwaiTiors. They lurkindarkplaees.suehas
the bottom of the lah where Grendel"> mother had her lair. and their very
appearancelshideouswoughtofright~nmo>l p<:opte
Drngonshave a thi~k.s.:aly skin. whi~h i sinvulnero~bleto
.....'. <MSIW<:apons..andtheybr<:atl>efire.whichis.poisot\0\.IS.

v ~~\ •:, :::

1:,~~: ~;:~~~~~·=~~~-~~:se~~~·tl~~~
I ~.:~' ""~-.~~a:~~:~~::~.a;:~.:~~ :7,:~";;r;:~
Bto,.·•lf.thereisalsoaChriSliantonetothe
p<Xtn:themonSlersareseenash<athenor
non -Christiancreaturesthatfightthe
heroes.whoaregodlyandrightrous.

.. n,....... n,....... l
The...,...terGtoodol"oltooJUUajedasahdeous
boosl thltt"""-'Jeilrryotlr!$0;"Wlr$h,;,:t,rnsl0an
underw.Jter la•andsuhsoq...,tlyloo;IOIIthem

WIDE \VAS TilE DRAGO N'S \VAR RI NG

SEEN, ITS ciEND ISH cU RY cAR AND
NEA R, AS TilE GRI1\\ DEST ROYER
THOSE GEATI SH PEOPLE HATED • Siayingillo dragon
lttooktwoheroo•.Boowul laOOWiglal.tokll lthe
dr"'JJ"thata1tad..ttheGwl$ 9,<•\a)lllllll'fhos
AND HO UNDE D. """"''"""'"'""" lea<lol<"•$<1e.Woglal$ho;>NedlllatOOW3$a truaOOro.
br<M:land!Qralemogilto•OO:l< lt \hi)Goo llshthrl)fl(l

BURIAL TREAS URE

Anglo-Saxonpoetrymentionstreasuressu.chasrings
andj<:""ls.whichakingwouldbeSlowonhisbrawst
warriors.Also.wh<ngruti\nglo-Saxonkingsdied
theywereburiedwithsomeoftheirtreasures. The
latgestsuehcoll«lionofpw:iousitemsw.su""arthed
arasllipburialatSuttonHooineastemEnglandln
l939.Tilisw.s thegrawofanunknown Easti\nglla.n

107
 LEGENDS OF THE RING
The stories of the Scandinavia n hero Sigurd (see pp.BS-89), were mortals. The ti ch scd es
("Siegfried" in later Gennan versions) involve of m rratives about the heroic deeds of Sigurd
adventure, warfare, and love, and characters as an d the tales of a magical ring
diverse as heroes, dwarfs, and shape-changers.
Sigurd was a part of the Volsung family, whose later artists, writers,
members, although related to the god Odin and composers.

- - - - - -,§,--- -----

THE MYT H • s;.gord

Sigurdwasthcs.onofSigmund,aheroicfollowetand =~:-..~.:.:::
bothedrnfafnir"sblood.
descendant of Odin. WhenSigmund"<~Skilledinbaule,
()>lyone,...,..kspot
Odin smashed the dead hero's sword into fragments, but
theseweres:wedbySigrriund'swife, Hjordb, for her son. ==~;:f
Hjordlsrernarried,andSigurdwasbrought upbyRegin.
a skilled but deviousbbcksrnith,whowasthebrother
ofrhedr:~gonEafulrandofashape-ehangercalledOtr

ANDW\RI'S TREASURE b ther.Hreidmar.to

One dJY, Olr took the form of an on~r to fish for salmon. loki, <trtainthe treasure.
thetrickstergod(supp.96-97),killedtheonerandskirmedit
becauseheadrnired irssleekskin. OrrSfJther.Hreidmar, was SIGURD AND
upsetandourr::tgedarhisson"sdearh,andwhenlokl.Odin. THE RING
andHoenircametostay\\ithhimwhilerravelling.hetr..!pped ReginaskedSigurd
themmhishall anddem.1ndedenoughgoldroful!ycqver the ;och.1llengeFafnir
ouerskinas compensarion.Lokiwenr ins-earchofrhegol<! for rhe ~reasure . The
andfounditinthehoardof-Andvari,arichdwarf.Andvari"s blacksmith used the
fragmentsofSigmund"sweaponandforgedthemintoa
newsword , whichSigurdusedtokiliFafnir. Reginthen
insrructedSigurdtoOO.theinthedragonSbloodandcook
Burrhedwarfputa itsheanforhirn\\'hiledoingso,Sigurdburnedhisfinger
curseonrhering andpmirinhismomh. Themomenrfafnir"sbloodrouched
beforep.1rtingwith histongue. Sigurdwasmagicallyabletounder<;tandthe

~
z
it. Loki returned
withthegoldand
langlL1geofthebirds,whowarnedhim t h:Jt Reginimended
tokillhim.SigurdcutoffRegin"sheadandco!lectedthe
treasure forhimself-~hisincludedt\ndvari'scursed ring,
whichhterbroughtgriefJ.ndm is-erytoSigurd. He fell in
r """ Hoordot gold love withlValkyrie(seep.99)named Brynhildandg:tl"e
t lhebo<l!dgw rOOd
herthering.l.ater,Grimhild.asorceress.g:t'·eSigurda
0 byAndvanmcl•dOO
z gOOlll~s.bloochao po~lon that made him forget about his betrothal and fall in
te<cs.-~ocoo. and love wirhGudrun , her daughter. Discoveringrheberrapl.
otheojewolry. all
ot~reCtshrghlyfll•l\ld
BrynhildhadSigurdkilled.butafterwardssherepented
bythoV i ko~s and threw herselfontoSigurd"s funeral pyre.
KEY CHARACTERS
Thechar.<Citr>inSigurdSstorywerefirsldescribedintheVoisung.:~
S<lg..,aNorse textfrom the lJtheentury.AGennanpoem,the
1\'ibdung;;niifd. which was written at around the same time or soon
OBJECTS OF POWER
Metalobjectssuchasjewelleryandweapom
w.rebe]i.,.·edtobemagicalintheancient
cultures of Europe. The sl<ili requiml tomah
0
aherwan:l>. retells the >1'>1)', dtanzjng the names of the d \.Ora<:ters :;u<;hobjeclsinvoh'«ltlltapp.rentlyma~l =="
tit( No~ dwarf Arld,·ari ~:>:comes Alberich: Regin becomes Mime: pro<:e.sesofsmehing,casrlng,andforgi"&- TI11:
J. Goldri og
Gudn.mbeoomes Kriemhild :andSigurd me~alworkerwasperc<:i\'fdtoh.avetlll:abihty lo ar~<o>nt[.,opo.mon
be<:omesSiegfried.Butthecharnctersretain <omakesubslatlccsch.ang~sh.apca<willas weoealllldy10-
theire<Stntialtraitsinbothversionsofthe mirarulou>lyasch.arauerssuchaslokiand lov..li'!MW(Jn'W)fl
ltwasaUJnolthew
legend-Sigurdisheroic,Reginissl<illed Otr_WI~~:tlarulergavea swordorortng<oa
po>NQ"and....a\!h
butenvious,andBI)1lhildisbeautiful follower,itwasregardedasagiflofimmense
andp.ssionate.Thecharactnsol>o <ignificancr.Tneownersofruchob;ecr<lrusted
maintaintheirlinkswiththe lm pb<illyintheirpowus.whkhenhaoced!l~~:ir

worldofthegods:Sigurd.sa
member of Odin~ family. and
Bl)11hildasoneoftheValkyrles
t
*10
• KingArtflur No modi ..•IEngliohmourch
Aldu.og h ..,.dDI:ea ~ ingojoa r liernmes,Arthu r iwoOO.t-l.....,aotheidoalnQiieva l
£110)1 i$11rnonard1>n:!waslreql.O)ndj!Qhayo0as«.ddrn~oootu me,asrn1hll 1 002
staolle<lgiaur<>PO"""'tatmby tOOOO!adV.rnrrao alti S1W~IiamM>rr,.(lQ3.4-!;6~

~~':';.. ::..~..
 WESTERN EUROPE
<®>
The ancielll Celts were an early European people who had an influence on
mythology that lasted for hundreds of years. From their shadowy early deities
to their lat er tales of heroes, their myths still fa scinate people to this day.

'II'
ir~a~~~~~~~;~~. :og;:~;n:~r~;:~::~~~~r~!r~~~~~ ! ~~:~:~~~~h~~~~~s)'~;i: w~r;;e T~~:~.i:i~;~na~~ws
11

between rhe 5th cemury .a and rhe growth of Roman power I sorcery, of remarkable rransformmions. of f:tnt:Jsric giams.
in the Jrd century BO: . Ahhough there was no arrd of journeys imo an Otherworld. where
Celtic empire, there were Cdtic settlements in time stands still and people are perpetually
areasasbrapartasSpainandlUrkey,andat youthful. Thesestorieshavebeenmuchretold
many phces in between. But as the Roman over the centuries, and have inspiRd poetry in
EmpiR expanded, the Cdts were pushed out many \\'estem European languages
to theedgesofEurope,particularly tolreland,
Wales,Scotland,andpansof westernFrance ~RTHUR I ~ N LEGEND S
Theseareasare theheanlandsoftheearly Anothergroup ofrnythsappeare d for thefirst
Cehicmythologyth:uluscomedowntous time in the Midd le Ages. Tl~eseconccrn King
throughthecemuries Anhur,alegendarykingo!Britainwhomay
h.webeenbasedonareal5thor6th-<entury
CELT IC MYTHS kingorchieftain,althoughtheevidenceis
TheearlyCe ltsd idnot leavewrinenrecords A Bryn C.IIi Dduburiol 1iW >eanty. Beginningwit hGeoffreyofMonmourh
TheirRornanconquerorsdescribedthemas Anc.entbw ialroour.ts lrblttw•oneontba
(d . l155).anurnberofwriterssetdown the
t.laoiM)Iewrlc200:1 o:E]...,.atOOuojlt
beingwarlikeandba rbarous,thoughthiswas deedsofKingAnhurandhisfollowers. Thes-e
tobaiRII}ICal.310;!1heil(i<1\r.lllee$-
probabl)•ahighlybiasedview. The Romans t,.$<11111l<>S~tl:lway$10\baOiha<w<Jrid
did,however,recordacutainamountof
informationaboutearlyCehicdeities. Archaeological remains betrayedbyhisrelative,Mordred.Furtherelemems--the
fromthistime---i ncludingsitessuchasburial mounds, roundtable and itsknights,thesearchfortheHolyGmit
aroundwhichlocal legendsh a'·egrown-h.1\'eaddedtoour andsubplotsabouttheking'svarious followers-were
knowledgeoftheseelusi\'Cancientpeopleand theirbeliefs. addedtobterversionsof theArthurbnlegends.
Muchlater.betweenthe llt h and lith centuries, a few During theMiddleAges,poetsandprosewritersbothin
monks in \\'ales and Ireland wrote down what they knew of Brit ainandabroadbecamef3SCinatedwiththestoriesof King
thestoriesoftheCehs. TI~esetale~ftl~el rishgods,oflrish An hur and his $50Cimes, or the "Mat ter of Briuin" as these
l~eroessuchasFinnandCt\chulain.and of\\'elshm)'lhs legendsbecamecollecti,·elyknown.Writers fromtheFrench
poet Chretien de Troyes to the English prose writer Thomas
Malory were famous for record ing-and also adding to--the
storiesofAnhur.as wellasotherralesofchinlry.lnrhe
z
process, t hevariousk nightsofthe Roun d Table3Cquired
stories thm somet imes became more impon11m tlun those of c
King Anhur himself. Sir Gau':lin, who behe~ds a mysterious
GreenKnight,andSirl;mcelot,whobecomes theloverof
An hur"s queen, Guinevere, are well -known ex..1mples
~
Centurieslmer.peopleallovertheworldarestillreading 113
'"ersionsof thesestorieswithgreat f:l5Cination.
 MYTHS OF THE
·ANCIENT CELTS
The territory of the ancient Ccilic people
stretched from Britain , across France and
Germany, to Cent ral Europe. Although
they were not literate to begin with, these
people had a highly developed culture , and
excavations of their graves and religious
si tes show that they worshipped many
diffcre111 gods and goddesses. The Romans ,
who eventually conquered most of their
lands, left descriptions of some of the Celtic
deities and religious rituals, and identified
many of those deities with their own .

- - - - - - - - - - - - ®> - -

Til[ GOOD STR IKER

Sucellos, whose name means "the Good Striker: was found in various
pans of the Celtic world. especially in Gaul (modern-day France)
andBritain.OftensaidwbeadettyofagricultureandforeSIS,
his precise significance is still unknown . He is usual ly
dep>c:ted:lSalong-haired,beardedfigme,carryingalummer
in his left hand _ His main attribute is this lmmrner, butt he
symbolismassociatedwithitisuoclear:itmay hawbeena
weapon,atool usedinoneofthecrafts,orsimplyasymbolofthe
deity~ power. Sucell05 is generally pomayed JS Sian ding with hisconson,
thegoddessNantosuelta,whocarriesadish
(perhapsap ieceolriwalequipmem)anda
longpoletoppedwithahouse(11hichmay
indkatethat shew:~SadomeSiicgoddess)

Til[ IIOR N ED GOD

Cernunnosisknown:~Sthehornedgodbecausehe t ook thefonnofamanwiththe

~
homs (and somet imes the hOO\-es and ears) of a Slag. lie is usually shown with long
h.lirandabeard,oftenwearinganeck-ring,orton:,whichistheCelticsignofnoble
binh.c.ernunnos>errnstohan-beenwidelyworshippedinC.etti<: o
z Europe.andwJSprobablya"wild"godliketheCL-lssicalP:m(su
pp.86---8/). Hishornssuggest tlwhe " "a>adeityoffert ility,and
toemph.1Siz.ethispomt,hewasassociatedwithS}l!lbolssuchas
thecornucop1:1(hornofplemy),withfruit.andwithcomainers
ofgram.ThtsfunctwnprobablyeocompassedbothseXUJ.l
fenilityandthefecundityofthefields
THE TI-I UN DERER
Tar::miswasahkygodandam:Jjordei!yinCeltic
Britain:hc"'asapparentlymuchworshipped
when the Romaflsinvaded the island in the
lstcenturycE.llUinwritersdescribedhimas
agod ofwarandlikened him to jupiter: the
common amibute between Taranis and Jupiter
beingthe controlofthunder. TheCehsalsohad
ask)·godwhowasrepreseruedbyawheelor
discandwhogo1·ernedthesun.Sometimes,this
wheelgodihequated\.\ithTar:mis.TheRomans
observedthatworshtppersofTaraniscomprised
acruelcult.TheCeltsmades.1CrificeswTaranis,
withtheofferingssornetimesincludinghumans
whowereburned:..liveinwoodenboatsorleftto
drown in bogs. This form of worship may confirm
thatTar:mis,althoughaskygod.was
relatedtotheRomano-Celticgod
DisPater.an Underworlddeity.
I Tha iOOSSIJHOUodir1JilalenU>.. haOO
®! A WhH iot Tononi s
lhoopoi;Wwhooi,"'P'-1"'11
OOihiOOsl.O'I'soaysa<wela<ot!!.
"""""""'lwa>usedonlheCalt~
I'I'Ofld tl ~llhe...,aMots
I
,
1
•
doobOio,poUil;jyoncWiogl;'H:lni$.
'"! Godoflhooky
ll•ssl<yijOd, WIIh hoswhool ~rxl
l•ghmmg bolt.""'''"'P'''''"ua
deot}'who i•acombma!ioool
,.. _and..I\Ji>t.;.,I!Jo)$l<yi)Od
oflheo~ogAomarl$.
'"l lighlninlloltllo godo
lhaCaltsC<'lll$l<lc<odtl!underard
l•ghtn•ngt>bo....oonceollhe
SU!J31natori!lac1Miyol!hegod>.
and~eatod plaoosstndtr;
lqhlnmg:»sacrodSpW
GOD OF FIRE AND LIG I IT
Belenus.alsoknownas&lor&lus,wa:;aCehicgodoflight
andtheSun.AIIhisnamesinclude~nelementmeaningeither
"bright·or·shining."Awidelyworshippeddeity:~erossrnuch
of Europe, llelenus ~~~d shrines thai were located <IS far apart as
Brit:~in, Ausui:l, and l1::dy &ing 3SS<X:iJ.ted wi1h healing !lS well
::tSthesun.BelenusisalsobelievedtobeJheCehicequivalent
ofApollo(seepp.28-29). Asv.ithApollo,someofBelenus's
shrinesv.erebuilt nearsprings , whereworshipperswentto
drink water in the hope of a cure. The springtime fe~st of
&lt~ne in Celtic Brir~in , during which
fireswere lirromarkrhelengthening
ofthed~ysand rhebenerweather,
m~yha,·ebeenlinkedwiththe
worshipof&lenus.
<mydepo:tthewarm.{lio'Mngr"''•of
~!Jhtemanatmg hl)fl1 thasun gold
TRIPLE DEITIES
fhe~ltswerebscin.1tedbythingsthatcameinthrres . Tirey
m~de images of bulls with rlm~e horns and gods with three
faces or he~ds. The Wdsh and Irish wrote triads , poems with
threelinesr1~1tdescribedthreeconcept:;.And~lticlegends
oftenspeakofpeoplewirhthreesonsordaugluers.Godsand
goddessesalsocarneingroupsofthree.AnumberofCeltic
carvingsandreliefsshowatriooffemaledeitiesstanding
together. Thistrioofgoddessesor"triplemOiher"seemsto
havel:ttnconsideredpanicularlypowerfulb)'theCelts. They
representbothhumanfenilityandtheboumyoftheeanh,
andhavedominionoverhumanlifeandwell-being.They
alsoseemws;-mbolizethespanofhuman life-manytrios
of goddesses take
theformofwomen
of different ages.
~~~=w-Jthe
1110olgodda:!5e:!CO!tyiii'J
....keuNtpoJbahiyC<W~lai<oOO
tr ii \SOI~,rC~W(<Of)Otrng
11!.-i
L-----~----~· tha~ ol the~~
 THE ULSTER CYCLE
One of the most famous and compelling Irish
myths involves the deeds of the men of
Ulster, in Northern Ireland . The grea t hero
of the Ulster Cycle of myths is Cllchulain,
a fearl ess warrior. He was known for his
terri fying battle frenzy, when his eyes
- - - - - - - - - - ----@ ---
THE MYTH
KingConchoba.rofU!sterhadarctinueofl50boyswho
were training to be warTiors. His nephew, CUchulain, \\:lnted
tobea'partofthebnd,buttiiO"boySntothertnsbtedtlw
hewJStooyoung.Angryatbeing leftout,CUchulainsetoff
tojointheotherboys,buttheyridiculed -himfOrbeingtoo
,;mall,andattJck~dhinl.CUChulainweruberserk-:-hishead
grewsohottktt2redglowsUrrounded1t.andhebepnto
snarl fierce ly Hisattackersr:mav.-ay,q©kingwithfe:Jr.
ConchObm was impressed wi!lt his yoUng nephew"s power,
andherecruitedtheboyintohisserviceatotlce.
Asayoungman,CUChu lainwooed Emer,consideredto
be the mostbeaut ifulwotnaninlreland . But Emer"sbther.
Forgall,didnotapproveofthematch:hewamedsomeone
beuerforhisdaugh(er.Forgall
persuadedConchobar
tosendCUchulainto -
Sco!land to sJUd)·
the an of war from
a famous warrior-
woman called
~
z ominous. His"ineturnedtobloodandhesawagirlweeping
llG
glared and his voice roared , and his spear
was considered to be almost invincibl e. His
story includes a remarkable chil dhood , a
long period at war with Ulster's rival Irish
kingdom Connaught involving dramatic
single combats, and a heroic death.
Sgatlu.WhenCilchulainreturned.ForgJIIbarred
himfromcnteringhisfortress,butthe"-arriorsca\ed
•hewallsandcarriedEmeraway.
ClJCHULAIN AT WA R
Queen ~!aeve of Connaught. owned a great white-horned bull,
whichwasoneofhe.rm=prizedpossessions.Oneday,it
deftctedto theherdofherhusba.nd, KingAilill.soshestole
theBrownBullofCooley, oneofthefinestcreaturesinUlster.
The men oi Ulster wanted to retalirue but they were suffering
from an atJCient curse that made them tll at times of difficulty.
Only Co.\chulain remained immune to the curse due to his
divinebinh:hisfatherwasthesungodlugh. He took on
sorneofConnaughtSbeSl\\';lfTiOrsinsinglecomOOt,andthey
fellonebyone . Thenheclimbedimohischnriotnndr:m
amokamongtherestoftherivalarmy,killingmanyothers
Queen~1aevecontinuedtosendreinforcemems,includmg
CUchul:l.inSfriend,Ferdi:l.d,whowJSfightingonherside. The
heroprepredforbattleapin,butthistimethesignswere
:md w:oshing bloodstained clothes. Cildllllain knew then that
hisdeatllv.-asimminent,buthekilledmanyoftheenemy,
mcludingFerdiad.untilaspearpiercedhisbodylledragged
himselftoastandingstoneandboundhimselfto it,sothathe
would die on his feet. A crow-----said to be Morrigan, the death
goddess(seep.J75}-bndedonhtsshoulder,andhedied
 ORIGINS OF CUCHUL\ li'FS NAME
Originally named Sedanta. CUchulain was the SOitof • morul woman, Deichtine
andthelrtshsungocllugh.Whilestillaboy,Conchob•rinvitedhimtoa
f.ast held by a blacksmith n•med Cul•tm. He orrh·ed late, and when Cul•1m~
guarddoganockedhim,hekill edltwithhisb•rehands. Toplacotethe
blacksmith.•heboyofferedtoa<:tas.aguardumil Culann couldbreed
anotho:rdog. Thus,hewasgiw:ndtttl:ltni:CU::hulain,"lhl:h<l<.tndofCulmn•
~ lugh. lhoo u o god
Choeto;41heklshgo<b,CUctdaon"•-
wasaiJ""'w•nn.andsblledin t001ftslla
111"'l h 1SWOOISU(flgthand~10~1011

SEDANTA G RAI3BED THE

IIOUN D BY ITS LEGS AN D
Si'viAS HED IT S I-lEA D ON
THE STONE COU RTYARD.
---·---- @ - --- -- - - - - - - - - - - - --
ULSTER AND CON NAUG HT DEIRDRE OF THE SORROWS
l rtshmJ1hstetlh<lwthelandwasinvadedby~nd.uyraets;oneofthese, Atragicmythassociat.d"ithCondlobaristhat ofDeirdrt,the
knownastileFirBolg.dividedlrelandimofh"tprovi"""s:Ulster,Leinster dauglneroftho:king'sbard.ltwasp~thatshewouldbe
Connauglu,Muns~u,andMeoth.Muchlattr.UI&trandConnauglnbecame ,-uybeautiful , soCondlObar lWherbrougluupinsedU..:oo
great rivals.andtheirrivalrywosckscribedinagrtatlrishepicpo<rn,Ta:" intending tomanyherlat<r.Oneday.shesawthekingskinning
B.JCuailg"'(~CanleRaidofCooley),wrinenaroundthe8the<ntury. acalfandar•wndrinkingitsblood
Asoun:eforman)"Sioriesabou•lrishilei'O':s,thtj)OI:mexplalnshow Shedeclaredthatshewooldmarry
Maevelostherb\lll to
herhusb.md,leadlngh<:r
IOS!tOl theb\1\lofUlster.

()
/J.<~~OL...;'- <II F.rgusm.cRiiic h
TOOI)IOOtUisterwarri<ff«gus
IRill:"'-'"<lowas....,tbr~
I:JSwda,.Jto...,.tllerrchland
2
lb:tsehorm. &rtholtkrr9JdM
'*'Jtarl>li::>Corm.o;jht wtroo!OO
10
Klf"9o!IJI$bt(ldlb:tse~

-~-
"'¥",,,,
.'.'(\"
 THE FENIAN CYCLE
There is a large body of Irish myths that deals with the great hero Finn
mac Cool and his followers, the Fian. These myths make up the so-called
Fenian Cycle of s10ries . Finn was a warrior, hunter, and, accord ing to
many accounts, a prophet who could sec into the future. He stood up
for Ireland against the country's enemies and such is his power that
he is sometimes identified with the ancient Celtic god Lugh.

-- ~-------~----<!!>

THE 1V\YTH
Finnxquircd hisgreatwisdominhisear!yyouth,when
hew:~>called Demlme. He met a pbet and druid called
Finnt&Seer.andstudiedunderhimforawhik:.Oneday,
thepoetc:lughttheSalmonofKnowledgeafterrearsof
tryittg,and:~SkedDemlmetocooktheftshfor'him.butnot
lO eat any of ir hin\self. Demhne did a~ he was instructed.
but he buruedttimsdfwhile"cooking tht> n~h and, In an
instinctiveaction,pmhisstingingthumbinhismouth, He
rebtedlo FinntheSeerwh.11 h:ld l~tppened,and the poet
toldhim thathewasdest inedtoeatthefishandthatfrom
thenonh~wouldbecalled Finn. btingtheSJ.hnonga,·e
Finndeepknowledgeandthepowerofprophecr ltwa:;
s:J id tim he was able 10 cot~ure the wisdom of the s.1lmon
henceforthmerelyb)•suckinghisthumb.

H IE Dl:Ff:NDER OF IRELAND
Finngrewuptobeanoutsiandingathlete,lmnter.and
warrior---combine.dwithhisgiflofknowledge.these FI NN'S LAT ER LIFE
abilities g.we him unique power. He did much good in the finn was in love with Grainne, a much younger wom~n.
coumryside,cuuingmoumainpasses who had been prom ised to him in marriage. However.
withhispowerful sword:mdslaying Grainne did not want to marry an older man. She was
serpents. Henotonlyrepulsedmany deeply in love with a young man named Ohrmaid, one
peoplewhotriedtoim•adelrelandbutalso ofFinn'sfollowers.SheputaspellonDbrmaidtomake

~
defeatedsomesupern:llural opponems.li ke
Aillenmac:>lidgru.amalevolem
fire-breathing musician
z fromthe"Otherworld"
himiO\'eher. Thepairelopedand livedtogetherforawhi\e
happtlyumi!Diarmaidwaskilledbyaboar.
Finn'sbteradventureseitherin,·olvedhisprowessasa

~~;:::::.mated
Wlthdilerllohimsoti""-'J
ass•rTlltheloomolastag,
118 an<lhl!..,lo,Sadbh,,arneto
lummtheshapao!adoe
MAGICAL WORLDS
Ancient Celtic literature abounds with stories
of people visiting magical worlds that are
separate from bm close to our own. The denizens
of such Otherworlds do not age, and live a
pleasam life, free of pain and despair. Time
telescopes in their world so that hundreds of
human years pass by quickly, unnoticed by
the visiting mortals . But, although life in the
Oliterworld is tranquil and idyllic , visitors
generally feel a fatal longing to return home.

-- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - @ - - --- ---- - - - - - - - -

TilE LAND O r
TJ-JEYO U1\JG
Oi>lnwasthe famoussono[Fiun mac
Coo l (sapp./18-19)andoneoftheFian,a
groupo{ w;m iors whofouglu for Ireland
Once, whenhunting,hemetabeauhful
woman called Niamh Chinn 6ir (Niamh
oftheGoldenHair),ridinga w·hitehorse
NllmhprofessedherlovetoOislnand:lSked
him 10 :¥:compny hn to Tir rn nOg, the
-LandoftheYoung,"ofwhichshe w3squeen
On the way to th<s magical world. Oisl tl
killed a gbllt,andhavingshownhisbra,·ery,
\vasgi,·cnNimnhashisbride.lhecouple
livedhappilyforcenturies,butOisfrt
~-ventual l ygrewhomesickand decided
to,·isit Ireland _ He discovered that much
had changed since his departure . Niamh
had warnedOisfnnottodismountfrom
hishorse inlrd:md,butheforgot whenhe
s:<wsome men needinghelptolifta
boulder. Assoonashis feettouched
theground,hebecarneol d andd ied.

<OI Oioioondlho lH>uldor

Oislosawtwomensu ugglmgto
r•i..:o•boolclerashepa.....tonhis
hi>roe. Butwh91lhe>!appedd"""'
h(ln'lhoSIIW)UOIIOhe lplhi.lrn,ha
agedlXI)«<Is.,akw.....-ronts
 Ti l E LA:-.!D O F \I'O J\\E ,\J
M:l.d Dliin was :In tlkgiumate child. One da)' he
kamedthJt hbfatllerh.1dbeen~l.iinbyrauier5and
offtoSttk t~ kt!ler~.tkand his 17compamons
lif-t
visitedmany,sl:luds.each"uhamazmginhabu:mts
includingenormousbmh.fi!{htinghorsts.andotl~r
"onders.Fill.llly.thetrl\'tlersrexhedthc"Undo£
\\'omen."wherethequecn married \1:\eiOuinand
offeredhcrd.Juglue~;aswt\'tstoluscrew.After
St:l)'ingthell:forthreemontlb.tlletmnwanll!dto
returnhome.Bute\'erytin'lttl~e)'>ttS:til,th..,queen
thn:"alengthoftwimtlntSiuck
toM:klDUm'slund,:mdshepulled .. Fe.otaiufk -~ . "Ry..,.oiSoBr•od•
them bacck 111. fir~1lly,anothersailor Aaoo,jjogl>logond ...... waoa the . . -.hloo.IMid•lhe
loon~•tll81.-.do1PionoN" l)llo...wryooda...Sv.oclolyOro
caughtthctwn~eandthcotherscut
..,..wailaro-..-:~ t> ".,._ CQ"'''QQIho_..tylordodon
offlnsamt t ohdptll!'mtsca~ -~1>dladl1nkor · """*·~~to~•llland

TilE LAN D OF PROM ISE

Set fa racros~tht~a. TirT;urngire,orthc "Umd
ofPromise,"w~sthepbcemO>ot soughtaftcrb)·
explorers.ltwJSa paradisewl~~:relife wascl>)'Und
where,·isitorscouldacquire magkalskllls. Some
belie,·edthat\b.nann.1nmxUr.aseagodandagreat
warrior,w;tStheruleroiTirT:J.Jrngtre,althoughotiKrs
thoughtiKnw:relytra,elcdthere,takingwuhhimht,
youngson. Mongln,whostaycdhertfor)-t~rs:uod
gau~~rdmuch5ecretkno"ledgc.O~ofthecxplorers
tortcachthtslaml"asaChristian>atm. Brendan.
~ c.llic . ~i, who journeyed m a boat along wuh 1.. companions.
ua.illliiOIMihii<NW It was one of maot)' man·dous tsl:tnds that Brendan
-.ioof•aohoptlool, lollf wassaidtoha\'tvisncdma!"oeriesoftra\-tlstha!ttu)'
:."!~:c.=
........ _ .. w.:~
ha"c included e~~duions to lcel.md

Ti l E LAN D UN DE R TilE \\'AVES

There are .l number of ~hie wles about the "L1nd under the \\'aves: a city
orcoumry submnged in the sea. The mO'it famous tale is the ~tory ofYs, off
Brillany. This was~ pro~~rous cit)' th.:u was protected from the wa,·es by a
strong d)·ke built by~ :..1tmly kingcall~d Gradlon Meur. But Gradlon had a
wicked daughter called Dahut. Dtfferent versionsofthestory depict her as
h.avingo~t~~:dthesltticeg.lt csaftercithergeu ingdrunkorbeingpersuaded by
anOll~~:revilcharactertodoso.Consequemly,inallversionsofthern)'t il .the
• n••••llln•rtiHicity
searushedlnfrome,·erysidcar.dYsdisap~aredloreverbeneathtl~~:waws.Some li«ord"'{ltothelogendoiYI.I"'IO''twhoU~
olooiglhol!ftllori<OOJ!couldhltrlho[tejllollhec,tyl
171
believedthat lifewcruoninthl-str:mgesubnurincworldofthe'":lnishedcity
clourdllil...gon(!bo:ill:rN!he-

U[Al$0-'"'-t<:l'~41 · 4!t;liH1.JI..Jlnl-l1
THE MABINOGI
The four branches, or parts, of the Mabinogi "Otherworld ~ ; the children of the sea god Uyr,

(often called the Mabinogion) comprise a Bran and Mananwydan; and other stories,
rich treasury of Welsh myths and legends about including that of Blodeuwedd. Some of the
early Celtic deities and heroes. These tales characters, such as Briin, developed funher in
were first written down in the 12th century. the retelling of stories beyond the Mabinogi
The four branches deal with: the adventures of Christian writers called him "Bn'in the Blessed~
Pwyll, prince ofDyfcd, especially his visit to the and said that he brought Christianity to Wales.
- ·-· · - - - - - - - - - - - - @ -- - · · · · - - - - - - - - - - - - -
'f Biodouwt<ld
l heMmaB~--~ Iao:e·

TilE \VI FE M AD E andsyrrt.:JIOiesheocaptNaMgphy..:al

beautt"asvda! the'Mid""""'skom
FRO,\\ FLOWERS l'>iltch....,waocoojurodup
Lieu LlawGyffes(BtightOneoftheSkilful Hand),
theson-ofArianrhod,l ivedunderacurse: his mother,
Arianrhod,haddeclaredthat he would never be able
to have a human wife. H<m·ever, Gwydion, AnanrhodS
brother.wasamagician.andhedecidedtohelphis
nephew. Hesoughtt helSSistanceofanothermagician.
Mat h of Gwynedd _Together they used their powers
tocreateabeautifulwot)'mncalledBiodeuweddfrom
the flower~ of the meadowsweet, broom, and oak
They wamed Blodeu wedd to be Lieu Lbw Gyffes's
wife, but she fell in love with another man. Gronw
Pebyr,whokilledLleu. i\shedied,Ueuturnedinto
an eagle and flew to an oak uee . Gwyd ion e\'emually
cametohisrescueandtransformedhimlxockintohis
human form. LleusoughtoutandkilledGronw,and
became the Lord of Gwynedd
(NonhWales).
 BRAN THE BLESSED
Br~n.alsokrtownasBendigeidfrnn,wasdepictedinm:mydifferem
"a}·sbytheancient,•:ritersofEngbndand Wales. Tobegin"-ith
hewasponr~yedasaseagod,whowas.eenstridingabovethe
w~ves.Llter, hewasdescribedasamightyBtitishkingandleader,
who hved at a time wllfn the people of Britain were waging a war
againstlreb.nd HisvalorandstrengthhelpedtheBritishdefe:uthe
Kingoftreb.nd.e,·enthoughBr.'l.n\;fon:eswereonttlumberedand
hew:>:Sfruattywounded.Afterthebaule,Br.'l.ninformedhismen
abouthis impendingdeathandinstructedthemtocutoffhishe~d
and take it back to Britain, where it would protect them from
future invasions. Totheastonishmentofhiscompanions,Br.'l.ttS
headconstant lytalkedtothemallthewaybacktoLondon,where
theyburiedit,anditcontinuedtoactastheirguardian

J. Brintho Qiont
Asabng.Br!inwaskn::wnt>b&a
goantol~~str(llg'4l.Ha
~•""'l"""ca~oothat
coo\J.....,ri"'OOad:"'""tuall\tn
~0110 l hao:.rl$ ol tha~l!h

• C..t.I!DinuBnon
it.)seiU ... IOU;In(jollen,N(wllrWala!,
IICM'"""!''n1r111JIOJU$lal\lw$10n0$and
... thworb.Willabei.......Jtob&thahoma
olthell'onlblll),llr!n

--- -----~-------- <@> -~ ---------------

RHIA NNON A.\ID PI V\'LL

Pwyll,aprinceofOyfed,fellin lovewiththebeautifu l
Rhiannon,butherfamilywamedhertomarr)·anotherman,
Gwawl. Pwytl and Rhiannon married without the con~nt of
herparents.whorefusedtorecognize thismarriage.Soon
the couple had a son, but rnernbersofRhi~nnon5familystole
thebabyandaccusedRhiannonofmurderinghnson.As
puni~hrncnt, Pwytl made his wife stand on all fours like a horse
andofferridestowhoe,·erpassedby. ~teanwhile, Pv.:yllvisiteda
princely neighbor who had been losingfo~ls mysteriously
from his st~bles. Pwyll stood guard outside the stables.
caughtthemonsterwhohadlxenstealingthefools,
andcutoffitsarmintheensuingstruggle. Upon
returning to the stables, Pwylldiscoveredhis
sonlyinginthestr:lw. Hetookhimhometo
Rhiannon , whonamedhimPryderior"care." 1/!j
j.:f·
KING ARTHUR
AND HIS KNIGHTS
The legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table has
captured the imagination of writers down the ages. There have been
different versions of the story told by British, German , and French
authors, but all of them portray Arthur as a wise, just, and brave
ruler. The tales extolled the ideals of honor, chivalry, and bravery
exemplified by this perfect king and his valiant knigh ts.
TilE M YTII
Anhurw':IStheil!egnimatesonofKingUtherPendragonof
Britain and Queen Ygem of Cornwall. Hence he""" brought
up in >ecret. aw'a)' from hb parems. However, Uther gave
Arthur J dunce to become his heir. The king-embedded a
swordinablockofstoneanddeclared!lmwhomeverpul\ed
itoutwouldrightfltl!ybecome.thefuturel\ingofBritam
Many knights tried torecoverthesword but failed, un~tl
omdayAtthurarrivedandremovedlte:lSily. Later, when
the sword was dama)l;ed in a duel, Arthur was given a new
sword-the mythical "Excalibur"-by the "Lady of the
Lake,"afigmeshroudedinmystel)'intheAnhuri:mlegend~
HI!: KING AND I l lS KNIGHTS
Arthur wa:, an honomble king who ruled wisely He was
deepl)•in]o,·ewiththebeautifulGuinevere,whomhetookfor
his queen. He had many bmve knights :IS his followers. and
theydiscussedmauersofstatesittingtogetheraroundthe
_ JarnousRoundTableinthecast leatCarnel01
~
most important Christian
z relicsinhiswry. Howe,·er,
<OI Thoowordinthortllno
M ioghli'Mlldoutolhlltn:l
-.ana_.rty~ra!l
i).tva~coold........:l,and......,
10£ /ollu.W~.!JOCillo-e<QMrt;(ld
lllathawastheng l• tt•tblll'j
.. KingAnhur
Thanl)'th(alr~tlll$dopc!Odas
~:~~~~~:.~~--:1;:::
Ideal ~;ng wbo JWo.ided ""'' a
~Or)So!d'lrlralry
onlyGalahad, Perceval,
andBorssucceededin
completing the quest
/1ccon:lingtosomev~rsions
oftheSiory,theyeverutL'Illy
foundthi'llol)•Grail
andtookittothecU)'
of)e!US-11em
ARTHUR ' S DEATtl
Meanwhile, problems were brewing at Camel01. One of
Anhur'snusted knights, Lancelot.fellinlovewithQueen
GuitJel"ere.andrheyhadssecretaffair. WhenAnhurfound
om,hebartishedlancelOI.whowasalsohisdearest friend
Subsequemly,ArthurSson,Mordred,decidedtochallenge
hisfatherforcontrolofthekingdom . ManywaniorsonbOih
sides perished in the fierce OO.tt le: ~hose left alive included
King Arthur and Mordred.whocontinuedtofighteach
otherrelentlessly.Anhurfinallyk i lledhistre:~cherousson,
butwashimselfgr:wel)'II'Ounded. Know i ngth:~t he was
nearingdeath,Arthurs:UiedtoaplacecalledAvalon(the
-isbndofapples"),wherehefell intoalong,death-likesleep
It was believed th:lt Arthur would return 10 rule once again
llhenBritainwasindiretroubleandinneedofagreatleader.
Thus,hecarnetobekno"nasthe"OnceandFumreKing."
KEY CI IARACTERS Til E KNIGIITS
M>.nydtl.ruttrsano: lnvoh'«<lo th<: Anhurlanl~g.nd~~ '" TI..Knighl5ofthrRoundTablt\l'tn:
forusofgood whiltOihcrsbringaboutthtO.snuctionofAnhur\i chi•·alrousmtn.n..y,,,.,no:fairlnthtir
roun at Camtlot Btl:IOO most oft!~e k1~glus(sn: rij#). a key figuno: dtalings\Oithothtrs.murtto~,~;to
on thor skit of good Is Mtrlin- "i=d. prophtt..d Arthur'$ mernor. womm, and hdpful w l""'f'f~ lnl'ftd
FLo,.·((lchoflloCttrslncludtU.t~lot.achi•·almu!lknight"ithotl(

serious moral dd«<-hls """' for Qu<m c.;.w......,..,_ Wl<do! abo~ l.oib
Arrhurbeo:~~lwmh·.swolattll>hdpthtkinginhbb.otm,,.;tb

Motdmlln jOITit HrsionsofthtSIOfy. ~lot btroll>t'la piYst

uponfindUlgOUith.atGulnt•"'"'hosno:pmtnlandbrromranun

PERCEVA L
A)'<)llngm.>nofnoblo!obinh.~rtt"o'albtc•.mraknlght:dttrpltl'l·ing
hi$wonhatKlngAnhurlcoon Th.Gr>Oilkgtr>dsponr.~.ytdhim

asr.nhtrrw\l:.a"'puno:fool."h"·u!hispunty_..,."t''tr.tlu.trnadt J. G.a.lood
lho_oi.._..._Galalad ............ pnllloeolrt
him"vnhyofll>tGratlandhtlp«<lllmrt:SiJ.Ithoescductionof
.... _golr-throlllodoog .. Gnoil,ol. . . . . . flll'll
Kundry.om)..Urious6gurrlt1UI<Idistr.octhunfromthtGullqUdl. -loogllld_.,,ondho.-cl..,.,..t_.
1-JJHtoryirupim!Richard\\•gurril
"P""'I\"''""-"t.."'hthralstht
mo!UI"·oW>dsofAmlonu.thr

1?7

SEE.I.LS0~18-tt,4l-•1t(M«o.ll'll\l!o'lf>.t._.1!!Htlfil~ ···t
...,.,..,_ ~"\.
 • Thsedue1iwoopiritJofloknoed01,. . . o
130 \Mlf{lroprrte~..wNJwore.,.d"J>rohabor•,_"ndlol:eoorCeoual["'~·wore
lan~CJUSie>-M"'l$<l<l.ociMlfrswoorroosocmanai"""'IIOh•e u rrwaryp<t<>OO•·t,.
such .. tt.a.epretlyyoo"')l>'l'"'"'grrl&. in toiOO"undetwaterl ..
 CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE
Central and Eastern Europe is home to a fascina ting blend of myths and
folk tales that reflect both the area's rich natural environment and its
diverse heri tage of belief systems, from animistic to Christian .

RangingfromtheCzechRepublicinthe thewmer.Forestspiritsworkinasimibr
westtoRussbintheeast,Centraland •vay.leadingpeopleastmysotlwthey
EasternEuropeisaregionofvaried become lOS!amongthetrtts.
peoplesandtraditions.Manyofthe
peoplelivinginthewesternpanof MALIGN BE INGS
theareasee theirrootsasCeltic,bm ThispanofEuropeisalsohometo
thedominammythologyoftheregion ~hostofpowerfulandoftenmalign
belongswtheSbvs,whobetweenthe supernatural beings--notably witches.
5thand7 th et:muriesspread x;ro;;sEurope A. Ooeoratod[.,.tt r ... go werewokes. and VJmpires-dut h:we
fromthe ir ancestralhomeb nds inBulg:uia DocorabrJg"'l'J'"t EastoriSalladitlonal becomefamousfarfromtheirhomelands
'"'-"' lhaCroch~.loday.such
easternSio,·akia ,andneighboringterritories. oggosylli>:jrolhalleourrec1""'.bultho)y Thq•are~lsoseenasenemiesofthefaithtlut
sweptthroughtheSbvicworldinthe9thand
.. ealsofW&Cho iSI"" .,....,..o!"lbUih
EARLY SLAVIC MYTHOLOGY lOthcemuries,rumelyChristianity. Christian
The beliefs and mythsoftheearlySb,·scentredonnotions rnissionariesdisrnissedtheancientdeit iesa ndspirits,but
of good and evil ~nd the role of their ance&ors Hum~n life many Sbl's simply combined the old with the new : VJmpires
w:lsunderstoodtobeastrugglebetweenlightanddark,and may be thwarted by a Crucifix. and Easter is celebrated by
thedeadwereseenasspiritswholookedaftertheirbmilyS decor:Jtingeggs,pagansymbolsofrebirthandrenewal.
household_ These ancestors lived in the Ot herworld , but
couldbecontactedbypriestswhopbyedarolesimilarto
thatperformedbyshamans inothercultnres.
TheearlySbvsalsorecognizedagroupofdeit ies,most
of whompresidedovertheelementsandpansofthenatural
world. S,·arog,thernOSI powerfuldeil)',wasaskygodandgod
oflighL He lud two wns, D:uhbogand Svarozhich, who
go,·ernedthesunandfirerespecti,·ely.Perun,thethunder
god,andStribog,godofthe"inds,werealwprominent in the
Sb,·pamheon.Apair offenilitygoddesses,theRozhanitsy,
presidedoverthegrowingofcropsandtheharvest
lnadditiontothedeities,themythologyofO:: ntraland
EaslemEnropeisfnllofothersupern:uuralbeingswhoact
asspiritsofplacesof power. lnacountrysideofdark,andent
forests,deeplakes,andmanyrivers,itisnotsurprisingthat
nmnyofthesearespiritsofwoodsandw:uer.\Vatersprites J. S.dkoonthooho ,.ooflak• llmen
CO>ellui,..nlollc\akllal l oolapooo"""ta i iOOSadi:IJwh>piJIIQI~sgu•h<Wiyre,by
and simibrcrea!llres haunt bkes in numerous myths from lhal<tlaolataka.ThiS..,ploooad theSoaKlnglhat lhespmth(HpadSad\:IJwln3W!'(Iel
131
theregion.llleyared.<ngeroustotr:l\'elers,luringtheminto lhatthere'MlffiW.'MthgdrloolWlsk>bucauojlt in lhalal;e,..,rmbngSadlv<o:h.
 KOSCHEI THE IMMORTAL
Koschei (Old Bones) is a familiar wicked because it is believed he is virtually impossible
character in Slavic myth and legend . Like to kill. One of the best-known stories abou t
Saba Yaga (see pp.134-35) , he is regarded as Koschei tells how he finall y meets his match
the personification of evil. This skeletal figure when he is confronted by a brave warrio r-
is much feared because of his habit of
abducting defenseless young girls, and

--- - - · - - - - - - - -

THE MYTH
Once.~handsomeyoung
----· queen who pursues him relentlessly in order
to rescue her kidnapped husband.

-- -

..,. Prine<ol•aoandKoochoi
"tlryaMorWn;~hOOmaro'lgOI.Ito
rostramKMChso.and"'li>:>JlloodOI
princecal\edlvanw:~Sriding wateohewas"""'-llutwhontvan
through the countryside when """'IIU 'J9111J'M'hlm""'tei!Odnrt.OO
roga,rllldllii$Ueng thandbroko lr(ltl
hecameuponhundredsof
corpsessnewnonab:ntlefidd.
Making inquiries. he \earned Howe,·er, M.irp Mort'"na's
that tht:sesoldiersbelonged siL1pt"-<:h,mgingbrothers--
totheannyof Koscheithe thefakon,theraven,aEtdthe
lnimorta!.whohadbeen eagle---,sprinkledthewater
defeatedandcapturedby tht: oflifeoverherdismembered
warrior-quttnMiryaMortvna. body:~.ndrevivedher. lnthe
Soonlva n cameacrossthe meant ime. Koschei rode
queenherself,:mdthetwofell awaywithlvanouhis
inlove.The)'Weremarried lighming-faststeed.
andwenttoliveinMArya
~lortvna"s palace, but after RESCU ING IVAN
atimethequeenhadtoleavt MMyaMortvnaknewthm
forwaronceag;Jin. lleforeshe only one person possessed
departed,sheshmved lvana horsesbstenoughtocatch
lockeddoset inaroominthe upwithKoschei-MOO
palaa::,andtoldhimthathe YaglThequeenrushed to
wasnevertoopenit thewitch,whog.we hera
sorr)•-lookingcoh,whichhard ly
CAPTURED BY KOS CHEI seemeduptothetaskofpursuingKoschei.ButasMArya
After M~rya Mortvru had gone, h-:m could not resist looking Morevnarodethecreature,itmirnculously t urnedintoa
intl~d05et,sohefoundtl~keyandunlockedit.lnsidehe swifthorsethatsooncaught upwith thekidnappt"r
S..1Wawizenedoldmanduinedtoapos:t,beggingforw:uer. Grabbing Ivan. M.irya Mortvruturnedthehorseand
Feelingsorryforthen.un.!vang;Jvehimo;otnewmer. Aso;oon galloped off, with Koscheiinpursuit. They raced on
ashehaddrunkh isfill,theoldmanbrohhischainsand thronghtheforests.nntii Koschei"shorsestnmbledona
fle dt hepalace,taking!vanwithhitn stoneand t hrewitsridertotheground . Turning quickly.
When ~tJtya Mortvna found out what lud luppened. she li.IAryaMore\•ru tookherswordan.drnnitthroughKoschei
13) rodeouttorescueherhusOOnd,butKoscheiw:lSwailillgfor beforebuminghisbodytoberidofhimfore,u. Thenthe
herandcutherupintopiecesbeforeshecouldauackhim couplereturnedto theirplaceand ll\"edinpexethereaft er
 KEY CHARACTERS

hlsbody.ltwashlddenloan,~lle , whlchwlspl.a«d

insideanegg.Titeeggwls lnsid<:aduek,whlehin
•umwasiosid<:ah.m:•ha! waskep• lnaookliron
d ...,>! . TI>ed>eSiwashidd<:nioaooaktt«tha•
grewonanisbnd.Thesel.aytrsofproteclion
ensuredi<DS<l"'i'simmortalil)"-forexample,ifthe
ltare~bodywasrutopen. thtduck\rouldflyawa}:
Butsomesaidthat iftheeggwasbrokenbycracking
itagain>II<DscheiShead,hewoulddie.Otherocrowns
c\almed Koschri~bodyltadtobe:bumedtonulykillhim

I Al'vl KOSCIIEI TilE

DEATHLESS. 1\JO
0 1\JE CAN KILL 1\ IE.
1v\Y SOUL IS
j. fMwanior-quoon CONCEALED I1\J • PrincoiYin
lw n ~<IOOtypi<alhaOO""""IOOfJ!II' i"""olla;jand ln this
MalyaMoo>ina"""'a"""""".._,ol
woat suoogtt.. p:lllo"<l.and""""rc"fuloou. A cARA\VAY LA 1\JD. St<lry,hesbcJ,o4hirnselltohetr<MlolurOO$,bokl,bndhooriOd
qoilhli<l$1hatbo:>p(>:lt.lr~daloal~t.Jr and00f9.b!Jt ooda"9"'001'1'hisowncuuosity.

~:cu-R~~~~~~~ ~·
---- -~-;;;u:;~~~~~ -~ ~~~;:;;~,~;---·-
~~:·~e::f;:~,~:-~ :.;:•;:~:~~.:~n=~ . ! :;~·~:~~"~::;0~~ t~m;0:1:t~~;~~::;.·;~l~~:~: ,::~'-
the >lory. In a:no~>er version of the legend, ( and many Ru~ians did not realize what a rich tradition of

~::~~~:~::~~~~~-~;~::~.;~: :~~~::== ~~~t:~~~~ ~~ra~;.;;;~:~~~ot~~~::~~~~;;,~~:~

0
:

magic•\ ho,-,.,,1~ gO<:> to her house. On tl>e
way.heshow>kindnesstolbird,abee,and
l liOt>ess. IUba Yog;l proml>es to ..:ward him
i[he•endsher lmrsesforthreedtys. Hels
helpedinthistaskby thesamecreatureshe
had met earlier. TI>enhesteals!UbaYag>'s
rolt. rescuesMarya.andkillsKoS<hei.
himguardllahaYag!i'•lt(>-"1'
write the na.rrath·es down. 0... such coll«:tor of folklore was
Ak>;anderAfanasiev(!826--7l).lli>largelybecauseofhisworl<
-much of it done despite opposition from
tl>eRu~i.tnestablishmentfigures,
whodid notwanttopopulari:e
whattheytenned "prirnitive"

t,..turedangOroos""""ts
andarob.upo-""t',frn!ly l3...~
t ul rrlt!\a tl r>qrn$~,0$ __
- - · - '- - - ' ontheta'ruabootMatya
SHAlSO-o..oySIH9, 1~1.116-11.111-19 • Wiomoo134-:ll ..

,;;:.-'-"' ~·j: yf,:

 LEGENDS OF THE WITCH
The folklore of the Slavs often ref! ects their
ancestors' anxieties about evil, the unknown,
and the dangers of the forest. There are m.·my
tales of witches, who were believed to be
sinister women living in these fores ts, and
who preyed on innocent people, or upset
family relationships or the social order.
Foremost among such evil characters is B<iba
Yaga , a witch who appears in Russian legends,
and in similar tales found across Central
Europe, where her name varies slightly.
However, her rapacious appetite for the fl esh
of young children s tays consistent, though
many of her victims manage to outwit her.

BAllA YAGA
The witch called B.1baYag.1wasdep~eted in stories :~Sa
wrink\oido\dwomansillingquietlyonawoodenbench
orkeepingwarmbyherstove. When traveling, she
wouldstepintoabrgcmonarand push herself through
theskywithapest\e,startingviolemstorms:>Sshef\ew
Shespeciallylookedoutforyoungchildren, whomshe
\ikedtocaptureandem.Somepeoplebe\ievedthatthe
witchcou\dturnpeopletostonewithhergaze,turning
thernOOckintoOeshatherhometofeedonthem . Rlba
Yag~ used the bones left over af1er her feedings 10 build
agruesomeandenchantedhouseforhe~\f.whichterrified
peopleformilesaround . henitsfencew:~Sdecorated
withtheskulls ofthechildrenshehadkil\ed,andshe
wouldlighttheseskullsuplikebnterns.

~
~
~
Ei .& Bab•V•Ijoi
l~wockedoldWikl""'"M"'"~nntaoand.,...tlek>
0
z tr....,. roltl(llooestwOO.e.lhov.wld-arr'I(I(IQihe tr001
,:( WIIIUIOJ IOarrt!mh """""'l'vi<ti0131hatwatb>J ~hot

g
z .,. RIIIu forwioh u
~ Sormlogenoi!oteat.rY"'))"'f tOOt
=~::::.:H::r!:
althouglrrnQI!\1\(Ir~W<rrnthat
otwa>S1inri>l:ytotrustthe'Mtd1
\'ASS I LI SA

,\\A RI ASSA
---··
Tl~erewlsonceay.>ungg~rlcalled\bl'l.l.',S;l.Wh05tStepm01lxr
-- ··- -------

stnthertoB.1baYag;.iwborrowancedleandtlnt:ld.luckily,
th~girlmnLIIlycalledonheraum. who told \!:uiao;.sahowto
~''<'idthejawsofMb:lYag.fsdogandho" totalktohercat
~bri:t»Sa;l'lkedthecatforaW:Jyomwhenthtwitchtriedto
imprison t hegirl,andittoldhertorunawaywithatowel
andacomb.Mari..,;aescaped,and"lll:nshl'he:trdrhewitch
approaching,shethrewdo"·nthe!Owd."hich!Urnedinto
an,·er,andtht:comb,whichbecamra
foreSt. thu~tr:tppingB.1baYag.1

j. BilooY"'IJiiC'-Ui09M•i•SN
llri'MIIilto::.e~· ... ....,
.... aodCIOIIIid ... IONiul . . . .
--~ .. eoltll""'-
MYTHS OF WOOD
AND WATER
The Slavic lands are full of dense forests and misty lakes ,
both natural and man-made. From earliest times these
places were believed to have their special spirits. Some
were threatening beings that embodied the anxiety of
travelers, who were fearful of getting lost in the
woods or drowning while crossing a lake. Even
country people, who knew the forests and lakes
of their region well , were wary of these spirits.

~- ~-------------·

RUSALKAS
Rusalk.1Swerealluringwaternymphsknownfortheir
I
beaut iful song. They probablyorigiroted :15 fenility
opirits,associatedwithp~nicular lakesln dwiththe
life-gi••ing power of wmer But the)' were lmer s.1id to
bethesoulsofchildrenwhohaddiedatayoungage,
or of women who had drowned themselws . Their song
luredpassers-byintothewater. Ontstorytoldhowa
Rusalbleftt ltewaterwhenshefellinlo\'eWithamortal

"'I AntoninD..,iik
JheCrnchoornpo.,u[NQI'<I k i i SI II ~)
WlO!eO!an't;)mOp(lOa,Ru.alka,ab;<J tlhe
rtymrtJwho lelt OOoh<metoramrta iM
 \VATER SPIRITS
liketheRusalkas.watn~puit:;:Indtll)teSli~dinllkes
and.esprdally.nullpondst\lcgend[r,,mse>utheastern
Euro~tellsofarux who t~l~d:~monal.lllfrewasa
youngmill-handwholovl'dthenulkr~daughtnBut
themillerwamedlnslilughtertOIIUTT)'arichman
[r.,mthtlocalcastle.Ontday.tiJttWOJi\'alsfoughtand
tht mtll-hand "3» pw.hcd mw the mill pond. wlv-~ ht
wasfoundb)·amx.Tht:nnll-handemcmull!'dthenix ,..........."'
~ l H• i-•ISMikll

Sdo>imrylllllle~
onhtsviolm. Thttwogotonso"dlth:uwhentht
~-kl~·
~~""::... ®
rntll-handwasabouttolell'tthtwller.thefrYndly
mxgavchimamagic.tlnug.whichwouldgr.rntthe
118«--l'J:Q-· ~
wcartrthruw~hcs.Sothcrnill- ~'-l .... l:llt.

SADKO
A popttlar Slavic tn}1h tell~ofthr minstrel Sadkowho
w"a.>invitedbyaw.-uerspirit10pl1ylnhisp.tlace. The
spiritsdancedwSadko'smusicrillhegrewtirednnd
couldpbynornore.Awbcw:aterspititndvis!:dSadko
wswpthedanccbybre~kingtl~tsttingst:>flnslutc.
lfl~tdidthis, thes.e.t.godwouldoffuhim~wifcin
returnforhisplaying-buthemustchoostthellSI
ofthewornenoffuedwhun.~ndeventhenhe mUSt

· ~·
ne\'Crtouchher.SJdkodidasl~t"-.lStold,choosing
w....-.uolleotorll<l

..............
....... lhofK*I,..-.g

...-r......
t~last.wornanthe!itagodoffcredandlying:t.p;m
fromhuButatnight.histightfootoccidcn.,lly
touchedher.TohisatTJaZtrnem.Sadkowokeupalont
__.olc.pplluda
~ol..,.,_,, ... onthenverbank.tofindhcw~lan~otmlusrtghtfoot.
-klplouttht .... tl.

Til E \ \'OO D DOVE

:..'":.
o4!t~kA;41
~v-~";..:::.:~.;:'
The magtcofhoth"ood~and "~tercometogethcr mthcSl:wtckgend -a.anoogol•dooo .....,
ofthewooddove There"-\SOnce:t.uold"oodcuuerwhowaspotsontd IOUIIdodJCOJSM:Irl

b)IH~"-tckedwtfebtca~~hewamedtomnrtynhandsome}O~"
&
manwtth"-hornshewasmlo1e Soonafterhtsdeath the
woman mamed her lo1er and they had alavtsh "eddtng ,.-" ~:o!'::Ocesolfuel...,
fe lSI At fir~l they liVed together happt l} Me~mwhr\e gr.:I$S ~ bukluliJIRllerlillloo the SliMe
grc"-0\Crthe"oodcutter~gr.t,e:t.nd.t.}OUllgookrreetook ~andW<.IO.>±•noroohon
root there \Vhenelefthe"om~np:tSSedthegra1 e a wood dove ~ ioguloontheotfl"fj1hlol tholouost
perchedrntheueecoocdather:t.ecu~lt\glyE:t.ehttmeshe ~
heard the "-OOd do\'C sl~t fdt n 11":1.> tl~t vo~ee of her murdered -~ J )"fll,
husband~eplytormentcd~l~tdro"nedl~trselfmthen'er ~ ~ ~.!!...._ B7

SHAI.S0!4ooo;,ot....,.111-ZI.:I.Ht. t:l--t:l,llt--ll • f-t:ll~.-:lll-41

....,.,..
-*-
• "-·'!,•;...."!:
 THE FIREBIRD
Slavic mythology describes the firebird as a beautiful
creature with a long tail and stunning red , yellow; and
orange feathers that glow as if on fire. The fircbird
inspires wonder in all who see it, causing them
to desire it. But it is not easy to capture, and
those who do manage to catch it oft en have to face
a multitude of problems that come in its wake.
-- -----------------* ---
THE MYT H
There ll:tS once a king who owned a wonderful ~pple:
orchard that he.wasespecialiyproudof,becauseoneof
its tree~ bore golden apples. But each night, he found that
someofthegoldenappleswoulddisappear.Sotheking
commandedlvan,astableboy,toguardthetfeearnight
The first nightth:u lvan.s~oodguard in the orchard, a
firebirdcame:indstolesomeapples.lvanattemptedto
grab the bird. butthecreaturewassoswiftthathecould
onlycatchholdofasinglefeatheras 'it flew away. Ivan
delivered the feathertothekingwhomar.·eled:tt It and
dispatchedh·antofindandcapturethefirebird
CATCHING HIE FIREBIRD
After he hadtraveledafewmilesonhisquest for the
firebird, lvancameacrosSagraywolf.whotold hlm
howtocatchthe.bird . !v:tr\WOuldlusetosoaksome
cheeseinbeerandscatterthefoodonthegroundro
temptthefirebird. lvanfollowedthewolfsinstrucrions
l1(}
~ T bt fi ,. b i rd
IIH•Sl•ll!iJ3IIydtawdloiiOO.rd .. apred<mJI:lndy
mdandOiatlo)'ICO)al""'.t"~rathorliblapoocn:t
witllalmjtaila<boodwnh..,....t"~~narn•
and wa,;abletocatchhisquarrysince
thefirebirdlxcamedrunkaftnfeeding
onthebeer-soakedcheese. Then lv:m
chmbedontothewolf'sbackandthewolf
took him to the kingS palace. The kingwas,·erypleased.
andlocked t hefirebirdinaspeci~!lymadegoldencage.
IVAN i-\ND YELENA
Thekingthensem lvan onanot hererrand--1 ofetcha
beautifulprincessmmedYdena,wholivedbrawayacross
the ocean, and who the king wanted to m.arry. The gmy
wolf helped lvanyetagain,takinghimtoYelena..and
carryingboth lvartandtheprincessonthereturnjourney.
During their travels, Ivan and Yelenafellinlove.
Buttheywerefacedwithadilernmasincethekingwas
waitingtornarryYdena. Oncernore,thewolfhadaplan
to aid Ivan. When they reachedthepalace,thewolf
reve:Jied itselftobeaslupe-changerandtransformed
intoa\'erybeautifulprincess.whom Ivan presented to
the king. The king proposed marriage, and when the
·wolf·princess"accepted,tookherstraighttochurch.
Butasthekingw:.sabouttokisshisbride.sheturned
back intothewolf.andthekingdiedinst:tntlyofshock
After the king'sdemh, Ivan bec~rne ruler in his place,
and married hisbelo"edYelem. Hewas,·erygrateful
to thelirebird. whichwasthecatalystforthead\·emures
thmh.1d culminated inhismarriage~ndcoronation
 "'l haundYeleno
Hwu~<oyolthayoong
KEY CHA RACTE RS
M• tra.dongs-Mfltj - Thert~rese,.,raJ,.,rsionsofthefirebird
llu<UJh the noJ~t oo tha stooy, butth<yuswllyrontainthesame
lxldoltheg ralwoll
t... l<ong beenaJlOPIIat
subjOC11ot ,.trSI3

lnthislegend,the worldofanimalsandplam;;
isfullofsupen>atur•lpowers,whiehhaveo
majorinflue nceottthe way e,·entsrun>out
Foremost isthefirebi.n:litself, whichlets
p<Oarlsfallfromitsbeakandhasfeathers
thatglowlikefla.mes. nreapplesarealso
s..idtobespectal-theybringyouthand
strengrhtothose whoeattlJem ,so by
(lQll'lw.t>wrttrl'U
forlhtPartsbaotd
company.thf
BaUonsRu..;ses
andhruuglu thf
tr.odttk>Ral ~Low
l~ndbrl<m'a
gk>bala...Jlmr,

·-----·-
I
·----· --·-···---------
SLAVIC ANIMAL M'rTI-JS
nrefin:birdisOtJeof severalnt),hkalcn:atun:sin COCKEREL FROM
Slavicmytlt.ologr·thathaw:mir>eulousabilitiesor
that rtflecteithfrthfdangersof thfcoumrysideor THE TOP O F SP IR E,
th<rnysteriouspoweroftl>;,naturalworld. Traditional
Sla,ictalesincludemanylocallyfarniliarbirdsand
WATC HE S RO U 1\J D
FOR THE FIRE.
sltape-<:hanl'}ngwolves. anda IS THE DANGER
tpldencockerelthatcrowsto SEEN BY CI-IANCE,
want ~ kingofln\'asion

~ Tholoy a lcock a,.. l

FAITHF U L SENTRY
WA KES AT ONCE.
!::.~..~~~'"~=~
thaC(Kltl)o~!):eofanOj>(Vatrjthafklsso.-.
cootjO)!Otl!imsky.Korsak<Ni l 84( -l~-
'"
......
.~ .

.
.
'.'( \ "
 SLAVIC GODS OF POWER
The ancient Slavs, who lived in and around
Russia , had numerous deities who ruled
with great power over the Earth. Their
control extended all the way from the sky,
where the thunder god Perun held sway, to
deep down into the Earth, the domain of Mati
Syra Zemlya. The Slavs worshipped these gods
by giving them offerings and assigning special
days to them, occasions that combined holiday
with devotion. Although their myths were
orally transmitted , many of these powerful
stories survived the coming o f Chris tianity.

--~-~--~--- ---~---~~- --~--~--~-----~-

PER UN
PerunwasthegodoFthunderandlighming.Ahhoughhewasprimarily
a war god and his power was terrifying. he also represemed the forces
ofgood.Whenthesunwasthreatenedbystormcloudsthatconcealed
it intheirshadOY.'S,PerunsmashedJhemwilhhisJhunderboiJ,alloming
thesuntoreappearandensuringtttlt lifeonEarthcouldcominue
The Sbvs behe,·ed that hum~nity w:>.S const~ruly threatened by Veles.
the god of the Underworld. who was ~~W~}'S ste~ling c~nle, kidn~pping
people, or otherwise causing mischief. At such times. Perun would
Strikehimwithhisthunderboh,;;endingtheevilgodhurryinglx>ck

regions,someofthe3uribmes
ofPerunweretransferredtothe
prophetcalledlly3,orElijah

A Thoo kyQO<I • Tho wotldttoo • Voloo lhodrogon

~~~=·!:~'==
ln"'"tiw10his......,.,...aodlosaagle,Poo'"' ThoS ... sr~lr..:IVales , drerpJQIU..
yt) was<W<Jcia100Wit h """'YOI~•Itrobu191;. """"".J l.indotw<Jrld.asadr"'J))IOI,..PI"I, who

:::;:~'!:':OO'":k'::~ tho)
tholl'IO$l111'f01Tant(llt:ho)seWil<et~$1(1(1(!(t!'ld I\KunWU$)'111bJOl\'<ltrjanf)a<Jklltia1Sal ln
rretalthatSiiMc""""'.,..j'"""'"'woa~ l~u~rrnstbranctJosoft~troo
 ------ - j!l;------- ------- --

MATI SYRA ZEidLYA

iI ::!':.;;::::·•••~-----:;;
~~
TileSb,tcEanhgoddes.,v;~call~d Mall $)1':1 cootliUid"nse.l»:ont
Zeml)a(D;~mp \ lothtrEanh) Normally ~ho:o olle<ediS.....,.u""'walbog "- .......-..,
1
:::~d~ ;::~~~~~:dr~~~~heb~:n~;;~~~ :.:S::'!~':; ~
btneaththefutof~rdevOiet;;. Even though
~hcusuallyl:u:~daslllllf'.~hl'"'as~nas
Vibramly:~li'"t and, th•m~r~. hdptd t\'1'1)1hmg
inthesciltocorm-tolife.OnccnJ.inoccasions
Ku~nt w ;JS the Sl:wic god of wuv.
whenshcdidtakehumanforrn.shc'lassaid
Apopubrmyth!tllshow thefii"S{
IO;!.pptlrasav;omanwnhdark,unh..::olo~d
hwn:ttJSenjO)'«<ane35)'li~inal"llley
sktn.we;~ringtr.Jditi<>rulc1011xs,whowould
mig;uedbr~•·enn,~r.;tlutflow~d
visitp«>pl6houstSandblrssthcm.Ontht
from an egg. Ttvy brcarm grndr for
holydayl>onwhichshcappcartd(r!Olably
mou waterandbrokethtegg.causing
l\!ayandHJurr),rl()OIII'\\"'lSallowcdw
agRatflood.AIItht peopledrowntd
ploughthcsctl. Peopkwon.hipp!'d herby
except:forl..:r:utptz.aw:~tdunan.who
diggingahokmtl~egroundandputtmgm
wa:;S;Ivedbrl..:urem. Uuer.l..:r:myatz
offeringsofbrtad:mdwine
argucd withthegodol"l:rwho,hould
ruletheE:mh.andafter l':~rious
trials.emergedasthe winner. But
lnaddioonro hegOtcanied awayanddt mbt:dthe
U)JIIIlMn!lnglha
loot.Otyot tlleri mount~inwhere t hegods hed .l\eate
M311Syta~ >omemeatthat be longedto them.and A Ku .. mmook
_.,AOdl<ll>l 1 lnSio"Hema . .._a,n ma.U
gOtdrunk fromthe winegi,·entohttn <kipoct>og(,.ontnl'l<llnat ttle
~-[OII!JeCI~
by Kurem. Thegodskickedhimdown Kuron~.,.,....thatoshekl

*··t
1"-'IQ rl!WOOIIle
Q!W'Id.~ .. themountainandhelosthispower klOIMGinoo thoornl'lllotspmiiJ
11101,..,. ...... ~

SEEMSOSI:r-24-~11-11!>.1--"1.1~1-_~;Jll!ollol,lJIHI,1t<JI,ltll-ltlJW!J
....Jt..... ~"\.
 WEST ASIA
$
West Asia was the site of some of the world's earliest cities, where riches from
agriculture and trade , and the development of \vtiting and organized religion,
produced flourishing cultures that recorded their many myths.
~

~~fr:~t ::::~~;t~sa~~~e~~i~~~~~~~~:,:.\~~~~~~ i :7;~:1s1:~~~ ;~=:~a~~~~~v~::~sg=~~;:~~~;:·a~~d

between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in whlt is now Iraq I often fragmentary because the arch ives ha,·e survived only in
Cities such as Ur, Uruk, Rlbylon, and pan_ But those thmluve been p~ced
Ashuralldevelopedpowerfulpolitical togetheryieldmanyn:m:Jtivesthatgrip
systems,togetherwithahighlyorganized readerstothisday,suchasthefamous
religionthatwasbasedaroundimposing ep icofthegreatheroGilg:~mesh.
mud·bricktemplesknownasziggurats
Thedevelopmentoftradeandtaxation MAJOR CENTERS
systemsmeantthatitwas~ssaryto &lbylonwasthemostpowerfulcityof
keeprecordsofwhatpeopleowned,so the Sumerian Empire.with twoheydays,
theMesopotamiansdevelopedahighly in the 18th and 61h centuries BC~ - Under
sophisticmedwrit ingsystem,t oo. Thq• Nebuclmdnezzar(605-562BCJ:). Babylon
wrotebymakingcuneiform,orwedge- wasaflourishingcitywithapabceand
shaped,markswithareedstylusinsrtUII, A. liggur11a1Ur "h.anginggardens"thatwereoneofthe
~la$(Jpl)tamao11ggU<al3, 1ilolh•sonekomlhal•lh wondersoftheworld . Its temples, and
handheldtabletsofwetclay,whichthey
OOOI'"'f ~ OlpoG$011tdaylraq,-Oiao!J(Ib.>lkli"'JIWIIh
thenbakedhardbyfiringtheminak il n, "'teroai013P>Ihe~ledk>hlghplallounsonwho<h thecitygatededicatedtothegoddess
orsimplybydry ingthem inthesun lhepoimi>!>'"lormedlllualsin""'""'oflhaOOiiao lshtar,wereimpressivesHuctures.
ind icativeofthepowerof thecity's
PRIESTS 7\NO KINGS religion . HardlylesspowerfulwastheAssyrianEmpire
Religiousandpoliticalinstitutionsoverlappedinanciem (c88()....;:;.6l0 oc~). based at Ashur. Assyri3n scribes adopted
~tesopotamia . Kingshipwasseenasagift fromhea,·en,so andpreservednmnyofthem)•thsfromneighboringcities
ptiestshadagreatdealofinfluenceoverpoliticalpower, Therewereothercentersofearlycivilizationandm}1h
whilerulerswerealsoseenassacredfigures.lnaddition,the in West Asia. One was at Ugatit, in northern Syria, which
ptiestswerehighlyliterate,andsoontheywereinscribing flourished around 1500-1200!1U.An01.herwasinTurkey.
religious and hteral)' te~tsondaytablets. The durable nature where the Hittitesfoundedapowerfulempire
ofthesetabletshasallowedmany ofthemtosurvivewith around 1450 BC~ - Both of these early
theirinsctiptionsstillintactandlegibledespitecenturies cuhures had tichcollectionsofmyths,
ofexposuretotheelements,givingusready accesstoan whichsurviveinafragrnemarybut
impressivegroupofearlymyths. fascinatingform, aswellas
The first ~lesopotamian cities were independem city- prominemweathergods:the
States,butsome,suchas&lb)·lonandbterAshur,expanded Ugaritic>~ormgod Baal,and1he
in po\>:er to creme grem empires. They shared simibr myths HittiteweathergodTeshub
butwithvarbtionsinlanguage,sotlwgodsandgoddesses
luddifferemnamesindifferentpansoftheregion.lnanna, ~ Babwlonianboundal'jrton o

goddessoflove , fenility,andwarfare ,becameknownin l heBaJ¥onianspulu~bJ<Jndarys-\Qsho>N

wh>~piecmoli:JndCa<¥00onlhem,...e
11.1bylonaslshtar,whileUtu,thesungod,becameSI~1llL1Sh, >'jmbollollhe00ti(!Sprl)IO<:IIngtheb(:u>ia<>f)l
andsoon.Theclaytabletsthath.1\"esurvivedfromtemple OOrn.ac"""'"'tmoonlor the looaogodSin
 ENUMA ELISH
The creation story of Babylon is called Enuma Elish, meaning uWhen
on h igh ,~ which is the firs t line of the epic. Inscribed on seven tablets,
the myth describes the creation of the first deities from the coming
together of the primal waters, and narrates how one god, Marduk,
eventually became the ruler of the cosmos, ordering the creation
of humans and the foundation of the firs t city, Babylon.

• Babylo.oiondoity
TilE MYTH Gula.lhegoddolssolmedic...,.was
lnthebeginningtherewereonlyApsu,<hegodofthe thedaughteroiAroulloll.-.....!1000
the~~OCII)Oolbl)undaoi(IS,.It..wu
fresh\\~aters,and Tbm:u,the goddessofthesah waters,
olleoc\aP<Iedooboundary-
andeveJythingwassilentaroundthe rf1. The pair came
togetherandproducedseveralgenerationso(deities,
cuhn in:llinginAnu,thegodoftheheavellS,and Ea,a wasabouttodoandkil!ed
cunn ing and reso<frcefulfigure whoe,'etHuallybecame him _ Then he set himself
thegodofboththeEanhandthe"'aters upa:.thegodofthewmers

W~R ~MO N G THE GODS M~RDUK'S COMING

The new ge1wration of young and h'·ely deiti~sannoyed
Apsuandlhrnat,wholongedforthesilencethathad
existed at thelxginningo[tirne. Apsusuggestedkilhng
theyounggods,butTjmnmcould notlxarthethoughtof
puuingtodemhwhattheyhadcreated.Nevertheless,Apsu
decidedtokilltheOlhergod~onhisown _ Eas::owwhathe.
Eaand his consort, D~mkina,producedason,themighty
god hbrduk. When Mardukw;~Sgiventhewindstoplay
with.hecausedstorrnsinthewatersofTiamaLShewas
upset.altddecidedtoa,·engethedeathofherhusband
Apsu.Sosheassembledaforceofmonstersandordered
thcgodKingutoattack Marduk . Sever::tloflhegods.fearing
a destruoive war, tried to stop Tbmat. but she would not
listen. OnlyMardukw:ISwillingto!ighther,providedthe
othergodsgawlumsuprerneauthorityoverthemall.

A lho Bobyloniont
TheJ19011h>ol8ai:¥0<lreliadO<lag<ituiU•eko"""'IOII,and
thaor<O<l!lionmythtebhow thefirotrrm.~Lullu
ooogotedh~lield$$01halthe~oouldtaomlhedo'y l a<>:l
HIE CRE~TION
Mardukg:uheredthefourwinds,commaHdedthemtoblow
throughTiamat"srnomhsosheinflatedlikeaballoon.and
then~licedherbodyopenwithanarrow.lbvingdefeated
Tianut. Marduk began to rule. He made the heavens from
onehalf ofTumatSbody,creatingrain cloudsfromhers:lli"a
ThenheusedtheOiherhalfofherbodytocreatetheEanh.
so thatherbre:~S~s ixl:arnemountains,m odthetworiversof
~!esopotamia, the Tigris and the Euphrates, flowed from her
eyes. Heorderedthebuild ingoffubylon.andcreatedthe
first m~n.Lullu, fromthebloodofKingu . Lullua nd his
descendmusdugcamlstofertilizethelandaroundBabylon
toensurethatthehum.1ttr:lCecouldprosper

J.:i·.
 CITIES OF IVORSHIP
Asinallcuhurcs,u:l\gionw.scrudal <olhe
inhabitantsofearlyMcsopoumiancitiessuch
asBaby\on,becauseit offelffithemaway
ofunderstandingt~rosmos.Lochdty
wasW>dertheprot<ctionofaspecific
god- forexample.MaJdukinBabylon
ar;;l the moon~ Nanna in Ur- who w.s
worshippedinatemple,usual!ythetooSJ
KEY CIIARACTERS
Uktmanycreationmyths.E•um~Ehsilbegins"ilhapair
olprtrnalckities,ApsuandTiamat ,wOOcreatese•·eral
generationsolgods.Thesegodsexisttobreed, tofight
and . inrhecaseofTiama•andKiogu,•opl'Q\.ide thl:row
materialsofc~eatlon.Kingub«::olne~;TI.tii\JtSconoonafler
Apsu'sdealh,kadingheronny in tlv:bauleagainSI
Marduk . Som(ofthelater
generotion<alooplaymany
differtmrole<.t>pe<:ially
Marduk.Heeombinesthejob>
ofdragon-slayer, wartior.king,

..,. Kingu
As'W)f1(11olliarmlKilll)l
00\dlhe l a~olllesUII'!'.
whl<hiJ"'''himult•rmro
P<>"'!r>lflflheooormo
:::::~':n~~~uk

1-fE \VAS CLOTHED

himasJheirsupremegod . Thecn:aJion
\ VITH TERROR,
mrthdescrib.showhislink"ith the \ITITII OVERPOWERI NG
citybeganwithitsronstruction
Whenth<godhadwonhisbanle BRIGHTNESS HI S I-lEAD
withTiamat.heglorifiedtheh<avens.
Hebuihhisowndwel\ingdirectly
\VAS CRO\ VNED. Til EN
abovewhereEahadli•"<XIand,from HE SET OUT, H E TOOK
thebodiesofthemonsterslhat
Tiamat hadst:n!tofigh.thim,made IllS\ VAY, AI'~D TO\ VARDS
sun..,sandplactdthembythe
doorwayof&'stemple.Man:luk
THE RAGING TIAMAT 1-1[
thentoldtheothergodstobuild SET IllS cACE. e>l
•SJ"alcityonEanh.
SEEALSOA>!.>1~..,..,,...,.. ,62-63.1;:&--69, 1!JH11. 111-1~m-1l ...
_,,,,
_\':',...~ .-~ .-:.:c\
!NANNA
The beautiful love goddess Inanna (known in
Babylon as Ish tar) controlled many other areas
of life; she was also the keeper of the cosmic
laws. One myth describes how she stole the
tablet of laws from her father, Enki. Her brother
was the sun god Utu (also known as Shamash),
and she had a twin sister named Ereshkigal.
Apart from her amorou s encounters with
characters such as Gilgamesh (see pp.156-57) ,
her best known myths concern her maniage
with Dumuzi (also known as Tammuz) , the
shepherd god, and her visit to the Underworld.

- -· ··-------------- · ---
TilE 1\\ A RRIAGE OF 1.\JA:'-INA
lrunna,thesuprernelyaml.:tivegoddessofsexuallove,wasdesiredbyrnany,and
was even r:1ped by Shu-klle-tuda, a rnonal who W:l> punished with de~th for his
crime. Bm two suitors in particubr l'ied to be her husband . One was Enkmidu,
thegodofagricuhureand patronofthosewhocuhivatedcrops, "hile the
otherw:>S Dumuzi, the shepherd. ln.1rm.1~ brother, U!U, the sun god. had the
powertodecidewhoshouldbehissister'shusband. Hedecbredthatlnanna
should marry Dumuzi, butt he goddess w:>S not happy with this choice. She
did not like Durnuzi:Scloakmadeofroughwool,preferringthesmoothllaxof
Enkmidu.Buttheshepherdarguedtlutwhatheproduced-rnilk,cheese,and
wool-was more irnp<>nam to the world than the grain grown by Enkmidu. In
rhe end Dumuzi won lmnm round by comparing himself ro her br01her, Uru
The p:tir u·ere rmrried, and lnanrm gal'e Dumuzi the kingship of Uruk

.,. M.. opOIImio njowohy

~~~r.:~~=~
~l!)I(Mdrjtrcrn!l(ld..-.J

=~':""...::=-::
""""3IJ'I'.OunngOOo .. :~~ttolhe
~IO(-OW<JSJ18linama
hadklfl'WI"'thrmtri<Om,..,.,ts
 THE DEATII OF !NANNA
Ereshkigalwaslnanna'stwinsisterandcounterpart
\Vhereaslnannawasagoddessoflight, Ereshkigal wasa
goddessofdarknessandliwdintheUnderworld. Inanru
grewtomisshersister,andsoshedecidedtogotothe
Underworld to visit her. She told her maid Ninshubur

orjewelryasshepassed througheachoftheseven
circlesoftheUnderworld.Bytheurneshefimllyreached
her sister, lmnnawasnaked.Shewenttoembrace
Ereshkigal,butthedemonsoftheUnderworldthought
shewastryingtotakehersiSierbacktoEarth,sothey A Tho Underworld
Ruiad(H(llt,(lll$hkogalond her husbood ,No<(litl----'ahodoousa00
caughtherandturnedherintoacorpse. r;>paCI<)U$ t.A-Iha~moa•Undc<- l dw.l$ada r1 pt>ce
J<lrll~l'<lt,.deu•:mwOO~I.Wdlmooaaodlm;jherhO< na lni

--------- -- · - - - - - - - - - - - llll<----------- ·- · - - - - - - -

1 THE DEATH O F DUJ'v\UZI

PriortoleavingtheUnderworld, lnantk1promisedthe

i judgesofthedeadthatshewouldsendsorneonetotake
her place. On her return. lrumu met Ninshubur, but did
notwamhertodiein lrunmSpla.::e.lnannafoundthat

t:
herhu.sb:mdDumuzil11dbeenhavinganaffairwiththe
goddessGeshti nannainherabsence. Enraged, she
decided to punish Dumuzi bysendinghimtothe
A Roocuing lnonno
Underworld. Although Utu transformed Durnuzi into a
Thellldsleo!,JOOErt.tll<liOO!W;Joo.r.g.,11m .i<t
undotho•i"'JJmrnl>... ndin<Jthemtoo....:w smke to help him hide. the demons of the Underworld
l"""""wn~awpolm..,IOrolinlmrlal;!j_ eventuallyfoundhirn.ltwJSfinallydecidedtiL'IIDurnuzi
would spend h.1lftheyearinthe
UnderworldandGesht imnruthe
otherhalf,sothatt hey would
TilE REBIRTH neverbeabletomeet:.g;Iin
OF I!\IANNA
\Vithout lnanna, love perished on the Earth ~nd the
world wentdark.Afterthreedays,hermaidNinshubur lh<tcodaobOOWi,SaaodlltOO
appe~ledtorhegodstorescueherfromtheUnderworld cultoiDufiiU.'iandlrmm.DurrW
·~11">:1100Sllp00on'l;lnlonlhe
Thegodsknewthat noonewhohadthesparkoflife
troosduu")IOOdfY""""'
couldremrnfromtheUndef\•:orld,andsomewishedher
to:ll~ythere, so they refused . But the trickster god Enki
(known JS Ea in Babylon) came up with an answer. He
cre:uedrwobei ngswhola.::kedthe~uributesof l ife­
theyhadnoinnerorgans,nosexuality,attdnominds
Enid sent them to the Underworld with a cup full of the
w·~ter of immortality. They reviwd ln:uma with the water.
andEreshkig;UhelpedhersislertoreturntoEarth

SEEAtSOLow..,oosJI-39.\ll---J9,1-t.-.Jto-l1 • -ol6-11.~1.-811---«1.111-11.11l-1!.m--1!9 ...

_, ,,,
_\':"......~ .-~ .-:.:c \
THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH
The story of Gilgamesh, the King of Uruk, is the oldest extended narrative
to have come down from the ancient world. It survives in the form of an
epic poem written on clay tablets in the 7th century t>CE in Assyria, although
the story dates back to the 3rd millennium BCE. Its themes of heroism,
frien dship, and the quest for immortality, together with the poem's exotic
cast of characters, have proved fascinating for generations of readers.

THE lv\YTI-I '" Gitg.o-•h

T OO"""'cM:oca"~a.oiG0~-
Gilg.1mesh was a ruth!ess~nd cruel ruler ofUruk.lle forced 1>$~-~~rcnglha<dgtOOtWI I ip:ow(w

the men to be his s\ases and the women to be his mistres;es -l:otuymi'IOiilOdintt.$-lt\1uebyiM
IXliii"I'I:M"lW"Y"'~t.J~Ihatm
Helpless against the mightyGilg:unesh, the pwple pmye.d
tothegodsforhelpandtheyrespondedbysendmgawild toseducehim,buthe
m~n named Enk idu to fight Gilgamesh ':md sUbdue him. ll"jectedher. Normally
GilpmeshanemptrdtotameEnkidubysendingatemple irresistible, sill' resented
prOSlitute to seduce him _Thewoman.took Enkidu to Uruk thisrebuffaudcompbined
tocivilizehim.butwh.-:ntheyarrivedataweddingiuthecity, tothegods,whoresponded
Enkidu saw Gilgmnesh demanding to sleep with the bride, and by send ing another
chalkngedhimtoafigtu.Tilt)'werebothstrong:mdevenl)" monster, the Bull of
rrutched.andre:di;xdafteralongstrugglethattherecould
benowinner. Thus.theyembracedandbecamefriends

T~I E TWO TYRANTS

Now there were two tyr:\nts terrorizing the people of Uruk
This time the gods sent a cremure called Humbaba. who Wi!S
~fire -bremhingmonster. BuiGilpmeshandEnkidu,who
weresupponedbyShamash,thesun
god,foughtthemonsterandkilled
him . Next the gods t ried to trick
Gilgameshbysendingtheauract i,·e
lnanna(knownaslshtarinlhbylon)
l"heydtcreedthat
i;nkiduwoulddie
THE SEi--\RCH FOR IMMORTi--\UTY
En kid uS death forced Gilg:unesh to consider his own monalit):
He knew of a man named UTnlpishtim who was the sole
survivorofagreatfloodandludbeengr:nuedimmon:UitySo
GilgmneshvisitedUtnapishtimtofindawayofauaining
immortality. Utmptsluim told him tlut the gods had caused
thefloodbecausetheywereangrymthesirnofhumans. But
Enki(EainBabylonianmyth),thew:uergod,h:>dappe:uedin
ldreamtoUttUpishtimandir-.s:tructedlrirntobuildabooJ
Utnapishtimldvised Gilgmneshtoaccept hisfateasa
mortal,butalsotoldhimofaplantgrowingatthebottom
ofalake inthe Underworldthatgaveeverl.lSlingyouthto
whomever= from iL Gilg:J.Jnesh wem 10 the Underworld and
foundthepbnt,butonhis"·ayback,asnakestolethepbnt
Realizing the futility of his quest, Gilgamesh accepted his fate.
KEY CII A RACTE RS
AltOOughtheepicissetinarealpl"-"",adty-stateealledUruk inthe
Mesopotamian region. most of its major characters are linked wit h
the supernatural world. The creatures sent to challenge Gilgamtsh
a re gigamic and tertif)ing lxca<~S<: they come from hea,·en-rhe
wildm•nEnkidul>cre,uedbyNinhurs.ag,rhegoddessoftheE.tnh,
whlletheBull ofl!e.-·enissentbyAnu. •hegodof•hesky.
Gilgamesh himself socraddks both worlds . I !is parents are Nlnsun ,
thegoddessof thesky,and
figu.,:hismlxtdparemage
iswhyheisdescribedas
pa.n-godandpa.n-hwnan.
.. Thocomi ngol [nkldu
Gdganle.lhhadadroarnablutaslar
faHi!OJkomOO......whi< hOOand
IMslnolndsoooldno:>~ l iltlhiullM
~IOdthe"""'"!!ol(nWu
DE ITIES
TI~egodsondgoddessesplay
amajorroleintheepic,tal king
tothe.anhboundhumansand
actingdlrttdyi nthededsh·e
momemsofthe51ory. TiteyalS<J
innuenceevents in a sublkr
mannerbysendingdreamstltat
predictthefuture-thekilling
ofHumbabaand thedeathof
Enkiduwerebothforeseenin
drums.Alt houghtheyare
extremelypowerful.thedeities
arefallible-theirsch=esto
defeatGilymesh"ithmonsters
SoonOO!edictatlogiaw•toah>J
donotwork.•ndlnamu>planto ~.th&(l(do!tbasun ar>:lwar,
sedu.ceGilg;unesh isalsoafailure aoOO:IGilgau..,.honblliogflurntOOa

AJ
J. Utn• plttrtim
MoldmanbytOOurooGilgamesh<OOt
hlm.U t""'>slltlm klld tha~nghcmha
fiOOIJ'Ithc<od the.,.rml•ofthe-ld
IIIIUboot[Os;Mtlhernhornlllelc.;.J
J. Humhba
HMstorast-""""ifoJ••'"'"'"was
.-..chloaoedte:a""' ollhadoodly
firehel>rothOOE...,[n~duwas
llll b311y r00.:!Jnt10igl1t thebaasl

VE RSI0 ,\15 OF THE MHH

s.,,.,,.,.\ancient textstd l 51ori<saboutGilymesh
whowasprobablyarealkingwho \ateryined
m)t hkalsutus.Mostsuchl<'-'tsarefra!JIK!ltsthat
togothertdiGilgameshSstoty----<lfl<:talksaboutthe
Bull ofHeawn,anotherdesctibesEnkidu>joumey
totheUndem"Orld. At,.,mepoint.tl,.setextswere
recordedinAkkadian,aSemiliclanguagethatwas
"idelyusedinMe;opoumiafromtl.. Jrdtothelst
mitlennium OCI' .lbtbeslsuni,ingropyoftl,.ep;c
&Uruk
lho1'J9"11""""""the.....:l-t<<t~andcil)'l'''llool
~=~;~=:'~ :~~:~:;~ta,.::'i;;:l::~:~·~=~n ~
~~~~":=~~-==~ toJOCOOstructepics likeGi/gamesh. king.Ashurbanip;tll l (668-627 KE) ,atNineveh
SEEALSOhOOfMJI> (IH;I, 100-m • -taliry- 13l-J3.116-11,11._~9 ..
 MYTHS OF UGARIT
. The ancient city of Ugarit flourished ncar the
western coast of modern-day Syria, an area
once known as Canaan. Ugarit was a major city
in the centuries preceding c.l200 BCE, when it
was destroyed by invaders. In the 20th century,
thousands of clay tablets were discovered at
the ancient site, and some of these described
the gods and goddesses of the cityS inhabitants.
Many myths recorded on these tablets fea ture
the deity Baal , the god of rain and limnder;
his sister, the fe rtility goddess Anat; an d
their father, the supreme sky god EL

BAAL:S STRUGGLE FOR PO\VER

BXJlwastbe:>Onofthegreatgod ELand.obelonged tothefam ily
thm stood above all others in Ugarit's pantheon of gods. El~ power was
eternal, but as he grew older, Baal grew mightier in the sky, becommg
thedeity incomroloftherain,thunder,andlighming.ButBaal was
challengedforsupremacybyoneofhisbrothers.Yamm.thegodof
the sea, w ho dem~nded t h~t El give him all the treasure belonging 10
BXJl. Yamm sem messengers to capture BXJl an d imprison him, and
he made Ba.alhisslwe . B.1al wassavedbyagreatcraftsrnan. Kothar
wa-!bsis, who made two magical clubs for him. Yamm resisted a blow
fromthefirslclub, butwhenllaalorderedthesecond tostrikeYamrn, the
blow broughttheseagoddown,erublingBaal to tearhimupandscaner
the pieces. ThusB.lal becamesup remeamongr hesonso[El

Y Y. . m
TOOoeag<>d Yammwast.ei!Ol'«ldtobepre<entrn
thacrasiii"'J""'""""""r<l'iloosc"rrootool!he
ocoo n ,;'llldw.»ai~urow h olllpr(i$(lii!GOC!roos,
di oordor,andda"'J<lrtothe humanr;>ee.

~ Bu t
IOO•"prell'lllgOOIIaaliHhownhe!awean"'la
C<Wi ical hea<kl re,.llehokls•spearrn(lfl(lhand

:~~:: ::.~"!:..~:, :~:·•r.OOyto

 1' Goldomomont
C<atlYI<)Ike r!mlhetoty.I1JkloiiJ(I3nl
pr<rducad1t unmoggold jewel.yando th<:K
ll AA L' S PA LAC F. arufact>.Objocusuchas thi sembossedgold
E,·enlf{erBaalhaddefea~ed hisbrothn, Yamrn,Jndacquiredgre:u power,hes!ill Cllp,IOIO'ld ln [ileiUOISolthokl .... OoiBa.J I
we<OCOO\!,..., Iy used1terns
had no palace of his own _ Baal complained 10 his sister, An:~~, reminding her that
hisbrothershadpalacesjust hkethe mona\ rulers.AmtwemtoElto.tSkfora
pabtblrestdenceonherbrother:Sbehalf,but Elstalledher.S.1}'ingthat he could
not grant this wish without t he consent of his wife, At hirat . El wascerwin t hat
Athir.l!wou\d notconsenteJ.Silybecauseshehadalwaysbvored her other
sonso,·erBaaLSubsequently.thesupremeskygodhatchedaplotto~rsuade
her_ He called for the craftsman 1\othar wa-Hasis and ordered him {0 make
exquisitefurnilllreand
ornaments for BaaL On
seeingrhese.Athinuagrecd
toletBaal ha"eapalacein
whichtokeepthefurniture.

,. Ruinoo!Ugorit
iho•oyalpalaw""dothei•UII{:turwol
llgalltSUIVMl .. WIRSroday.Jhobulldiogs
'Ml<OpriiM<ily....,<la ol !l:lneandWIXI<I

---- ------------· - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - -

1

Til F. RF.TU RN OF BA A L Til F. FF. A RSO/VIE A NAT

After Baal'spalacewasconstruc~ed. he arrogant ly
challenged !l.lot,thegodofdeath. His voice
reverberatedacrossthepalace:Sopenwindowand
reached Mot.whoacceptedthechallenge. Mot
emered through the window and swallowed B.ul.
takinghimawa)'totheUnderworld.lnBa.1l"s:ilisence,
the rains ceased and t he Eanh was subjec~ed to a
terribledroughLTheothergods.especiall)'BaalS
father,Ilandhissister,Amll,,..-eredi>rmughtwhen
theyheardthattheraingodhad
been{akenrotheUnderworld
SoAnmwemthereandmtacked
!l.lotwithherknifeandwinnowing
fan.Sheburnedhim,ground
himintopieceswithher
rnillstone,and5C:Iueredthe
theEanhwithr:Jin
The ~~:oddess Ana~. sis~n of Baal, was the deity who
presidedoverhuman$1!xu:~lityandthefertil i t)·ofthe
fie ldso~Canxm. Butshealsohadasinisterside,andwas
widel)•knownforherviolenceandloveofbloodshed
SheheJd,..-eaponryinsuchhighregardthatonceshetried
tostealthebowandarrowsbelon!(ingtoamonal
warriornamedAhat . &u.lwassoangrywithhissisterover
t histhathewithhe l dther:~i nsforawhile . Onanother
her scythe. These attacks
seemtobeumnotiV"Jted.butmight
luvebeenconsideredbythe
peopleofGt=nass.acrifices
tomakethefiddsmorefenile

• n ,. groat godEI
El.lhoc< oa~<:>gOO,whowasalsocalled
lhll1'atOO.o1GndsandMen;wasthe
1!)9
IUi<l<Olthog00SI)IllgalllondO$ila<I<M'y
iiguoelil:;e"""'yCI!hoosupoemegOOs
 MYTHS OF THE HITTITES
The Hittites settled in Anatalia (modern-day
Turkey) about 5,000 years ago, and by the 2nd
millennium IJCE, ruled over a powerful empire
that extended w the Mediterranean Sea. Their
mythology featured numerous gods, including
many wealitcr deities, because they adopted
the myths of the people they had conquered.
Some o f th eir most po pular stories told
of rivalries among the gods and how these
deities influ enced the lives of mortals.

The great gOd Ablu was the ruler of the universe. and the other gods,
led by Alalu's chief counier. bowed down to him. But after having
obeyed Alalu for nine y~ars, they revolted and installed his son. Anu,
the sky god, in his pbce. After a fun her nine ye~rs.the gods grew restless
onceagain.andt herewasanotherrel'oh_ ThistirneAnu'sson, Kurnarbi,proved
tobethestrongestgod,andhedefemedAnubybitingoffhisgenitals.While
doing so, Kumarbi swallowed Anu's sperm, and when he spat it out, a host of
other gods were born from it, including Teshub, the powerful storm god. Teshub
soon usurpedallofhisfather'spower.andinspite ofrepeatedattemptstowin
itback,Kumarbicouldnotdefeatthemightystormgod.

- - ·---- - - - - - - ----

TESH UB ACID THE SERPENT

Teshub was a powerful deity. but even he W:IS not immune
fromdefeat.Oneday,hefoughtanenormousserpentcalled
llluyanb and lost. Humiliated by this defeat, Teohub asked
the.othergodsforhelp,andh isd:mghter,lrma.carneup
withaplan.Slw. and hermonal lover, Hupasiya,threwa
gre3tfeastforlllupnkaandhischildren,withscrumptious
foodandl'astq'-"lmitiesofbeerandwine . Theserpembmily
fellgreedii)'Onthefood,becomingdrowsyfromall
the"-ineandbeer,andweresofullthatnoneof
themcouldget backinsidetheirhole.Hupasiya
corneredlllupnkaandtiedhimup ,andTeshub
killedtheserpemwithhisthunderweapons

100
 THE D ISA PPEARI 1\JG GO D
ApopularmythtellsofthegreedySeaGodwhodecided
to kidropSunGod,ashewashungryforpower. He
caughtSunGodinanetand imprisonedhim inastorlge
j3r_Withthesungone,lifeonEanhcametoastandsti!l---
thetempemturedropped,thecropswouldnotgrow,
andall thecauledied.Eventhegodsshtveredwithcold
Theotherdeitieslooked for Sun God, but no one could
find him. Teshubhson,Telepinu.camedose,butSea A DI V IDED INHERITA N CE
God imprisoned him too
Someearl)'textsofthe Hittitesmeruionthestory
Finally. the gods made
ofAppu,arichmanwho wasveryunhappybecau;e
a great sacrifice
he had no children. HeprayedtoSunGod,and
:mdpersuaded
was granted his wtsh: won. Appu had not one but
Se:lGodto:lllow
two sons, whom he and hb wife called \\'rongand
thesuntoretunt
Right. At first,thetwobrotherslived togetherin
Fromthatpoim.
peace, but grldu~!ly \Vronggrew independent
theHiltitesbegan
and wamed to seu le :tpan from his brother_ He
tomakeregubr
toldRightthatsincethegods livedseparate!)•.so
s~rificesw
shou!dthey Rightagreedtothisproposal,andthe
the ir gods
twobrothersdecidedtodil·idetheirin heritance,
includingapairofoxengtl'entothembytheir
father.But\Vrongcheatedhisbrother.making
surethat hetookthestrongeroxof t hetwo
~..!~:~~:~::::.,TalliS for himself. \VhenSunGodsawwhat had
f>3 r!lo!Telepmu'l1!01'\'; happened,hetransformedRight'soxsothat
roono .....,.,_ T....,.,u
it becameevensHongerthan WrongS
hOOJ Sun God (lnd tako~
SeaGod'•daoghtel"""i-

SIXTY CHILDR EN
Once, a queen of Kanesh-an anciem city in Turkey-
gave binh to 30 s.ons. She was ove rwhelmed by such a
b rge numberanddecidedtocast themout . Shepmall
of them in a boat ~ttd set it on the ril'tr_ The gods found
thebootandrescued thechildren.btingingthemup,and
changingthe irappearancesothattheylookedmorelike
godstlmnhum:ms.ll1eanwhile,thequeenmiraculous!)'
gavebirthto){lgirls,whomshebroughtupherself.
After growing up , theboyswanted tomeettheirrea!
mother.so theywemlookingforher. \Vhentheyrexhed
1\anesh.theystayedataninnandw!dtheinnkeeper
about the ir large bmily He informed them about the
queenSJOdaughters.andtold t hemthat sheoncehad
30sonstoo.Theyoungmen wenttoseethequeen. but
shedidnotrecognizethem.Shewamedthemtomarry The<irvotK ..... hatKultepo.h•l;ey.is,.,.,[UStad"'""ol
mOO·brickru .... OO ti twa•.,.,..,.u~tant t radingcent'"
herdaughters,butthey refused,fearingincest •ntheleo)IOII.flllthiSI&a<On,lheancll)niC•fV!e.>tme•••
IG1
""""al""thsotthe ... ~Hiruta~
 THE GREAT SKY GOD
The ancient Mongol and Turkic people were animists
who believed in many spirits (tc ngri) tha t inhabited the
natural world. Su preme among these spirits was a sky
god called Mongke Tengri (or just Tengri) , who was the
crea10r of humanity and th e world, and who pr01 ected
humans from malevolent demons. Tengri also controlled the
different elements and influenced the fertility of the land.
--·- ·------------·--- ---·---
THE MYTH
Thell.longolaccoumoftheEarth\creationinvolves
thehigh-rankmgtmgriQormusta,andSakyamuni---the
BuddhJ-who is also a member of the Mongol pantheon of
gods. QormustagaveSakprnuniahlndfUlofyellmvearlhthat
was compo>ed of precious swnes. Sakyiununi ·thr~.w it imo
theetemal ocean,.-:ausingittobegintocoales-:e i,ru oav:<Sl commandedacmanda dogtogwndthehumans.Bul
conlineru. At this point, atonoiseemerged from the depths o[ once he left fortheSptingof lmmonality, ErlikKh:m,the
theoc.>anandstolethefanltSakyamunirealizedtlwonlythe Lord of the Underworld, tempted the cat away with a bowl
deathofthetonoisewouldfreetheEarthandlettheground ofrnilk,andthedogwithapieceofmeat,andthendefiled
fonn.A:;amonk andalo,·erofpt:ace,hewashesitantabout lengri'scre;uionsbyu ri natingalloverthem
kilhngthetonoise,butthetengri:>SSuredhimth~tit was the
rigluthingtodo,becJ ,ISemanyliveswouldevemuall)·flourish HIE CAT AND HIE DOG
ontlteEarthaftnthelossofone.Thus.Sakyamunislew·the WhenTengrireturned,hewasenragedtofindoutthat
tortoiseandsubsequen~l ytheworldwasforrned. Erlik Khan had t~inted his creations: he was especially
~ngry with the cat and the dog because they h~d failed in
H IE FIRST IIUMANS theirtask ofwmc hingo"erandprotectingthemanand
WhentheEarthhadtakenshape,onlyanimalsltvedon woman. Consequent ly, Tengri punished the animals b)'
it , so MongkeTengricreatedthefirst man and woman makingthec:u\ickoffal\thebodyh:lirfromthehumans
to populate .the world. Hepnfeaedtheirphysiulforrns andstickitonthedog'sskin. Thecatlickedoffalmosta\1
overt ime .:~n dthencoveredthe ir the hair from their bodies, e~cluding that o111heir heads,
bodies with soft hair. OnceTengri which Erli k Khan hadnm pollmed,andsomeonthe lower
was satisfied with his creations. partsoftheirbodies-----whichthecatavoidedbecausethey
hedecidedtofetchwaterfrom 8:l''e off a foul odor. Once the cat had finished the t~sk,
theSpring oflmrnonahtyso Tengritookthewaterof
~ thatthefirstrnanandwornan eternall ifeandpouredit
~ co uldliveforever.\Vorried overhiscreations inan
~
abow theirs.afety, Tengri anempttoimmortahze
~ them,buthebiledin

-
--
.. ~
~

l(Y
.,. Budolotono
Theoo r~lurbcMiebllriod lheircb>d

::~a~~~~::~es~~'";"~~h~
thisvemurebecause
!hehumanshadbeen
pollutedbyErlik
6th-cemuryona.torna1kllregr"""" Khan's foul deed.

]~....'t;;~:..·:;-.~~--

THE TURKIC CREAr!ON STORY
lntheTurl<ic\"ersionofthecneationslOry,Tengrtlkwocross tlle
~~::: ~~~:~=:::·;:;~~:~::~~~,~\~.~:~::~.
asktnghlm•oc"''"etheworld.Tengrtm<>de arlOiherbeingcalled
Er Kishi ,andtog.:thenhey rnadttheEanhandkslnlubit.tms. But
Er Kisltiwaslmpune , andtriedto>Wucelhl:peopktmolw:linga
- ---- - - -
TENGRJ AND NATURE
TheurlyTurkicandMongolpeople
•a ributedmanyofthestrongestnalural
phmomenawTengriandothergods
----·
arid spirit>. Thunder was supposed
ro symbolizelengrl'svolce: lightnlng
wasameansofpunlshmema!ldadlsplay
ofTengri'spower. Tengri'sstormswere
beneficia\ osw<ll,becau.., theplantsgnew
and tllecropsflourishedaftertherain
A Boltsolllghtning
klr'J'I..,.oaodiO~Ii!..,frot~"'"'thmeoiiOsligh lfiiO,l tdt>
Loglt lrnngondirohadlongb(o)fiW<II.!I11W(IOOII'I\l:llandCenbal
.wa:tlleyaUJootoolyclowett.el'oUid. OOt waoda!dooms
: ·-:-:'
·. :·~::·..
'.. ~'i
TENGR JSM.
I Tengrismisthemodenttennfor thebeliefsystem
II
oftheMongolandTurkiepeopleofancienttime>
Ba=lonMon~Tmgri(repn!sentingtheetemal
blo.w:sky).Eje(afemaleferrllltyfigun!and
aMotherEarthgoddl:ss).andma<>yoth<:r
benignandmaligpn.atun!spirits,lt in\'l>lved
tho:pm.ctie<:ofshamartism(supp268-69),
oreornmwli<:ation\\ithspirits. Tengrumwas
I promotedbylaterTu rkierulerssuehas
GengltisKhan(reignedl206-2 7)andhis
grandson.B.otuKhan(reignedl227- 55).
lt>followusrespect«<naturespiritsand
I leda lifeofmoralrectitude.lfpeoplelo&
!
TE~<;RI I~ TilE EAST
Ungw<t• how long n<>ti<"«l tlr simiLIIity b.t,..,...n tlr n.un~ T~ngri
and tho:Chint"" word for >ky.li<ln. whicbaho me.aru>~. It i>not
known whether one wonl1ed toth.Oiber. bw U.. '"" ""' relal!'d.just
likttht ann,,., and M~ cultu""'. The twottnru ~I'P"~rtowtho:r
inthtlliiiill'»oiiitOI.IJliJ.in>."fucb.areeon:i<k~~pl;lo=.lntho>
Tl.an ~han (!'>ky Mountain) rang< on tht bonkr of Kaukhsun . til<
SO'Condhighestpe.akisknowna>Khan.Tmgrt(Lonlofth<~irit>\
IG3
 lffi ~~==:-~:;:'t.~""l!'7'::::.::..~:n~
* """"'harowOO,_,;,..,..,rrooy"""""""but tragtealybbhos<M'rlsoo

: ·~~~~·,
 CENTRAL ASIA
AND ARABIA
These two regions of Asia, though now identified with Islam, have long been
a melting pot of cultures and beliefs, with a number of mythological traditions
flourishing through the long history of civilization in both areas .

Persi:l(modern-daylmtl}wasoneofthemosJ ll homTislurya,godofmin.andV:1)'U.godofwind,
imponantcrossroadsoftheancientwor!d,with wereprominent.Anahita,agoddessoffertility
tmdersandsettlersarrivingfrornalmostall andsourceofwateronEanh,wasanotherkey
pointsofthecompassoverthecenturiesand figure;sheandTishtryawereclearlyevidence
contributingtothesophisticatedcultureof oftheprecariousw·;uersupp!yinPersia
theregion.Onegroup,the Hitlltes,whose
culturewasablendoflndi.:lnandPersiJ.n MONOTHEISTIC BELIEF
elemenrs, left PersiJforTurkey But other lnthe7thor6thcenturyKE,changecame
groups---andespeci:Jllythosefromthe wit hdv:workandvisionoftheprophet
steppesofCentmlAsi:l.- arri"edandsett ledin Zoroaster,whos:JwAhuraMazdaasabsolute,
PersiJ.bringmg..,iththemavarietyofdeities tlv:onegodworthyofworship. \Vithtlv:rise
j, AhuraMazda,tt.oWiso l<lr<l ofZoroastrianism,AhuraMazdao\"ersludowed
Thi o~oor"oglrmo!ha6tht>tha41h
BULL RITUAL OF MIHIRi-\ theOI.herdeitiesofancientPersia. lnadiffnent
C>l<li"'V ICI <k'?Ct$AhoraMalllir!l'<\$pi"!J
Oneofthernostinfluenti:dgodsoftheseulers afl'l'rofart\elor<ll'fthoho:o..-arrrrmg<~ way.theriseoflsG.rnintheArabianpeninsuG.
"'aS]I.I ithra.adeit)'Whosenameappearedin thatco>n..,.s hos rul,.shop.-creatroo severnl cemurieslmerechpsedthe"falsegods"
documentsbesideearl)• lndbngodssuchas ofthelocalpeopledenouncedbytheprophet
lndr:J . Mithrathenbecamepopularthroughout Persia and Muhammad. Yet the mythology of the Arabian peninsula is
""aSworshippedasanJ.ll.knowingprotector.asungod notsoeasilyforgOI.ten,anditsstoriesofadvemureandgreat
verysimilartothe]l. lesopotamiansungodSiumash heroismstillemhral peoplearoundthew·orld
]l.lithrawasalsoagodofagreementsandtreaties.-thevery
personificm ion,inf:lct,of the ideaofmura,orcontr:JCt
ThepopularityofMithraspreadevenfurther.andwhen
the RomansexpandedtheirempireimoAsia,hewasoneof
dv:deitiestheyadopted. Hiscemralritualwastheslayingof
asacrificblbull. Thisritual sbughterwastherecreationofa
ritefirstperfortnedbyYima,thePersianprimalman,andw'J.S
seenasanactofrenewal. Byperformingtherite,worshippers
ofMithrabelievedtheywererecreatingtheidealconditions
tlutexistedwlv:nYimaorigirullyruledtheworld

i-\HURi-\ MAZDA
Tireot herinfluemialde ity ofPersiawasAhura]l.lazda.the
wiSt:.all-seelngcreatorskygod Hewasoriginallyoneofa
brgepantheonofancient Persbndeitiesthatincluded.asin
manypantheons,anumberofgodsoftheelements,among
A lh• cuho!Milhro
lheywnggodMith<•pulpar.,."JJslay!hesomficr•IWiinlhosdr•maiiC!bnan
!errporllhai.Hamgadop!ed theCr;.otoaiA$""<larf\',!hefkwna!l$rnadaa"'''Sier"f
IG7
cultoutoiMrlhra.Wilh socrettffilr&.oltoocm:ealeduOOer!JOI..Oid
 THE FIGHT AGAINST EVIL
At the heart of Zoroastrianism lies a cosmic
struggle between the kind god Ahura Mazda
and his evil opponent Ahriman. The religion,
which flourished in Central Asia until the 7th
century, still has foll owers in Iran and among
the Parsis in India. Although Zoroastrians
consider Ahura Mazda to be the only god, their
religion also features a rich body of traditions
about mher beings, from benevolent immortals
to demons, who influence human life. In the
struggle against evil , Zoroasuianism predicts
that the forces of good will triumph in the end.

TI-IE M YTII
Thefir:>!god,Zurvan(Time),li'·ed
intheprimalvoidthatexisted
beforeereation.llelongedfora
son,butwasdoubtfulofhis!Jower
ofcreation.Soheconceivedtwo
sons: AhurJMazda(WiseLord),who
wasbornfromhisOptimism,andAhrirnan,
whow:tSbornoutofhisuncertainty. Beforetlteycameirllo
theworld,Zurvanpredkted thathisfirst-bomwou ld rule
the world. Ahriman heard what his father had S3.id ~nd
forcedhimselfintotheworldaheadafhisbrother,whow:tS
rightfully supposed to come firsr _Ahriman told Zurvan thar 1\hum ~l<uda made Gayomart, the first man, and allowed
he was Ahum Mazda, the first-born, bur the god s:JW through the Good Mind to work within him. All seemed well at firsr,
his trickery. He knew that Ahttra Mazda 1\0uld be p:t!e and but Ahrlman returned from the darkness and brought
sweet smdling, where:lS Ahriman was dark and foul smelling starvation, illness, pain, lust, and death with him. He dried
uprhebnds,desnoyedlhecrops,anddefikdtheEa.nh
CREATION AND DEA-Hl ---and he poisoned Gayomart so that he would die
After his birth, Ahura ~tazda went to work to give the
uni,·erseitsforrn.Hemade.thesun,moon.andstars,and THE HUMAN RACE
allthatrepresemedgoodintheworld.Healso When Ahura Mazda S3.W that Gayoman was going to die,
createdsiximrnorrals, he1ookthem.1nSseedand rnadeM:tih)'.land ~tashyoi,
(:! includingVohu Manah the flrsthumancouple . Althol.lghrheytooweredestinedro
(Good Mind), to help die,theirchildrenwentontoprop:Jgatefuturegenemtions,
govemhiscreation. ensunng!hesurvivalofhumanity.AhuraMazd~couldnol
Ahrirnansentevildemonsto defe~tAhrim:m,sohetrappedtheevillordinsidecre.ltion
attack Ahura ~ l alda, but the andga.vehuTI\.11\Sthefreedorntochoosebetweengood
Wiselordc:~Sthisbrother .1nd eviL This snuggle between dte two forces will be
outimothedarkness.Then resoll'edonlymtheendoftime,whenanewgodcalled
S>loshyam (tlte Savior) will come and. together with Ahum
Mazda.destroyAhrirnanandtheevilherepresents The
::·~::;;:;~o;!...,._ peopledtemselveswillbecomepureandgood _Tlteworld
Mmmn.loughttocootrolthe...,n.J
lffi r ('IW(IS(lllli;<ltrjlher~ngof~!l<gnty
willbecremedanew,afterwhichallwillbegood,and!he
lhattha,tbott.Ui0010p:ISS6SS distinc!ionbetweenbodyandsoulwillceasetoexist
SIX IMMORTALS TilE FIRST IIU,\\ANS
TheAmeshaSpentas(Bountoouslnunortals)arethechildrenofAimNMMda,and"'oond Theprimal couple,MashpandMashyoi,were
in imponanct only to that~. On one levd, they are absnact entities and aspects of the lll.ldefmm th.seedofGavoman,thefirslman,
diville n.oture of Ahur~ Mazda. On another b·d. they are seenasimmo!tals, who >it on whoAlnimanhaddoomedtodi<. lnitially,the two
goldendtrooesaOOLookafrersp:ctficaspec!$Ofdt(n.turalworid,r.mgingfromfirew grewtogether.em'-'illeda>aklodof tree,andthe
wat(t.lndoingso , thl:yle.-·eAhuraM>Z<ittOOOII<:I:ntr:neoncanngforhumankiOO fruittheyproduced!)(camethet.:nraco:sof thl:
E.onh _n,.:ybeg.nlngoodtii:SS,bU!Ahrimansem
demonstocorrup!thr:m,atldsomeoftheiractions
be<:>meevil.Butlnspiteoftheir
corruption,dttpdo"n

A. YohuM onah .I. Asho .f. Anno ~i

lhecaretako<oldon'wllhC MronDJllighi<WSOOSs"oo Atmaou(De-.ooon)tsth>diHo)hteo
ammals.ltiluMonah(Good "lruth;Mla""*""tt.. ........ t otAhu r aMallla,theprot<~<tJrol
MiOO)isalsoJth>lllOJidorolthe oliroandlight.«MIIooe&,S<.dl tOO ~'" th. S0001t00embc•lunent
(ICK)dar>:tbad<k>aobolhurnans asdi......,ar>:lsoo:..-y oltiOthaod-•lup.

A KhlhMhro Yairyo
f'eo-IOnllyDJIOO~otAhura Mromngbolh~s·and Ameootat{trnllll)ltal•l'y)-IU8""11$ , "- l M primalliM
Malda.Kh!hath!a(Dorrmon) "lnlel)nty."Haurvatatr:<Oietts andJ:<OOltll~ants.andhen:o. : ~thefio>!cr..,uonwas inan ideolst:J1<1

:;::..:~.:~":'!.~ :"!'::'v..h~•:!::, = ·: : ! ' " too I ~oo:..:;:::c>)~~:;!""

- - -·· - - - - - - - - - - - - -· - - - - · - - - - -
ZOROASTER
Till:prophetofZoroasttianism.Zoroasttr{al;;oktiO""'"s
Z.r:uhustra)wasbominlranorAfghanistansomelimtin

~~~::~:~:~~·~.~:~;,~was 30 )~~rs old. he ~

:,=~·:~;;.~::::1~te the ~
followr:rs. Zoroa~rin:;iSiedlhat -----;
!herewasot~yonettu(god ,who

w•sthesoutU:ofgoodnr:ss.He
R:_jecttdtl-,oldrehgionofhis
homeland, insistingthat.someof its
gods, who were warlike i)(lngs. "'"''
•grntsofAhtiman.Hymn>saidtobe
wrlnenbylomasterarecolkctedin
thesa.credlx>ol<ofthefalth,theA>-csw.
 THE LEGEND OF RUSTUM
AND SOHRAB
RusiUm was th e greatest hero of the early
Persians: a brave wan ior who defended himself
and his people against the most fearsome and
powerful foes. Rustum's bravery and skill, not
to mention his mastery of the noble stallion
Rakhsh, make him an exemplary character, but
-- --------------·
TIIEMYTII
Outhuntingoneday,R~umdeddedtot.1kesomerest.Ashe
by asle~p. ~group of men came across his hor>e, Rakhsh, :md
stole\r. Rustumawokewfind hismoum,sone,and:;etoffin
>earchofth<:~nimaL Whenherex.:hedthe.p31.1.;tOfAfrasi:lb,
therulerofaCentraiAsiankingdom,thekingentenained
Rustumandintrtxllicedhimtohisdaugliler,T.1hmlna.Rll5t\Ull
sleptwithherand,beforelcaving.g.w eheradaspthathe
woreonhisuppet arm, :~Skingherwgive it to their child. The
nextday,hishorse...,':lSfoundandRusn>rnwemonhiswa)'
YOUNG SOHRAB
T~hmina h~d ~son whom she named Sohr~b. He was an
:l<:complishedarcherbythetimehewasfiveyearso)d,and
itbecameappJremthathev.ouldgrowimoayoungman
ofgre.ttstrength.Whenheasked
abouthisbther.Tahmimtoldhim
thetruth,swearinghirntosecrecy.
Eventually,Sohrabbccameagreat
WJrri oranddecidedtolaunchangna::;k
17()
his life was marred by tragedy when he
unwittingly killed his own son, Sohrab. The
story of th is event is a key episode in the
Persian epic Shalmama (Book of Kings), and
is also the subject of a famou s poem by the
British poet Matthew Arnold (1822--88) .
--- --------------
onewouldbcboundtokilltheother.lfRustumwereto
die,AfrasL1bcoulde:~SilyddeattheErnperorofPersiawith
Sohrab'shelp:ifSohr;~.bwerekil led,RuSlumwoulddieof.,grief
inauycase,andAfr:hiabcouldxhleo·ethesameobjectlve
HIE fATAL FIGtlT
ThewarbegJnwithSohrabattJckingJPersiancastle. lis
garrison.howewr,escapedandsentamessagewtheir
emperorthat theywerebeingallxkedbyapowerfulleader,a
man !ti mighty as Rustum . TI~e Persian emperor knew tlm his
onlyhopewastosendhisgre:u.eSlW:<UTiortotheb'~n ldront
SoRustumjoinedthePersiancmnp.Sohrabproposed
aduel~ndRustumocceptedthechallenge,clatmingthathe
w:lsasl:we. He did not revealhisidemity,thinkingthm
theenemywouldbeterrifiediftheyfoundamerePersian
sLwe 10 be so strong. The two mighty warriors b.111led until
theywereexhausted,fightingwithweaponsandthenwith
their bare hands. Buttherev.':lSstillnooictorJSthepairwas
evenly rnatched . They resumed fighting the next day. Th is
time Rusmm,afterlongpreparatorypra)·ers,threw
So!u-:Jbandbroke hisback.Ashelaydying
Sohrabshowed Rustumthearmjeweland
toldhim t hathisfatherwouldavengehis
death . That was when Rustum realized that
<OI RuSI<.m•ndSohtab
EI'Oflthouglllhey-..oxt.>u•IOO
b!her•odson rolused101JM1UP,
w.mtlinqonaar>:>lheriQiba9tO<md
andl\lhtl nqoo101babut<llood
RUSTU,\1 THE DEEDS OF RUS-IU\ I
Sonofthe lel}'ndarywamorZal(sup.56J;ondaprtnceS> Rustum'sstorywaslargdyoneofwarand
eaiiOORudoN,Rusturnwasdestinedtobeawarriorof lxoule.Hisheroicdeeds itwolveddefeating
great strength.Whikstillinthewomb.hegrewsolargt supematuralbeasts , suchasadragonanda
dlJt hlsmotheralrnosldiedinehikJbjnh.Bothweresaw:d dl:rnon:strongan imals,>UCha>ahon:and
t.:ea<~>~:Zalknewhowtopcrfonnasurgi<:al oper.uionto opponents\\iththe po"·erofson:ery.such
et\>"'\lreas;ofebinh.RU>Iwnwasalre>dyw:rySin:>ngWhen asawitch . Manyofd~~:so:eneO\Imerswere
hewasbam.Ashegrewup,helx<:ame>killed inanns. partofoscqu.er>ee. ofrencalledthe "Seven
ardhisstn:ngthincn:astdfurthe:r. Overlime,heb:<;amea Labor<." whichRu>rumur<lertookinorder

dump:~::~:~!:2~~
!rls..wehissovercign.theEmperorofPersia.

:ik
fearsomeenemtes

.
A llo• Simorgh
A~boldcaiiOOIOO
One~llus tu m'•laOO.siiMlM>JdemwJaCiootut a
Sinur(lht<nojulaiOON
«llled the\VhoteOoom. klgOthouwtth .,.,.her
IOP')<f<lrmlhe:AAQ<:al
~..t.Jwasguar dingtheWhlle0oJrnoofsC3Stkl
;::;.-::~

BEll OLD 1\ \£1 I AI\\ VAST, Al\! D CLA D

IN IRON, A1\!D TRI ED; A1\! D I HAVE
STOOD ON 1\ \ANY A FlELD OF
BLOOD, AN D I HAVE FOUG HT W ITH I .I. RIOS!um andthodtOQo n
lllstuon tooojlt M!dto~llthodtaqoo---tho thlldol
J\ \ANY A FO£ . Motth<w Arnold_S<It"'~"""R""""'· tS~l I
I
hoslaOOt• llewaspoodl1!'~soc..e. Raklloh.w00
bttaOOtc<catthelleoho!then'IO<lSiat

TH E BOOK OF KINGS
Manyof t heancimtmythsandlell"ndsofthePersian-
speakingworklarerolkctedin t heSOaOnama(Book
ofKings).anq>kpoembytllePersianpoetFitdausi
(c.935--1010). Thef"J"m,writteninc.l()C(),consists
ofnea rly60,0C()couplets,andre.:ountsSioriesof
Persia\;gloriouspa<~fromm)1hical!imesto~l!:period
whentheregionwasconquo:redbytheAmbsandTurks
intll!:7thc.:nrury.1hesestories,whichreflectf-irdausi's
unh.J.ppinessattl.-lslamkcot-.q'-""t,arefrequemlysad ,
in,ulvingdefeatsofnoblewarrtors,atucksbydemons,
lncompetrnt rulers,andpeoplecondemnedbydes:tin)'

A16 th -<..,t u rymaou•r:oivtoltheShahnam<~rs!Jea<r utu ly

illo.JsuatedWith tiJtoMure~intln!JIIiket h osonedetxhii!J
l(ln'll)olthell'IO$tdoomatocl'l:enasolthol\l<sliln CI""
~
,, ANIMAL MYTHS
OF MONGOLIA
The Mongol people of Central Asia-especially
the group of tribes known as the Khalkha-
developed a way of life that was hard but well
adapted to the grasslands of their home. Many
of their myths feature creatures that the
Mongolians found around them , such as the
II O RSES A\JD M EN
l!orses.espo>ciallywhtteones, fe~tureinnumerousMongolian
myths.withmostoftherrngri(serpp.J62-6J)appearingon
horseback. One oft he most powerful among them was ask)'
spirit called the While LightningTengri. Hewassaidtoride
~white horsebecause lightningappearstobewhite when it
strikesinthenightskySIL1mans(supp.268-.69)a!sorodewhite
horsesandbelie,·edin"spirit horses,"mythical creatttresthat
could take themonjounJe)'Sthroughthewor!dofspirits . When
ashamanspeaksofhisspirithorse,heistalkingaboutflying
acrosstheskyathighspeed
and with great power, like
\VhiteLightningTengri
17?
~-
-zl ~~-!.~~ : :~{
swan, or explain that their specific attdbutes,
such as the buzz of a wasp. Others draw on the
animals that were useful in daily life, such as
the cow, which was cntcial to the Mongols'
food supply, and the horse, wh ich played a
vital role in everyday life and in warfare.
SACRED COW
Thel\ha!khapeop!emakeupagroupof
tribesthatoco.tpymuchofMongolb.They
arec:nt!e-herders.movingfromonepbceto
thetwxtlnsearchofthebestp:t>~ures.Their
behefsystemmvolvesnaturespirits.and
shamanism lies m the heart of 1\lulkha
communities.TheimportanceofOOthcattle
andnaturespiritsintheJi,-esoftheKiulkha
isrelatedtotheiroriginm)1h,whichexplains
howoneofthespiritsfellinlovewitha
prinulcow.Theresultoftheir lovewasthe
fi!SIKhalkhafamily,whichw:.sbrought
upbytheCO\\:Shefedthe
peoplewithhermilk,
and was responsible
for inspiring them
totakeupc:ntle-
herdingasa
wayoflife
hladO><•hornsol
mtdo.Ma. r.OO_,
-~harr[B'IOd,
: "r::·.:oo
 -<1.~
r~.a Til E TIGER DA\JCE
_;
A Wup
< ~ AbvoritefigureinMongolilnrn)'lhologyisTsagaan
Ebugen (White Old ~bn), who got his name be<:al.l><'.
Tha~•<UISideoed t hewaspk>OO ofhiswhiterobeandhair.Originallyafertilitydeity
"'l'J"""""and\WISlliiOO I> IISiasko! hewasalsoconsideredtobeagodofanimals,birds,
"'~i10JIIoelosho!otheraooturoo.
riwrs,andmoum~ins.llecarriedastafftoppedwith
adragon'shead,whichpeoplebelievedheusedto
healanimals,ormJ.kethemiiL Heludaspecial role
T HE EAG LE THE WAS P toplayinthewekomingofthenew}·ear,soevery
AN D THE slvALLow · yeara~lktmJ.ndressed asTsagaan Ebugen would

Atthebeginningoftime,theeagk--llteking
offlyingcreatures-wonderedw·hattocat.
Soh<-askedthew;c;pandtheswallowto tastethemeatof
I arri,·eatthep\:>ec wherepeople
gatheredtocelebrate.Atigerskin
" 'oul dbedisplayed,whichthe ol d
manwouldbeatwithhisstick,
all living things and ttl I him which w:tS the best. The wJSp
flewquicklytoeacbcreature,bitiugintoits!kshate'·ery
stop. The swallow. on the other hand, spem all h is time
I symbolically killing t he
animal and acquiring its
snength He woul d then
flyingacrosstheblueskyand forgotabouthistask.At begintodan.:::eanddrink
the end of the (by, the two met up and the swallow asked largeamoumsofakohol,
the W:lSP which meat tasted the best, to which the wasp umilhe"':lssodrunkthal
replied"humanllesh."Buttheswallowthoughtthat hecouldnolongerdance.
eatinghumanscouldbrmgtroubletotheeagle.ltbit
offthewaspStonguewthatallitcoulddowasbuzz
Tl~n the swallow told the eagle that snake meat tasled .,. Mo ng olian~ go rmosl<
lheull'"·• •ymbolol"t>~ryond,.,...
thebeSI,andeaglesluvelovedtocltserpentScvcrsin.:::c
I Ote,wa<'""""""led '" ma'buseO
le<mai'l'jdll!eo(lntMooyohanntual$

·------·--------·
THE S\VAN W01\\ AN
One day. a man saw nine swans flying xross Lake Baikal in southern
Siberia. Afterlanding,thebirdsremovedtheirfeathereddressest o
bathe, transforming imo beautiful young women. The man hid one of
thedresses,sotlwwhentheyfinishedb:ltlling,onlyeightoftheswans
could fly avoay. After wooing the relllJinmgswan woman, he made her
hiswife.andtheyhad llsons.Oneday,shepleadedwithhimtolet

~;~~~~.~~~~~l~e~~~~~Jeq:~~:·;~~::~~~~~~:er!~. ~~~~~:::g'!:~
1
~
fromescaping.Butherealizedtlwshewamedtolea,-edespewtely,so. VJ

afler.t heirsonsh:ldallbeenn~med ,~ 0
:~~ ~":~~::;~a~;~~·"a~~~-.on ~
~' z
~~.e~/ -./o - Gl
~~;;:~sa g«« -~~
roo.lhe~aditiona!Mongolion • Athomo ogain
-ha••,q.ljghthwas~ Afrorl:ocld ingl•r""""'lloheofamil-j, lhe"""n
t l~rsthat lheswanv.o)ltl3nhoed wornankwaroundlhr)lf)(ll,bless'r>g 'l"nd
173
rotyro-homOOthusOOOO IOOnreluonOOtoh«naiiWOOrooooihtllake_
.. _ Jj
I~" 1111>~'
,!Jo

)I
11:1
~ .k
~rd-

lh

.. H.c~~ooo..
. ob.
4111'"'"''"·
""" >ftl
.... n, ,f Al1

...,.,~W•JSIAirica.
.....
i!d.,...l_on_llld

olk•"'"
~"'"'
•f•l!ludol

,j
"'~
-~. 1

-
-
~
,._,.
.

)
•

'·
prolo~~· ""'"lt'""'"
tl<olll"t < · • ---
at•l<•tJapolll;ar •
THE EPIC OF
GESAR KHAN
Told by both the Tibe tan and the Mongol peoples, the story of
Gesar Khan is set in Ling, Tibet. The myth describes a time when
the people were oppressed by warlords, treachery was rife, and
famine was endemic. It is based on the life of a brave hero called
Gesar, who came to the rescue of his people, battling with
traitors and demons until the kingdom was fin ally made safe.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · ----------
TilE 1\ \YTII
GesarwasoriginallycalledJoru,andwasthesonofa dmgon
prince~ who lud taken rhe form of a ,;erv:mt girl called
Duden. When her pregrunq bt:carn~ apparem, the Queen of
Ungrhrewherour ofthe<::JS!Iebeca:usesbebelil!seddurher
lmsl:xmd, KingSinglen,wa;.thefat heroftheunbornchild
\VhenJoruwasborn,heseenJed unremark.1ble.lle " '35
shonandugl)~andwrymischievous.Somedislikedhirn,
especiafly the kingSbrolher,Todong,apower-hungryrnan
whosensedthat joruw..sdestioed forgreatrJeSo; He tried to
lm\'ejorukilledbuttheboyes-:aped,andD:redentookhim
tohveinthewoods,awayfromda ttger.llegrewupintoa
lundsorneyoungrnan,skilledinshape-changing.
Hll: C ONTEST f O R KIN G SHI P
Ges:trreturnedtotltepalaceafterreceiving
amess.1gefromaBuddhtst m<;>nk,named
Padma.sambluva,thathew::tSde>tinedto
becomeasaviorofhispeople. Onarri"ing.
hefoundoutthmthekingh.adleftona
pilgrinmge,andTodong \.1-ashopingtoru le
inhisstead . lntheguise.ofaprophetic
ra"en,Ges:trtoldTodong that hecouldrule
Lingifhe>taged:>ndwonahorserxe.in
which:>n)·onecouldp;trticipate.Hecould
also marl)' Sed~1n DugmO----<l beaut iful
woman who led an unhapp)' life with
hermise.rlyfather,but who w::tSdestined
tobe<:omequ.-:en.Ana:::complishe d A P..:Imau rnbh.o••
Alluddhlst""""namedl'a<kna<arrtlh"""'!Jirod
horseman,Todongorganized!herace 8odihr51Jlinfi00t Oi t008thcootufY.I'-'-00by
becausehewasconfidentofhisvictoty. l"h(anBudrtusts.OOO$OOOO<'I$a$(l(>)"l;!flOOohl
• GilaJ Khn
A#il lod nilar,GC$0r
hadahoiS8caiiOO
KyangGohr'<ar,whld<
"""'~ong .nd r6011....,1
It "~ decreed dtat t l~ witmer of the rxe would become king
andmarrySechanDugmo.Ges:trdefeatedTodongeasily,and
be<:arnethe KingofLing, " ithSechanDugmo::tShisqueen
While Tibet prospered under Ge~ms rule, Todong plotted
tousurphisthronebyallyingwit hamonsuousdemonCJ.lled
Lutzen. Ges..1rfoughtthe demon,and choppedoffits 12
heads.But LutzenSwife.astunningeoch:uuress,seduced
Gesar bygivinghim:.cupof winedut made him
forget everything but her. Heforsookhiskingdom,
whichfellintodeclineattd \\ astakenoverbya
dernon klngcalled l\ urkar.
T liE RETU RN OF GE SAR
Sixyearsbter,Ges:tr"sbrmherfoundhimand
toldhimwhathadhappened.Gesarreturned
tohiskingdomdtsguisedasaborskilledin
metalwork. Heusedhisskilttodistr:;ctand
killKurbr,whilehismendestroyed !he
demon"sarrny.Afterthis,hehadtodefest
anotherdemoncattedShingt i, whohada
virtuousdaugh!er.~spitehisenmitywi! h
Todong,Gesarw:>Sfon d ofTodong"sson,
andarrauged hismarriagetoShingt i"s
dmtgh!er. Thecouplebecamehe irstohis
throne,end ingtheconflictwithTodong
 TilE BIRTH OF GESAR G ESA R'S BATTLES
Dr.edenwasashaf"'<'hanger,whoh.od trnruformed
intoahumangirlwhmshein.lch.'eltently""ndelffi
farawayfromherhomeandtookshelt.rinthe
kingdomofUng.C>tlenight , shehad a prophetic
dn:am , lnwhichagro:..,Jonlwldhetth•tshewoukl
givebirthwhcrcoumry~!-l'ior.Ninemomhs

later, aneggpoppedomoflv:rhead.Shenursedit,
andhersonhatchcifromtru:egg.Dztdennamed
himjoru,andhegrewupwlxastrongman

.. t.lo kh

==~lh
aplat....,~the 'f libotan iW<Ird
KooiunMoontloii$!Wid (;(n~.,~ti11<:11rgKu """
Grwt,.llt malal"'•., t¥JnWMJa<a tnela....,..,"""'cruld
K••hmw, i•beiHWedl'f klga fm woop:mfakdoom.
:"'ro!~~bo~

GESAR RESCUES IllS Q UEE.\J

~s..r Khan n:SCU<d his wife . Sec han Dugmo . from a sorry !.te on two
separateocco>ions.BymarT)ingherah<rtheho~rocr.Gesarfreed
Se<:han from a mlser•bk life with her miserly father. He also saved her
fromthedemonKurl<ar,v.twhadseizedG.S;trSkin!)domandimprlsoned
hlsqueen.GesarSdeepaffwionforhisbelm·edqueen«juakdhls
love for his homebnd . which he s.a''ed twl« fmon t)UOI>kall\lle.

A l ho .ham ,.gion
fooml,bmtMaorne<l'twlguonllleKham""J""'oloosto.n
hba\.Geia<Khanan<SedoonOuqrnoM fao(!"MH I IO iheH
tanhtulandkwlng .. bjocts. anddisappea<OOiorew<.

A Racinghor.. o
Ge:la<.ap.XllrntaiOI,tunOOup •ntaneuld oogsbthe
raa><eiJ'III'llldl'I' TcxknJ.but tOOO!OO.rideud"""""
~OIIfined<l...,.asOO."' r aces-ogrillldm:asioos
SEEALS 0Do.onoli0-11.191J-U.Zll-ll • W.,.1 1- l l ~l.!l-99.t0!~ 1 tl-ll.11 1- 19. 1 11i-11.110-11.10Hll
GESAR S PASSING
Todong"ssonmarriedthedaughterof thedemon$hingli , and
thepairbecame!henewkingandqueenofGes.ar'skingdom
lnspi!eof theirdemonlcparentage.theywerevirtuousrulers.
andGesarwascominced that!hekingdomwouldbesafeln
theirhands.ScGes.arandSech•n Dugmodecided to retire
Theywemon • retreattothesideofamountain intheKham
reg:lon . anddisappeared the!lextday.ltwasbelk,·edthatthcy
bad •scend«l either to the ne~t wor1d. or to the pa.r•dise of m
Sbambala . thernythlcalhomeofthespiritklng>
 THE GODDESS AL-LAT
The cultures of the Arabian Pen insula worshipped a number
of deities before the coming of Islam in the 7th cemury: One of
the most important was the goddess Al-Lat, now a shadowy
figure , b ut whose image was once widely seen in West and
Cen tral Asia. Her cult was based near Mecca, the place where
the Islamic faith was later revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.

-·-· ·------------· - ----

~ Goclduo At-t..t
THE JV\YTH CW<!m:!oiAI--L!thal<lOOoo
Al-b.t w~sa popular goddess in many regions of the Arab lo•ndoncarvedrchctlrn
IRlll)'p;J r!.loflhaAF;>b,..-,doj
worldbeforethespreadoflslam.i\part from the Arabian
S<tnolrrlr;lSsiOI".ll'ioNn""lh
Peninsttb,shewasals.owidel)•worshippedintheeastern •-lil:a!hoGrool-Ath!ma
Mediterrall!'anregionandpansoflran.'Essemiallyamoon
goddess,sheplayedavarietyofotherwles.As'abringerof
fenilit};She wasag'?(lde:,; ofthe Eanh, al)d:~lsoadeityoflow~ attheshrineofthe
Moreover.sheW:lSconneetedwiththesun,and,ahhollghher goddess. The word
main symbol was !l~e cresc.>:nt moon, it "''aSse>metimesshown wasfirstau:¥;hedto
wi!hthediscofthesunrestinginit theshlineanend:mt,
andafterhisde:~th,to
HIE Ni\ME O f i\l-Li\T therockth.11marked
Al-LatScuhhadanurnbnoffollowers,espec~t!lyinthecityof hisburialplace.Later,
1:1-iCnearMee<:a,S:ludiArabia. hw:tShomewatribecalled :lSI:tweofthegoddess
theThaqif,whoconsideredhertobetheirpatrondenyThey waspbced onthe
possessedastonecubethatwasheldsacredtoAI-Latandtwo rOCk,so"Al-l:Jt"
othergoddesses,ManatsndAl-Uzz;I-;ltli:tdknown:tSthe becameidentifiedwiththegoddessherself.Thus,thegoddess
dmghters of Albh_M:my cor$ider "AI-Lat" to be derived from wao..initbllylinkeddoselytoaspedficplocebeforehercult
an ancient Ambic spreadtootherplocfsintheArabworld.Shewasapopular
word,A!-Hat(the figure,andpeopleoftennamedtheirdaughtersafterher.
Goddess). According to
another,·ersion , the THE END OF HIE CULT
word!a1referredw After the Prophet Muh.1mmad re<:eil'ed the revd:uton of lsbm,
theprocessofmixing he&weupworshippingthetlm~egoddessesandother
ormotstening.ltwas gods,claimingtheywerefalsedeities. The people of the
associatedwitha.Jewish Arabbn Peninsula-both the Qura)-'Sh, the prophetS own
man:uTa-ifwhousedto people,andotherlocaltribe5-renouncedthl-goddess,and
makeamixtureofcblifled herohrine"'aSdestroyed . ThecultofAl-Latremainedinother
buuerandb.uleymeal, pansoftheregionforawhile,butdedinedaslslamspread
whichhesel"\'edtopilgtims xross \\btAsia.Asaresult,linleisknownaboutthegoddess
today. Some ancient Greek texts ha,·e compared her 10 Atheru
(su pp.36-37}, or to Aphrodite (se, pp.JS-39)_They memion
TheNat.ataeaMofPetta.onJo<dan
""""'iWld lltlu Shara. a big~ god and thatA I- Lat\>."aSworshippedalongsideagod,probablyDim
Lordof thoMounta•M,aloo_polo)AJlat Shar:J,whoresembledtheirwinegodDionysius(seepp.J-1-35)
Ti l E DAUGIITERS OF ALLAII ~-
j
~~':;;,::;~:: "~~::,:·::~::~:.:::~~oc~~:~ ~::;~
thtot herS)1nbolsofAl-Latwert~sheafofwheatandapotof
' b
lncen>~:.AI-Uzu(thcSnongOne) , agoddessofthemornlnga•ld
eve!\ing stars, r.!pro:s.:med love as wdl as war. ~he was >imilor
I I
IOin.anna{supp.l5·1-55),andwasof•e"shownwithbigcats ,
creamn:sth.t•wen:sacredtoher.Shewasanlmponam<kltyof
"'N'~'"""'"''''"),woo""'""'ybwof'""'P'''"'"" y~
inPena,butalsoworsllippedherfromrooftopsandnearocacia

~:h.~:::·~:::~;;;:;~.~:;~~~~ r~i:. ~7"~: . 1

"l~m
•\
hertopursuethcirrnemies.HnS}mbolwasawaningmoon , and
shewasoftenshownasanoldwoman,holdingacupofdeath. Man.,

------- --------- · ---

THE NABATAEANS
n~eao::km people of jon:Lm. Carwn. and pans of non hem Arabia"'""'
knownas!heNalwaeans.Mainlytraders, theyoonucllcd theoosesand
roadsof theregion,andchargedmerch.mts totr•velacrossthoeirlands
By thoeJrd-\stcemurtes OCE. theyhadbecomesoprosperousthatthey
buih thoemagnilicemcityoiPetra.withmuneroustempks.tombs,and
othoerbuilding-;hoevmdirtetlyoutofcliffs.Althoughlh<NaOOtaeansleft
linleinthewayofwriting, it isbelievedthattheyworshippedearly
Arabiandeities , espedallyDhuSharaandAI -Uua.Theirrulewded
in 107 a when the area was conquered by a Roman emperor, Trajan

<OI TbtMonootoryltPitro,Jordan

·----
The~OOtaoousmta!OOiheCial.stcalao:httocltfaollhePornan•."'lh
otsoolumRS..,do;.-namen\l. """"""'·""'"fof thebuoldi"'J••nPoua
L--~-=-----------' -•crootOOtrycamnghlrnd""'llyootolthe$011ds\Onolclott>.

------------------
DEITIES OF THE SKY
lnancirnt tirnes.thepeoplesoiWeSiaOOCentraiAsialookedtothe
i .------------.
skil:sford>eirtn<»~promine:mdeitie<.Their li;-eswereruledb)'d>eheat ..,... cWiwretol'dleADb

- .............-..........-
olthe<urtandbytheinf~mrains,bothofwhichwereo>OCess;oryto wotkl ~.-.pa
growcropsandensuresurvival . 1heybtcameskilledatpn:dictingthe .... lbePfdoe d::llwonldp.•dle-1dlfoapdMo.t
weatherandseasonalpattents.attributingOOthtotheocti•itiesolthe dle-..don ....... lbe1131dio......_

":"....:~
w<Js.Apartfromthe tripil:gOOdesses,theotherskydeities'-liOrshipped
by the ancient Semiticculturts wen: Samsu, a runw<Jdess, \\'arihu, •
godold>emootJ,at>dHad.od,orHaddu . agodof5tonns

<II Rioingoun

~~;~,::;;.~::,.,\
...
..............
poopleoiW...t.W.
r(l<Jaro!OOsu,.,-leas

:::·~::.,\
__.,.
...........
d"'inoJiheoighlor<l
lh(l!)W)n\01Spore0
1111....,.. 181
o::e!OO<abOncw""'$1\op.
 SOUTH ASIA
The mythology of South Asia is dominated by Hinduism , a religion that has
evolved over several millennia. With its thousands of gods and goddesses,
Hinduism has one of the largest bodies of mythical narrative in the world.

Hinduismishighlyd iverse . hhasnoones;l.Cred text,and EPIC PO EMS

no fonnal statement of belief. Probably the most ancient The classic texts of Hindu literature are
oftheworld"smajorrehgions,ithasevoh-edsteadil)•, wriuenintheancient&mskritlanguage
producingcountkssstoriesofthecosmosandof Theyarefullofstoriesaboutallthesedeities,
thedeities.Thismakesitstraditionsextremel)' coveringtheir,·ariousroles in thecreation
complex, but at the heart of this complexity ~nd histO!}" of the cosmos, as well as their
liesthebelidthatallthedeitiesareaspects appearances on Eanhandrelationshipswith
of a single, ovemrchingrealit)' ~. . . . . ., . . . humanity. Two major sources for these
storiesarethetwogremepicpoems,the
V EDIC DEITIE S Ramayana and the Malwbharala, the latter

~!~ ;~~e:~:~~~·~~~e~~:~~~\~~!~:ur ~JZ~~=::.~~~:',:-::~

ofwhichisthelongest poem in world
liter:uure. Althougheachofthesepoemslus
bookswhosestoriesprob.1blydate1othe A•mtoootNano:li .. s h,..·•'J'ltakoopoofacos anarmt ivetheme- theRamayanaisthestory
2ndmillenniumBCE, thoughtheywere tbarr'l.iln$hnna.,R'I0$1ll)<n~l)l$hova ofl.ordRanm"slifeonEarth,theMahablwrala
wrinen down much later. in around 800 liCE thestoryofarivalrybetweentwofamilies
Theoldestof them,theRigVedQ,comprises
just O\'er 1,000 hymns, each addressed 10 a dei1y ~!any of
+ andofagreatbattle--theybothcontain
muchothe r materialandarerichcollectionsoftalesofdeities
JheseearlyVedkgodsandgoddessesrebtetospecificaspects and people. Thesestoriesliveonaspanofareligionwith
of the uni"erse or the elements. Among the most prom inem millionsoffollowersinlndiaandelsewhere. They also forma
areAgnLgodoffire,Surya,godofthesun, Vayu,godofthe m}1hologythmcontinuestoinspirepoets.storytellers,and
wind,Pritlwi,goddesso[JheEanh,andlndrn,chidofa\1 readersfromoutsidetheH indutradition,allovertheworld.
theVedicgods,whohasahighlycomplexandpowerful
personalny. Thetextsabouttheseancientdeitiesstillauract 1' Hindut.m~lo MBhubanH hwar.lodio

m~nyreaders,bothfortheirpoetryandforwh.1ttheysay l31gOHiodutllmploo31eollllndooJra!OO..,thhoghly
oi"OC."~"""""'JS lhios!I:Jn<M'<W~ dapicts..,..ooa.
aboutthebelidsofearlypeopleinSouthAsia rnlhaiMrSo\lhogods<nlgcrdde:<s<rsarrdprwdas
arichreoodol thamo,ottrologyol lliodursm
JliNDU DEITIES
lnthecenturiesaftertheVedas.anothergroupofdeities
carnetoprominence.These,thecemmldeitiesofl!induism,
includetheprorninenttriadofBrahm~theCrea10r.Shivathe
Destroyer, and Vishnu the Preserver. VishnucomestoEarth
inaseriesofman ifestations,oravatars. indudingtwo-Lord
Ramaandl\rishna- whoareworshippedasgodsinthe ir
ownright.Aroundthesefiguresclusterdozensofother
deities--frompopuG.ronessuchastheelephant-headed
Ganesh, Remover of Obstacles. to the various manifestations
of the Great Goddess Devi- \\ho pby prominent pans in 187
l!indureligionandm)1hology
 THE VEDIC GODS
Some of India's earliest myths are derived from
the Aryans, people of Central Asian origin
who migrated to the region during the 2nd
millennium BCE. Their myths were recorded
in sacred texts known as the Vedas, which
emphasized belief in gods that controlled the
--- ------------- +---- - - - - - - - - - - -
IND RA
Thegodofthunderand rain,lndrawasthechiefofthe
Vedic gods and known for his~trengthand virility. lie
usedhispowerful•·ajra(thunderbolt)toanackdemons
who interfered withtheprocess ofcreation.orthreatened
life. A popular mph tells how lndr:l gained hissupremxy
over the ot hergods. Once. Vritr:l(also knownasAhi.
theserpemoldrought)sw:tllo~>.-edthecosmic":uersand
heldbackrains.Mostgodsranawayinfright,butlndm
pierced theserpem;;bod)' with his,·ajra.~llowingthe
vital waters to flow once again. lndm W:IS worshtpped
asaproviderofcattleandadeity~>.hobroughtmaterial
we~hh ~nd wellbeing. The warrior classes especially
grewtoreverehimbecauseofhis
manysuc<Xssesinbaule.
His presence was usually
signalled by a rainbow
in the sky.
188
natural world and could influence human
well-being. Chief among the Vedic deities
were figures such as Indra , Agni , and Surya.
These early deities were often known as the
Adityas, or sons of Aditi, the goddess of
space and mother of all creatu res and deities.
..,. GJw• rof[jt.
Suryars:l(lfl'l(l(messh<Mn l>:ol<liogtotus~ s
In hos hands. who:h ,.,..ereot lha deoty"s ~IOHJI•II>"J
~oHioattondanUI"""""'!IW!ooolefigul"'
who:ryn'tiQOialhai>M:>p/I(ISOiollhadawn
'I Th••og• AifiiStya
lnlhai!Jrrrara""l""'w200-03!.1i<Ja•!\<lreall<
allyrmasrocial<ldwoiiiSuqaiORamahctoret.s
l>lttlawollllhaderronbng.Ravana. ltl!bel""""
lhat helntto11.1C8d'kdlcreligooo ln iO.oothcmlndia
SURYA
Also known as
Savitar{Giverof
life).Surya.thesun
god,watchedovertheworldby
day,andw:~Ssaidtobringlight,
knowledge.andlifeitSI:".Iftoitsinhabitants. He traveled
acrosstiW!skyinachariot"itbasinglewheel.signifying
thecycleoftheseasons. Hischarioteer,Aruna,thegod
of themorning,shie ldedtheworldfromSurya"sextreme
heat . Am)1htellshow&lnjaru.agoddesswhotTUrried
Surya,couldnotbearhisbrighmess.sosheturued
herselfintoamareandhidmtheforesl . \VhenSurya
foundher,hechangedintoastallionandfatheredseveral
childrenwith her.He~reedtoredu<Xhisbrilliance,and
thep;!irreturnedtotheirpalaceinthehea,·ens

VAYU
Vayu w:>S the god oft he winds . One of~he
of the Rig\\>daponraysVa)'U:>SCitherthebre3th
ofPurljsha,theprimalhuman (seep.l9J),orasbei tlg
createdbyPurusha~bre:uh.Accordingtoamythabout
Yayu. the god lost some of his power when he was
expelled from Moum Meru,thehomeofthegods
VayuauxkedthemoumJininreuliJ.tion,andde,;pire
resbtancefromGmuda,thekingofthebirds,hetore
offthe.tipofthemoumainandthrew itimotheocean,
whereitbecamethe isbndofSri lank:l
Luermythshavede scr ibedVayu:ISa
servamofthegodVishnu
andhisconsort,the
goddesslakshrni
(suppl96-97).He
w:>Sa change:ilile
character, a!
• Godoffiro
N..,.. ousacr:Q<JnUol~n.dep<:1 hnna.a
lhr(j9.t.aa<ladfiguwrOII(IaQOOillrlam.W•th
ftaroos"""'ll(l"'l"'"""""'"''"'''"',_..
hymns
AG N I
whichwcreallseenaslus
manifeSI:Uions.A5ritualfire,Agnitookmessagesfrom
humanstothegods,hissmokeindicatingwheresacrifices
werebemgmade."hilethefirelttatfuneralp)·rescarried
thesoubtoheaven.Agni , whowasthesonofPrithvi
(lllother Eanh. sup./ 10) ~nd Dyaus (Father Sky), was
saidtoha,·ebeenbomthreetimescfirstfromwater.like
thesunrisingabol'etheS<::t;thenfromtheair,aslighming:
andfimllyonEarth,intheformoffirethatwnskindled.
Hewassohungrythatheatehisparents,andthengrew
tongues to lap theghee(clarified butter) offered ~t altars
+----
VA RUNA
Thegodofthesk);\':lrumwasthecelestialbwgiver.He
wasthem:lSteroftherules thatgovernedsacrificesandof
theorderthatdictatedtheseasonsandtheannualround
ofro"ing:~ndharvesting. SorneeJrl)'lll)1hsdescribehim
ns acre:ttOr god, who formed the worlds of heaven, middle
air.andEanhbyhiswillpov:eralone. In another story, he
wasaruleroftheheal·enlyocean,
but ~fter a war with the demons,
thegodsre:~llocated
their powers and
Varun:J~ametheruler
ofthe westernskyand
oftheelrthl)'>eas
Hisruleextendedtothe
tides,andhewass.:lldto ~
0
bethepatrongodof (j
sailors and fishermen Gl
0
<II! Th•godoftho •kr • od .. • • ~
'131<n!llldaam¥¥~a"'f(Joroi
baastthatwa• pan·crorodileand l&l
panbh.lli> rrountwauoonas
uynb:joiWllt\Kar>IIU<t•l•ty
SHAlSO ....... UidoO•lllHH.118-l9.m -l.l • llsoootr""I• I >IH9.1\&il,162~
 BRAHMAAND
THE CREATION
Over their long history, the Vedic religion and Hinduism have
produced a number of creation stories. Some involve a primal
creator- Prajapati (Lord of Creatures) or the god Brahma-
while other myths explain the creation of th e various life
forms, including humanity. They are told in the conte.'.:t of
a cyclical notion of time, in which the universe will one
day come to an end and a new era of creation will begin.
--- ------------- + ---
THE MYTH
lnthebeginning,thegod Brahma, thel,ordo!Crt-atlon,
spread his light around the universe and becant~ the
essence of all things . He ~lso ~mbodied time, presiding
over~ cycle of exiSience ott a uuly cosmic timescale. One
d~yand nightofbtslifewass.1idtobst4,320milhon
humanyears,and;,.,henthisperiodwilsovn,thecyde
of creation would come to an end as well. A N E V ER-C~I A N GI N G FORM
One oft hebeingscre~ted byBralnnatobringlight into the
DAR K A N D LIGttT worldw:lSabeaut ifulcreawrec.111ed Vak(Word)_Accord ing
Brahnta med it~ted, comempbling whalthe uni,·erse would to some ''ers1olb of this creation stO!)', Brahma and Yak
belike.andcreatedanimagebasedonthisvision. But he coupled,~ndwhiledoingso,theychangedthetrform
realized thJt since he was ignorant of wiL1t the universe cominuously As a result, they produced every kind of anitml
would actually become once it came into existence, what speciesthm populme the E:mh. However. other versions
he had created was merely an tmage of this ignorana:. say tlta~ Yak, considered to be the cre:ttor's daughter, was
He discarded it. and it bec:nne Night . Soon Night began unwilling to mate with him. When he persisled. she turned
wprodua:darkchildrenofitsown,who~rselfintoad"eerandfled.AhhoughBrnhmapursued
became the first demons. When these and ought up with her, he was un:tble to impregrute
herwithhlsseed,whichfell tod-.egroundand
becamethefirstntanattdthefirstwotn.11L
creationonceagain. SinceBmlnn.1h."ldchangedhisshape
Ashemeditated.hega,·eshape1o continuouslytocrt-atedifferentlifeforrns.he
asuccessionofbeings,suchasthesun was5:lidwbepresentinall h,·ingbeings.But
andtheotars,whichbegantoemit despitehisomnipresence.Bmhmaslsofuda
lighttob.1la1~e the darkness of Night. C--'::::: horne,thegreatcil:ldel-paL-.::eofthegodson
According to some accounts, it was at ~ topofthes.1ered mountain, ~!eru . Mount ~leru
th is point that Brahm a created the se'·eral A l.o1usllow.r was at the very center of the Hindu cosmos:
!;:', ;,:r:;~~~:: ~::::;;,."7 from its slopes, the s:o::red Ri\'er Ganges 11owed
]!X) born from a lotus hat that (IIOW down in four stremns, each of which r:lll
on the"""'"olaroiiMiderty.fb)afl'l~ towardsm-.eofthe fourcardiml points.
CREATORS
Differentacrountsoflhec..,a!ionstoryh>se
oftenusedthenamePrajapati(Lordof
Creatures)fortheprimalbeing.Somemyths
asso::taoe thedl:ityVIshnu(seepp/96-91) ~.::,;:;...,
\\id>Praj•pati,andBrahm.olss.aldtohlve lhemoanl
be<:nbornfromthenavelofVishnu.Tiv: pbno!S"'1he$l<y '(fj
!itle "Pmjapali" isalsoUS«<forBrahmaand -;1}};
histen "mind-l:>o rn"sons,whopbyakeyrolein
creahonbygivingfonntogods,humans.andanimal>. ;\:
TI>eHindupanthronindudesotherfigures,suchas
Vislw•akarma,wOOembodiescrealiw!X"'uandwisdom
andisoonsider<dthea,..,hitfftofthecosrnos.

TH E GOD O F CREATI ON, 13RA HMA

IWASJ BO RN O F TH E GO D HEA D
T HROUG H J\CED ITATI ON BEFO RE TH E
\VATERS O F LJFE \ VE RE CREATED. .I. Vi o!lwakanl'la
Tha'jOdVisttwahrma i••••ulltysOOwn'"noondOO
l'l' thekili thatOOusOOtocrrolllthaUII""""'-Ila"
abo<liiiSi.,....loboanaspoctol&lhrru

----------·------ --- +
CREAl ION AND NA ! U RE
AnearlycreationmythmentionsPurusha.the
primalhwnan , whosplithirnselfintoamakand
afem.tlehalft].,,maredandga,-.:b\nhrn\"ar\oUs.
lifeforms.lnan<Mherv(r>ion,toldinrheRig\'tdt!,
Puruiha~reartdrhe Hinduca>tesfromdifferent
partsofhisbody,wirh rheBmhmins(prie>ts)
emergingfromhishead, rheKshurips(""'riors)
fromhisanns, rheVaish)"as(fdnntrs,ariisans,
andrr.ukrs)fromhisthighs,andrheShudt'lls
(v•orker>)fromhisfeetln).. tanorhermyth , rhe
firs:rhwnan,calkdManu,creartda"i!efromone
SHIVA
A member of the triad o f great Hindu gods, Shiva (meaning
"auspicious") represents the coming together of opposites-
he is known as the destroyer, but also embodies great creative

titles , ranging fro m Mahadeva (Great God)

to Kaala (Death). He is renowned for his
profound knowledge, awesome strength,
and his cosmic dance, which symbolizes
both truth and destruction.

---- ·----- - -- +----

TilE BIRTII OF SIII VA
Oneday.Brahrna:mdVishnu,\ereluvingadiscussion
aboutwhoshouldbethesupremedeit)',themost
powerfulbeinginthecosmos.Asthetwogodswere
tal king:apillaroffire intheformofanenormous
pha!lusappearedinfromofthem.ltwassoralltlul
itstipdi~ppe3redintothedoudsanditsbaseseemed
tobeburieddeepintheground
Mystified.Bmhman:msforrned
himsclfimoawildgooseand new
uptofindthetopwhile Vishnu
turnedh imsclfimoaboar,
burrowingdeepdownimothe
Underworld ins.earchofits
roots. Butneithergoxlcould
findwkuthe)·werelooking
for.Justthenatlopening
appearedinthephallus,and
Shivaemerged.lmmediately,
BrahmaandVishnurecognized
rhepowerofShiva.andagreed
th:uthethreeofthemshould
ruletheuni,·ersetogelher.

<( Emorgonco ofShi>a

Sh""'a-soo1o!aJiiaitieW'""n Sh""'"''"'tlycamesa,.... ll .houiiJia"'haped
,.- /inga. W. th oscarvingdepoc~oglos dr'""A<""d• ngtoth&llin<loo , oiSbeatJ<~Cal l s
bnrltChlo!lh&!IO•f<t•lle1'"SI>wa thepmnal "'-""'<l{Anml,w•t h wt.chco!<lbQO
tiqjOOMava{Lo:.-dofthePhalf•sl begananoJwnhwNchitwilfood
THE DANCE OF DEATII
WhenShiv~h::.danatgurnentwith Brahma;tndcutoffoneofhis
heads,abiuerfeuddevelopedbetweenShivaand Br:o.hm~·sson,
Dakslm.So'lhenDakshaheldabetrothalfeastinhispalacetoallov.•
hisd:lughter,Sati,tochooseahusband,Shtvawasnot invited . He
came to the feast anyway and claimed Sat iS g:o.rland when she threw
irimotheair,andtheyweremarried . l:Iter,Dakshaheldaholy
sacrificewherehedidnot irwiteShivJ._Furiousltthisbbnruinsuh.
Smithrewherselfomothesacrificialfireandwasburnedtodemh
AnenragedShivapickedupS:lti'sbodyandbegantodancewithiL
performingrhedanceofdeathtlutthreatenedwbring~nendtoall
creati on_ Tostopthedaru:e. Vishnu
imervened,bringingSatiback SI-IIVA DEFEATS
tolifeasthebeautifuland
Til[ DEI\10 !\IS

ofthemhadthestrengt htodefe3tthese
demons.SoShiv3suggestedthJ.ttheother
godsshouldcombinetheirstrengthand
lendhimhalfofiL This. coup led with
Shiva'saln:adyformidablestrength~and
theabililyto comrolhisp ower~w:<S
enoughforhimtodefeatthedemonswtth
3singk,all-powerfularrow. But when he
hadachie,·edhisvi<:ror)',Shivarefuscdto
givebackthestrengthhehadborrowed
from t heothergods. AndsoShiva
remainedthestrongestdeityofall

1%

SEEAISOo-:.n.tlll-11,115-71.181-10b.m-'l3 • -~1.116-11,1~1 ...

. '·•C
·\'- ~- .:~ .'.t\.
DURGA
The Hindu goddess known as Durga {the Unattainable) usually
takes the form of a warrior. She can embody all the martial
energy in the cosmos and concentrate it to become an
invincible foe of liwse who threaten her fellow deities. She
is renowned as an opponent of demons who threaten the
cosmic order. Like her consort Shiva, (see pp.194- 95), Durga
has a complex personality. Although essentially created to be
a destroyer, in some forms she can also be a nurturing dei ty.

TIIEMYTII
Once, ~ bufblo-demon called Mahisha (or Mahishasura)
acquiredgreatpowerbypracticingsevereausterities. He
:.skedBrahma(supp.l90-91)forthegiftofimmortality,
butwhenhew:ISrefused,hearrog:~ndydem::mdedthathi s Hundreds of
dea!ltshouldbeol)lymthehandsofawoman.Securein demon~ were
the knowledge 1hat he W:lS ahnost irwincible, Mahisha went killed in the
onarampageandattackedt~gods.Realizingthntnone
ofrhegOdscouldvanquish Mahisha,whow:tSprotectedby remainedunl;x>atenanddefiam
Brahrna'sboon,the:dl-powerfului"ityofShiva, Braluna,
arrdVishnu(seepp.l96-97)concemr:lled their comb ined HIE BI).TTLE W ITt\ MI).~IISIIA

divineenerm·.whichbecamemanifestintheformofthe r-earlessl)'.l>bhishawentforDurga'smouru.herroaringlion.
god des; Durga, 1~ epitome of feminine power. Durgagorherne>osearound~ropponentSneckbuthe used
hisslupe-changingpowerandrransformedhimself imoa

r-----
FACIN G UP TO T11E DEMONS lll:ln. DurgathenSiabbed himwithhertrideru,soheswiftly

:,!~:~~;~:~:~~~~::~~~:~ ~~:::::~~~f:~~u~le:,';;:~r
ahon.s~rodeour to confront rhistimehechangedbackinroa
~bhisha a"d his army of demons buffalo and moved out of range
Thegoddesslookedfearle~'md t>-:ext,heStanedrouproot
her face radiated awesome power mount:tins :md throw them at the
WhenthedemonssawDurga, goddess.Shedenected them
theyswarmedtowardsher.but easilyand,advancingfearlessly,
she cut them down in swathes held rhe buffalo-demon down
Shedisp:ttchedsomewithher withherfOOl:tSshesrabbedhim
mace , slew others with her rridem with her rridem and beheaded
and swont and some she bssoed him. The demon slowly emerged
in her noose . Then she rook the in his original fonn,d)·ingand
• DurgabattliftGRoktobij repemam.BrahmaSgifrh.1dbeen
Anotflor d""""' who 1hroot.....,;l1ha god• ""'' llo~tabotiBiood Seed).
who:«ldoOpSolbio:ldcrootOO.-""""'-li"'SOXI<111Sit.l-jtwcl'>o<llhe gi"en: ~bhisl~1lud fimlly been
(IIOOOd l\o(J'Unoodm_,Ka~. wOO.tankllP al lhebloo:landkiiiOO hUJt \'anquishedbyawoman
DEMONS
llindum;,hologyabound>inbeingsknowna>dsums.ordemons
suchasMahisha.Alongwiththedeiti.s.thesedemonswere
ehildrenoftheereatorPrajapati(secpp.l90-9/) , buttheybeeame
theantagoniSisofthedcitlesandwerescena,;beingthepolar
oppositeofthegod,;.Som~:accoumss;~ytha t bothdtegodsand
DURGA:S STRENGT H
UkeShi,·a,Durgahasgreatdestructi•"f!O'I-"'·buttllis,·erydestruction
hasapositio-,sideasit maintainsb.liancebyannihilating threat.>to
the natural oKkr. Durgo~appearanct has thisdualaspect too-her
bodyn>dlates lightbut , lxfirtingherrolea,;thepersonifieatlonof
deSirocrlvefo.-.:e,shelsalsohea•ilyanned.Herweapon,;(below)
show how she embodies the p<l'l-'erofma<>yofthe god> 11>ey indude
lndra'sthundcrbolt , \islnm'sdiscus, and Shi\'il'strident_ Varona~
corochshells),nboliu:stlte\i<:toryoftight<OOUS>te>S. E\-,nlterd>Oice
ofalion(atiger insome\-,rJions)ashermoumindieateslterp<l'l-·er.

• Mahioho bo1tling 0u'VO

Thest.¥-tha.ogiiiQdemooMahlshawas the
errt<)din.:•not<M!O .. ga'1-.-.:IO<'y01 Wl0100\tle
i ((.
..,..mli..OOthe""""walu~otngltiOOJ"""-'
I
---------- +-~ ------ ----
TH E GREM GODDESS
DurgomanifeSishet'SI:lflnS<:'""'Ifonns,allofwhkhareaspec~s
ofMahadevi,thegreatg;xidess.whoisthepersonifieationofshalni
tltefemininedivinetrtelgj' lhat is theo-,ryheartofcrealion.Se'•eral
~ssesareworshippedasfonnsofDurga.llteyincludethefierre
~"" Kali, who emewd from Durga~ brow as tlte embodiment
ofdesuuctionduringthebattlewithMahisha:andS..ti.thewifeol
Shiv a, who was worshipped to ensure maritallonge,it;: Durgoo also
takescaring,gentlefonns,suchasParvali,themothergoddess:
Llkslnni , thegodde;;sof"""lth :andS<Ir•swati , tltetpdde>Sofwi<dom

HJ
 THE RAMAYANA
The Ramayana is one of the two great Indian epics \VIitten in the
ancient Sanskrit language , and a seminal text in Hindu mythology.
It tells the story of Rama, the Prince of Ayodhya and an incarnation
of Vishnu (see pp.196-97) , from his upbtinging, through his e.:... i!e,
to the rescue of his wife , Sita, from the demon king Ravana's
clutches. Through its depiction of the main characters, the
epic e'{tols the virtues of loyalty, kinship, devotion, and duty.
THE MYTH
Oaslwmha, the King of Ayodhp. IL1d three wi1•es who bore
himfoursons:Rama,Lakshmall:l,Siutruglm:t,andBiwrua
Rama"'astheeldestandtheprobableheirtothethroneof
Ayodhp. Asayoungrnan,helearnedairneryfromthesag<!
Vishw:nn it ra. When Rama and Lakshmal'la were older. they
weretakenb)·Vish\\'llllilratotho:cityofMithib.,where King
Janakahadorg:fnizedacompetitiontoselectahusband for
hisdauqlner,Sita.nJecompetitorswererequiredtostringa
greatbowt hatiudoncebelongedtoShr.·a(seepp.J9-1-95).
lbma, who had fallen in love with Sit a, was the only one who
wasable tostringthebow-henotonlystrungit,butbroke it
too. Rama won the com est and returned home with his \\ife
Ri\ M fl.'S EXI LE
The time came when Daslmfilha !ctd to select ~n heir from
amonghissotJS.IlewantedJochoosehiseldestson.R.1tmi,
who,.,asanidealprinceineveryway.BmoneofRama's
stepmothers, Kaikeyi,remindedDasharathaofaboonheiud
• Exitod i•tholo,.sl
;.>()() WbcoRarra, Srla,onrlla'-<hmanaarr....:l rnll>lfo:mt,lheymel ll>l
hoirrr>tswtor;oiM)Oll>)<e,aOOhadlQOOaiJI!Qtholor$0!llflawayoiiMnQ
wllcll--......-dillooootllomll>l lrtaollu>:iXYihatiOOKI(OisblllW.
·.~
~t.::;_~~.-:,-~~~--
.,. l'tinc:oRam•
Ramamsfu"""''"'askilflll
once promised her and
demanded that he make
herson.Bharata,theheirinstead,andsendR.1nuintoexile
sothat hewouldnolposeathreattoBlumta.Boundbyhis
vow,thesadkingbanishedhiseldestsontotheforestfor
1-t)·ears. R;•maobeyedhisfatherunquest ioninglySit:~.and
l.akshmana iiJSistedonaccompanyinghim
Dashara1hadiedofgriefsoonaherR.1ma'sdeparture.
Blurata,whohadbe-enabsentfromthepalaceduring
thistime,wasreca\ledtoascendtothe throneofAyodhp.
Horrifiedbyhismother'sgreed, heinsisJedthat Rmnawas
1herightfulking,andtm•·e\edtotheforesttobringRama
back. However, R.1marefused todisobeyhisfatherS\ast
wish,andBharatahadnooptionbuttoreturnhometo
becrownedasthenext king. He devised an honorable
compromlse$0thmhecouldobeytheirfmlrer:mdshow
respectloR~maatthesametime. Bluratatookapairof
lbma'ssanda\sbocktoAyodhyaandntuallyenthroned
t hem,tosymbolizehis ru\easregentonbehalfofhis
exiledstepbrothertilltheday t hatRamareturned.
Meanwhile,theexilesseuleddown,adaptingto thelu.rd
life of the forest. Ramaandl;lkshmanafrequemlyfought
offdemonswhoattacked t heasceticslivinginthewoods
andthreatenedtheirlives,orinterruptedtheirprayers,
ritua\s , andme ditmion. The asceticsweregratefu!toRanu
andlakshmanafortheirse lnessdeeds. Someofthem
realizedt lut Ranmwasinfactadivinebeing. ))
RAMA AND SITA THE IDEAL O F BROTIIERII OOD
lntheepic,RamaandSitaareponrayedas tlle idealcouple.Rama Brothe~hoodisthemalicallyimegral to theRamaJana. The ideal
winshiswifeinacontestofstr.ngth,andfightsfearlesslytor.scue brotherisLakshrnana-heaccompaniesRama andSita intoexile
herwhenslleisabducted.Similarly.Silaisconsideredtheperlect guardsthem.andaidsRamainhisb.mkswiththedemonsandinhis
devo•ed wife. However, Ram a has been S<:en by scme as a nawed rescueofSita.Bharata , loo.showshis lo•:eforRamabyoverridinghis
h.:rowhofailedto kinglyaspirationsandplacingRarna'ssand•lsonthethrone.
appr.cia1.: Sill~ Shat rughnaissimilarlydevo•edtoRamo , and
goodness by doubting

••
herclustitytwice(<«
p.201).Someaccounts
interpr.tRama'sactions
asbefiningaju.,ruler
whohastoplacr ideals
ofkingshipalxweal l
perS<:m•l bonds

.. Lakohmono
WhooRavana'•Sisteob.OOtotake
""""''J"OOflamalol$pUIOI"lJ

~:=::,1~7.:.':..

rROM THY rEET CAST

f ORTI I TII OSE SAN DALS,

e
I
TI-lEY SI-IA LL DECORATE
TilE Tll RO NE. ,,,m,... ~.....
I
- ·-------·------- +--------------· -
TI-I EEPI C
TheRamaJana,oneofthegreat worksofworld
literature,issa idtoha'·ebeenwriuenby o sage ,
Valmiki. who plays a role in the epic. but may Q.
alsoha,·ebeen a realperson. Varyingacroums
placei!Sdateofcompilationbetween500 !CI'
and200 CE Valmikiprobablydidnolwritethe

mllm ""'m. ~ml '""'~>w<m oddod ''"' ~ ' "'"' '"

theworkwasoriginallycomposed. The epic
primarily dealswiththelifeofltlma.who ~
belongedto the$uryaVansha(lineageofthe -
>w,god)o;Soghooo~
••O•~•g•ofh»
great-gra•." .'•.ther ..Raghu,ag..,at emptror) . ~
.. So110Valm1kl
""
lntha~. valrn~ l$ -

..
$$'1Q(l"""!Ml$"' lha
-.anc~ o~~m .... led
tJ,olb-ruandSita<loonj

:~:~~::~ ~~ ?01
Si1astl!'lrt~OOmll1o;Jil
 SURPANAKI1A
One day, a female demon named Surpanakha lu~ted aher
Ram.1 and L1kshmana. and made .ldvances towards them.
\VIienthebrothcrsrejectedher,sherriedtoauackSita,and
l.ak,;hma!l:lretaliatedbycuulngoffherTJOSe. Surp..1n.1kh~"".lS
infurhredarrhewayRmnaand l.:lkshmanahad treated her,
soshewent toherbrotherlbvana,rheten-headeddemon
rulerofLanb.andinciredhimtoabductSitainrtvenge
Ravaru.sentademondisguisedlSagoldendeerrodistract
RamaandSita . WhenSitawishedtohaverhecreatureasa
pet.R::unawemoffinpursuitofthede.:r. R.wanathentricked
LakshmanaintofollowingR:unaand,h.wingapproached
Sitadisguisedasahemtit .carriedheroffrolanb
RAMA AND 111-\NUMAN
Rmnaa_ndl.:lkshmmubegantheirsearch
'"'·O.'"hmjo·"."''Y.'hro•.•gh.•l•
rest.-tiJe}'Cameacrossthe-monkey..
godHanuman.whoser>edSugreeva,
themonkeykmg.Sugreeva,like
""- '" '"" R:mu,wasalsomexlle. HlSbrother
~ Vahhadtakenhtsphceaskmg
"' o- HanurnJn:>SkedforRarna'shelp
inremovingrheusurper.Sugreeva
challengedValitoaduel.during
which Rama killed Vali. His kingdom
restored,SugreevaagreedtoaidRama.
HattuiiUttdecidedrohelpinre>CUing
Sita.Partiesofrnonkeysweresentoutto
searchforiJer.Aftermanyadl·emures ,
.,. ThodoathofJotayu
WlmR<MmabJI.tttdSita.oooloJ.UturecaladJa~I~"JIO<Id
l<l$.li'Oho<Jatayuattacbldtha<iorr>:M1 bngarxlde$t<<¥J<I
hosdlar !Olb<Jtflavana cutoHh«wmg.so ~nu«J hn n
J,. Tloo fi .. tbaldo
DunngUoebatllo,wli<.Wlol(>'ll:Hmoutoltaloead(>'
armo!flawoa, ai'IGWonegwwinrtsplaoo.Fioally.
Rao.nausedacoOJstJ31woapong-I>,>!O;>Inna
lhnumanfoundSitaimprisonedontheislandfortressof
Llttka.Jtslocationmadel.:lnkadifficulttoattack,asdidthe
bet that R.11-am li:ld an enme army of demons. Hanuman and
hismonkeysbuihabtidgeovertheseasothatthe)'cou\d
anackL1nb.. lnaseriesofbanles,Rama, L1kshmana,
Hanuman, and the other monkers killed the most fe~rsome
demons. Finally, Rama slew R:w:ma and rescued Sita. Then
Rarna,Sita,andLakshmanareturnedhorne
Ramawasunsureaboutacet:ptingSiuasshehadbeena
captiveofR.warn llurranddistressed,Sitaofferedtowalk
throughfiretoproveherchasuty.Sheemergedunscarhed,bur
back in Ayodhf-1, a ch~nce rem~rk by a washennan prompted
RamatodoubtSiuag:~in.Siiesoughrrefugeinthehermitage
ofrl~esageVahn iki,whereshegal'ebinh totwinboys .
Years
larer, Rarnarecognizedrhemashissonsarrdinvitedhiswife
toretumafteranothertti~lbyfire. TiredofcoriSI:~rulyhaving
to prove l~erchastity,Sit~appealed to Mot her Earth to take
herb:;ck.Onheatinghercry,thegroundopenedup
andSitadisappearedintoit

ALLIES
Rama'sgreatestalliesindw:reSUJeofSitawcre$ugreeva,
llanuma n, and their anny of monbys. Hanuman~ great
Slrcngthandpowersofshapt-changingandllightproved
,::;: invaluable.llemade twojourney<tolank.t,thefirst to
~ localeSita ,andthestrondtohelpRamadefeatRavan.t.tnd
I: reS<:Uehiswife.Ha,ingfOI.lndSitaonthefirstjoumcy,he

s ""sdiscoveredbyRavanaSgwrdswhosethlslongtai\on
fiTOC,butlw:surviwd . seltinglankaabJ.u:as lw:escaptd
~ Duringthefinalb.itklnlank.t . rnanyofRarna's"·arriors.
ln<:ludinglakshmana,werekilled.Hanurnanfetcheda
/.\1) magic herb from !lw: Himala)"OS to revin them. He was
rcwardedv.itheverla.r.ingyouthforhisde,'OtiorttoRama

:!
ADVERSA RIES
lnth< R~mdya•a. Ram.tS"'"""""""' referred to as mkshaS<Is,orde!OOils. ThekingofthernOshasas,R.-·ana
Tr.odition.dly, they''''"'' nuhgn btingswho att.ockd women and children waHfearsomefigure"ithlOheads
or~P""Pieatnight,dri•ingtheminsal"'.Prominentamongthe and20anns.Hewasascholarand
dernonshelpingR.'"'"""""tehlsbrodter, anauthorityontl..,'kd.ts.Hepleased
Kumbl>okam.t,ogi.:tntWhOspel\1 onos1of Brahma"ithhisrtgorousausttrities
hislifeslecping,ar.::IRlvan•'sson,Me~nwh, andarrogandysoughtitwulnerability
whohaddefealedhldm(supJ&f)and again>lgodsanddemons.beli.,..ing
wossaidtobeunbeambll:in nohumanrouldhannhirn.Healso
appeasedShh·a.whog•wehima
swonl.l!eisseenaseitherawicked

:;::~:.:::0,:~;';,:;"'
( '
who had potential for
good but was destined
tobtcomee\il

• RI•o no'oowonl
lblanaot~RamJ

WllhlheCflarrJrah""
{mt)(l1 bDit~"'""'""
hadt-liJ"'<lb<rShM>
q • n.. a.. m<rting Kailash
(h:.)llavana""'Jt'edSh""
bymovu>;Jh;•abodea!Moun!
Kallasll,...,..waspo.onl$~

I' O R TI-ll S DEED 0 1'

INSU LT RAVANA, IN TIIY
HE EDLESS FO LLY DONE,
DEATII O F A LL TII Y
RACE AND KJ 1\J DRED
TII OU Sl lALT REAP
JI. Kumbhokar1111
lhoiJ"lfltKurrililkmna hadlnongrvooatoor...OO.obyhecould•ioop
I'ROI\1 RAG H U'S SON I
too •~ 1m0tbsata •~•l:h Whoo he finally """""o lllightlor ll<wooa
fladov.Jst.JI<XIF<l""'';>o"'!'l>ll<wObaong ~IIOO b<ythe~•ooohims<llt
I
+--
THE MAHABHARATA
One of the longest poems in the world , the
Mahabharata is the second of the two great
ancient Indian epics. Traditionally attributed
to the scribe Vyasa , who also compiled the
Ved as (sec p.188) , the poem was probab ly
-- ----------------+ ·----- - -----------
TI-IE M YTII
ThekingdomofH:ISiimpuraw'USruledbyPanduofthe
Bharatldynasty.bndudiedearly, sohisblindbrother
Dhrit;u'astna.became the. king. Hebro1.1ght upPandus
fivesons,knowncollecti'"elyasthePanillwas, alongwith
hisownlOOson,;.calledtheKaur:was. ·
The Pandav:~Sil)curredthejealousyof t heircousinsdue
wtheirrnilit aryprowess,virtuou~conduct,and pOpularity
amongthecommonpeople. WhenYudhisluhir:t,P:lnduS
firstbom,w:~Sdedaredheir-:tpparent:theKattrav:~S,Ied
bythetreldestbrother, Duryodhana,conspiredtokill t he
P:mdava:.. However,theirintendedvictimsgotwindofthe
pbnandescapt;d. To,;ettlethequ;~rretDhritaT:!Shtradivided
hiskingdombetwecnDuryodharuandYudhishthirs. But the
1\:mravc<:;resentedthis. TheyinvitedYudhishthiratoplaya
gameofdice(gamblingbeingoneofYudhislnhira'sfell
weaknesses) , andkeptincre:~Singthestakes, Eventually
Yudhishthirnb:ldgamblcdawayhisweahh. ·
kingdom,andel'etthtsbrothersandwife
The Pandava:.werebanishedfor l2years
THE RO LE OF KRISHNA
Ontheirll:!turn, Duryodhanall:!fu>edto
givebacktheirkingdom,,..ndther'ivals
pll:!paredforwar. Arjum.YudhislnhiraS
brother, ,.-emtoseekthesupportofhis
friendl\rishna , theeightha,·atarof
Vishnu(seepp./96-97). He found
Duryodharl,la\readythereforthesame
reason. Sincebothwerehiskinsmen,
1\rishmgavethemachoice-----oneside
composed by several writers between the Slit
century BCE and the 4th century CE. The epic
centers on a war between two rival families ,
but it also contains the Bhagavad Gita, a sacred
te:xt outlining the key tenets of Hinduism .
• n.• ur.atwar
()oeoltheg raaii>Slcoolk tsiolndianrr~ttiJOOgy. tBmdotorr<IMsoo"'IOOI<;oaot
Ollloio<ok>osaiWilllhe«"tdeoaibeslhooomplexOOtllofor"'"tions•oedl'!'
theto.aos.arodthewaodi~and•uatogoes~l>(bottl•rdao
couldhavehisarmy, another could ha,·ehim _Duryodhan.1
chosethearmy. 'l ht: reasArjumpreferredtolw.l'e Krishna,
whothenofferedtobehischarioteer.
THE BATTLE 1\ND ITS 1\FrERMi-\TI~
The great baule took place at Kurukshena. TI~e Kaur~vas
wereledbyBhishnu , thegrest-undeofboththePandav:.s
andl\aur::tl':lS.DUT)'odhamfoughtwithKarna(sup.56--57)
byhisside. Agreat warriorandadearfriendofDuryodlun.1,
he posed a serious threat to the P~nd:n·as . After~ prolonged
banle,thePandavasemergedvictoriouswithKrishna'shelp ,
andYudhishthirlbeCitnethekingAftern"Jrds,thePandav:tS,
anguishedbythe carnageoft!~eb.1ule,wemonapilgrirnage
with Dmup.1d i (see opposite) to the llimalaps, leaving
/lljunaSgrandson , Parikshit.astherulerofHastinapura
Thejoun~eyw:.slongandarduous,andonebyonethey
died , untilon lyYudhisluhimwasleft. Finally, he too died,
and went to hea1·en, where he was reumted with his fnmily.
KEY CIIARACTERS
Thf:M~habll<lr~ra hasa,"&5larrayofchar..,.ers.
~Lany Ul': ""man. such as Aljuna. tht grur urlw:r
andllis~.Abhllmllp.ocBhishrru.thtLtadtrof
rt..K.aur.n·••n,.~and0fOI'I;I_OITI.I$ICTOreh.r
wllorougllrboththtP.rod.a\.osaodrhc
K.ur.-·.as.Somta..,rt.t\0\0To«<for
dw:ltSIRIIgth.liktBhima,
Yudhlshrhlr.~~Strond brother,

amongthefem.tltch•r.~ottersis
DTllup;ldi.thtsplt11«1doug}nn
ofKingDn.q>oad.owhow"s'"'"'
byArjun.&.butbtt.,roetht,.ifc
ofallthtfi•·cP.ond.o•.as.Shcls
rightfullyourr.~w<Jatb.ing
U5Cdu•~wnlnthrdi""
11""'1!-Aher"innlngt..r.
Oury<Xll~;~"'""'""shisbrothu
d~bl:hcrpubllcly.Dr~upadi~
humlli"lollltlthlsm<uuJeris
~nly..,spon>ibltforthewar.
THE ORIGIN OF
THE GANGES
The Ganges (Ganga) is sacred in Hinduism both as
a river and as the goddess Ganga, who personifies
its waters. According to a popular myth, the Ganges
originally flowed in heaven, before being allowed by
the gods to descend to Earth and flow through the region
that became India. Devout Hindus believe that the river
has the property of washing away all sins.
---------------- + --
THE MYT H
The kingdom of A)·odhp w:l> once ruled by a king n:uned
Sag:u~ who lud 60,000 SOilS. One day, the kit tg docided to
perform the Ashwam<'llhd yagna (horse ~rifice cer~monj'),
tosymbolize hissupremacyoverotherru!ers:Theri!Ual
involved sending hisbeststallionaroundthe Eanh. Anyon~
whowishe<.ltodu.llengethe"king'saulhorilycouldslOplhe
horse;l.n d fighttheking . Whenthegodlndra(seep.l88)
s:JWS.1garn'sstallionro~rningaround ua:::hallenged,he
hiditinthehermitagcofthesageKapib
Tt-IE LOSS O F SAGARA'S SO NS
Attxioustoretrievehisstalliott,!l~ek i ngtoldallhis
sottstolookfor t hemissinghorse. They found it
in Kapila'shrnnitage. Thmk.inghimtobethe
thief,tl~eyoungandarrogantprincesbeganto
insuhhim. lnfuriated.thes:Jgeturnedthem
to:tSheswithasinglegbnce . S;J.gar::.p\e:lded
withKapibtolibermethesoulsolhissons.
butthesagereplied t luttheycouldbe
liberatedonlyiftheGanges,asacredriver
that flowedinheaven,camedowntoEanh
andflowedovertheir<tShes
J. G•ngoonh..-moun1
lhe.....,n t~!tlogo:;ddesso~dl(l
Mtd>na.""""' llasl0000o1v<J
toldhunthattherh·erw:tS a tH)';(Idd(l ~rot IS SO<T'I(!I "')OS
extremdystrong:mdflowed,"ery sll(JNnWJi htbatail ola'sh
swiftly,unlikeanyeanhlyriver.lt
wouldcJuseterribledeotruclion if it were allowed to flow
fred)'- The w:uersoftheGangeshadtobecom:Jinedin
somew·a):Finaii)•,Shiv:Jagreedtoallowthcs.xredriver
toflowthroughhismanedhair. He told Bhagirntha!lw
afterbreakingthefJllofthemightyriver,hewouldensure
thmitfollo\\edwhicl~e'·ercourseBiugirnthatook
T l1E W ATER S O f THE GA NGE S
Sotheragingwatersoftheriverca.scadeddownto
Eanh.bri nginglifetotl~e landsoverwhichitflowed,
butwithoutcausinganydestructive floods. The place
wl~eretheGrutgesfirsttoud~edtheEarthGlllleto
beknown:tSGangotri. Theriverflowedoverthe
asl~esofS;J.gara'smanysons.liberatmgtheirsouls,
whichtl~enrosetoheaven. Eversince,devOiees
luvebehevedth.1tthew:llersoftheGangeswJ.Sh
• Tom ingtt..G• ngu
Pa•.<agothro"'}}IShova"1hanlaroo:IIOO ir l&g<IOII(I
OOt dangorouswatorsollheGafiiiO'bysloY.·""JtiS
""'~rxt spl rttmglhen-.J< "'tosep(N•Iathannets
 .~
KEY CHARACTERS
Themainchanoctersinthestoryofthe
originof theGanges,besidesSJ.gara.are
KapilaandBhagirath.o:bothwerewis.
anddevOiedtodMrnra(mor.tlduty).
Kapila~powercamefromhism·erence
TilE GOD DESS GANGA
TI>eRiverG.ongesiS\OCOrshippedasthegod<kssGanga.adaughterof
,-;; 1 lhmavat(rneaning"snov; ..dad"), thepersonificalionof thel!imalaras
, • Accordingtoamyth,thegoddes.sagl"<dtomarryKingSh.ontanu
_.
I pro,idedhedidnotque>~ionanyofheracrions.

forVIshnu(supp.J96-97)andhis _, ..-

~;:;~~~~-~;;~~h~~~~~t by ~ I wereborn . WhenthediS!raugiHking•sked

J --v hertheru«m,>hesaidshtwa>do:Siined
natural di>;~S[ers, so he went
lhmalayasanddidpenancetoabsol\'e
thesinsofhisp.roecesso~
to~"'

.
'\'\
,
I togi,·ebirthtodi\inebeingscaUed\\Hto<,
wil<l were doomed to be born as humans.

• s h<oguatho

~1......_... ,-£:::_
SioceBhagoralhawure~~lble
lolbtoJJJUWJIOORiwrGa-•
I
(.!7"r-v--
,~"-' ~~
r.-"::. ~~:=1=~~00
kr;:;wn& theBhagu alho

::=~~~
sa"allC<lun trltheRille<
li:Jfi!J<I$~them.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-------------- ----
- - -- TH E SACRED RI VE R
Allri,·ersaresa.:redinHinduism,and
ritual purificationbyriv.rwaterhas
alonghistoryinsouth<rnAsia.But
th<watersof t h<Gangesare~spectally
sacredandartbelie••edtobeapowerful
curati•·e.Bathinginth<Gangeswash<s
awayallthepasts.insofaperson.Andif
adeadper>on'sashes•reimmnscd inthe
Ganges,theirsoulisfreedfromthe
unendingcycleofdeathandrebinh.Many
1\indusoimtobatheintheGangesatkast
"""" intheirlifetirneandhopeth.uafter
theydieandarecremattd.th<irrelab•·es
"illbeableto scatttrtheirashes in the
holyrhnCI'urityiscoos.ideredanorher
sacreddutyo!Hindus.sopilgrimsglve
almstothesagesandpoorpe:opleli•ing
ontheb:tnksoftheri\U

"' Pr..,• rc• remonr

(verydaojal<undown,deool<•"pay~o
IOtheRil'orGalliJOSW!Ih ....... s.lighl<>d
lam~.aodthachao~ngolmaotoa•
..._. ... ~ ...........
 EAST ASIA

Both China and japan have complex mythologies involving many liwusands
of gods, goddesses, and spirits. For centuries these beings have played a
central role in the lives of the people and their rulers.

Chin~ h:;sbeenameltingpot of religion and

mythologyforthousandsofyears.Titegreat
richnessandvarietyofitsbelidsystemscomes
fromseveralsources.First,thecountryde\'eloped
manytraditionalde itiesovertltethousandsof
yearsduringwhichitsgreatcivili:w.tionwas
fonned. later, in the 6th and 5thcemuriesK:~,
three m~jorbe liefS)'St emsfurtltershapedChirtese
thoughtandmythology:Con fucianism,a
philosophythatemphasizesritual,socialorder,
and duty; Daoism. which stresses harmony with
nawre;and Buddhism,whichembraceswaysof
avoidingtltesufferingoftlteworldthrough
fol\owingtheteachingsoftlteBuddhahimself
toattainmnerpeace.
PANTIIEON OF IMM OR TALS
Of the three tr:Jdit ional Chinese be lief systems,
Confucianism did 11ot involve the worship of
gods and spirits, although Confucius himself was
revered as~n immon:tl ~nd became a figure about " ' - - - - - - '
whom various myths were told . Daoism. on the
J. TIM gocldou l uo SIMn
JAPA N ESE MYTHOLOGY
lnjap:m.m)1hologydevelopeddifferently,
ahhoughthere,<>SinChina,theinflueoceofthe
VMiousdeitiesandBodhis.:mv:.sofBuddhismw.'l>
also strong. ~lore central tojap:lnese rnphology,
though.arethethousandsofspirits,orkamLwho
aresaidtoinhabnthebnd. Vinuallyeverjthing,
whetheranimateorirunimate--everyplace,rock,
lake, tree.creaiUre-lwsitsbmi,a kind of spirit
th:u has inlluenc:e over hum:m life and th:u must
be respected and not offended in any V.T!)'·
ln ~ddition, J~pan has a number of prominent
gods and goddesses whose lives fom1 a nation~!
m)·thology, from the creation of the world

~i~~te~!~:~::;~:~~:~d~~!~~~:~~~~~:~~~~rs, ~a==~~=~ ~~~~,~~sd;:~~::e~:::l;~~te=r~;~e:n~:r:tl:

priests, and sages, who had [i,·ed a good life and lhebaauufulgcddessloo SOOn Amaterasu's fami ly was said to ha\'t been
joinedthegodsinheavenafrertheirtimeon responsibleforunitingJapan,andthe imperial
Earth . Buddhism was not in its origin:Jl form a G hm il)' that ruled the country until rite middle
religionofgodsandgoddesses,bmintlteform inv, hichit oftlte20thcenturyv.msaidtobedescendedfromher.
reachedChinaitde,·elopeda,'J.St pamheonofBuddh."JSand AlthoughjapanS imperblfamii)'HO
Bodhisaltvas,saintlybeingswhohadreachedthethreshold longerclairnstobedescended
ofenl ightenmembutheld thernseh·esbackinordertohe lp fromthegods, thepeopleof
othersattainthesamegoaLTiteBodhis:l.u,·asofBuddhism, japanstillaccordtheseancient
rlteOaoisr immortals,andahostoftraditioruldeitiesand deities deep respect

<OI C..nfuoi101 ondonondartt1 ~ Sto ooo l11to1Qi~tl"i li nQ

TheurootCh-odlolarandtoocheoC<Jnh.o:i uo, wt.ot~tr()l'll55\-( I9 1Cl Atalt:Jroin0100andoor.o:leCho"""'
:::::':ru":~oc=~.,
fladahUIJOrnloonceonCho"""'rfu.o<Jh~-"""J respoctkwauthoroty, ..,Oat
f>arrTXtll',ar>drega< dtorr:••l"•f""en!1.Al'I(Khediar:l,ma<r'I~WO(M)r!ttrat
711
OOfladboco:oooooollheoll1fOOI~s.ar.J"""'people"""'h'PI>ld h omasagOO r<>utoollreoassistaoca.
PAN GU CREATES
THE UNIVERSE
The Chinese creation myths describe how the primal god
Pan Gu beat chaos into order to make the world. After
this, a gentler, more nurturing creator deity appeared,
the goddess NO Wa, who formed the first people
out of clay. The origin of the many other gods and
goddesses is told elsewhere in Chinese myth.

---~-- -----~----------0

Ti lE MYT H
lnthebeg.inning t herewasonlychaos.andamtdthis
disorderslept thelonecreatordeityPanGu. Hew:J.Sin
astateofdeepslumber.buildinguph~strengrhforthe
monurnemaltaskofcreation. Afteranimme;).Surable
period of time, PanGuawoke . look ingaroundhesaw
onl)·disorder!}nd"wasangeredbythesight . He brought
hisarmscrashingthroughthecluos,hishandshiuingthe
sw\rhngekmentswithagreatechoingbang
H I E CREATIO N OF TilE ELEMENTS
TheimpxtofPanGu'sblowscausedtheelememsofchaos
tomoveoffindiffere,ntdirections. lle»truckthechaosollCl'
again,andtheelememssmnedtobecomemoreordo:red,
umiltheiJe~l'ieronesbegan
tosinkandthelighterones
floo.tedupw~rds. This
processcre~ted the Eanh
andthesky,bothofwhich
thenbegantoexp.1udas
the elements continued
tosepamte. PanGustood
between thetwodomains,
his feet pressed down on
the Earth~nd his hands
holdinguptl~esky,
ThonameNiiWameaos"Sroll
~laoilon,"aodth(lgQddo).$$olo!ten
::;·=~~t~~o~:=
.,_ P.., Go
lh9 Q'00101Qod 1S0$1J11IIy
=~:::~.~~~·~o~s
toprevemthem from
coming together. Hegrewprogressivelytallerasthe
two moved further apart . Onox the two were permanently
separ:tted.thecre.atorlaydownroskep
Asheslept,P!tnGuhimselfbegantotransform. HiSC)'CS
becarhetl~esunandtl~emoon.Thestrandsofhairinhis
beard broke into piecesthatbecamethe~tars. Some parts
ofhisbodyturned irnothemoumainsandtherestofhis
fleshturnedimothesoii.Soon,tl~ehaironhishe:tdbecame
the-pbmsandtreesthattookroot intheEarth. They were
nouri~hed by his blood, which formed the lakes and rivers.
H I E FIRST PEOPLE
AgoddesscalledNO\\'a:lppe.1redwhenPanGuh:tdfinished
creatingtheworld.Shelookedat the cosmosth:JtiL1dgrown
outofPanGu'sbodyandconsidered it beautiful. But after
awhi le she feltlonely,anddecidedtocreatehurnanbeings
whocouldl iveonthisbnd scape.Shetooksorneclayand
rnoldedit intotlJefiTS~people,andkeptmakingmo~wheu
shesawthatthe)'Wereluppytogetl~er. However, she also
noticedthataftersometimetheybegantoageanddie. Weary
attheprospectofrnoldingpeopleoutofclayindefinitely,
Nil Wa g:J\'e l~er creations tile ability to procreme: now the~
would alway~ be people to populate the Earth. Nil Wa stood
back.andwaspleasedwithwhatshehadmade
 --.. ;'7-'tij
. \(~

THE DARK LADY I .,. 1Ante"' lo01i ••l

CeiOOraltngtOONewYear, ll1"
Ctrtain,-ersionsof tllem)1hsaytllat tll<goddes.sjiullanXuanmJ. twtrvalmarblhef,.MQonon
(theDarkLldy)c"'ated thehumanr.oceonctagain ,afterthefirsl tOO I Sth~ollheMst luruo
n>:>nlhlleoh01v.o:.$hl~ l ldudo
peoplewere"ipedout inaS"'atflood.SomeacrowusconsKlerherto
lhelhroopr•IIO'MIIcmp(>'CO>.
btthesiSierandwlfeofFuXi(sup.lH),al!houghctllf: rss.yhoe
was marrted to No \\'a_ Fu XI and 1he Dark Udy married In otd<:r
rolta\'tthild renand ''"ivehumanity.Somes.oytlta!Shealso
brougludw:floodtoanendbymendingah.okinthehea''"'lS-.]iu
TianXuannowasalsoth.ought tohl:ateacher,whotaughtmany
tenetsofOaoism,anancientChinescphilosophy,tol!uangdi
(theYellowEmperor), anano•,.torofthemonal rulersofChina

THE PRIMORDIAL EMPERORS

_____. _____ - -------------
coDs OR MORTALS
Two of the ~rue foundersofOJinese culture and philosophy were Laoze
(bom60-I !C!)andKongzi,orConfu<ius(551--'179 K£) ,whohdped
peopktnal<esenseofthen•turalworldattdtheir evetydaye.,iwnox.Tiu·y
werehugelyinlltoenti.llatdattractedmanybllowtrs_lllese
Afterd~<:humanr=wascreato:land thefirstproplebeyn!Omuhiply.
thejadeEmperorU«pp.2J6-JT)semth,.,.,greatprlmordialeJnpenns
to rulethem."Thefirso. . TiooGwn (~herulerofJ>e.,·en), wasthebrl~r
of happiness, freedom. and "ulth. Extremely powtlful , ht was second
onlytotheJadeEmperorhimself. Thesecond,DiGwn(therulerof
E.mh)."·askn<runasagreatjudgeofhun..,nsandtheira::tions.lhe
third,ShuiGwn(rulerofwattr),cootmlledthefkxxlsandtook""·ay
1 clt'seaseandsiekness. Tilistrioofruler>waswoOOippedoll O\·erChillo1
o~ ----·---------------

hwnantoteachhisfoUowersandwritethe
philosophkalmastupiect.theD<uJdojing
wllich laterfonned ~he ba>isofDaoisrn
Confu.cius,althougharealpersontOO , came
tobcS«nasaseml-m)·thicalfigureatld
wasworshippedos o do:ityintempks

....
li<:wrding!Ol"'""''phiio<ophy,humonbo'ongs........,.
lt"1!03<hio¥easta!erJequilibrtum,.., t OO.~
Sincolho)y<treaf"'tto!""ture, tllo)yst>Quldl..etn
713
OO tfOOII'I'"'thna tut e.~l'lriatelhe n atmaii'Mid

SEEALSO_....,~..,..,,..,.. ,;oH.t,lll2--s.l, I!IHll,l!lHII, m-13 . . '

.-~C~-r,'lf-·.S J< .~ ' d_;

 LEGENDS OF THE
CHINESE HEROES
Chinese myths often feature culture heroes
who teach the skills of survival and chilization
to the people. Such heroes are portrayed as
emperors-either mortal rulers, or deities who
came from heaven to rule Chin a. The origin
of the Chinese script, and the art of making silk
and weaving it into cloth- key fea tures of
China's culture-are explained in these myths.
The stories also stress the need for wise and
just rulers, showing that a good government
is sometimes even more important than the
reputation of the imperial family.

----------------------- 0 ---

Ti lE FO UNDE R OF CIII:\JA
Fu Xi was marrie d to the. goddess No. Wa (sa p.l/2). He was said to have
come to Earth in prehiSloric times to become t he first emperor of China
Sornebelieved thathehadfourfaces,eachoverseeingoneoft hefour
poims of the com pass _ More important ly, he was one of the foremost
cultureheroesofChitu. The inventionofclan a nd family names, and
the establishment of socbl order were auribute d toFu Xi. Some said
he also taugln the ~ople of Ch ina how to domesticate animals, catch
fish wit h nets, and make music wit h instruments.
lnaddmon FuXt sho" ed theCiunesehowto == ~'.,.,
,t?.~q
makest lk threadand " emellmtoclDih how
to measure time, md howtouseacalendar
madefromalengthofknottedcord
IllII 'i ,~
,
1
0 11
A. fuXi

~~~~~::~::: ~Ch~ ~ ...

"""""<tS'['IIDJsU!Olklr<OOiclktJtt~~a
=
-
~ Jholi01of t00(JU.,t Cho""""""J''
fuXid.....o:.pooslrll•tha~""''"
cruc.a11oC!lill(l$0)~fe(lll(l th.. he
~otllncaled thefwnderoiChom

-~- ----------- 0 --- ·-------------

:!
T\VO SAC E RULERS Ti lE Q UELLI NG O r
A !ll)1hlcal emperor rtllOwned 00!!1 for ht> wisdom and skill TilE FLO OD
in arms, Yao ruled Ol'tr 1~ terri tori~ and brought peace to Shunw..,;gravtl)·troublcdbyagre:n noodof
somht:rnChma.llehadrunesons.butcOfiSidnednontof Chuu;, rivtTli. The emperor of l~a•·en had sem
themcap.:~bkofrulmg. \\nhlhehelpofthegods.hc thcnoodbccaustll(w~angrywlththt:smful
found a Mmplt fannn called Shun. who W3S mort skLllro war:-ofhum:mit)'.Gun.thegrandsonoftht
J.JtdimflligentlullYriSOIIS.andbt:q~.~t:~~l"'diiiSthrorll'hJ emperor. took pity on hurruns Jnd wem down
hlm.Shunbtcnmethesteond~rulcr_ to the Earth to bu~dcaoolsand dr.uruge d11Ches.
Go\-eming;t;;tutelrhei'ISilnle•~!}'rtgionol \~ntheemperorofhc;l\'tllfoundoutwha.J
hiskingdomtoenMuetB:..ilw:ptoplc.:.U)'ed Guntuddoncwuhou\ hbperrnission.he
him and had wtu1hey nwkd.lkq~.~tlkd killed h!Sgrand~n. ButasGunlayd~ad.a
n:bdhonssou1hofd~tY:mgt~Rw~rand dragon calkd Yu ~mcrgtd from hi~ body, s..l"'
hl~tobt:lC\.'yearsold. theternbl~damagemnkted bythtragmg
waters, and n~" to hea,.en to intercede on
betulfofthe peopleofChma. Upon heanng
Yu's SWI)'. the emperor ofl'oe:t\'~n r~lented, ~nd
~llowed Yu to raise mountains. rtroute ri,.ers.
and build drninagc ch~nnels so thatth~ noods
couldbecomrolled:ulast

"'' Weio; J. to.lrolli.... IDM

M-to:ad~•lflllodo-- Dooo'llongirllmlyollrfi,.IOc:oMiol . . hbolrii""'P'
.............. w.,. .. Go.-..:ltobo • ,_ ................. ooytloiU.rog .... labookllc.-tt.
-'"'rao.•.-..,... •• .__
1 c..r..M..r..tt.bond.-l.._ ... _ .. loo<la
·- - - - - - - - G - · - - - - - - - · ·-

... No..
~ s

TilE 1\!\ 'ENTO R O r FAR1\II NG ThogreotSiatbog-bolhao_,Dollar"""O

Anothercult~hero.Sl~!enl\ong,invenredthe:moffmning.
:!':::!:::!:=:·1091*1
A ft:mlny god who helpc<l pl.lnts pow. Sl~!en l"ong uuglu the
Chine~ how to grow staple fo<Xb .uch as rice and wheat.
• AIICientCiri-,tow
Somesaytlut he invented tiM: plow andde,.tsedwaysof S<lmen1'['111$$1flhlrl$honNong
growmgcropsinrocationtoprN::rvetli!Cfenilnyofthefields
Sl~n Nong is ;tbo :lltnbuted with reveali ng the many l~aling =~~~~
propeniesofl~rhs,aml lsthusre\'ertd:otiM:i nl'entorof

Chinese tr;tdition;d medicin~. Originally

amonal.Shent\ongwasall<'rbalistwho
<==::::=:=::::=::=:::::==~;!:::~ \
poisoncdhimselfwluleexperinl<'ntmgwtthhtrbo>,butwas
gr:uuedimmonahtybythl'god>.forhisbr:t,.eryanddrdicalion ?.C:i
 THE COURT OF THE
JADE EMPEROR
According to Daoist myths, the vast and complex court o f the
Chinese emperor was min ored in a celestial coun of immortals
who served his heavenly co unterpart , the jade Emperor. Even
the deities of other religions such as Buddhism were seen as a
part of this huge organization of gods and goddesses . By making
offerings, believers sought the blessings and help of these deities.

-- -- -------------- .:;----

TII EMYTII • YUhoang

Theemperorofheavenw:>.SpopubrlyknownasYUhwmg
(the Jade Emperor) but wasalwoften referred toasSiwlS
Di (Lord ofHeJ,·en). He v.-as asuprem~ deity but, like
Confucius (su p.2l3). he was origirully !I mon~l Y(lhuarog
wasthechildofaking,ChingTeh.andlnsqueen, Pao
Yoeh. For man~ ydrs, the royal couple ~ould not ha,·e
children. PaoYo.ehaskedtheprieststoprayforherwhavea
childandlhe. nexl nightshedreamed\hatUto<:t',\hedeified
LuherofDaoistn,l' iSited hercarryingababy.Soonafter,
she became pregnam. She gave binh 10 a son who grew up
tobeakindJndwiseruler,butafterensuringprosperityfor
hissubjects,helefthisthronetofollowalifeofprayerand
meditation. Whenhisperfectlifewaso;·er,hewasdeified
as the jade Emperor and became the ruler of the immortals
THE CELESTii-\L BUREAUCRACY
ThejadeEmperorhvedinlcek-srialpalace
andruledhovenwithtl~ehelpofahuge
ret inueofO!herdeities,ea(;hofwhom
controlled a pankulardepanmem of
thehellsenlyclvtlservKe . TIJLSwasa
cS
vastbureaucracythatresembledinsize
andcomplexitytheorg:mizationoftiJe
civilserviceth.atworkedfortlJe
ChineseemperoronEanh
• Th• immonals
MlnyiiWii•tooandjl.drjeo0S$101001hoJ:>OO(.....-..,
1'.)!.~,_-y--"'- it rookan~essage to the jade Emperor,
lhlllbf-k>lbymrv>lll(jrJ i he~<>:ant~
?IG oiChr.....,(>)lllllarreligm~stat"""ol tl"""'
rmroomlslll\001ll"'andrmoJeo!tarifiiJ'toiMn
Tt.aJado(mpen:wrlusually
jXMtrayOO .. abeardOOman
-inr.Jfhor<lgall(lola""'tll
~«.ardd&i>IIIJIOhi•
thastatabletoltade.
At the emperorS side sat Xi Wangmu (Queen Mother of the
\\'est),theernpres:;ofheaven. A powerfulgodd~ss.she had
herownpabce.builtofgoldandsurroundedbyaprden
wi!l1 trees 1hat bore 1he magical Pex:hes of lmmon:dity. The
fnlittookathousandyearstolipen,butwhent!Je)'"'ereread)'
toeat,theygaveeternallifetotheeater(supp.ll0-21).
PROTECTORS OF Ct·JINA
ThejadeEmpero(scounmcludedmanygodswholooked
after differem aspws of life on Earth, helping people in their
dailylives.Longwang,knownJ»thedragonking.tookcare
ofthe""Jters,espe<:iallytheseasandrivers,andwasalso
consideredtobelhegodofmin.Yttelaolookthe
formofanoldmanwholivedonthemoon,and
caredforcoupleswhentl!e)'gotmarried.
-:o ,,._,C) However, tile most important god to
humanswJSZaojun,knownastheKitchen
God . PeoplekepthisimageabovetheSlo,·e
int!~eirkitchen. Everyyeartheywouldput
upanewpictureofthegodandburnthe
oldone.Asthesrnokerosehea,·enwards,
reponinghowthemembersofthe
householdh.-tdbeh.wedduringthe)·ear.
 BUDDIIIST IM,\ IORTALS
Fornl<OnyBuddhists, thespiritual leaderoftheirfailh.the
Buddha.isseena>agrtathumante;ocher.ootasagod
But.insomeformsofBuddhism.arnultitudeoffigures
(indudmgtheBuddhahirns<:lf.and01herBoddhasmd
Bodhisam·as)aurac<de•'Otiona"dworshlp.lnOtitll:se
popul.trreligion, the5efiguresjointl~emnksoftl"'
TH E QU EEN OF HEAVEN
KnownastheGoldenMoll>erorth<:Queen
Mod,.rofrhe\\'e>I,Xi\\'angmuwason.:of
themostpowerfulhmn<:mals.Sheh<ardrhe
reponsofrheorher lmrnon~lsafterthey
~<:rurnedfmm\isl~>roEani\.Sheruleddw:
monalworldtoo.and".. sable to

of"isdomandembodimern
ofBu:ldhistlaw;andGuan
)\n,thegoddessofme~~;y.

~ Gu a nYin
A~n>:ewh>~the..uldro
ao: h oa~ult r ma!aWISilorn,thefhldha ~=::::"~~':::.,"'
isr,.,..ed!rrthect.ooseasoooollho $ne re$pOrd$wha-ho)r
g<001<)11olall.sp11tC011011Cl>:>'o oo..-call ...,..herlolhelp

TilE EIGIIT 1'1<\IORTALS

TI>e B.t Xi.m. or Eight Immortals. were Daoist scholar<; and heroes who
achieved immortality due to their de\'O~on to Dooism. Tlley figure in
numerousmJ1hsalong"ithtlle]adeEmperor,fl)ingacrossclouds
fightingdragonkings, ordefeatinge-ildoers, andalso inromic
adwntures,suchasgettingdrunk,orsettingfiretoth.esea.Some ,
likeHanHsiangTzun,who>eflutewassaidtogi•elife,were
patronstotnusldans:sornehdpedtheskk,likeHoHsieo
Ku . a female immon•l wlto carri<':d objectsassocla!ed with
immortalil)' in her Wle. OtwtgU Chuan~ fln could revi\'e
thedeod , andChangKoo'scastat>etsprolongedlife
~
,, THE ADVENTURES
OF MONKEY
O ne of the best-loved of all Chinese myths is the story of
a mischievous character named Mon key. It tells how Monkey
runs amok , upsetting all the gods, and causes still more mischief
when he is punished. Finally, he is made to join a Buddhist
pilgrim on an expedition and reforms himself. Involving Daoist,
Buddhist, and ancient Chinese deities, the s10ry appeals to all
with its lively plot and likeable, albeit roguish , central figure.
-- -- --~------------ .:; ------- •""':

"' Tho mo nkltJking

Ti lE MYTH
Monkey wJ;S the m~ intelligent of all his species. When he
wa:,yo\!nghewerutosiUdywithaD<Ioistm:Ner.buturuble
roresis!pbyingpranksonOiher~tudent;;;hew:~>semrod~e
forest . Theretheotherrnonke}'Sreveredl)imforhiswisdom
3nd skill and made him thetr king. A feast"""" held for him
andMonkey,hao.in&drunktoomuch,fellasleep,wliereupon
theKingoftheUnderv.·orldkidnappedhimandtookhimto
heli . TI~ereMonkeyw·..sconfinedrokE'ephimoutofrnis<:hief
FROM ~I ELL TO HEAVEN
lnheiLMonkeybrokefreeandwemtolook:utheregistu
ofjudgetlWr~s.whichcomainedthedesti nyofeveryhving
being. Whenhereadthathewoulddiewhenhewas342
yearsold,hecrossedouthisnameso.
thattiecouldhwforev~r.Whenthe
jade Ernperor(supp216-17)was
told about Monkey's
impudembeh:ll'ior,
lie decided to summon
the irrepressible creature
wheasen. He tried to
keephirnincheckby
givingh imtheviul
..,. lnth• Buddh '• J•Im
AltooMoJob:Jydio<:owl<odthr!l
OOMd""'elytr,.,.,.sOOihe
bwadthotlheBuddha's.,atnt
00 roalil9d t00th"~'
WQie.~ftoo !Ill, hrn•tlld
Mortm,'sOO!o rotor
=-'~(~~~=;,."'
respottsibilityoflooking~hertheheavenlypeachgarden
where the Peaches of lmmonality grew. Monke)' was ,.efy
happy in heaven until the gods threw a party for Xi Wangmu
(supp.216-17). Theyforgotto in,·ite Monkey. and in
revenge.hestoleandateallthe Peachesoflmmonality,
reaffirming that he was now acnL"tlly one of the immortals
MONKEY liND THE BUDDHA
Afterhehadswlenthepeaches,ll.loukeyatesomepilb
belonging!Othe;;ageL1ou(s(tpp.212- 13)thatwere made
fromthePeachesoflmmortality.Assuredforathirdtime
ofeternallife,hebegantopl1ntotakeoverheaven. The
bJ.ffledernperorappealedto theBuddha.thegreatestsagt
of alL When the Buddluasked Monkeywhyhewantedto
ruleliea\'en,herep liedt!L"t!hedeservedtobekingashe
wasthemostpo"·erful cremureintheuni''erse,andcould
leap t housandsofmiles inonejump. Holding Monkey in
hishand,theBuddluaskedhimtodemonstratehispower.
ButwhenMonkeyobli ged,theBuddhashowedhirnthat he
had only jum ped across the sage's enormous JX!Im-1he
rnountainswhereheludbndedweretheBuddha'sfingers
The astounded Monkey was imprisoned inside a m:Jgic
mountain,andwasre le:>sedwhenhehadtrulyrepented
He was ordered to ao::company the monk Xuanzang, who
wasgoingonawestwJrdjourneytolndbtofind Buddhist
scripturesandbringthembJ.cktoChina.
1\ ION KEY'S JOU RNEY
ThemoSipopularaspectsofMonkeyS.storydeal"'ith.episodesof
h.ismisch.id'-making,andh.ismeetingv.iththeBuddl .... Butthetale
roocludes"ithhisjoum<ytolndia"ithXuan:angandh.isdisciples
Zhu\\'uneng(alsokn.ovmasl'igsy)
and::,h.a\1\ljing.Theytt.l''elthrough
anlmagin.orylandscapepopul.ttedby
dragons ,demons,,·ok•t\Ot;s,andother
TilE HEAVENLY PEACH GARDEN
Theheavenlygatden.whertthePeachesof lmmottality grev.•,
belonged to Xi Wangmu (Queen Mother of the WeSI). It wJS • plact
ofgrtat be.lutybutalsopower,becauseeatingthefruitmadeaperson
lmmorui.Monkeyabusedhispositioninthegardenbyeatlngthe
peachl:s,whidtweO':n<:nonlypowerl\tl,butverysca.u,be<:ausethl:
ll'e':SI':l rdybon:fruiLMortow:r, Xill'angtnuS.banqu.:twJSheld or~y
ono:e''t:l)'3,0<X>)"e<>rs.EuingthepeacheswasjUSior.,.ofthellutt
.., .• )'<in which Monkey made himselfimrnoru]-,..,ach time he wa>
ch.allen!9'ngthepowerofthedeitie>to
cortferimmonalityuponhim
7.!l
SEEALS0 bi"'I'S--M-lii,IS-l'!l. l10-lt•Gordons-116-11 ..
~- ...,~
THE JAPANESE CREATION
Japanese myths aboUI the origin of lite
universe tell how, after six generations of
primal deities , the scvcmh generation,
comprising the brother and sister duo of
Izanagi and lzanami, set the process of creation
in motion. Their union produced some of the
most popular deities of Japan , such as the
sun goddess Amaterasu and the stonn god
Susano-0 (see pp.226-27). However, because
!zan ami erred during the first marriage
ceremony, she was condemned to give birth
to monsters as well as to gods.

- --- ----------~~---~ o ---

TI-IE M YTII
Atthcbeginningoftime, thereex!Stedthreeinvisib'tedeities
These mysterious gods wert" known as the Heavenly Center
Lord,tlleHighGenerall\'eForce,andtheDivineGenerath·e
Fon:e. Together,theycomainedallthepotentblforlifeand
creation.Theywerefollowedbyscwralgenerationsofdeities.
until the tim~ was : ipe for ~he crel~ ion of the universe

H I E CREATORS
Creatlonwass~arted bytheseventhgenemtion of deities:
the creator god lz:magi{He\Vholnvftes),and the creator
goddesslzanami(She\Vholnvites).Thesedeities
representedthetwobal;~ncingprinciplesofcreation.the
m~uline and the feminine _They stood on the rainbow
bridgeofheaven,andchurnedthech.1osbeneaththem
withaspearunttlanislandwasformed. The two deities
des-::endedtothisislandanddecidedtom:myThe
wedding ceremony required lzanagiandlzanami
wcircleaceremonialpillarinopposltedirections,
withthebridegroomrecitingthemarrL1ge,·ows
firs\. However, lzanami spoke fir5t, which was
considered improperb)·theothergodo. Sotheir
unionwasflawedand itproduced Hiruko,the
leech-child,whowassentouttosea
Theceremon)·wasrepeated,andthistime,
l.oanagispoke first. Thisunionwashappyand
fru itful. and lzanamigavebirthtoawholenew
gener:uionofdeities---~hegodsoftheoceans,rivers.
winds, trees , mountains, and lowbnds. She ~so g.we
birthtoalltheislandsofJapan. But !zanamiwas
.t. ba nogi and l,_.no,. i
lhafi,.ttwodolt•o»todosoondl0 (31lhtromha3>1(l<l
llallllrJ<aMI!liMrrltOOc"""'thaparonuo!Oert"sSL•J•as
Arnator...,_ tha .un godOO... and lou~o .,.,... tha own god
deSiinedtoperishbecauseherfinal childwasthefiregod
K~gutsuchi ,whoconsumedherinhisflame-s. The goddess
diedandleftforYomi,thejapaneseUnderworld
THE FLIGHT FROM T~IE U N DER WO RLD
!zanagimournedthelossoflzanami,andtmveledtothe
Underv..·orldtoretrieveher,butlzanami'sbodyhadaltl'ady
beguntodecay. lt seemedthathewastool:uetosaveher,
:md he fled from the Unde rn-orld. with lz:u!.lmi following him
ThewarriorsoftheUnderworld pursued lvnagi,:mdsohe
threw some rocks~t t hem, which magically tu!l'led into food.
delaying the warriors. lzanagi f;~iledtonoticelzammitraihng
him on his w:~y to Eanh_ To prel'em rhe warriors from
catching up with him, lzanagiplacedavaststoneoverthe
entrancetotheUnderv.'orld, tt:lppinglzarumiinsideforever.
 AAIATERASU
. ~ Ort.olthtrnoslptornitltlttolallj;!p.Ul(St:./~nwdrlliu.thtsun

- --- -
/ .
~Amatm.w"-astht •klt5l dluglttCrolluougi..d lunami

' ... ~ . . Whtn >hot \\-as born, slit "'-"U !10

he.tv~n.from..,·htn:.O.shon.downontht
b<igltt t/t.1t htrp;~mus~~tmhtr ~to
Elnh.llerdotht'"'"'"'

·-
Slt.ldd«<"ith.fe"~lundhtrnrcldw::-tofllgluformtdthtMtlky\\~.
Lottr,t...,·ingwmntdtheUnh,.·lthhtrra)"Sandmadtrondltions
suiubltfotlr.ioglhlngstog.ow.Arruterasuom.dawnwEanh.Sht
tmgltttht~ofJ•p;onhowiOgJOWrittandwhrat , andhaww
.. :J I I kttpsilkwonns,t...T\'e$1 lhdtthrt;ld . .,ld ..~a,-.,clo!h.Acronlmg
J • _: _ _ I ••"II!~ toapopul.1rtn)~h.Anurer..,.._.w;osallJP:'~""hmherbrothtr
Susmo.OU«pp.ll6-2n. darnagtdhtrricccropsandt•mlshcd
A S~ato1IIMI htrhorne.SO.shutht,..lfin

.... - •
. . bleoss.gsolthe_t...,. . .
...,~~ooorw~~;..-
-"""'*'·*·-"
r..r.-.ot ........ SioiOIO ..... beloM•-"1111
.. .,._.,...,l
aca>.., ,plungiogtht "urld
l..odorl<nessasartsult

THE K.AJV\1
• nt- i.Poedoo-rld
TI~tj;lp>.nor,..btli~thatthous.andsofgods.~sses.spirlts.~r.d
IMgod:ltoo<lo:IAtrtalel3lllmiO
d<ifi..donctstol'$,kno••,a>k;aanl,tx15t...:rossd~~:cosmos.Oit&nhorin
lw:~''(l\. TIM:y ""' s.ok! w R;sklt In ""'tur•l ph•nomw.o such as rodts, ::'!~~c:.:~:e,.,.~=:
rtvers,andl•l<es.TI~eyr•n~from ftM"l--hlwMII,Wt!hJujot
tt wasa neNgoddeuandstappetl
JX'Pular ddtlessuchuAmattr•su,to OU!,brlllQifll'j~hl ba<ktoltl(tllll;.ld
lo.:alandfaonilyddtlesktlOWTlto
onlyasnullnumt:.:rofpeopkMOSlly
rompri!ingSI>lntodeitlts,dl(k,omialso

~
indl.ld.Buddhi.ll.d<ities,aswdl.si'Omc
.:krivWfromHinduhm,JUChao8t'll1(n
(lup/6i),th.J&IW"'""""rsionofthe
Hondugoddw;S.ora!\O·atiUupJ99)

. ~...... ..
... SioifJIOtpiril
S!on~>••st..IO . . . . . -..ty~
'"'"~'-'lonoor•lhii...,.IJI_.or
I ,__.,.....,....t
~ .. ·~tr• ..,ol ..
doo

borda...... h . . . . . . . . . . . _ • • ,..,.,.
• . . - ...,. . .,,....... bodoiP«<!' l ::.;.::~7:=-=
G -- - · - - - - - -
Y01\ Il
'Thtj:lp.o.ntso:Lmdofthedead.,OmiorYomi!SUkuml,"""
he~ ......,drobta~ofd.orknnf.fullofdtrnon5andsini51:cr
deihtswhoan~ktdorpursuedwhocwranh"edthe ... n..
rulnoftlllsdl"""'lpl.oct"liSErrutu-O ,ajudgcof thcde.od
wholl••cdinasubt•rr•nullc-.ISikmadtoftt..nw: ... batld
~wtlsdkltcouldt..min«<ur.dtrgroutld.Whentvil
ptoplt dltd ~r.d wem to Yom!. thty w·ert rn..O. to weu
plaqutsarour.dthdrnecks. Thetoecurtrdli>tsoftheir
situ, ;>CCQoding to whkh they wert wm~enttd physk~lly
t..forttl~tlrlle>hroo:ttda""·•y.tobo.comeobretding
groundforrnaggOis, th.ltwouldtumlntodcmons

.
• Emma-0
Thet ... o1Yomi'*$Sl)d,...,..l(llltl(ttleoltuo:tdY>1to)

====~ ~~:"',...:"• L~~=='~~i.<~

$lEAl$0_o..,.,.,,..,.~t. tS1-Q.-.t._.t.11113 •_..,_llt-lit.t.._7tl-" * ··~
.t;:- --".. .:.;c\.
 SUSAN0-0 AND HIS
DESCENDANTS
Many Japanese myths deal with the storm god Susano-0 ,
who, like Amaterasu (see p.223), was conceived by the creator
god lzanagi himself. Susano-O's early years were tumultuous,
but he later ref01med and settled down with a princess in the
Izumo region. His son , Okuninushi-the god of abundance,
medicine, sorcery, and happy maniagcs-bccame a powerful
ruler and the most important Shinto deity after Amaterasu.
--- · - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - - -
THE MYTH
\VhenlunagireturnedfrornhislrjptotheUndrrworld
(sup.222),hefeltdinyandsohe wl5tdhimselfinariver.
The goddess Am:uer.~Su and the moon god Tsuki-yomi were
created when lzamgicle~nsed hiseyeS~,whileSus.urw-0
appeared when he ,washed out his n~ Susano-0 wanted
toseehismother,lz:mami,sohedectdedwgoiothe
Underworld. He went to bid brewellto Amaterasu, but
trol.lbledhersomuchth::ushehidin. Jcave(scep22J)
SLAYING A DRAGO N
rhe gods punished Susano-Obycuumgoffhisbeard and
fingem.:.ib, and banishing him from heaven. While wandering
the Eanh, he came xross·a dr:Jgon :utacking Kusa-nada-pime,
the PrincessoftheRicePaddies. Turningtheprincessinto.a
cornbandhidingheri nhisliair,Susano-Oslicedthedragon
to pieces with his sword. Then. when all w~ safe, he turned
thepri ncesslx>ck intoahurnan, andnuniedherTI~eyseuted
down inlzttmoand hadanumberofchildren,knownas
the EanhlyGods,wholaterbecarne,·erypowerful rulers
OKUNI N USHI'S ORDEALS
OneofSus;~no-O'ssons,Okuninushi ,hadsethisheart
-
onhisllll fsist er,Suseri-hime,buttheot onngodw:~med
to make sure hissonwasworthyofthematch. Soheset
Okuninushiaseriesofdifficuhtaskstopro,·ehimself.
·.~
~t.;;~~.)~*~-
Aw liamOOtcunniriiJ
darty,So>a<>;~ - Oh•ed
~~·::m"'~'
lxoloroha<k r r~~~ itto
flii!<>WMihh .. ~d
Heaskedhissontospt"ndanightinaroomfullofpoisonous
snakes.Ahhoughitwasadangeroustask,Suseri-hirnegave
O kuninush i ama!(ic>carf.whichheusedtoprotecthirnsetf
Next, he \'.':'IS sem imo a room full of wasps and hornets_ Ag:Jin,
theS<:arfcametohisrescue. ThenOkuninushiwasordered
togotoalietdandretrieveanobjectburiedthere.Whenhe
gottowardsthemidd leofthefield,thestormgodsetiton
fire . Okuninushiaskedafieldmousetoshowhirnawayout,
anditledhimtoatunnelwherehehidunti!tl~efiresubsided.
THE ELOPEMENT
Evenafterhis>ongotthroughtheordeals.Susano-Odid
notagreetothem:>.rri:>.ge. Soo ne night,whilethestorm
godwasasleep,Okuninushiquiet l)•creptuponhimand
tiedhislonghairto theroofbeams.Thenhepickeduplus
father'sweaponsandamusicalinstrurnentcalledakolo,and
ran away with Suseri-hime. When Susano-0 awoke he had
toteardownthebeamsbeforehecouldgivechase. Having
fin~llycaught ttp with them, he surprised the couple by
forgivingthemandconsentingtotheirmarriage
.,. Krmo·oogi
A!ll)<bning!Mdr"'JJO,Sus•n<~-Oioonda~dcalled
Kusa-""'J'IG!=Cuttorlhdlooint.ermrawof1hebooot's
tail!lao!hJied , t~Arnio!Oiasu ~rml:;oJIOOC*""\hl.:.-
~ Okunin,.. hi • ndlllto• bb ~
OTHER JAPANESE DEITIES
:~.:~--L~~::S:~:! M.ony of thoj;op<u>t51: dtit~s link«! to wnth•r
..a--bolioltlrlol-lht mdlhrrosmosb.loo&w1hrf.lmilyolSusa.no-O
....._totl"""!'..,~llwt ondAm.oterASU.Tsuld-)QIIli.lhrmoon!Pd."'.OS
'f"IIUa:INtlhtf..., • bct Amater.ISUS husband , "t>ill: \\'.aluhiru...,. , tt..
boJIOWIIIIroldeo..... cUgu..
sungoddi:S!''J si.st(r, wastl>tgoddtN of
Uw:risillgSU11.- Talumi-cn\15lD , odtil)'fmm
ant.>rlil:rgn>tr.ationofgo<k.htatM
U.. ltt(SS(ngtr of Am.aurasu_ '1\o-o "ind
dtitirs,:stor..I>O-hikomd:stor..k>-bt, ""'~ .l. laglllo.: loi
_'"'"P-.,....~<~
... _gOds

~~-- ...... 111011

....... pi-nod .
...""''laq,N...._..

~.OI<uninushi andhis SObrod"'rs"·•mtdtom<~rryob.auuful

princcsscallc<i Yo-g.unl-him•, 50 they ""m to woo l>tr. On tlv ,.·ay,
th•ym•t•godlntl,.,gulseolor•bbltthatl>Jdbtenskit\l"'doli'''
byacrorodileandw•slnso:v•JI':paln.Okut>lnushi.,.,.icktdbroct..rs
wantedcl,.,r•bbittosufferfunl"'r,soth•yadvistdlttob.ul,.insalt
watntor.sto"'hsfur.Butth•klnd-l"'arc•dOkunlnushitoldtt..
c"'•tu..,tob.lththtfrtshwaltr••>dthr:ltrollintt..poli•nofkarrut

~~;-~~~~~;,:~~:~y.·~~~~:l:;'~~~~:::~·~1a:;;~.7gits =;~~~~i:!'~:· ~~:=~~==::'

tl>t plinortss.j..lousofOin.o-tlr...shl .,. suettM, d>e brorho:rskiUtd I WlllgOd,-.lh8wa•-••tho lood, a-ltt.IIJObet-.lhtgOd
himtwia . bultl"'IJX!s"'>i>'tdh!mro.htlmt s. ookoasaroot,...ol.bpool olta a:l..,bouogorol-ty

:::===::;,...:=::....:-:_:-.:-: :-: :-: ;- i -C-H~~-N-'-IC-LE; 01~1-.1-IE_G_O_D~----

SIJRI:\F I. IZL'.\\() 1 '1\o-oimpotUnttUlS.U..N!lw.gi(ChronidHofJ.>p;mJ •nd•!>t""iill
Anlmpo!Wll ntoohrlnt kx-.alb;:linlhc ln~~~~<>p"""""' '-' (Rttord~of Ancitm Manus) . tillkabout tht m~1hsoftl>t kaml and
~a.dlU(Jkudruhilhtdtllyafh.twrrn.uruws-...,_."'"Y dtscribtthcwly.mythicalhlstoryofJ•P<'n;ondthtroltpla)'tdby c
lluullthrklnu P ~htto-ln<klobtriD.u-u.o U..kamiinshapingtl>trountf}:1loeK<>JI~Ialsodt"'Otessp.u:cto ~
issut-<oflowmdlnlfTiiW Jblsmoqhts\awlwnlnlzumo.u am)1hicai •AgtofMm ." lnwhldJ5mtl·m>1hlc-ll anaswrsoftt.. z
0
botuart ~ 1ht mmlh whm lht J<.nlt&JI': l""ord: ~1--'>rn- irnJ>"rial family""' dtocri~ Tl>ts. book s, which W.tt ba<k to
It is~lltd ..,,...,:~~h thri!IOdhwhm lht k.u:nlan-aborm m., 8th century. h,a,-, btcomc ,-,rylmpomm lnJ~patt , ghingtl>t 0
~
countrya5>rongC<>~mo:<:tiontolts ownmythologyandldSiory. z
0

~--·
--':"'
"' '
r~~ -
KINTARO
One of the most popular stories in japanese
mythology is not about the many great
gods of the Shinto hierarchy, but about a
superhero called Kintaro (Golden Boy), who
possessed superhuman strength even as
a child, and grew up to become a heroic
samurai. Alt hough Kintaro's career as a
figure-the great warrior Sakata no Kintoki-
he is essentially a figure of legend. Brought
up in the forest, he became bmh a friend
w the animals and a defender of the fo rest
people against monsters when still young.
Later on , in his exploi ts as a samurai, h e

Kimoki was a wMrior from Kyoto who fell

inlovewithabeamifulyoung womanatld
marriedher.Soonaftcrwards,hebecame
involvedina coun intrigueand wasb:m ished totheforest
~leg<!<HJ• . Ih<l•pode<
becattseofsomemahdousgossiptll:ltlktdbeenspreadabout
'JOO'l' •llyl""a>nOO<toV<oti ms
himbycertaincouniersjealousof hispower. l!edied soonafter
arrivingintheforest,wherehiswifegivebirthtoason. :::.~~ ~~ ~:.! ''""" '"
Whentheboy wasbom, hismothernarnedhim l\ intaro.
Even as a blby, Kinuro was prodigiously strong~ by the time he
w:.seight yearsold hecould cmdowntreesase:lSilyandas
well as the most experie nced of woodcuuers, and he Glme to
ln ..,..ri!I.Jor>a"""'legood>
be v~lued high ly by the people of the forest. Once K int~ro
becameaccustomedtothewaysofthewild , heprotected his ::.:.~.~.~~=:
...,n,. idatOOiutln..:rno
mothe r and the other forest dwellers from many monsters.
,..,.,..Q!the Kinta<osrory
includ ingterrify ingbeastssucbas t hegianteanh-spidn
=~~~n;.:::
 A .\Ji r\ \A LS AS FR IEN D S TilE SArv\ U RA I'S FOLLO W ER
Growingupwithoutotherchildrenforcomp.1ny,Kintaro KimarowasrenownedforhissuperhumanSirength.\Vhen
beca~TJefriendlywith t heanima!sof theforeSl,especially heuprootedancee toTTIJ.keabridge,hewasspottedby
thebear,deer,monkey,andhare. Oneday,asumo amand~esstdasawoodcuuer, who challenged the boy
wr~ling m:uch \>.'aS org.wiud in the forest, and Kimaro to an ann wreoding comesL When Kimaro :md the man
actedasthejudge. Themonkeywrestkdwiththelku-e provedequ~llymatched.the;trangerrevealedhimS<"I f to
andlOSI,butthencompbinedthatheh:tdtripped,and beSadanntsu,afollowerofapowerfullordcalled!biko,
s.o the pair fought ag:~in . This time the monkey won. On whoinvitedKintarotothecapit altobecomeasamurai
each occasion, Kinuro aw:mkd a rict' oketo the "innn, \Vithhismother's~nnission,Kintarodep:med,:l!ldafter
sob01hwerehappy. l1 a~tiodofservicewithRai ko,hewlSptomOiedrolead
soonbecameclear that ane lit equanetofRaikoSfollowerscalledtheFourBraves.
Kintaroledthisgroupagainsta
felrsomeman-eltingmonsrer
th~t preyed on the cit)', an.d
usedhisrazor-sharp
sword to slice
off the creatureS
head. Thus he

• Jodgingtho conto..
Kiotarowa!<hedcloselyO$!,.haoeandt,.~wres!kd.
!Qokongoutlo<S•!I"Sold'l(lalmqoolal;e!IW1>'Wthat rnoght b(l
maOOtoOOatorpushanow>OO nt outollhespeciliada<ooa
SEEAlSO""-o-l.!>l--!>J.--I.Tl--IJ.!11-9!1. 1ClHJI.I~I.174--~ ...

_\':'..._.~ .·~ .::..tt'

 ANCIENT EGYPT
Although covering only a small area-the delta and banks of the River Nile-
the civilization of ancien t Egypt lasted for some 3,000 years. It produced a
compl~"X mythology that pervaded every aspect of people's lives.

Theanciem Egyptiansworshippednumerousgodsand
~ sa::rificed and presen·ed in temples. Ceruin animal forms-
goddesscswhoweresaidtoinlluencethewholeoflife.from suchasSobekScrocodile,orthehippopotamusformtaken
thecre:u ionoftheunive~tod.eannuallloodingofthe bythebinhgoddessTaweret-wereespeciallyrelevamtothe
RiverNile,fromaperson'sbirthtoaperson's dailylh·esofagremmanyordimryEgyptbnswho
death.Goddessessuchasll:uhorwatched
over women when they SJ.''e birth, while extremelydangerousanimalswhenworking
thegreatgodofmummification,t\nubis, onthebanksoftheNile,espedallywhen
\ookedonwhenabodywasritually theri,·erwasinflood
preparedfortheafterlife. There were
alsomorelocaldeities: Horus. the god CHi\NGI NG DEITIES
ofthesky,w:>S thegreatgodoflower The animal formstakenbythegods
Egypt,whileSet,d>egodofchaos.was andgoddessesofanciemEgyptwerenot
therulingdeityofUpperEgypt constant ,howe\·er.AnciemEg)"ptbn
deitiesexistedinastateofflux,andsome
i\NIMAL GODS themcouldtakemanydifferentformsat
Manyofthegodsandgoddessesofancien ferent times. Anubis, for example. was
Egypt wok animal form . Hathortook the A Docora1i••tcara bbH tl• brooch oftenponrayedasajachl.buthecould
fonnofacow;Bastet.goddessofsexualit y, lutan<"""""'ll•thc..,noy ral was•clen~lied alsotaketheformofasnakeorafalcon
<i<l«<lyW tthfla.whomhll~topn01
hadthebodyofacat:Sobek.whoembodied thesl::y""""hlldiod.Maoyotomsonhosmil Thedeitiesthemse lvescouldalsotakethe
thepoweroftheEgyptianphar:whs,wasa li\;o thi•ono.-e..X.nOO'Mth srmOOboiFia formofmultiplegods.ThesungodR.1,for
crocodile;andTh Oth,thegodofwisdom. instance,tookseveralforms,eachwiththe
h.adtheheadofanibis. Theseattimal formsg:wethedeities identityofasepamtedeity:hecouldbethebeetleKhepri
astrongsenseofidentity.Priestsattheirtemplesr:Jisedreal rollingthesunacrosstheskyasascar:Jbbeetlerollsitsballof
animals, then sacrificed and mummified dungacrosstheground:hecouldbe Ra-Hamkhty.thehawk
thatsoarsacrossthesky:orhecouldbeAmun-Ra.theking
oftl~egods. lnthisbst formhewasident ifiedclose lywith
Egy ptSplumohs,whomhesupposedlyprotected whenthey
ledtl~eirarmiesonthefieldofbattle

THE AFTERLIFE
Onearea inwhichancientEgypt iandeitieswere especially
imponamwasthatofdeathandtheafterlife.Till!ancient
Egyptianss.'lwlifeonEarthas prep.'lrationfor thelifet o
come, so they evolved a whole system of mumm ification and
entombment rit uals . Accompan)·ing these were many myths
involvingOsiris,thegodoftl~eUnderworld , andthedeities
whopresidedovertl~erituatsandassessedthe,lonhinessof ?.3.')
thedeadperson'ssoultoenterthenextworld
THE BEGINNING OF
THE WORLD
The creation sto ries of Egyptian mythology
desCiibe how order and life emerged om of the
primal chaos. Ra, the sun god (see pp.238-39),
is featured as the main creator deity in many of
these myths. He is aided in the task of creation
by deities such as his children, Shu and Tefnut,
and grandchild ren, Geb and Nut. Ra and his
creation exist in the light ; the darkness that
remains is personified by a serpent, Apep, who
constantly threatens to swallow the light.

-- - -----------------«:;--

Til[ MYTII ;w.::;:;:;,..:;=:;:;=;;:;<ii~":"i~, ::~G~b~·~:!h~thostyg«ldoss

ThecreatordeityR.1roseout Nut.w00sebodyc"'vedt.gl1ab<Mlltte
Ea>th rormkethea.chottOO~
ofNutl, theprimal oceanof
Geb.rheOOith gOO.IayOOiowSI•lstoot
non-being. Whenlb. sneezed.
Shu.thegodofdryJ.ir,emerged
fromhisnostrils. funll('S(Ut goddess H~rhor (see p.24'f),
andTefnut , th<-gotlde-.sof tolookForShuandTefnut
moistair.appearedfromhis After returning wit h the
mouth. R~sentthetwogods two deities, Hathorsaw that
on·ajourneyacrosstheocun. anmhereyehadreplaced
Then,usinghispowersof heronRa'sbce. Shewepr
creationandperceptlon.he atbeingsupplamediurhis
ca\ledtheprimalelementsinto wa)'.andthe first people
being,speakingtheirnamesandwatchingthemappear. werebornFromhertears.Rareturnedllathortohisbrow.
Atthistime,hea]SQcre:ued Ma'at,thegoddessofuni,·ersal butthistimeshetooktheformofacobm.stayingthereto
lunnony,whowa;;L1.Skedwit_hbringingordertohiscreation - helpRaruleovertheworldltehadcreated

THE CREATURES Of T!-11: EARTH THE GREAT GODS

Raneededadryplacetosundonwhilecarl)'ingout
hisr:.sk.sohemJde Nun recede, which revealed a rocky
isbndormouud,knov.nastheBenbensrone. The god stood
onthestoneanderl\'isionede\'el)1hinghe wasabouttoCreare
Fromtheprimalocean,hesummonedForththeplants ,
animals,andbirdsoftheEarth;hespoketheirnames
andtheyappearedlxforehim. Next.Ratoldhiseye, the
ShuandTefnuthadtwochildren.Geb,the Earth, and Nut,
thesky,whobywgethera"dp,·ebinhtothestars.jealousof
the pair,Shuseparared themarrd forb:lde Nut from giving
birthonanyda)'Ofthemonth.ButNutwonfiveextr.Jdays
while gambling with the god Thoth (su p.2~1). On these
days,shega,·ebirthtoOsiris.Set,Nephthys,and
lsis,EgyptSgreatestdeities.

M3'atr<Jp(ll(lnllld\ru il<,
andiJ""'ooleot>Ra's

;::;,~·::=.
wll(.-at(KJ\sW(l<(l"'llJhl;>;l
a;j[llnsloooolh«Jooltiers
PTA JJ
lnan ahemaliwcreationSlory, thecentralcreatoristhegodPt.th.acnoftsman<kity.
·~···~·'
AneoHgypt •niM. I6th oontuoy
~~
'· :::-:.~9~ .,

This lll}1h describes how Pt.th began the uskof creation by imagining and then ~~~~!..W:~oo~
naming the different gods. bringing them imo being. He then u.;;ed his skills os a
sculptortopllXlucl:the otherbeingsof the cosrnos.He<:arvedandchiseledsomeof
rhem from Slone, and m<>de rhe others out of metal, ha>ingltwemed
bal•<l'ltll<I IO havel(l•oodthosoo
!)00 altc. h" death I ~

l' Pytomid$
the te<:hnologyofmetalworl<ingforthispurpose I lheJI'j'l at~ dloiGtra.awttocteddutu>j t hefoottho1foa.lty
Ptahfoundedsew:ral dti<:s,aswcllas shrineswhen: k2575-c.l~ 1Cii.W<llll1Miargostottucwr osol""'arrioot
he could be worshipped, cn:atingeachmt<': by -/~bl,!,.v"V"">­ W«ld. aOO..,.aroount o)1llltoloofthe-ol""'pha!aoho
thinkingabouritandthenprot1Dtn1Cing its
nam e. PtahScultwasespe<:iall yimportantat
Memphi>, ancirntEgypl'sadrninistratiwcapiul.

TH E PHARAOH S
t> Th••culptorgod Ancienr Egypt ~ n.derswen: seenasnot ju>t kings but

:~:=~.... 1 ~:~~. :~~!~ ~~:·::;:~:~~:rt::;:.~,~=·:.:~

::~:;,:::~.: ! =~~;:~:d::;~~:~~~;~~~n::=
··--·- _:rrna ltomp: ___________ ~ :;:.~:~·:·t:;;~:t~::~~~~~~~
KAR.\JAK j shape also r<..:mbled the lknbrn stone . the primal
Atl<an>ak, near the Ri,·er Nile. <lands a huge complex of ancient Egyptian 11:mples, .' mound on which the WJl god stood when he began 10
the most imponant of which is dedicated to the god Amun. He was origi~tly ~"" :n:a::·:~,.,worl~~~: ~~:~:::n:~:.=e~~sit~:umed
of thefo~as of chaos (some acrounts portray the god as a primal 51lake li>1ng mthe
water) , but hlS name and character became \inked to that of Ra to fonn Amun-Ra, 1
---
:thelink =-·een tl:rkln and the mlgl
gs tty
SUJr:;::;_
whov.·asknownasoneofthegreatestcreatordeities andw.sau ributedwithall the ~ - - - -- ---------
Cr<•tivepowersof tl>esungod. Thetemp\eofAmunstandsinalatgepr<cir\C1, and
oomainsmassh·eoo\umns thataretoppedv.1 thCaf'1ngsresembllnglotusblossoms
A KING'S MURDER
A popular myth from ancient Egypt narrates
the swry of a tragic rivahy for the throne of
Egypt between two divine brothers, the
virtu ous Osiris and the wicked Set, and the
subsequent dispute between Set and Horus,
the son of Osiris. The myth was well known
because it dealt with the rule of Egypt, and
also because the story of the death and revival
of Osiris gave people hope of an afterlife.
·------~- ;;;; -- -
THE MYTH
ThefirstkingofEgyptwasthegodOsitis;likes.omerulersof
Egyplafterhim,hetookhissister,lsis,ashls " 'ife. He was a
goodking,muchlikedbyhispeople,arrd bisw:tSapopubr
queen. BmOsitishadawickedandviolembroCher,Set,who
was jealous of Ostns's power and luSied after Isis. T? get tid of
Osiris, Set tticked the kinginlodimbingintQawoodencheSI.
which he then sealed and threw into the Nile. Osiris W:J:S dead
bythetimrlsisfoundthebox.but sheretrie,·edthekingS
bod)'-Setdis<:overedwiL-u lsislt.addonesohehackedOsirisS
bodyintomanypieces.Althoughitwassupposedlyimpossible
todestroythebodyofagod.Sethadallbutdoneso.
RE VIVING OSIRIS
lsisdecidedtos:Jh·ageOsiris~body. \Viththehelpofher
sister.Nephthys,who"':!Sthi:wifeofSet,shegatheredthe
fragments of Osiris's body. joined them together. and bound
~:n.~:~~:~·f~~~~:~~eh~~~~::mmy "-".....,-~,...
birdofprey---akite-----,Shehovered
overthebody,beiuingherwings
toinfuseitwiththebreathoflife
Osirisbrtathed forlongenoughto
impregf1.1te Isis. later, Osiris dep:med
for the Underworld. lsisthenlledfromSet,
taking..,ithher~guardofse,·enscorpions.
Whileshewaslleeing, Isis was treated £ Hippopollmus
Isis ~:~~!=~~~::~: ;~:~ !: :~~~~~;::~~:~l~~~~~t
tookpityonthechildandusedhermagic thobeastk><af'!oolb us"sboaL
A Hot•ofi.ghu S_,
!hisotonet!llial fr omtho!empleoll b usat[dfu.[gyp~ ,
do)p(t<aS<:e<Oefromtho00tdeHo:ou•ioo)htag<nr>$t$ct,
WJththogorjd(lsslSJsat thot.Jirnofthoboat
to cure the infant But later.whenshegave binhtoher
ownson,Horus, he, inturn,wasbittenbya><:orpion '
and lsi~, who had usedupherpower,couldnotcurehim
Fonunately,Ra.thesungod.sawlsisindisuess,tookpity
~n her, lndsent the moon god Thorh to cure Horus
tiORU S AND SET
Me:mwhik, Set had usurped the kingship of Egypt. When
Horusgrewup,heclullengedhisuru:leforthethrone,and
thetwofoughtmanytimes.Ononeoccasion,Setblindeda
sleepingl!orus. When Isis found her son blinded, she nursed
himandresiOredhissight.ThenSetttiedtor-~peHorus,and
wid the other gods thai the young man was unwonhy w be
kingg~~:n~ ~~~~p~::~~;~:t t]~
Finally.Setchallenged l lorustoa
boatrace , insisting thatthe,·ess.els
usedin theraceshouldbem.1deof
stone. Horus tricked his uncle by
using a wooden bo::u he had pl.lstered
tolooklikestone.SetSbo:ttsank.and
inhisanger,heturnedhimselfintoa
hippopo~amusandcapsized Horus's
himking,whileSetwJsexiled.
KEY CII ARACTE RS
TI~echaraetersinthell"gicstoryofth•
murderofOsiri>haveanumberofrol.s

Horusbecameasl<y godwhotookthe
fonnofafaloon,andhiseyesweresa.id
tobethesunandmoon. Titeq-.:of
l!orus,ortt..WadjetE)"'.became the
· ~· .. amytho<al
A. Goirit A. loio
mostpopularofa!lEgrptianamulets. Set,._, · ~~
~~~~~=~
Wllll lfi\I3CIOW!loi01Uoch HorU>IIoltoodoPfCted .. •

~~~~~~~:::
Set.ontheotherhand.wasasiniSitr loo1llen.0.01SISoo,.c19J'" fakooorohumanoodigUia
;~. ~~!~~01 ..
""""""''""ththebng"s $ha(M'OJIMI ~pa<ooniliedlhe
figure.agodofchaosand thedesen
syrrhls,llecntaMhl anda•traoghtlatl thtooootlhephaoaohs.
------~--------- 1e --- --------~----------

1 Til E CUU O F OS IRIS

I Osiriswasre•-en:db)'theEgyptian<bttausehism;th :=.

l ~~;;:~·.~~~:~:h~~:;~ti~:w:~he
Anubis...dSerkt,hem""""'"seriesof
ritualsthroughwhichthesoulsoftl>;,
deadpassed imotheafterlikHiscult
otiginatedatAbydos.animpon•ntdtyinanckm
Ero--pt,whereafesti,·alwasoftenh.eld,re-enacting~>e
J. Wririogtoolt
Jhe[g)'pUansused roodf>ll'IS townteWith.diPilUWJihemmt>mkartd storyof thegod:Smurder.ThetempleatAbydosalso
... ~ngmarb onP"P''' <US,amatoor >lah:on«<o fiQIIIroods . l heshit~ol htldsteretritwlsthat"""'notdisclosedtothose
lhe toolJW!wa•assoco3100Witl1100111'snauowbeat_ outsideOsiris:Spriesthood.Bythelstmillennium oct:
othertemplesbegan tocelebratethegod:Sdeathand
THOTH n:birth,linkingthem"ith"imerandt!>espring
Theibis--headedlhothwasthegodoftime
knowl«lge.writi"g.andthemoon.His
cur;ingbeakn:sembledthecresttntmoon.
andhisblackandwhitefeathersdenotedthe
moon's waxing and waning Certain ac:ourtE
ofhisoriginsay thathewasthesonofRa, the
sungod(,.,epp.2J8-39).andthatheeither
inheritedhis,.isdomfmmhislatherorfound
itinlx>ok>belonglngtothesungod.Thoth
wassaldtoha--.lnventedarange:ofintel\ectual
pursuits,lncludlngasnooomy.law,musk,and
-most relevant In the my1h of Osiris and
Horus--mtdiclne.Hewasalso theln,"l:ntorof
& lomplo ofo.;n,
theEro--pri.anhiemglyphlcwriringsy>tem.and
T~"""'"""~rJO..isatlho!anPa,.Al¥lolio
siocthewasalsoagodofnuogic,hiemglyphs ilaci)'Ot.)olWttl1 t lllt:rt~ I OIISard n11• al•o l lu$hattlll'j\'ii i i(IU$
weresaidtohawmagicalpowers. """""tromtha ltlesDyolthlsaromt[gypoaogod
GODDESSES OF THE NILE
Egypt's crowded pantheon included several
goddesses who performed a variety of divine
functions, ranging from Neith, the creator deity,
to the many goddesses who presided over
ferti lity, love, and ch ildbirth. Although most
of them were worshipped in temples by their
own dedicated s taff of priests, these goddesses
-who were all , in a way, aspects of a single
great goddess figure-we re also held in great
respect and affection by the common people.
Pilgtims made offerings 10 them, praying for
prosperity, protection, and healthy offspring.

--·---··---------- ---- ""' ---·-·--------------

I-lAT H OR
Luer:~SS<Xbte dwithlsis(se(pp.2-f0-.-i/),H:uhorw:JSagoddess
ofloveandfertilit)'Whoprotectedmothersandbabies,especially
duringchildbirth.ShewasoriginallyafiercewargoddessinNubi:l,
southemEgypt, andtooktheforrnofalion . AfterHoruswJSbom
(~epp.2-IO--I/),Ra(seepp.238-J9)broughthertoEgypttolookafter
the inflnt H;uhorthen<:h3r~ged<:ik1rlCier,leavingbehindherfierceness
and becoming more gem le_Taking the form of a cow who lived among
theNilepapymsrreds(consideredatokenoflife), sheproducedrnilk
for Horns, and when the god grew up, she bec:nne his wife_ When
Horuslosthiseyeinabillersmtgglewithhisuncle,Set,shereswred
his sight. Set punished Hathorbyabductingand
T:lpingher,butHomsbroughtherback,giving
heranewhomenearthe Nile
• Pro~~Ciiw•..,W.n
, _......... boly ........... t ..... po~gnant
IMI•u-ot•olclllit:lutlo,...t--
....._,YIIlhher-,.•...--_1-- 0!E ITII
..... adiDIIInilll . . . . ol .. ~ Kno•nlmthtl"tltDeltaregtonas
IDioelpiiOIII!Mt_lleo,....._
acre:llorgOOUes.o;.>\ttthwasalso
ahuntres.;;andwJmor.~imilarto
tlltGT(ekt\tlltt1.:1Uapp.J6-Jn.
TAIVE RET Shew-asbomfromtheoce:mand
Thcgodde;.sTaweretw:>Sthe createdbothgodsandmonals.
con~nof&t,ahhoughshe besi de>invcmingchildbirth. She
lefthinlforlloruswhenthe W:tS:tboa cultureheroine who
twogods!udtheirdispute taught tilt art of wea,~ng to tilt
JboutdltdomiruonoverEgypt Egyptians.Siltludgreatauthority.
(supp2-fQ-.fl). Tawerettook and when Set ~nd Horus fought,
:thiurreh)·bridformt!mg.we thegodslskedherw·hichoftllt
heramonstrousap~arantt:s!lt tw.Jshouldwin.~hes:~idth:!tboth
lud the he:Idof~hipp<.>potamus, thtantagoniSisshouldsum•~.but
thehmbsofahon.hununhll':tSts,:tnd.in:.ome SctmustbegwentwogoddeS6eSin
lkpktion~, Jcrocodile'stail. Despite her frightening returnforsuTRndennghisclaimto
looks.Tawewactu.111yplayedaprotectiverole,pR:Stding thethroneofEgypt.Somem)1hs

·~~ :::~.~~~,!~~.~·.;:,
overduldbinhand ch:l.Singawayevilspirlb. Depletions
o[Tnwere t showherholdingnnamulet intheslwpeof
thech~rxtersa,whichsymbolized protection. This snusterpnmalscrpem

TI
qualitymadeher,·erypopubrwith Eg)'ptians.who Apep(sup2-m
bought lltr images in large numbers. Then' well' also
Tawertt-shaped'"e~ls,m:ldewithasmallholemone .. Non."ooloMW • T•w••••,..W.u
bre:t)t, so th.at mtlk. made powerful and protecuve by
thegoddess.couldbcpou!l'doutasaspellwasrecited
11••-oogO<IdeN:Noo•i
.-ld-•ot.ld'--11
::'i.:*- :.:::::::
Nooto$'"'"'*'-
~-....- .
1<;:; - - -

llASTET
Thtc:u-headed lbswwastheEgyptiangoddcss of
scxuahtyandfenility.She wasthednught erofR:I,tllt
sungod,wh~tempersheexpresscdinherroar,and
wlsorigirullydepictedasalion.Shcwlsabo:~SS<Xl.lted
wnh:tmythmwhichacatbelongingtoRabnoffthe
headoftheprimalscrpemApep.Asasobrgoddes.s.she
wao; loO!llCttmes shown with :1 sc:~TJb btttle (a symbol of .,. M-iiHc.t
thesun)eng=edbctwecnhere:trs. lnbttrmyths.sllt 1•-r~..-..cats
~""'ohoo.-llorcauiDbo
was more firmly identified with the cat and b«ame -lied•'-"ol .. optdeo>
bcmgnindur.~eter.helpingpeoplebydeS~royingvmnin aa..r.~,.teme~~~tNIOottt­

and b)• bringing fertility. Bastet was~g:trded:tSthc callhawtou.nklundot~lt"

defenderoft lltpharaoh.andwon.hippedatfestivalswhere
brgt amoums of alcohol were consumed and paniclpams • ThofigurutB-t
performed lascivious dances. Her main ctnter of worship
washertempleatBubasl.is,bmshew ....,apopulardetty
whoa!sohadalargefollow"tllginotherp.1rtsofEgypt.
...... ___. . . . .
0.~10001"'-lormbutwas
..J'>IIaoethehoadotocatSioo

lbullll.s.-.. ..... boot

• .-.w ...lho-.-·o'-1
S(UJ,.$0 ,...., . . . . . .1. ...... 114-~1-lM 1!o.D. . llt·1!
~-
t\.."' JOURNEY TO THE
LAND OF THE DEAD
Death was considered by the ancient
Egyptians to be the potential beginning
of a new life. After a person died, the
body was carefully preserved as a
mummy because it was believed
that the deceased began a journey
through the Underworld to the next life, where
their souls would need to take up residence in
their bodies once again. This belief in the
migration of the soul to the Underworld was
widespread and the journey was described in
great detail in a complex myth.

------------ ;;;:;-- . --------------

JUDGING TilE SOULS

per50n'sbod)•intheaherlife
Foremostoft~wasthe
J. Ooirio ka,theperson'slifefon:c,andthe
O.iriiJWBS>bi<WIIhaJWI)C(lS$ h<l,thesoul.lfallwemwell
mwtichlhadocoowltra\100:1
komtlusikltothoalterhte afterdeath.thelwandbawould
unitetoformaspiritthmwould
lh·eag:tininsidethebody. Toa::;hie,·ethis,thedeadbodyhad
tobepreserwdappropliatelythroughmummiflotion,which
wasareenactmemofwhathappenedtothegodOsiris!ibody
afterhedied(seep.2.W)_ TI~eprocessinvolvedaserie:oof75
rilwls,inwhichpartsofthel:>odywouldh:touchedwith
specialin>lrumentstoh:reanimated--->~Saresuh,thebody
wouldbe<:omeafiningwhicleforthept'rson'ska. This process
alsoidentif~edthedeceased"iththegodOsiris,ensuriugth:u
theywouldsetoutonthejourneymel·erlaStinghfe
Thesoulsofthedeceasedwerejudgedmapbceneartheend
of the journey. the Hall of the Two Truths. The souls were
putthroughatestandiftl~eyp;~>Sed,thedece:lsedwould
ded~re their in nocence and then be judged by Osiris and
42asse.sorgods. Osiriswasassistedinhistaskbyjudi;es
who mduded Ra, Shu, Tdnut, Geb, NUl, Isis, l'!epiHh)'S
Horus,andHat hor. Eachgodjudgedaparticubraspectof
the souL Three possible fatesawaitedthesoulafterthe
assessment . TI1e nuly wicked charJCters were condemned
toa~ond:md firulde;uh devoid of mummification and with
nodunceofpassingunlmnnedthro LtghOuat Theordimry
soulswl'rese.!Ulosel'\"e0sirisetemally,andtlv:virluous
souls"ereallov.-edtomo,-eonto~happyandfreeetemallife
·

JOURNEY THROUGH DUAT

Thedeceasedthen~gantheirjourney througharealm
known as Dwt or the Underworld, whi ch W3S full of many
borrorssn d perils_ Here,theyhadtocontendwithdangers
suchasfierybkesand1·enomoussnakes. Thereweretnany
specialspellsthatcou l d~recitedtoprotectthevoyagers
on the way. TI1ese spells were wriuendown in aBookojlhe
& An H ot~rgodo
Drud, a compilation of imponam texts th.11 W:!S often buried
The........,.g<dsMd......,.su;O,..Bor&brooluandflood<:h>bJ;
withthemurnrniessothmthedeceasedhadaccesstothe andlool:edoo""')e)eyl'h)olho).!Wb!I(li6S'J<llhe<r~ -rhr)y
rightspellsontheirjourr~eythroughthedarkrealm. drao klhablro.J ~ i'ltcb:eas00 1f t - ...... ,.~IXOOI~glill

·1-t-.
~- ti.• :-......::.:c.-
PREPARING FOR DUAT
TI>epreparatoryritualsfortheafterlifewerecomplex
First.th<embalmerstook thedee<asedperson's
body totheirworkshop(knownastheBeautiful
House) , wherethoeyremovedthellver,lungs .
imestines,andstomach, plactngea.:horganin
cmopicjars. Tilenth<:bodywascover«!<:OOnpktd)'
with a chemical mixtu,..,ofsal!scalledMtmn,
packtdwithdrymatertalsuchassawdu<t,and
TilE I IALL OF TilE TIVO TRUTHS
Soulswerejudgedin tlleHaUoflheT"'-oTruths,whichcomai....da
j N.lanctinwhiehthehean-tlleonly,italmgannot"''no'-edfrom
' tile mwnmifiOO body-was weighed. The f~alher of Ma'at, goddess
oft<\lthaadjuSlict , waspLo.cedag,tinsltlleheartonthe so:ales. lf
!heheartou•wcighed•he feather, i•wouldlxd«mcdfo.dlofsia ,
atldAmmut,lheO.:voureroftheO.:ad , wouldieaSlonit.lfthe

H
wmppedinlinenbandag<s,,.ith labelsandamulets
11-.g<>:lol..,odlmard..nt>et>
attachedtoidentifyandprotect thebody. The lt.lgods.lhQ!hl•""l>l41)wa.<

m:;:~i'o~:~:l~~~:;
ta<i;OOI'dlhWfl~1111t.l .... b

:;',:'ol~~mdoo
"f W.ighi ng tho hoan
11-.!J(ldAnllni- P-237)po6$1dad(HO<It.l
~ ol (ldJ(yhoor t,(IOCWg<wlboli(!V(ld to
contatnat"""dolapcw.<OO'•btOO!dooi<

M ·~. , . ~
&Anubio

~~~?.:~~;~::~~~
Jau~w t t hllletlead.!
oll!nderv.u:ldgods.such""

~=~~"'~
~ ,;;;;-~

DEITIES 01- TilE UNDE RIVORLD

llesides0siris,Anubis,andth<:ferocious assessorgods. several01her
<kiti<> were as.sociated with tht Egyptian Underworld. Some of these
we..,sinister,>hadowybeingsv.it htheheadsofJams.tonois<s.or
hippopotamu,.s.Othersincludedtheserpem-godApep.orApophis.
wOO ronstamly waged w.ron Ra, the sun god. Among the l~ss
intimid•tingd<ltieswasthegoddessNephthys. sisterof

0
9
0

SEE ALSOC...ci>-42-43,\-IOO...SI.2«41.291-9!1.lJHI1. 31o-1 1, )1(1..41 . .. \j

-~::'..:..1!:~
A. B"i.,.l • .,.reliel p....!
! lltp8(ljlleoiS..prodoood•-.glwon.lolfllotlpanels*""'-.-lhoo<Cho.<lnoion.
..td.edomoa-.l .. .,..p~~Q.I••-*"""•fh ........
ane.lodbr..,.lol"-'.l.bnJ_.. _tlldollhiiCho'lrMo..t....,._
lly•med..t
 WEST AFRICA
•
The sophislicated cultures of West Africa produced mythologies in which
a variety of different deities are responsible for the entire range of namral
phenomena, from the creation of the universe w the wea ther.

West Afrka-stretching southwards from the TheYorubahaveasupremebeingknownas

>outhernedgeoftheSaluratothecoastof Olorun orOlodumare. lnadd iriontheyhave
presem-dayGhan:Janditsneighbors--hasa numerous0rlshas,orspirits,tl~1tare
longhistoryofcivilization.Fromaround manlfestationsofthishighgod.Belie•·ers
500ocE,empiresandbrgecity·-states appealtooneormoreoftheOrisliJS
cameandwem ,exhdevelopingitsown :J.Sawayofcommunicating"'ilhthe
sophisticatedansan d cr;~fts---especially supremebeing.Therearecoumless
metalwork---thatallowedthemtotrade Orishas.butsomeare panicularly
withpeoplesfrornfarbeyondtheirown popubr. Shango,apowerfulskygod
borders.ThebronzeworkofBeninand andgodofthunder,andhisconsort ,
thegoldjewelleryoftheempireof Oshun, benevolemgoddessoflove,are
Asl~1mi, which flourished in the !Sdtand amongthemosrlmporum
19thcenturiesa\ongthecoastbetween
GhanaandCl:ited'lvoire,are particularly
well-known examples. Theroleofthehero isaprorninent therne
J. W.r1Aftica . .l• ph.anrp• ndanr inWesrAfricanmythology.Sornetirneshe
WestAt rocaha<abad r bOnol~g;diOO
SURVIV I NG TR/\DITIONS isa cult ureherowhobringsthegiftsofcraft
roolliMOO:ongCralstmookomGhaoa<aslthoo
Trnde brought with it many comacrs from ~tdo)po:tony!Y.O(llaph:lnb,( r l)!ltures
skills and technology Atotherrimesheisa
outsidetheregion.fromNonhAfrican&rber lamlbr ~n rnythmiJI'IoltOO.\IIeaU!reiYJih wonder-<:hild ,a beingofsuchpowertlwhe
merrhantscrossingtheSahar:ltoEuropean !IJSthestrengthandskillsofanadultassoon
slave-tradersarriv ingbysea_Despite these ashelsborn.WestAfricl:tlsohassome
foreign influences,andthelegacyo!Europeancolonization in entenainingtrickstermyths. Thebest -knowntricksteristhe
thel9thand20thcenturies,manylocaltradttionsandbeliefs spiderAn3nse,whogetsthebetterofe,·eryonefromgodsand
hawsurviwd,andsorneinturnh;weinfluenced thereligion humanstothemostpowerfulofallcre3turesonEarth,the
andm)1hologyoftheCaribbean(sappJIH-JJ).Tr:ldirions eleph3nt.Amu sing storiesofAnanse'strickshave3 wide
thathavebeenp;micubrlywelipreservedincludethoscof appeal,andareenjoyedbyadultsandchildrenalike.
rheFonof&nin,mdtheYorub:JoflleninandNigeria
lnthemythologyofthefon.theprominentdeitiesare 1' Ar10U 't cOrMIIOni• l•ni'IOrriOMOn1
Lisa and his wife , ~lawu, who are sometimes combined as ll"' '""""""al'"""'irlr1ollhaOOO..orruk>rs.ol8ooonrnciudedaron "'narrmts...:h
:l$thooonedo)po:bngakolpaodlho<rooture·sat~ibutos---its$~ ,l !reiY,tlh.and
acompositedeity.Theycreatedtheworldandallthe pr<JM)$$asahunlllo---wereb~ r tslhatany r ulatwookiW1$hlobeas4rlr:latod"'lh
pbnts.animals,andhumans. Theyalsohada
numberofchildren,forrnedfrorntheirfaeces,
i ncludingDan,asnakegodwhC~~;ethous.1ndsof
coilssuppontheworld.Anotherson,Gu,is the
]Xllronofcr:lftsmenandwarriors. Heissaidto
usehlsskillsromakerheworldabeuerplacefor
peopletoli\·ein.Weathergods,includingvarious
thunderdeities,3lsoaboundintheFon]Xlntheon
AFRICAN ORIGINS
The peoples of Africa have different stories that explain the
creation of the Earth, the origin of the sun, moon , and stars,
and the ancestry of each tribe. Sometimes humans emerge
from a hole in the ground, sometimes they are molded by
a creator deity. Most of these swries revolve around
the activities of one supreme being, although in the
creation myth of Dahomey, this deity is helped by
a cosmic serpent in the task of creation .

-------·----· --
TIII'MYTI I
Thestoryofcreation.asnarratedbythe Fonpeopkof
Dahon(ey. begins with two primal beings the eternal male
>erpem Aido-Hwedo, lnd the fem;M crt::ltor deity Mawu
First, ~bwu pl'e binh to the gods aml god dew~- She had
mattychildren,toomattytomme.buttheyformedvarious
groupsaccordiH.g tO theirpo"'·ers and d"·el~ng places. The)'
included the Eanh deities, ruled b)' Mawu's first son, Da
Zodji:thunderdeit ies.ruledby~bwu'ssecondson,Sogbo;
and seJ deities. ruled by ~bwu's third son, AglX Once she
h:Jdmadesllthegodsandgoddesses,Mawururnedher
attentiontothehumanra:::e,whichshemadeout ofcl.ay.
MAKING TI-IC J:ARTII -"!""~-"""'!·
~lawurealizedthatthehumanbeings
neededsomewtleretoliw,soshedecided
tornaketheEarth.SherodeinthernoU(h
ofthecosmicserpentAido-Hwedo,and
as the plir tra,·eled they shap~d the
Eanhlikeahugecabbash _The world
wasdefinedbyAido-Hwedo'sturning
serpentine motion: as Ardo-Hwedo
snakedhiswayalong,hispathcreated
wind ingriversandvalleyswithsteep
sloping land on either side. His sinuous
courseshapedrheEarthShighandlow
places,thecurvinghillsides,andthe
round-bottomed"alleys.&causeofthis £ Snok• ttack
me:mdering,rhelandscapewasnoteven: lheriO!i<wlol/IOdo- IM•lo:kl"•"""""'t"'d
everythinginitwascnr,·edandundulating ~:.~=~~=:~~::.
likethe trackoftheserpent wmdi!OJUackaslhev•hdoil<I<WsaOO
AftereJChoftheir
cre~tivejourtle)'S,Mawuand
Aido-HwedostoppedtoreSI. \Vhenthey
paused,tl~eserpentSexcrementbui!tup,
cre:lllngthehighermountainsAstimewentb):thiswaste
mareri:dsolidifiedrobecomehardrock,hidinginside irallrhe
pre.;iou,metalsthatAido-llwedoexpelledfromhisbod):So
theprim:~lserpentbecamethesouR:eofalltherkhmineral
resourcesr1~1tareh iddendeepinrheground
SUPPORTING THE EARTH
The E:lnh 1hat ~bwu and Aido-Hwedo h.1d
madetogetherfloatedonavastseacontained
in an enormous calabash _ Bu1 i1 sweahhof
rocksandresouR:es,rogerherwirhtheweighr
ofallrhepeopleandanimalsMawuh.1dcreared,
m~deittoohea''Y· MawuS:Jw!hat it must be
supported, otherwise it wouldsink.She!Oid
Aido-Hwedo 10 coil himself all 1he way around
the F..anh.holdingit upsoth:n it would not
sink imo the WJter_Aido-Hwedo wascomenr
tolieinthecoolseawaterbecausehedidnot
like the heat of the Earth. ~!os! l)' he by Still,
bur nowandrhenhewouldshifrimoamore
m
 KEY CII ARACTERS
Thf:on~~Jnctu~rsintht Foncrtationstoryano:rheso\.lkc,AJdo..
HIO·«<o_,.·hot..lpsinthrcrution.andthtmono:romplucno:ator
_____ _ _..... __,·-,.·
:<·:-·.:-·--.;":"-~_;
. ~~

jpddm. ~bwu.. Mawu Is actually half of a composite ddlf-h"' othn

h.olfisthr!J>d Uso. ondwlw:ncnroumer«<t~rthtyano: rderrW
toasMa"u-U....a<kity"'i'h'"'Of.otts.Whrno:.s\Ja"-ubthtgoddess I
of t iYE.nharKithem.oon.Us.tisd~~:IJXIofthtskyandth..sw•

I
~ ~~
0 -- - - - - - - - -
:------<-~----- I YO RU BA CREATI O>J
T1Y Yorub. of Nigrrto di:JCTibc how

'I ~~.~~~~:: :~~;:::-)

A Aido -Hwtdo
Tho<OliiiCII!IJllliii i"W((IU tha[aolh.kl
tonleiiOXIOI>ntJhoubofdllsop lt..Ay.
and•-bltN . . <lJiorlojr...OO..
• •
-"
lho~Miwl<!f.aod101oremthe
sl:y '*O!OS"""'"'llla~lognt ...t
a~tllad10.,..1111tiel.,;tlol . . .._
Heg;t•'ehlrnab.ogofrarthanda
hen,and~·•red a palmt ~down
uithhim.Ob.lt:I.Lotookbrov.1lranh
.
from th..b.ogandspJinl<.kdltonU..
wa~r...·htno:itfonro(dl;ond.n..n

1 h.putthrhrnond.eE.>nh,.,.dst..
0 .\! E DAY AlDO - l I\ VED O !I =•"""'"""' ~""'•'"'~"
wiOmtthrronllnr.-.ofAfrlc"a.lol:rr
\V [LL [AT HI S 0 \ \IN TA IL, ~~•odh••w•oo•o"'>'.
AN DTIIE\ VO RLD \VILL 1
1
-
f A LL INTO TH E SEA. I
I
--- - - - - - - - - - - 0
KOt\ 1 O RI GIN S
Ford~~:Kompropkof nonhwcSIC.mcroon. t heso.tkoels.,ar~""

I
figu~ r~thtrt!~ a c~ator. Ontt, thti.rchitf"·.as morully "UI.Oildrd in
awar"iththtndjjlboringFon.fktoldhisl"'opk!Qmo''< lon<"''
Urritory. follo,.1ng tht tuck of a p)1hoo. Soon aftu rht chid din!
&1')1hon"'partdandthtpeopk follownl~s"'indiugtndt. Firo.tlly
ttl.snokaopptdanddw:Komm.ode thtlrntWhoo><atthbpbl:le

"''"'"''"""-'"'
f I:Qoo.1111Pflhoo*""•dooolr
....

.6. Wioi111ko ~
kw-Wog~.-"""""'a,,Ctrauia(kn,t ~-toMiotohon""tlt ...

..
~:- -:-~--:~=~- :.:~=':::=:~~
wnhptllly. ......,.al~ and ............ ~
~1
S!(.USO» _ _ _ _ ~-~X7-f:l117-IJ • W.•-:t-2t_SH:l_10f.«<_ _ t__ •
ANANSE
The spider Ananse is a trickster and also as muscles. In some myths , the trickster
a cuhure hero in West Africa, especially acts as an intermediary between human
among the Ashanti people of Ghana. Besides beings and the sky god Nyame. Some even
his tricks, Anan se is well known for using believe that it was Ananse who persuaded
his intellect to owwit creatures much stronger Nyame to create the sun and moon so that
than himself- s tories about these pranks are people on Earth could
commonly told both for amusement and to benefit from having
highlight the fact that brains are as important night and day.

--··---------~-- ·

MESSENGER TO TilE SKY GOD

Npme, d~t ~ky god, w:tS tl~~: cr(:ttor of all things, but he S.1t aloof from his crea~ions.
Dow tt bdov.• on the Earth, people worked constamly in the fldd5--1here w~ no time
for them to rest Amr~ he~rd their compb.ims. and spun~ thre~d up to Nyame to
:;skforhelp. SoNyarnecreatednight, wheneveryonecouldsleep. But the humans
were frightened oftlv:: darkness, so Nyarne .er r he moon in the sky to provide liglu ~~
night. Then t hepeopleshiveredbecauseit w:~Salwayscold , soyetagai n,An~nse
wem to tell Ny~me , and he put the sun in the sky to giw warnnh. This time, the
scorching heat was too much for the mere monals, and once more, Amnse climbed
up his thread to ask for help on behalf of the people. This time, Npme sent great
rainsro cooleveryorv::,burhisrn.insweresoheavyrharrlv::y caused floOOsand
A "-"• •sob .. k• r
people d rowned. Nprnem:tderlv::floodsrecedearJd , flmlly,evel)t>od)'w:lS COntem [mbo.,edwHh!Mrelieli'I'Xl-ofa lariJO
'Pida<rn itswob. lh isbron"' """'"'"""'
NiiJOna~nUtothepOpUia" tyolth&
ttttbt,.Ana nwtnWe!tAirttanrnyths

A Aificanoun•ndll'loonmasko
Mosb r ~ OIOII"J ..., ...,an:lth>rt~Jm...,conwmninWostAAial
AstOOmaob• ooldayar<lnight th.,.unandlhenmtlatel<ltV
·~t..-.l~wa!Q'(l<h~,.. .. e<lablmglhaorCI(<IIor)n_
1\\ ASTER O F STO RIES
Nyame owned all the stories in the world. Ananse
wanted to buy the stories from him, and as paymem,
Nyame asked Ananse to bring him sorne hornets. a
P>,hon,andaleopard. Anansetrickedthehornets into
acabbash . Hethen"-emtothep)1honcanyingalong
staff and decbred that he was unclear about which was
longer.thesnakeorthestaff. The python by by the
swff.andAnansequicklytit'd ittothestaff,thustrapping
iLNextd~espiderdugapit fortheleopardandco,·ered
it with branches. The unsuspecting leopard fell into
itandw:.scaught. Anansedehveredtheanirnalsto
N,.amelnd,forfulfillinga\1
the conditions, won the
stories of the world
TRI CKI NG THE ELE PIIANT
One.dll.y.anelephantwasboredandchal!engedthe
otheranimalstoahead-buningcornpetition.Fearing
theelephamSstrength,noneoftheanimalsroseto
the challenge, except forAttanse _ lt W:lS<le<:ided th~t
thecontestwouldtakcplaceo'·erHnights,withthe
elephanth.wingthefirstsevenbunsoverthefirstseven
nights.Ananse trickedanante lopeintocomingto
Ananse'shouse at night to recei,·ewm~ food. Since it
was a time of famine, the ::mtdope :..greed Th:tt night,
theelephambunedtheantelopeinthed:trkandkilled
it. Q,·erth~ nextsixdays,AnJnse
trickedmore:mimalsinthe

"t' Popularlolklore ill'jrodiont

Althoog~AI"""""'"''"'IJ'Il.chi~"' boca!OOso:l1a
~rorqoojeMklli<Mo l lliJinWes1Aio1C311tood
TilE ORIGI NS OF A RG UM ENT thetmcvtoumttor""'~ i ""'the""J"l"l·•lotkl<lo
<uthastOOrnyflabrutAn:o"'"andthe rnan
Once,therew:ts:tmanwhoarguedwitheveryone,andkilled
several :tmmalsbecausetheydisagreedwithhim.Ananse

" ~
decidedtomeettheman.WhenthemanbegantoteiiAmnse
famasticstories.Ananse invitedh imtohishouse.Onhis
arri,•al,themancouldnot findthespider,butAnanse"s
childrenfedhimthehottestofchilies,whichburned his
mouth. He asked for water. but Ananse"s children e.~pbined
th~t the wa1er at the top of a pot belonged w their bther and they were
afraid of mixing it with the water below when pouring from the pot
Themanarguedwiththispreposterousstory.andwhenAn:mse
returned.thespiderdeclaredtlwthemanmustdiesiocehecontinued
...
cookif19pol
Mola l ~ , fliJ~$
arewodel'j...,jiOixoi l
toargue.Sothespiderskilledtheman.torehisbodytopieces.andthrew
thebitseverywhere.lnthisway,argumentspreadaroundtheworld
~:~~"::~oo
...,jtostorowat.;o,asor
tt.. storyoiAmn"'
 A. Tlotlooooh~ohu,.~oro
?.:iG llllnal.,<lrooxwaiOd .... .,.,.,.. . . . . . . t...t ....... red.wllol8, aod'""twds.
...... _ .. o..nab<AepuMo:.oiCOOQO---I>I'Ihor& . . . . .
peoplo..d....-da! ........ a.d~r.e-Y<bol
 CENTRAL AFRICA
Ccn n al Africa is dominated by the vast and densely rainforcstcd basin of the
River Congo, one of the world's longest rivers. Many of the myths originating
in the region reflect this rich and vibrant tropical landscape .
Much of Cemral Africa is horne to people who, like many of
theinhabitamsofsouthernAfrica,speak bnguagesfrornthe
B.1ntugroup. TI~emythsofCemra1AfricanBamu-speakers
sharesomeofthefemuresofthe5em)'thsfoundamong
1\antu-speakersfunhersouth,indudingtalesofheroes. These
heroesfrequent lyencounteranddefeatmonstersandevil
beings and are often rewarded with power and kingship-
~l"indo,theepicheroofthel"pngapeople,isa famous
example.Otherpeoplesintheregionhavemythologies\\ith
many de ities who embrace spedfic functions in the c05mos
CREATIO N STO RIE S
One indication of the diversit)' of the myths in Cemml Africa
is thegremvarietyofcreationstories. Among the Bushongo
people of the Democratic Republic of Congo, for example,
thesupremegodbring:; thecosmosintobe ingsimplyby
vomitingirup . lnturnhe,·omitsupthesun.thernoon,
and thestars,thenhevomit supalltheanimalsand,
fimlly. t hefirsthumanbeing:; . Forthefangpeople,
wholiveinGabon,theDemocr:uicRepublicof
Congo,andtheCtmralAfricanRepublic,creation
takesplacesin twostages,notone.First,aprimal
creatordeitymakesaworldeggbymixing his
underarmhairwithapebbleandpanofhisbrain
Herhenanoimsrhiseggwith hisseed,following
whichthreegodshatchout oftheegg,indudinga
second:uycreatorwhogoesontomakeboththe
landandthepeople.Otherpeoples.suchasthe
EfeandMbutioftheDemocmticRepublicof
Congo,tellastoryabouthow thecreatordeity,
with the help of the moon. makes the human
racefromcby,addingaskin,and pouring blood
intotheskintogivepeoplel ife
~ Prot oc 10rotth o hom o
Statoottoscolledbir~t i~elhisonafr()l'lltheBal"'"
p<qlleof tOOo.:.rocraiJ:RejaJblo<ofC<np-arecle<lgoo:t
IObe~tJy t OOhrlaOofthetarnrtyr n acr!ln(Kofthet.:ml
lact "'theoolrnnca.IOI>'OIO<t thew~houseldltoornrll'il
f)
•
I
I
• Prot.cting tl>t doad
!::~~=;;!A=~::aly
mWv-"'loluo10contaonersofbona$and
1
j otheoon~la nt relrr:soflbeioaor;:mt(M's
i MYTH A N D REALITY
l lnthevasta ttddenseuopical
I ~i~~:~~~~~~::~~: ~{:;uch
I relevanceofm)1hstoeveryday
f lifeisofrendear. The P)'gmy
people,forexample,seetheir
supremedeit )'notonlyastheircreator
butalsoasthegodofthehunt.lntheir
ID)1hologyheloweredthefirsthuman
beingsfromtheskyandcommunicates
wirhhiscreat ionsthrough<:cnainan imals: oftenan
eleplum- knownasrheThunderer---Oradumeleon
Asthegodofhunters,hecreatedall theanimalsas
foodforthehumanrace,andgivesthesustaining
lightofthesunnewlifeeverydaybygathering light
fromthestarstoaddtoilsbril lianceinthemorning
Whereastlw:Pygmies'supremedeityisalsoalw:lper
ofhumanity,inmanyCentralAfricancult ures t hereare
alsocult ureheroeswhobringwit hthemspecificskills
TheFjortpeopleoftheDemocmticRepublicof
Congo,forexample,haveam}'thicalblacksmith
called Funziwhoreceives the gif~ of fire from a deity
and teachesthepeoplehO'o\·toworkcopperandiron
Some~ irnes ~he task of cuhure hero is combined wi~h
tharoftrickster,as inTure, thetricksteroftheZande
peopleoftheDemocmticRepublicofCongo."•ho
brings the people fire . Characters li ke ~hese ensure
thatrhemyrhsofCemralAfriC!lh3\'erernained
viv idlyrelevanttotheli,·esofrut ivepeoplefor ?.57
manythouS:Jndsof)·ears.
LONKUNDO
The founder and culture hero of the Mongo-
Nkundo people of the Congo basin was
called Lonkundo. He is primarily known for
teaching his people how to hunt, but there
are also myths about other aspeCis of his life,
particularly his relationship with his wives.
They tell of how Lonkundo set up house in
the forest, and how he caught his favorite
wife , llankaka, in one of his animal traps.
These m yths, which continue with tales of
Lonkundo's descendants, reflect the dangerous
and un predic table world of the fores t hunter.

- ---------------· ---- · - - - - - - - · -----

THE FIRST II UNTER

The first people did not know how to hum, and having little in the way of
sttrvival skills,theywonderedhowt!Je)'WOUidsurvive.Onenight,thespirit
of Lonkundo's bther c~me to him in a dream . Lonkundo's father told his son
to look for ~ninul paw prints in the soil, and to follow t he tr~cks to find the
creature's regular habitat. Heshouldthenconstructatrapforitusingraffia
fibers and twigs_When he Jwoke, Lonkundo followed his bther's instructions .t. Hunlor"onockt•£<1
andsetatrapinthe pathofoneofthecreatLtresheludtracked _The trap was HuntersOI>llookunOOottero""""jewelrymado
successful.andlonkundothentra•·eledwidely,tracking !rornfJ'IIt.olf""""lulanlulal•.•<rll.,eleptnnt
tu.Uandjaguartae~hll!'doing>O. thowearar
be:.stsandseuingtrJpS,lndpro•·idingfoodforhis hop(idi(Jmh(o-ottho$hangtholthe$ecrootuo0$
people. He also t:>.ugluthem how tosettheirown traps
foranimals,andtheywerenHershonoffood:>.gain.
CATC II IN G A \\'I FE
Ontnlglu,Lonkundud~a~dthathelud
caug.htt~suninonrofhisanima!trlps
\\'htnl~awoke.IM'wemwinspccthb
trapsasU>u:d:..ndw;ISamazedto:~t:ea
brighthghtcomingfromoneofthetraps
hehad.et. Hewemoverandfounda
beautiful woman, called lbnkaka.
caughtbytl'l!:raffbnooseofthenap.
1\ihtnhtrrk~dher.Lonkundo.
cmrar~ecdbyhtrbtauty.askedherw
becomchbwtft.Sheacceptedonone LOS ING A \\'IFE
condnion:htmUSine,·erboasltlutl~ lnthcfo~t.Lonkundoandhis"'l''('Stfllvcled
hadcaughthtrmatrnp.Heagrttdand wlindan<"Y.homc.Aftnawhilethcrheanlthe
thttw·oseukddown. Lller,lonkundo SCrtte;hlngcryofp.:liTOIS,"hichW'aSCOn:.idt:Tl'd
~goodonltn,sotht)'Stoppedwl~ell'tl~eywtnoto
familyb«an~pr~rous.\\'hen make tl~eir home. Tl~ey cut down tn-esto build
othcrbrmlic~lxcamejcalousof hutsand.asw;tScustomaryatthatt imt,madca
tlll'irsuc«SS,Lonkundoandhis hum;nJs:w:nfi cc.ButoneofLonkundo'sv.ives,
wtvesde<:idedtomovewrheforest Nsonobe,quarrclcdwithherhusbandabouther
tostannt-.ewlife hut. whidt ~~~ thoug!u w:JStoo small, and sl~ ldt
thtvilll~wnhl~er..on.Y<mjwa.Lonkundo'swife
llankakawasplt;;N>d,believingthat Lonkundo
lo\'l'dl~rthtbe.c.lbnkakapl:mtcdp:llmtrtt5~nd
h.:tr;e;~cdthtnuts.butv.henLonkundodcm:utdt:d
11\()ttllUtsfromtho::tTl'.-s,thccouplcargucd.
.,. Tro"ilof iiMkob I LookunOO.forgtnmghch.:ld.promi~dnottobo.'I:Sl

--·--
lho"'l'llool . . (:lll<t.gollbol:ab!Ois ....... (>( catchir~& luswtfc, cxcbtmcd, "lkmember.l
,.._caug~oton.,._ol.,.,.oll"""-"d>

~~~:.:===~~=ol~
.. •mll

I caugluyoummytr:~p.":md lbnkakadis:lppcarcd

1' N.ominglhoaniMo1o

ITONDE AN D LI Al'-'JA ~ :::i:~== :r~ ..

Tl~emostfamousoflonkundo'sde'iCcndanbw:JS
hisgr:~nd.On
ltondc. He wJStho:: sonofYonjwa -
'•....,
~
_ .--.::'·~.._
_ ",......~~
,,_·•• ...
":.,. ~.(r.r
~ '&J.
:mdthcgr:lndsonof'\,;ombc.tl~wJfcwhotud
Jcftlonkundo:lf~raqu:~rrclltoodcw.:t>anotilhlt: .. l.loago.ond-•
cxplcrcrwhotf:l\'l'lcdthroughtho::f<JKS~andtht "9tol91f101mtus
land~aroundthtm.namingallthebcasl>l~efound
Or~ da~·l~ met a woman called Mbombe :tmong tl~ trees, and the pair
w·crc married. \VI~n \lbombe became pn-gnant .!~ h.'ld a cr:Iving for a
5
str:~nge nutdroppedbyabird.ltondcwent tOSfarchformoreofthese ~
z
nuts,butw:JSaU:~ekedbyrivalsandkilled.Mbombe.however,
0
wemontoglvebinhtosevera\ children,whobecamctl~ 0
aacc;.lon;ofthe Mongo-speakingtribesofCcmrJIAfrica.Ont
of tl~ sons. li:mp. became a hero. who 3\'l'ngcd tht death of his f:uher.
MWINDO
The story of Mwindo is a lraditional epic
of the Nyanga people of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo that has been passed
down through oral performance. Mwindo's
miraculous powers include both invincible
strength and the ability to see into the futu re.
His adventures involve a long rivalry wili1 his
own father, and dming the course of the epic,
Mwindo travels to the Underworld, where he
displays his strength, and also to the sky,
where he learns
new wisdom.

- -- -------------- ·---- -----

Jv\WINDO'S BIRTH
~l "indo \\:~SthesonofShemwindo, thechiefofTubondo,and
hisfa,·orhewife. Frornbinh.heposst'ssedpowersof prophecy.
theabilitytodestroyevil,andthe meall~tomovev.ithequ3l
easewhetheronland,underwater.in theair.orunderground
But Shemwindo did not wam a son, espe<:~d l y such a powerful
one.~hefeared t hatayoungerm~nwouldchallengehis
amhority. l!epl:tnnedtoki!IMwindo,butwasu tJSuccessfu l
tlunkstohissonSmirxulouspowers.Shemwindotherefore
told his councillors to seal ~1windo itJSide
adrumandtothrowthedrurnimothe
riverto disposeofhisrivai.The
councillorsd idso,bm thedrum
found itsway toShemwindoS
sister, whorescuedMwindo.

,. Mwindo'oftpwotter
MMndQrnnoedallj'swalbl<"" lh ii'OQIC3iJI')MK$
\Vrmsoon:flat""""a-ilthom.OOWJ!ddoftoct
!Oa_..,.,..t>,>,.,..,ogt>al!f.lw.lll<:lmhl:or

I AM i\\IVJNDO, TilE
~ S .. It<linsidulf19 O t\JE BOR1'-J IVALKING,
lnwroo,..SI(Xl<ollherrrytii,SIIenrw.ndo"s
ac~ic .. ....todlhoi<'OO'JMNi.OO,...ide Ti lE O N E BORN TALKIN G.
aholowlog;'lndftoollldhlmdown lherMll
towt.atlheythought........tdbeoonaoncleath 0 MY FATHER, YO U
TRY TO KILL 1\ \L
BUT I VHAT CA 1\J YO U
DO AGAI N ST t\ \E7
 After ~\wihdo escaped from the drum in which Shemwindo had trapped
!urn, he vowed 10 return home and fig!u his f:uher. His materna! uncles
g:JWhimironamlOr,andtogethertiJe)'destroyedShemwindo:ShonJe
killing many people, but Shemwindo escaped to tiJe Underworld.
~lwindo<:h:J:S<:d him and, upon reaching the Underworld, had to fight its
rukr,i\luisa,beforehecou\dapproa::hhisbtl~er.Fimlly.Shemwindo
surrendered, and apologized for trying to kill ~twindo.llle pair agreed
th31 the kingdom would be split in two, one half ruled by Shemwindo
and tile othn by Mwindo . They returned to Earth and ~\windo restored
tolifeallthepeoplewhoh.1dbecnkilledinthefigluit18-

~ Tt,. lighlnin gMolllt t

lhe>rontcalledNbJba or ~g! ,tn lrJ{IMlSI'"to:t thelorm
olahedgoloorj HohelpedMwmdO WIIIlhelaolhghtr.ng
whonhew.»at~L ngS~-.vil~:~ge

1.\1 THE SKY

Ot~eday,(l-lw indoand,someofhis
follow~rswereoutltulllingwl~enadragon
came ~nd ate some of his companions. Mwmdo killed the dragon and
rescuedhismenfromitsbelly,butt hespirit LightningMa5ter,afriend
of both Mwindoand the dragon, wasupsetatthedeath oft he beast . So
lightning Master took Mwindo imo t he sky to teach him a lesson. In d~e
sky Mwindo had to endure many ordeals, after which Lightning Master
rernindedhimthatnohuman,note"enasuperhero,shouldtreatany
animalwithcomempt,as theyv:ereallconsideredsacredtothegods
Then Mwindo was allowed 10 return 10 Eanh, where he explained to
hispeoplethatallcreaturesweres:l<:redandshouldberespected. After
thisl~eruledhispeoplewiselyandpeacefull)'formany)·ears
 THE WISE KING
A mylit of the Bushongo people of
the southeastern Congo region
describes the achievements of their
greatest ruler, Shamba Bolongongo ,
who is seen both as a king and a
culture hero. Shamba, who was wise
and jus t, is said to have been a real
TI-l[ M YTH
Shmnb~Bolongongo,apnnceoftheBushongo
people,was•·eryinquisill''e.andlovedlearning.
Asheir'to thethrone, he realized that he would
beableton\leoverhis,;ubjectsmoreefficirmly
ifhe knewmoreaboutthem.theirway<lfli,·ing,
andlheirneeds. So.whenhewa,;stillyoung
Sh.1mb set ouno journey far and wide. On
hismanytravels,hefoundoutallthathecould
aboutthedifferentpeopleswholiwdlnhis
kingdomandinthelandsbeyondhi>own
The prince learned m~nythingstlut he believed
wouldew:muallyhe lphisovmpeopletoprosper
andtolil'epea.;efu!lyandhappily.
H IE CULTURE IIERO
WhenSharnb.1returnedfrot)lhislongjourney
andbecamethekingofhispeople,hetaughtthem
manynewskillsthm havebeenuscde,·ersince
amongtheBushongo. Thekingshowedthem the
techniqueofmakingtextilesoutofraffiafibers,and
howtoturnthesc:textilesiruoclothes. He taught them
ho\1 to prepare the nourishingcas~wa root properly:
ensuringthatitwascookedwellmoughtoremovethe
;;: poisonthatcouldbeleftbehindin theplant.Shambaalso
planted palm trees and used them formakingoil..'\nd
g
z
heinnoducedtheBusho ngot otobxcosmok ing
~
I• /G)
:~iti<1'''
king who reigned in the 17th century,
a time wh en many tribes united to create
large and powerful poli tical fact ions . He
was revered not only for his great wisdom,
but also because he avoided violence and
war, prefening to use his intelligence to
forge alliances or resolve dis putes.
<II ShombaBolongoft'jo
T h,. ca<Wl\YOCJdooooopte!J~clotha~"'J'<Itiii')Oflhis
tt.!ooa.r.h<M1!11JonamodocooaloootHtsC!"'sed~aod
•ilualnod • f'I'"Oly~atotlhollushllD)Opi)(lpio
HIE M~N OF PEi\CE
TheBushongowereswarlikepeople,skilledin.
the usc: of weapons ButShatnbahatedviolenceand
killing,andwamedtointroducehispeopletothe
waysofpeace.Soonafterascendingthethrone, he
issuedanorderbanningtheuse-ofbo\\-sandarrows,
aswellastheshongo,atypeofthrowingknife,in
baule. At first the people thought that criminals
would thril'e underakingwhodid not allow the
useofweapons.buttheywerepro1·edwrong
Shambatriedharderthananykingbeforehim
tohuntdowncriminalsandpunishthemharsh ly.
Buthewa,notl·er)'keenonhandingoutthedeath
pen3lty,andwouldonlydosoa.salastresortinthe
ofthemosthardenedofoffenders
The peoplesawthatS!umOOrespectedallhis
subjects. He was especislly mindful of women and
children,an dsevcrelypunishedan)"Onewhotriedt oharm
them.Whene1·erpeopleapproachedhimwithaproblem
oradispute,hewou ldgivegoodadviceorofferafair
judgement.Eversincethattime,Shambahasbeenheldup
astheide~l ruler,anexamplr that every Bushongo king has
aucmptedtofollow---eventhoughrJOtallofthemh.webeen
a.ssuccessfuloraswisc:. llisperiodofruleisoftensaidto
hal'ebeenagoldenageb)•theBushongopeople.
 A Ralfiolabnc
Theil>oo•loo..:.s"""t<ano: h.. ot the,.tfia

THE CULTURE HERO'S GIFTS

~::~~~~~:::7~;;;:.,"~~~t;:,~~;!:~u='~;;:~,lls j

:::;~~~~~~~7.:;:~~;:,:~~~:~=~ ~
1
A Toboceoplant ~-------~----
ltemshkeca$$.0.>'Hndtob=ocamdmmtheAmericas
in1he l611t CC!IIUl)', so the SIOl)' could wdl b<: b.lsed on
fact. Raffia. how•••er, is nab,-~ I<> Africa, and the hi&orical
~=!~''i:.
illncallllhat~.atllO•h
•t""''"""'bo<n~tJ,o
Ij TilE PEOPLE'S GA1\IE
Anot~r innovation populartzed by Shamba was
a game called Ld~ or Mancala_ Shamba de\'istd it
Shamba may ha,-., pioneered its use in making textiles i<dW•.u;ha>Stllnbo ' b<:cau"" he fom!d out that his people were addicted
- · - - · -·------------~----- · to gambling. Wishingtoencourageth<m to take up

l ~::•::~~~t~Jem~::~d~~;~~=: ~:~~~~i:."i~t by
KILL I\JE JTH ER 1\ \AN,\ VOMAN, , roc',""""'"""~""b""w'""m'"''""''
NO R CHI LD, A RE TI-l EY NOT ::.::~7;;~:~~;::::~~.~~,:::~,7::"
T H E CH IL D RE I\J OF CJ-IE J\ \BE ''''"''"'"'""'""""""""'"'""'"''"b"b
[GOD L AND !/ AVE THEY NOT •lttdtobeaecumulatedduringth<gam<

T H E RI G HT TO LI VE? '~"''""'""""
PEACE AND JUSTICE
A . l l l i = - l l r r . lntradilion.l \\'eSIAflietnsodeties.atgurlll:lHSOrdlsputes
b<:tween•wo people or families were resoh·ed by 1he head
ofthe\'illage . Simil>rl)·.disputesonalargers.:alewouldb<:
I'I:S<llndby•h<king.People look«luptolhe,.. leaders
becauseoftheauthorilylhal theirslalusga'·"'hem.an
authoritylhatwasoflenenhan<'<'dby!h<belid thatt!Je z
kockrswere linkedloancrSiorsandgod.>.Subjtctsused GJ

:~u:t;: ~~~i~~~:~:u;~~~e:~~~':;:,::::m :~;:~~:;~~~::w~i~~~t.;n::• ~

for wisdom, his judgerll<nlS "e"' respected all the more. rema"'•(:(lll$tan1-IOWifi-OOOnt\lrl tban3110pp0nelll
SEEAlSOCuluohooooo'IS-11.114-t;.N---!19 • Jru .... :M---;J,,-.M-61.11-7!.120-11,l20-11 ~,-j
r~:~~:~;fi,'(!!~;'
A. Kik"''•<•ro-iol ohiold
Sholl<bW.thoo_ .............. _ .. ..,...,K.ia,.peoplo......
IM•t:.n,..Tko-..-OIId80••daoaololowloga...:1$1011
-~-"·bor·· ....... -"*"ood~ .. -td ..... ...._
 EAST AFRICA
~
Supreme deities who bring the necessities of life, from rain to cattle, dominate
the mythology of East Africa. Side by side with these gods exist thousands of
spirits who oft en have a direct and personal influence on people's lives.

~
;~is0 ~~~~~:~~:;~~e;1~)'~:~~ o~a~:~~::~~~~:~o:~::~ I ~:~-;~ 1 :o0~ ~!:~~:~::i:~o~;~if~~~~::e; :r~
areasofZambla :md ~lalawL Humans have lived in this pan gwrrdian spirit, who looks after rhem from the day rhey are
ofrheworldforlongerthaninany01her. born. Whenthetimecomesforthepersonto
Theearliesthumanrem.ains,togetherwith dre,theguardianspiritalsoactsasjudgeof
the remains of hominids who are rebted to the deceased. The spirits of people who led
our species---50 me of which date from four good h'·es on E:mh are taken to a land where
million)·earsago--h,webeenfoundatsites thereareabundanrcaule;thespiritsofthose
such as Koobi Fora in Kenya and the Olduvai who are less worthy go to a place where there
Gorge in Tanunia. This long histOI)" of is neither water norca\1\e
humanhabitationproducedculrureswell
adaptedtorhev.lriedlocalconditions.which SPIRITS AND AN IMALS
aregenerallyquitecoolanddryinrhemany lnadditiontoasupremedeit)•,manycultures
upbnds.andmorehotandhumidtowards haveahostofotherspirits.Someumesthese
thecoasts.Amongthemanycuhuresofthe J. Mas.o imond anci"'l spiritstakethefomlofanimalsaboutwhom
region,anumber.suchas theMasaiofKenp C..emonialty'"""""'ths.,....•.Masaorrm amusingormoralstoriesaretraditionally
periorm•ntvaldaneeinlan,..Sodldano:..
and Tanzania and the Turnbub of Malawi. kadlbU'Ially300llnp;l"!'f'ep:l!3bOOstoowar. told-storiesthatinsomecaseshJ.,·ebecome
h..weomstandingmyrhologies n~olpassago,andW<IIc:<moggll!)SlS bmiliarandwell-lovedaroundrheworld
Forex:unple.theTumbub.apeopleof
CATTLE MYTHS OF THE MASA I HERDERS ]l,bbwi. h.we a supreme god calle d Chiuta. Chiuta is the
TheMasairraditiomll)·livebyherdingcallle.sotheirmosr Tumbuka creator. an alm ighty being who. as well as creating
irnportantdeityisEnkai.acreatorgodwhoinsomeoftheir rheuttiverse,isafertilit)"godattdabringeroflife-givingrain
mythsgavethemthefirstcattle. Thesern)1hsalsoexpbin Butinadditiontom)1hsaboutChiuta.theTumbukatell
theroleofotherpeopleswholivebyhuntingandgathering storiesaboutthreeanimals:thewisetortoise,thetrickster
or by brming. The rich Masai hare,andthewickedhyena. lntheseittakesthewisdom
_ . - - - . . - pantheonals.oincludesEnkai"s oftl~e t onoise todefeatthedeviousrricksofthelureorthe
conson,Olapa,goddess ofrhe villainousbehaviouroftheh)·em

RITES OF PASSAGE
lnadditiontothisbodyofrn)1hsandmoraltales,EastAfrica.
liketherestofAfrica,hasarichheritageofceremonyand
ritual.Specblmusicanddancesoccornpanytheritesof
passagetlmmarkrhekeysragesofaperson"slife,espedally
theinitiationritesforwhenayoungpersoncomesofage
Theseceremoniessurvi,·eintact to thisday-in spite ofa
longperiodofcomactwithcuhuresfromoutsideAfrica.both
duringtl~ecolonialperiodandmorerecemly---sokeeping
tr:lditioml beliefsandstoriesaliw
THE FIRST CATTLE
The Masai, a cattle-herding people who live in Kenya, have several myths
about how they came to own cattle. Other herding tribes in Africa have
similar stories, which are testimony to the important role of cattle in

a man from one of the humer-gatherer tribes

of Kenya and Tanzania , who are widely
referred to by the herding people as

·-----·---
the Dorobo (the ones without cattle).

TIIEMYTII
LongagotherehvedaDorobomanwhosharedhisland
withaneleph~ntandasnake.Oneday,theelephant lud
acalL\VhentheDoroboapproachedth,emotherelephant,
,;hean:tekedhimwprOlecther)"Oung,andll~~:,m~nkilled
herittself-ddeoce.Thesnakewaslurkfngnearb)·andhe
sle" that too. The~brmedel,eph.1ntcalfranaway;fearing
foritslife,andtheDorobowasleftalone.
~~MESSAGE FROM TilE GODS
The baby eleplunt mn until it met a M$:1i tribesman called
Le -eyoandtoldhimwh3thadhappenedtoitsmotherand HIE COM I NG Of' HIE CATTLE
thesmke.lmriguedl;>ythetale,Le-eyotr:weledtotheplace
wheretheDoroboli,·ed,andpeeredt hroughthebusht o
see wlut "''aS going oo. Hl': was amazed 10 see
Naiteru-kop,themesse
gods,talkmgtotheDo
Naiteru-kopwldthe
Dorobotomeethim
thenextmoroingata
c\earingintheforest
whel'l'hewouldbe
gi,·enagreat gift.
Le-eyodeci dedthat
hewouldget!Othe
meeting place early
beforetheDoroboarri,·ed
\Vhenthenextdaydawned,L£-eyohurriedoff A Maki111Jfito
to the meeting place while the Dorobowasslill lholMasa<uoofrto:ti<Jn!JOfl')lllt<Jdbj
rotl11 111JOfire<11CktorTl!'<efire. S<ml
bstasleep. Whenle-e)'Ore,tchedthec\earing.
Naitem- kopspoketohim, thinkmghewasthe =~IO~t~t~~fi:~.~t
traditionaiMaOIIIhOI"'m"replalle<od.,,th
<:tmclung,..tlrchdoieshafll rn lhown
Dorobo. The messenger told him 10 go home arod build a
fencearoundhishut,thenkillandskinawildanimal,·and
putthemeatinsidetheskin.Afterdoingthishewastostay
insidehishutand wail. Naiteru-kopinsistedthat he must
stayindoors.evenifheheardagreatthunderingsound
.outside, and le-t'yosaidtluthewouldbe,uretoobey
Sole-eyowenthome,anddidever}1hingasinS!ructed.
Soontherewasathunderingsoundoutside. Atfirst.le-eyo
sta)·edinside,asthesoundwassogre:udmthetrembled
outtoin,·estigate.Tohis
wthat Enkai,theskygod,
astripofhidefromthe
"'lltched.thestrip ofhide
disappeMedintothesky
le-eyonowhadplemy
ofcaule,butthesky
godtoldhimthat
he would have had
e'·enmoreifonlyhe
haddoneashewaswld . Fromthenonthe
~bsai became the owners of all the world's
canlewhiletheDorobo wereforcedtocarr)'
on " iththeirformerw:t)'oflifeashumers.
CATTLE AND Til E MASA I
TI~eMasaibelie-•edtl>eyhadbeenentrusted"it htl>eresponsibUityof
s.afeguardingallthewor!dScaule.lnatraditionalMas.oi..,nlement
"'"ryonetookpanincaringforthecanle,thernenherdingandthe
women milking. TI>e mea• and milk of 1he cow wos rhe sraple die• of
EN KA I TI IE CREArO R
lnmanyMa>alm)1hs.thec"'atorgodEnk.oi isacentralcharocter.
Enk.iis theskygodwhorepre..,ntsboththesunandtherains
andheslnthesky"ithhiswlfe,Olapa,lhernoon.Once,Enkal
wl d!hepeopletole.-·ellw:lrilraals(e•~<:lo:;u"'slopenat nlght,but

rhepeople,lrshldewasusedromakedorlll:s,andltshomsandbones notl:\·eryoneobeyed.TI>orewhodiddi;;coveredln themoming

were made lmo urensils. People e,·en drew blO<XI from a ~ow If rl11:re tlmEnka l h a dgiven•he m cows,sheep,andgoat s.11tesep~:ople

was nothing else 10 drink_ So rhe nwnber of cows kp• by a famil)' was became theMas>i . 11leDombobecamthumersandllteKikuyu
anindlcationofrhelrweahhand thtlrstarusinsod~:~y. E,·enroday, tookupfanningfortheirll\-elihood
e~nlemaybeusedascur"'ru:ywhenMa>oli
proplta,buyingandselhngothergoods

~~~::J:'::n .,(JU00 15hoodol

£ Mn aibrid•
Whooa k\ils:J<""" rrenl$1, hlslarn ~y
bad.bOnallyhasiOpayabo • OO-fl'~aiO
the""'""'n'larril!'.andtl"'paymool"
osualylllitdarncanle
cattla...:h.stJtliaootlo!allliJulao<'WI!'
ot .. lkaOOnm~'M th """"'')hle~,_
tQb-oadandiOO>J:halll))"'h3ns:J<:\l()rl$.

O RIGIN S OF PO LYGAM Y

menrebelled,changingthecustom
whenall the"'""''""''"P"'S"" "'
amlpower!ess toddend their
rights.Sotherneng.oinedthe
powertoh•wsewflll "'i'·es,but
tl>ewomen lnsistedthatthedan
namesst•ywlththefernaleline
tlm:ateningtokllltheirboy
chlldrenifthemen tliedto
imposemaledannam•,.

.,. kikuyumonwithhit wito

:::.~~;l::~:.;·d::' i!
stN(Odand<~ • a.egenarall!'
used!Oday in c,....,.,;aidaoc""
 • So•lhernAhic• nc• romoni•lmn b

?70 =~:::::~;;...,""";J,r;~ooS:~~';~~,::,"~=tt.l
!dooutyof t 00&p~~U~i>,'tt.llaoool t 00rrnsklorlhe00ra t ooof t 00ooro<rJ:IR)'
 SOUTHERN AFRICA
0
The mylhs of Southern Africa-an area that has traditionally been home to
both hunters and fanners-form two distinct tradi tions of gods, heroes, and
spirits that are still impon ant to the cultural identities of people there today.

Southern Africa encompasses Angola, Zambia,
andthecountrieswtheirsouth,andisa
culturally diverse region_ The area was
originallyinhabiredb)•peop!escommonly
knownoutsideAfricaas"bushmen":
peoplessuchastheKhoikhoi,San,and
1
Kung-theexclamationmarkexpresses
oneoftheclicksintheirlanguage- who
!iwdbyhunungwildgameandgathering
wild plant produce. Butatsomepoiminthe
past,groupsofbrmingpeoplesbeganto
move imorhe~rea . These farmers, who spoke
\anguagesoftheB:mtugroup,suchasXhosa
andZulu,s\owlybutsure lycolonizedthe
land, gr~dually displacing t he various
hunter-gathererstoitsmoreremoteregions.
hon~FMr"""""""lelopotnnesand
311daishelpj:tO'Iidelha311o,.,..
'"
beings. The Khoikhoi ofSou~h Africa, for
e~ample, call their supreme deity Gamab or
Gauna. Heisaskygod,btUalsothegod
ofdeath,andissaidtoendpeople'sliws
byshootinghisarro,.-sintothemfromthe
heasens.OtherimportantKhoikhoideities
indudeGunab,thegodofe,·il,andTsui,a
raingodandpatronofsorcererswholudthe
powertobringhimselfbacktolifeafterdemh.
TherangeofmaligncreaturesintheKhoikhoi
ffi}1hological canonindudesthernan-eating
Aigamun. who is human in fonn but has his
eyesinhisfeet,nOihishe:>.d,andG~-gorib,a
spottedcreatureresemb!ingaleopardwho
silemlyandpatiemlyliesinwaitforhis
unfonunate victims in the bonom of~ pit

TI"IE MYTIIS OF T il E IIUNTER GATIIERERS ! TllE MYTt-IS OF TilE BANTU· SPEAKERS

TheculturalheritageofSouthernAfricathereforebecamea
mixtureoftwodi\'ersesetsofpeoples. The hunter-gatherers,
or·bushmen,"ofSourhernAfricah.1\'ecompkxm)'lhologies
involvingdeities,heroes,atJdahosJofmonster-likemalign
j ArnongtheBamu-speakers,Xhosam)'lhologyhasasimilar
1 mixofdeilies,ancestr~lfigures,andotherspirits. At the head
j oflhede itiesisthesupremegoduThixo. Peoplenaditionally
j communicatewithuThixothroughat\Cestorspirits,and
j specialreverenceisgiventotheprimalancestor,Tashawe,

I ~;,~~=~~:;1.1 :rh;:::!~~;;~:~:o~;:nn/~~ !~::;~:job

::::~:~: 0:~::~~: :'!~~~:i~~gm~~~:~~~~n~~~~::ir~eand
I ru\erandtheillustriousheroes"hohavegonebeforehim
1

SouthemAfricantn)1hologyalsofeaturesfmm!iarspirits
whocausemischief,disease,orevendeath.Anotedexample
isthetokoloshe,adwarf·hkespiritoftheXhosaandZulu
peoples. Heis>:lidtostranglepeopleintheirbeds,so it is
tmd itiomlt omiseone'sbeduponbricks,omofhisreach
Despit eahistoryofEuropeancoloniZ:Jtion,tmditional
lll)1hssurvivewidelyinSouthernAfrica. Tileirpopubrity,

:=~~::=:.:~:::=~~~~=:" ~::.,~,a:l~= :~nc~~~~~~i~:~!:1~m1~~~ahn~1::~t~:s~~~~· 1t1:~~~~g:::ial

troml,C00)'0l(lllt<$0;>p------9"'ngusan ~n$1~ht •nl01hco • anc•eotball(l(syll0n'll peoples'culturesandtheirsenseofbelongingtotheland
 MYTHS OF THE SAN
Pan of a group often known as
San are a hunting people who live mainly in
Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. Their
mythology includes stories about how the first
people of their tribes were created, as well as
accounts of events important to them, such as
" bushmen ,~ the the beginning ofhuming. Some key characters
in their stmies are the bee, which, as the maker
of honey, is a symbol of ingenuity and wisdom;
the mantis, a primal spirit involved in the
creation of humanity; and the eland, a type
of antelope and a popular quarry for hunters.

----- -·--------------~ ~~ ----------- -- --~------

THE FIRST II Ut\IANS

Atthebeginningoftime,ahoneybeecc~rriedapr.Jy ingmam iso"er
thedark watersofari,·er. Butthewatersstretchedbrandwide,and
as thebeelookedforasolidpatchofgroundonwhichhecouldbnd,
he!)e(:am<:>tiredofflyingwit htheweightofthemantisonhisOOck
Themantisseemedtogrowheavierandheavier,andthebeeflev.
lowerandloweruntil,quiteexhausted, hebeganskimmingonthe
surfac~ of the water. As he floated, he SJw a large white flower that
washalfopo:n,wait irtgformorn ingtocomesothatthesun'srays
could help it bloom. The bee set the ma ruis down on the flower.
• SouthAfriconlondst:opo
pbntmgwithinthemantiotheseedofthelirsthumanbeforedying.
ll>eSan lii'O"'thoKalallartDosonoiSoolhe<nAha,a r<IJ""'
\Vhenthesunrose,thefloweropo:nedwide. Astheairwarmed,the wber<lwal<:>'l$_,.,ce,oolrkllatlhetur'l(lollhecreotw)r1.W.IOo
mantisawokeandtheseedgerminatedtocreatethefirstSan " thusa.,...:D~Scomroodil}' t hatos.lollhern.a•)WtdoiOkl

--------------------- e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

THE FIRST HUNT

Themantts.madeaneb.nd, thefirstofitskind,and
nunured itonhoney.Oneday,ayoungmansawit at
a w.<terholeandwenttotel!hisfather,theancestor
~
u K wamman~·J, who took his bow and shot the ebnd
~ de:ld. Themantishadgonetogatherfood,andwhenhe
~ returned,hesawthecreaturedeadand Kwammang-aS

~
fol!owersd il'idingupthemeat. He was enraged, and
triedtoshootthehurners,but allh isshotsm issed
&Eland
s ThenhetookthecreawreSgal!bbdderand splitit
opo:n,sothatal!theworld wasfloodedwithdarkness
Altho<.rg!ISl>n hoo((l!S

~ Jl>eSan""'oo~laM1WJpaoll1<n,C!OObriJ"""'J9' U""'J asthegallflowedout. Later, he threwthebbdderinto : :l: ,::,t:e

olandisa!Oili"'"'btoct
""'""III*J<ren~ootho•:dolcliH•and,_ TOO thesky,whereitbecamethemoon.Sincethen,itha5
m . . l:!r>;tsotSanao&tsndOOelhe .....t....Jthe ......l. .. oo,~.brlcau$&
ollhi)Kalat.lr i lle«l<t,b;;Jihfl'l!lol t hrltr~. givenpeoplelightastheyhumbynight r\rJa$Vml:dofsuong th
HLAKANYANA
A nickster figure belonging to myths of
th e Xhosa an d Zulu peoples of South Africa ,
Hlakanyana was a " wonder-child ~ who could
talk even before he emerged from his mother's
womb, and who clamored w be let out. He
could walk as soon as he was born , and
immediately headed for the cattle enclosure,
intent on satisfying his hunger-not with his
mother's milk, but with some roasted meat.
When Hlakanyana grew up, he had a seti es
of adventures, most of wh ich involved
tricking people or animals out of food.

---------------------- :: ---- ------------- - - - -

1
I
I ILriKA N YANA'S PO T
One night, Hb.bnyana crept out, wok a number of
btrdscaughtintnpssetbysomeotherboysinthe I
vil!age,andgavethebirdstohismothertocook.She
leftthe;ninthepottocookovernight.Thefollowing
morning, Hlakanpnagotupveryearly~ndateal l the
meat except forthebirds'he:..ds . Thenhefilledthepot
withcau ledung.puttheheadsontop,lndwemb:tck
tobed,pretendingtobeasleep.Whenhismother II LA KriNYr\NA AND
3woke, Hlabnpna got up from his bed as if he too
ludjustwokenup. He complained
THE LE OPARD CU BS
Hbhnrana once csme across four leopard cubs without
thmshewasbteandhadprobably
their mother. Whentheleopardessretumed,shem~de
letthefoodspoil. Hetoldherthat
toattack l lbkanpna. Thetrickstertalkedhisw:J)'OIIl,
themeat wouldluw turnedwcattle
offeringtoguardthecubswhileshewenthunting,and
dungbecausesheludnottakenthe
sayinghewouldbuildahut for thefamilytoo.Aftershe
birdsoutofthepOisoonenough
left.Hiahnyanabuihahutwithanarrowemrance,and
Hismotherscornedtheidea,but
thenateoneofthecubs.W henthemotherreturned.
whenshe\>:enttocheckonthe
hebroughtouttheremainingcubstobesuckledone
food,shefoundthepotfull
atatime.andtrickedherintothinkingallfour"'-ere
ofuttledung.jw;tasher
safe_Q,·erthenexttwodaysheplayedthe
sonludpredicted. Hethen
sameuick,arldOrlthefounhday,hebrought
atethebirds'he:..ds,s...ying
thesingleremainingcuboutfourtimesto
shedidnotdeserveany.
fool her. Whenshegrewsuspkiow;,he
escapedfromthebackdoor
while the leop~rdesstried
tosqueezeherwayin
,. Cooking pol
focdisanmtagral~rtol
rnan,-"'J[0$(1$$(1(;101(3dl'o1tll
lllakany.,._lnl"t"""'hel "' An .. lopo
myth,heishom,(l[lcaught lari)Oant.,.,.,.....,eoi!Olll
andputmtoacoolmJpoll>!' wkanl>!'bogcat•andworealw
an(lld.ru-nan , Dul~ afll(>'ehl(llyquauvtcwhunlSIII(W1
totrtcUiiswavout thanloopardcut..
SOUTHERN AFRICAN
FOLKTALES
Storytelling forms an important pan of the culture of the peoples of
Sou thern Africa . Legends and folk tales encompass a variety of topics,
but abiding themes are the unusual birth and adventures o f
miraculous "wonder-children Mand mythical encount ers with
animals. Many of these stories combine unusual or unexplained
happenings with a firm grounding in the realities of the natural
world and eve1yday li fe, such as drouglu and famine.

----· ---------------- :~ ---------------

THE TORTOISE AN D THE HARE

TherewasonceaSI:'vneshon:Igeofwaterinthejungle,soall
thelnitMls(exceptfor t helure,whocouldrlotbebothered)
triedtomakethew:uercomeback. Finally,onlythetonoise
succeeded,b;·stampingonthedryriwrbedumilapoolofw:uer
appe:Ired. The animals feared th~t t he lazy and cunning h~re
wouldtrytosteal thewater,sotheytookturns tostandguard
overthepooleachnight. Firstthehyerostoodguard,thenthe
lion. but the haretrickedbothofthem,and10okawa)'afew
calabashes of water. Thenthetortoiseofferedtostandguard·
heco•·eredhisshellwith stickybirdlimeandhidatthebonom
ofthepool.Whenthelurecame,heassumed t hatt hewater
was unguarded. Hedrankhisfill,and thenjurnpedinfora
bath. Hisfeetstucktothe10rtoise'sshell311dherernained
tmppedthereuntilthemorning,whenall theotheranimals
cametoseewhat hadhappened,andtiedhimupaspunishmem

BA:\Tl' PEOPLES
n..~a"' som~""'-'--~~thnic groupsknownasBarnu
,.-hospeak..,lat..dlanguages.Theyoliglnot..din
c.,mralandEa>tAfrtcahutrnanyt.admigrat..d
wuthwardsbythellthcmturyTll<:-outhem
AfrkangroupsincludietheXho... andthelulu.who
tr.odttio11allym.odrtheir b•ingbyLmrungandrai.Ong
~ank n..... peopl~•hawali>htraditi<mofamand
rralt> . .mdadttp to"'ofm)'lhs.fromc..,ation>toli~>
totak•e"J>Lliningth~oligtnol death
THE ECG CJ IILD
One day, a girl who W:IS out pluck ing !caws with her friends
foundaneggtha~belongedwahyenaandwok ithome,but her
motherthrewitonthefire.The,thehyemcJrnelookingfor its
egg an d was angry whea d~e girlS mother explained whm she
had done. The hyena threatened her,andmadeherpromiseto
hand over her next child . After that, the hyer~1 waybid the woman
everyday, threateningtoeat herifshedidnotgivehimachild. Then
onedaythewomannoticedaswcll ingonhershitL This boil grew
umilit burstandaboyemerged,fullyarmedandabletowalkand
talk. HetoldherhewasKachimmbe,thechildoftheshinbone.
When the hyena came to claim him. the wonder child was too swift
andcleverwbecauglu . Heroundedonthehyena.andkilled it

~-------~------ t: ---- -----------

::s~~~>lrm ,~ T H E BOY\ VARRIOR

;~h=•~~~:... ~:;~;~_a\:~~~~~~~ ~~::t i~~;~~~~~g~o~~: e~~~; ~~:~e
1 0

pregnantwomanwhohadhiddeninananimalpen
Then.swoltenwithfood,themonstergotstttck ina
moumainpassandcouldnotmo,·e.Thesamedaythe
woman gave binh-not lOa baby, but to a fully grown
youngm:m. She rumedherson~ ! oshanyana,meaning
"lillie bo)•"- Ditaolane, in some versions-- :md told
him what had happened. Immediate!)' he killed the
beast.andwhenhecutopenitsbelly.allthepeople
it had swallowed

TH E ARRI VAL OF DEATH

Whenhecreatedhumans,thesupremegoddecided
th:utheyshouldliveforever. He!ookedforamessenger
todeliverthisgoodne\1-stothem,andhiseyeclunced
uponthechame leon. Butchameleonstravelslowly,and
thecreaturew:tsd istracted.>toppingoftenontheway
forfoodortotakea!hlp.Afterawhile thesupremegod
changedhismind.thinking thatitwasbeuerforhis
creation;tohal'ealimitedlife. This time, he chose a
differemmes:;engertodeliverthenew5--lhefast-
movinggecko. Thereisnoovenurningadivine
commandonceithasbeendelil'ered.sowhether

geckosoonownookthechameleonandgave thepeople
themessagethattheywouldnotlivefore\'Cr.
 • Buf1olohidtpointingoftllo SunDonco

/.80 ~"'tt,!~,:~r:=:~~r~l=::!:,~::-:~==~~~
1>'8!00ffiol[-nsonlhls1!lm-<OOturyoa:""""Os"''""'rod{JjlheChnsoane~=
 NORTH AMERICA
The varied myths of the native peoples of Nonh America arc a vital pan
of their national and cultural identity to this day. Many of the stati cs told
are at the very heart of their diverse belief systems and ceremonies .

Afterthefirstpeoplearri,·edin I' where them}1hsinvolvemanySioriesof

NonhAmerica, theyspreadout
brandwideacrossthecominem,
senlinginscatteredcommunities
andadapting tothe"'iderangeoflocal
conditions.Asaresult,the Native
Americansformedamultitudeofseparate
peoplesornations,andthecult uresof
thesedifferemgroupsvaryagreatdeal.
Theirrichmythologies.whichstillpbyan
imegral rolein thei rl ives,areequallyd iverse
VARI ED CULTURES
Alt hough the ]i,•esand myths of Native Americans
arehighlyvaried,therearesomesimibritiesfrom
animals,suchassealsorfish,whoarethe
humer-fisherSquarry,btUarerespectedas
beingcre:uureswithsouls,likepeople
M YTH A ND LIFE
For N~t ive Americans. m)•th has always been
doselyrelatedtodailylife.Theancestorswho
gavethetribesofthenonhv;esttheiridemity,
theweathergodsoftheGreat Plains, theanimals
oftheArctic-al l lu,·elongbeenseenashaving
A. SMman"• mask areal imp.1Ctonrealpeople. Often.suchmyths
1\&harnan'•spomc..,m;,\;oa explainedthu nderandothertn)'steriousnmural
V<1'f'JIJ8Whdohostodyrem<>IOS
phenomena. which could affect the fannerS crop
ma~anoo. u,...,lxll>'"'""'
m;,sl: ,.,.osentsucha"'"'"'¥-
orthehume rSquarry.therebyinfluencingthe

~~~~!;;;~:::~!~a~~:~.:;e"~en~·~::?
onegrouptoanother,andtheseoftenreflect
regionandem·ironrnent . People in thenonhwest, f
forex:lmple, t rad itionallyhve d insenledvillagesofwooden I toldaspanofaceremony,oflenoneperfonnedat aset ti me
houses.Fami\iestoldstoriesoft heirc\anfounders,thepeople byapriestorshaman. AIIwerestoriesofpower.toldfor
whooriginallycreatedthesesettlementsandwho tookthe generations,andofcruci:l\ wonhtotheirpeople. They retain
fonnofmythicai:Jnimals,represemedonimricatelycarved the irpowerforNau,·eAmericansstill.
totem poles. There":eresimilarsettlementsinthesomhwest
-thoughherethearchitecturewasmore \ike lytobein
mud-brick, not wood-and large pueblos housing many
families were commonploce. llJe m)1hs of the southwest
describetheoriginsofthepeopleofthearea,withan
emphasison"emergence"storiesand t hebeginningsof
agricult ure . Rituals inwhichpeopleputonelaboratemasks
andimitateor"become"spiritsarealso importantin thearea.
The~ntra!Great PlainsformanOiherquitedistinctivearea,
trad it ionallybe inghometonomadicpeopleswhohunted
buffaloanduse d e,·e rypanofthe3.nirnal,frommeat tohide,
in theirdailyhves.Animal mythsaboundhere,asdodeities
who control the elements. lmponantceremoniesinclude
those involvingsmokingasacredpipe. lntheeasternUnited
States,meanwhile,spiritsofwoods,hkes,and riversare , A. Ataokonclonh..,H docoootion
prevalent,reflectingthelocalgeography.Furthernonh,there
l lhouaditionalwoodandan'"'"s"'oiAJaska_.,doo>ra!Odwrthwloofutsyni>JI> ?.81
are)·etmoredistinctl\'ecultures,suchasthoseoftheArctic, I ::!-:.:::,~.~=;~·=:~""=!'==~~osenh"l
NAVAJO EMERGENCE
The myths of the Navajo people of
southwesl North America focus
on the Emergence, a myth also
recorded in the legends of
other southwestern tribes
such as the Pueblo. It tells
how the fi rs t people travel
upwards through a series of
TIIE M YTII
lnthebeguunng,theFirst\Vorld,ortheBbck
World 1existed.ltwasblackandhldfour
corners;standingovneachcorne rwJ{>a
column of colored doud-bla::k, white, l;>lue, and yellow
Theblack~ndwhitecloudsjoinedat the nonhe:etcorner
to form Firs! M;Jtl. i\t the SQuthwest conh, the blue and
yellow clouds merged to create First Woman . A whtte wind.
blowingo,'ertwoearsofcorn.emered First Man and First
Wcirnan,bre:>~hinghfeinrothem . Thedescenr.bntsofFirsl
~hn and Fi(SI Woman were known the Air People, and had
rtodearshape or form initially. They begantoquarr~l
arnongthemselvcsa:nd,becomingdiss.:uisfied v.iththe.irworld,
dnnbedupw.>rds,until theyreachedtheSe.:ond\\l:>rld
WO RLDS Of DISCONTENT
WhentheseFirstPeoplereachedtheSecond\Vorld,orthe
Blue\Vorld,theywere:~:>unhappyastheyhadbeenbefore.
Everyonequarreledandtherewaswidespreaddiscontent
First ~bn decided th~t they should leave this world too
attdmoveontothcnext. Hetookanab.11onc ,a white<>hell.
different worlds before arriving in this
world, which is widely described as
the fourth world. Other related myths
talk about Changing Woman, the
Earth goddess; her children, the
warrior twins ; and various other
figures who are injured or lost and
approach the gods to be healed.
,. Coyo10
Antmpo:flll ntfig<t totntholt>Vll"'
Sl<ot1$$olthefn•tPoope,Co,Q1<1t$
ooosookK(ldiObo)(ll(lbnrogeooldooth
turquoise,sndjet.andmadea,v:mdthatcaniedthepeople
uptotheThird\\'orld.ortheYellowWortd.Titistoo"asan
unhappypbce. Thepeoplelivedsinfullyandtheirunn:llural
ways brouglu them mise f): Then a great fiood came to destroy
the world . First ~ i an realiled that the people needed high
grol.lndtoescapetheOood.andbl.lihatallmol.lntain. Then
he pbruedaced~rtll!e.apine tree.andamalereed. but none
of these ,.·eretallenought oreac hupint ot he next world.
So he planted a female rud, and this was sufficient for the
peopletoclimbintotheFounh,orG liaering, World
HIE FOURHI WORLD
WhentheFirstPeoplearrivedintheFourth\Vorld,they
perfonnedJBiessingwayceremon)·(snapposll!},andbuilt
the first sweat lodge formedit~t ion<lnd healing. They
broughtupsoilfromtheThirdWorld ~ndbuiltsacred
mountains.FirstManconstructedhousesforhispeople,
andputthesunandthemoonhighupintheskytocreate
day and night. He was helped by Black God and Co)·ote
(scep.289}. d~itiesfrom the First World. Black God tried to
carefullyarrangethestarsinthesky,but Coyote became
imp:uientwithhisolownessandsc:aueredthemh.1Siilyacross
thesky.Finally.thepeoplecouldlivehappilyandprosper.
"' Socoodmounlaino
1... ~1n<ian-llm"...,.'"1>eUS"""'""""Itfnnontainolkt!
fiOlC(tiS<der\ld$lC!Oldt.jlha~SQrneiii(UJ[aor~<aoobeii(M)d~:>bo)
brnle.aod!OOIIl....,:1<>;Jelta.W,.~dte!claoceolm!Ura
CIIANG lNG \ VOt\ \AI\' <1\ Pooploond eero
llublanbK.t.lto"'J I
...... ~ .... ""'""'
0... oftht moSI !mponam fo:m~lt dtitks of th" N•njo is Ch..lnging
WOman, who rtprt~nlslho: ~11h and tilt subilny of tilt cosmos ..., .......""'-1••
Somr ;accounts "'Y dw she W;lSC\'UI«i by ~llSI M..,. and m. W b~r l.buodiMII\Yonliln
~ ... tt. ... ol
pnxlo.>::tdthrl\"''"ia~fromlltrbocly.lto..'C'<cT.o!ho:rsnv:ruion
ICD111 .... tl1 .......
lltr 10 bt dthrr thr d.u#tn of tilt sky and tilt Emh. or d" olf>pringof
FilS! Boy(do:nod'""thougllt)m::l AlSI Glrl(!:pttch\0...'&11~\\0nwt lhll·~-"'"""
loo . . N.Mto'*""'-
lJlllltrrumtb.n..,..O.rouldct.ang.f1<lm
OOO'SUWofhktoU..nu~(b.obrgirl.woman,
oOOold"""'"")rapidly
•ndrndltWyWhtnsht

=:~".';:,.~~ FIRST PEOPLE

ttii!I00\'1): This b~r bo:camc
a neu5$11)' for .u 1\a•·o}o girls
011 thtVO:I'!I"of"'OIIUnhood
I Tht FilSI Ptoplt ""' cmtralto tht origlnm)1hsofth• Na•·•jo. They
dim.ud tht journey of tilt 1\a•·•jo ;lncnmrs through tht firstth,..,.
"'Oiid:iiOthtfirul.,.,.. Fii'SI M>nm::l riiS1WOI>UilWO:ll:d"on.s"tJo
pbmttdforclv:binhofOuolgjngWoounlhtacrouotiSoltlv:First
Propll:.thtEnw:l'!l"•'«.andOungi'""Woroun.fonnthtrortofth•
I importontNa>•ajoc:c:n:monyknownlnEngllshas·BI•ssingwar·
Changing\\bmanpa~ond~Cknowlo:d~ofthlsrho:totho:
Navajo;thtco:rtmonylsalit""'l!sUcblo:sslngofapersonto•nsurt
ge""'ralhealthandwo:llbdng.Slo:ss!ngwayrltu.ilsartperfonno:don
m•ny<ll'(:osions,suchasbirths,"-.ddinS".•ndpubo:<ty<:en:uoonltsfor
I girls.SotheFilSII'roploon:mllCutb.n:dat~y.-.·o:n\JlnNa\'o}olifo:

-· -------~- ;<----
Ti lE WARRIOR T\ VINS ~--------~----
SAND PAl
Changing\\Om,.•ludt"'OSonsO...ofhorrsons.fatlltrtdbytht
sun,,.·ascalltdKilltrofEr"mlts. TI~totho:rboy.calltdChildof
W~r~r ...·asthtoffspringof,.·attr.Ahhoughlhelrf,.l~rrswtrt
diffnmt. th• boys"'""' bon• 1ogttl~rr and wert 1/l(n:fol't olw~)'S
consido:rtdcobtt"ins htnn.ully.o:wnrl"sw'ac:«PiedChildof
W•t~rashls.,..·nsan.Thrboysgrrwupasrapi<Dyasrht:lrmotl"t
md0110'd.>ydtddtdto•1SicthtswJtoaskiorhbhtlpindo:fc•ung
1htC\ilsplmsandmo\'ISit1Sth..ltro,at...dlhtbnd.Whtntht)'
11':...:h«<tho:sun:Sho..,..hor&""'lhtmp<l"'"trfularrows andrhe
knowledgt co.taycht.-.·il spirits Togtth<-r. th~ "•rrior t"insrid
thtir bnd of .-.;1 by dtf••tlnga mnnbo:r of crt~tuKS. lnducbng
•man..,atinganrtLopt~alledT~o:lg<l.glg.mtlcandfursomtbiJ<is
ofpreycalltdthtT~nlulo.and•sc.olymons.ttkoKmll.SYtitso

SII:AlSO_ao_••-.M-41.)1t-~3»-3t
~ ~·
* -f.
. w_·
RAVEN STEALS THE LIGHT
One of the most popular figures in North
Ame1ican mythology is Raven, a nickster and
culture hero of the people of the northwest
coast. He is credited with btinging light into
the world because he placed the sun, moon ,
and stars in the sky; using his trickery and
THE MYTH
ln thebeginning, theworld
wa:> shrouded in complete darkllt'S:i. This was [>eo use all
thehght inthe,..orldwashoardedb)•theskychief,who
guarded it call'ful\yand kept itconceal~d within a series
of boxes piled in a corner of the house: The 6ld thid was
,·eryselfishanddi~ HOtwishwkttllE' light out Becau>e
ofthis,t heo!ltNpeopleintheworldcouldnothUmorfish
properlyinthedark,andh.1dtogropearoundfortheirfood
TheysOOnbecameaccustomedtofindingtheirwayabout
usingtheirsenseoftouch,reachingoutforfamiliartrees
astheywalkedby,andfollowmgtherutsleftintheground
bythosewhohad p;ISSedbyearlier. They managed togo
abouttheird:Ji!yaclivitieswdlenough,butone p:micuhr
creature, Raven,wasupsetwiththe perpetual darkness
Hewamedtobeabletofind foodeasily,andwast iredof
blundering about in the dar~. looking for things.
RAV EN'S T RIC K
WhenRavenlearnedthatthelightw:JShiddenin
theskychiefShouse,hehatchedaplantogain
accesstothehouse. Hede<:idedtobereborn
intothechiefsfamily_ Heknewthatthe
chid~beautifuld:lllghterwalkedregttlarly
toaspringtofetchwater.Oneday,when
Ravenheardherapproachingthespring,
hetransformedhimselfintoapineneedle
andthenletthebreezeblowhim10wards
theyoungwoman . Henomedimothepail
ofwatershehadfilledand " ·ascarrying
home. Halfwayhomeshestoppedwrest
andtookasipofthewmer. Raven, in the lhoattoftwoogn"J!ho;•nandol•
waomthl0c(:Odnorlh<l<n10)101'1Uoch
formofthepineneed le,slippeddown aoAiasl:an'Otlaflir;ooaJ4110aotig~I<~
her throat inconspicuously. rnlo:al mydraodk>klore_
his powers of shape-changing. In certain
cultures, h e is also said to be the bringer of
fire , and the creator or discoverer of the first
Ri\VEN REBORN
WithRaveninsideherbody,thesky chiersdaughtubt"cdme
pregmnt.WhenRa,-enwasbornasahumanchild,hehad
thickblackhairandabeak-likenose. andcriedharshl)'like
abird.Soontheinfantbegantocra"'laround. Theskychief
enjoyedpbyingwithhisgrandsonallday,indulgentlygiving
intoall ofhisdernands.lbvendiscowredinthe courseofhis
e~plorarlons rhatthe ch ief guarded a pile of boxes in the
corner carefully. Oneday,heuiedtoplaywirhthebo~es,
andcriedinsistent lywhenthe)'V;eretakenawa)'· The chid
c.w~dintoh!Sdemandsandgavehirnthesril.lllestone. When
Ravensawthestarsinsidethebox,het oo kthenr outand
beganpby(.ngwith_themhappi \y_Then,beforetheoldman
coul dstophim,hethrewthemoutthroughthesmokehole
ofthehouse,andthestarslodgedinthesky.
After.o.·ards,Ravenbegancryingyetagain.and
so thechiefgavehirnthesecondbox roellm
him down _This box contai ned the moon,
andR.wengleefull)'bounceditaboutlikea
ballforawhile.untilittooflewout through
thesrnokeholeandimothesky.finally,stm
unawareoftherealidentityofRaven.the
chiefg~ve the wailing chil dthehrgest box
intheset ,whichcomained rhesun. This
time,Ra,·entT:Jnsformedbackintoabird,
tookthesuninhisbeak,andflewupimo
rhesky Theworldfinallybecamenooded
withbrightdaylight.buttheskychlefand
hisdaughterne•·ersawthe childagain
 Til E CIIILDI IOOD
OF RAVEN
AIJ,.. rslonsofthem)1hkatureRJ,·rn as
adelnandingchi ld , wlthanindulgem
grandfa•herwholetshlmplaywi•hhis
S«h!tsour«sof light . Somea.ccoums
narrateOOwR.ownv.·aitOOimpatiendyto
resumehistruefonn , andwh.enhes;ow
thefamilybusyfeasting.h.egrabbedhis
chanc~. Transforming back into a biTd
hesnatct.edtheball oflight andf\ew
av... ;:lnaoother,·ariation. tho.st.orswere
hiddeninabag.R.ov(n,\\ho<tillhadhis
sharpbeak,peckcdthrough thelxlg,
leningd>est:orsoutto lightup thesk)1
RAVEN AN D CREATI ON
FormanytribesofNonhAmericasurhos theHaida.Ravenisa
creatoremity.OneSiory<kscribtshowRavenflewovertheocean
Coll)ingpebbkslnhlsbeak. \\1thti~<Csepebbkshemadethestars

andplanets.TI~enhebeat hls"ingstomahagrea~"indduublew
rl,·erb«lsarld,•allq'> inloexi>lc""' . buildmgrnoumalnsatti'O:same
rime.TI>egroundwasfeniHzedbytusdiQppings.Finally,Raveneirher
created the first humans or wa1ehed th<m emerge into the world.

TRI CKSTE R RAVEN

COAXED TilE CREATURES
. ,,,,
~~~[.~""' ~-.
~· --- ~ . '
I'
TO COl\ \E OUT THESE
UTILE D\ VILLERS I VE RI
~~~-::::~: THE O RI G J ~IAL HA IDA
--------------------- ;< ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SEE KERS O F FIR E I TH E GIVI"R O F LIFI-
A story from th< Quern Ch.orloue Island•. on th< C...nadi.m roast. t<ll5 [!' Uke R~''ell. difk~m ani1~ls aold·bi~td! play a role in human deslmy.
OOw Ra,·rn was ana white. He befriended the daughter of Olid Grey They are li"ked with life arid death. wh«:h are represcnu:d byobjttls
Eagle---4 he guardian of the 5Un. moon . and fi,..,.___.nd stole his precious 1hat flol! or sink when dropped into water. In a version told by 1he
hoa!d. He fkw around the sky. putting the sun and moon in place Tiingit people. 1he fox. who is an an<:eswrfigurt . drops some
whik:car'}ingabrandof fireinhisbeak.Tilt:srnokeblackenedhis Slkksofrhubarb into thesea . TiterlmbJrt>f\oats.and
katllt:ts.andwhentllt:firegrew toohot.R.,·endroppedit O!li<>IM
rocks. Tilisiswhyfire~ppearswhoentworocksarestruektogelher.

.,. Robin
ltwJNorth Airwl<"an'OOonwa-<yetanotholobmJ
asro:latedw!l htha bnng rngot i re.cauying
...-i<k.-.:eo!lholbnghtftan.-..onu• redbrw•t

t> Molo
lhermktwa•.-ol the
CIOOIU""'wholailedto
irodr:>-<lolalfireoo:IOD'Ia
Norlhllmer"an"'ffh$
JOURNEY TO THE SKY
The native cultures of Nonh America have
long been fascinated with the sky, using the
movemems of heavenly bodies to time key
rituals and predict the changing seasons. Some
of the most popular myths deal with the sun,
moon, and stars, and some-like the Blackfoot
sun dance tale-also narrate the journeys of
ancestors to the sky. Besides explaining the role
and movement of these heavenly bodies, these
stories account for the apparently random
arrangement of the stars, said to be the resuh
of someone scattering them across the sky.

- - ~ ~------------- -~~ -- ~ - ------------

~ W h i tof<o •lh • r

TilE SU N DN.CCE ~=.":.!:!:~~~~))~:~~rn

wasonelks~ n fObe.whi<hhe.atd
A popub r Blackfoot myth te lb of Mornmg Star. the young son of ((IUll(dlb&W(Jin tJyapuro.....;.rMn
themoon ~ndthesun, w hofellinlovewithagirlcalled\Vhite
Feather. She retu rned his love, an d the couple traveled toth~ sky
onaspidds thre~d - They li l·edthereluppi\ywith MorningStar's
parems,andltJdaboymmedSL'IrB<ly Oneday,WhiteFemher "'':l>
toldtohan·esttherootcrop.buttolea,·eonebrgeturnipalone
Shebecamecuriousand pulledup theturnip,reveali ngahole
in thesky.Aspunishmentforluvingdisobeyedorders.
WhiteFeather wJStoldtoret urntotheEarth withher
son.Afterher death,StarBo)•visited hisgrandparentS
byascend ingtot heskyononeof t heshaftsoflight
that appearcdat sunset.StarBoy learnedthesun
dancefrornthesun,whosaidtlut he would
heal~ll the sick if the Blackfoot performed
afesli\'alinthesunShonor. This is how
thesundanceritualorigimted
 • ~ otcimonyoko
The<!O<'I'o4Kolc""anyak:Qklllcrwoa ••"la)n"ll'l(:<l
tny~lherna- l loSihalotapeoS(In<JIItrll$il)d
STAR POI'I'ER "'lh""'"'lh"OJihal""-'<l OOI OO"-""mlnad.but the
ThePJwneeperformedthesundancetoo,toshowtheirgratltude ""'V>i.lal caoo:>l•oosttil~ngakxt

tothesuh,andtoa:;khimforprotection,fenility,andtherene"'-al
of the seasons. Howe,·er,:u:cordingtotheirmyJhology,thedance
origimtedwhenitcame toayoungmanin:tvision. Keenobservers
oftheo ky,thePawneealignedthe irlodgestothefourpoints SP ILLED STARS
ofthecompass.andbuiltthcmwithsmokeholestogive TheC6chiliPueblopwpletell
viewsofcertaingroupsofSlats. Their ceremonies, such ~SlOT)' Of how there \US
astho:;eheraldingthebo:-ginningofspringandthQS(' once~ great floOO, and the
perforrnedb<:forehunting.we«:timed people moved nonh•o
byobservingthemovementsofthe esc~pethe " aters_ When
stars. ThePawneebelievedthatifthey tltebnd begantodr)',
carriedouttheirritualsaccordingto lau ku,themotherofthe
theSt::trs,theunil'ersewouldcominue people,toldthem t hatit wassafefor them
tofunctionandthepeoplewouldthrive totravel southwardstorheirhomebnd
Shep,·eagirlcalledKotcimanyako(Biue
Feruher)ab.1gtocarr)'andforbadeher
from opening it. But Kotcim:tll)'akowas
averycuriousgtr!andcouldnotresist
A Statcharts openingthebag. Assoonassheuntied the
ThePawneetoc(:OOOd th<ot bag,thouSlndsofstarsspilledout,flying
oo.er.auonsooS1archarlS. aroundinalld irecrionsumilrheyfinal ly
IR'Ip$oldoln9Tl!.kyt~WIJIO
oltoopa~ntOOoobtd:skinaOO settlcd inthesky.Thcgirl quicklytiedthe
woappOOonsacredt.Jndlo• bagupagainbutonlyafewstarswereleft
ondical ln<J thel!l!tlfl<lta""" inside. When the COChiti Pueblo reached
their homeland, Kotcimanyakoshowed
latikuwhatsheiL'I<ldone.and theyC:Jrefully
The koowledgeolthe•tao• pmthewnainingstarsintheirrightfu l
,.j1tJaor..-mnt ac""'the
places in thesky.Thesewerethestars
'"(lhlllrjiw:O~Ihef'3wr>Oe
fiOO thoowaywllilatt,.,..,.ong whose names are known to the people
OO"<>.,tliepla•ns

• Miller Way
fl)l n""'ll"l"~.
theMillrjW"!was
T H E OR IGI N OF TilE M ILKY WAY apadrwayao:ro"
theokr. andal:oo
A 1mmber of Nath·e Amerivn myths describe the origin of the Milky
\Vay,suchasthe Na,·ajocreationstoryfeaturingBlackGodand :;~:=ot
Coyote(supp.282-8J).Once,BlackGod,thedeityconsidered rhedoodtt~

tobe_thecreatoroffire,wascarefullyarrangingthe ..;k
:::~ ~~h~s;:;··:th;~ ;;: :o~~;; ~~~=~ns~sa::~ >f;-
711
>)' . • ~•~
E:'-::::
Bl>ekGoowokgre""""'""righ< . H<
0
=~:o~~,;~~~ ~;~~e ~~~s~~::.~:;re': A7:: 1
watching for a while, Coyote gr:Jbbed the bag .:*- _an'-'r.rorWttJia
•. iththeremainingstarsa.ndthrew.themall ~ ~ ""'"·""'"'".ery
~
tntotheskyatonce,creatmgthel>hlkyWay. '''""""~
.,theN"""ro•cory
oltheMill;yW"f

..
· ~· , ..;_,
MYTHS OF
THE FAR NORTH
The people of the northernmost region of
North Ame1ica traditionally lived by hunting
and fishing in the cold Arctic seas. Their myths,
therefore , feature stories of the sea and its
deities, including tales explaining the origins
of sea animals and the fluc tuations in the
availability of creatures such as fi sh, seals,
walruses, and whales. Many spirits figure in
these myths; among peoples such as the Inuit ,
shamans (sec pp.268-69) were said to be able to
communicate with them, often with the help
of Inua , spirit helpers who took animal form .

TilE SEA GODDESS

Sedru.alsoknownastheSea\\'oman,"'aSthegoddess
ofthesea.She whippedupstomts.andinfluencedthe
migrationofbirdsandanimals. Sednawasorigin:~lly
3\:>e:~mifulgirlwithlongflowinghai r. She married:~
youngman,whopromisedt ogiveherfurblan ketsand
goodfoodeveryday.Butonrexhinghishome,shefound
outt hathew:JSabird-manindisguise. He mistreated
her.JndwhenSedna'sfatherfoundout,hekilledher
husbandandtook herawayinhiskayak.Butthe
spiritofthebird-m.1nraisedagremstorm,and in
ordertoappeaset heangryspirit.Sedrl:l'sfmher
threwherowrboord. Hestoppedherfrornclirnbing
b:lckinrotheklyakbycuningoffherfingers.whtch
thenbecamethefirstseacreatures. Sednas.anktothe
oceanlloorandbecameaseagoddess
Til E SL:N PERSO :-\
Thesptrilofthesunlxganlifeasayoungwoman
"'howa:.abused b)·hnbrol.hn lndtepdtst~SI:O.she
munkuedheiO(lfandthenwemtoh,·easfaraway
fromhercruelbrmht:rasshecould.Shetookup
rt<;)derJCehighinthesky,where>iv:bec:nnekrKlwn
astheSunl'erson.Theresheap~aredevel)'!llOrning,
ohentakiugonanorangecolor, withstreakstltat
represcntedherdrt:tdful wounds.Lindeterred,her
brothtrturnedintotl!<'!moonandc~dheracross
thesky,tryingin,·aintoc<~ptureht:r,therebycausmg
TilE BO Y SIIAJ\ \AN
theahcrnateappearanceofthesunandmooninthe The my11bofthe Gwich'in of Alaslo tell of a poorbo)·
hl::n~ns.Propleu,-eresonyforthe"aythtSunhrson who had tlx powersofaslumao. For some nme. he
hadlxentreated.butlnotht:rsalsosawhuasa usedh!spo"crstobnngbiStribeplemifulfood. H~
v;~lu:Lblesourceofenergyintheircoldhomtl:md. alsoensuredthattheyw~real":l)-swdlsupplied"ith
andwouldexp~theirinfantstoht:rw:mnrays. caribou. whJchprovidedthemwuhmeattoeatand
skinstornakcclothtsandtcnts. Butom:daytl~ boy
shaman made a momentous announcement. He told hi~
mother that I~ w~ tr:we li ng to the skr He Slid to l~r
llmsheohouldlookforhimonthemoolt,nltdlk11She
wouldbeabklorellmere lybylookingat him wh.111he
... w...ndtd ouo
TI•O<or91-. ...t.c~oheo prospectswcreforthefoodsupplyonEarth.lfshe
,....,..~tdoronM • sa"·himuprightorbendingbxkwards,thtrewould
Altlo:tky. ~pocillltol l' be food aplent)' for tl~ people. Thw they should slure
........ oi .. Suo""-

I
, ...... bolotwdlhlt .. thtJrfood\lllhthtoldandhtlpltss.Butifhtwasbem
forwards, they should expea tlut caribou would 001 be
-·-~--
......P.--o;Wdo.. ) veryplemlful,socheyshouldbuildupthtirstorcs.

~::~==·
- ------- ----· -- - -
A LIG N AQ
TheguihybrothnoftheSunPerson(l<'rabo;·r)wascalledAiigruq
Aftn turning into tl~ rnoon, he comin~d Ius l~ful pursuit of his
~htcr. gl\·mg up eatmg, and he~ gro"mgthinr~r and thinllfr_
Tl~tnhtdisappull:dforthreedaystoe:uhlsfill,bef0f1'1l:lurning
to ch~ his M~ter again. ThiS 1s "h)' 1ht moon w.txes and
"·11\eS.Asthtmoongod.Abgnaqalsoruledthtweathtr
aJKithttides. Hchwdinal:u-geiglooonthtrnoon.along
withtl~soulsofgllnc:mimalssuchasthtcanbou. Tht
soul~oftl~l:ludanimalslivedinsidelu>igloo,while . c..;..,.
thoseoftl~..eacreatures,suchas..ealsandwalru>oes, TOOin<.oibelieoaJd'llll....,....,..lold
swamlnavl>.tt ubof waterthat he keptOUbldehis ...l$.10 theynoodedk>bo...,.......t
ah"'be"IOJbiiOOIOO-IOUisoldaad
door. Mos1 oft he time Alignaq wandcll:d tl~ sky on IJI,... ..,.,..ras.;oo.., th ~
hisctleS~i:ll huntingc:>lpcditions. keeping.tclosee)'t
on human behal'ior. Ifpcopk did evil, h~ "lihl~ld "' MHolpiril
gamcfromthemuntillht)'llll':ndcdthcirwl)'"- ===~::::c:.::.-:.;.::.. ~)1
lt..-.-.tAI"ii"'"'o . . . . Ool.__
$([A\.$05oo-:lt-31.1-1-.Z!M-.t/_ _ •

,c•-"''' ,.,;£
~
u
~

~ ~ Atli.t..,,.,.;,.,Y..chilon
~ ~=a~~~.:::n~
~ ~.~.:.oi~~~Mioo~!

~r; ~=::Et
lhetipol ... _fllliel
 MESOAMERICA
m
The civilizations of Mesoamerica worshipped a varied and vivid group of gods
at their imposing pyramid-shaped temples. Rituals of blood sacrifice played
a key part in both the mythology and worship of these deities.

Mesoamericaisthenamenowgiventoan ... Apog• fromtto• Codu f• j• l'¥• ry·M"""• '

Oalail$ol tfl&Alla<:O rulao•.<kl< tre.,<tr>:l$0ph<Sb<:atl)d
areamadeup ofMexicoandp;Insofthe
neighboring coumries-mainly &lize, :::.;:'~,r~~' ::.'"~"=
Guatemala, and Honduras--where there lullydocipho<od,llJtlii"'Jo.>:o••mtolhisday
de,·elopedahighlysophisticatedurban
civi\izationbeforethearrivalof the ~bnystillst ~nd, impressive test imonies
Europeanconquerorsin thel6thcemury bothtotheskilloftheirbuildersandto
Se\·eral cult uresbuiltthiscivilization the great resources the ~ l esoarnericans
The first, the Olmecs (c.l500-400 K:J-:), poured intotheirreligiousworship.
lh·ed insouthernMexico,atsit essuchas
La Vema. TI1e bpotecs (c.300-600 Cf) BLOO D Sf.\. C RIFICE
built cities at Mitlaand MomeAihl.n, Anodoeraspectcommontomost
also in southern ~lexico . The ~bya ~!esoamericancuhuresw:~Sthe practice
(c.300-900)werebasedintheYucatan of blood sacrifice. TheAztecsandtheir
Peninsula,atsitessuchasUxmaland predecessorsbelievedthat thedeit ies
Tikal. The Tohecs (c.900-1180) had their home city at Tula, i neededtobenunuredwit hhum~nblood,pan lybecause
nonh of Lake Texcoco. Finally the Aztecs (<:.1300-1521). the I tloeyhadspenttheirownbloodincreatinghumanity. who
l:~St ofthegreatMesoameticancuhures.buihthei rbaseat
j :~~:~:;:)., :~~~l~::~:~r~::~P~~~:s::1 :.:;.e~~~ch
0
Tenocht ithn,tloesiteofpresent-dayMexicoCit)'
! Mesoameticantitual art,includingcarvingsofskulls,images
C O MM ON f.\.C I11EV EME NTS I ofpriestsweatingvictims'fla)"tdskins.andstatuesholding
TheZlpotecs,l-.1a)'a,Tohecs.andAztecshadseveral t hings i disloesforvictims"hearts,reflectsthisreligiouspractice
incommon.AIIde,·elopedasy-stemofwtitingusingpicture
symbols called glyphs. All were skilled astronomers who used
I
twoparal\elcalendars:asobronesimilartothemodern
calendar,andareligiousorebasedona260-dayritual)·ear.
I
Am:l all h.'ld complex mythologies with numerous deities. many
of whom governed are:lS such as the weat her and brming.
which ~ lesoamericans depended on for survival. Some of these
deitieshadsever~l identities, panlybecausetheywere handed
downfromonecuhuretothenextandpanlybecauseoftloeir
varied roles. n,eAt~ecde ityTezcatlipoc;!WlSYaodwhen loe
w-asgodofwarandYoalliEhecatlwhenhewasgodoftloe
wind.AnotherAztechighgod.tloeplumedserpent
Quetzakootl,alsotook ontheroleofwindgod,asEhecat l
The temples in which these deities we re worshipped were
alsobroadlysimibr.Setontall,steppedpymmids.often in ?'.J3
\argeplazas, theydominatedtheearlyMesoamericancities
 POPOLVUH
The creation story and other myths of the Quiche Maya, a native people
belonging w the highlands of Guatemala, are told in a book called
the Popol Vuh (Council Book). This text was written down in the
mid-16th century, after the Spanish conquest o f the area, and
was copied from an earlier version in Maya glyphic \vri ting
It records myths dating back many centuries; one important
section of the narrative concerns the adventures of a pair of
Hero Twins, who travel to the Mayan Underworld , Xibalba.

--------------m -------
TIIEMYTII
lnthebeginmng,theseagodGucwn:nzandtheskygodHean
of Sky decided \Ocre~tea humanr.l:Ce to populate the Eanh
auddohvnortothegods. ButtheirfiTS\Creationswerea
failure they could 001 >::~ythe mmesofth~godsand we~ only
abletohowlandchauer,sotheybecamethefirst~nimals wassohottluttheyjumpedttpatonce_ Thenthetwinswere
Thecreatorstooks0meclayandtriedt6makeanotherrac~. senttosl:l.)'inasectionoftheUnderworldcalledtheDark
but these turned out limp and twisted: they were unable to House for t henight,wit hon lyatorchandtwocigarsfor
speak,anddissolved inwater. Frustrated by these failures. light. lnthemorning,thelordsofXibalbacamebackw
the two gods went wsee the divinersXpi}'XOCand Xmuone, cl~imtheirtorchandcigarsand.onfind ingtheywere
wisebein.gswhowereevenolderth:mthegods. Thedil'iners )mrnedup,procbimedthatthebrotherswouldbepunished
told the creaton. to make men from wood and women from withdeath.Sothetwobrotherswerekilledatthesacrificial
reeds.Butthesecreaturesdidootpleasethe ballcoun.andtheheadofHunHunahpuwas
godseither,astheyrefusedtoworship slicedoffanddispbyedonam:e . TI~ttree's
them,soHeanofSkysemalloodto fruittooktheforrnofthefirstgourds
overwhelmthem. ltbecameclearthat
ot hereventshadtowkeplacebefore THE BIRTH O t' THE HERO T WINS
humans cou ldbesuccessfullycreated. llgirlfromXibalbacalledXquic ,Hnttolookat
thegourdtreeWhenshetriedtopickafruit,
T~l l:U NDERWO RLD HunHunahpuspmather. ThismadeXquic
Thedil'inershadtwosoriS,thetwinsllun pregmnt,andherangryfatherorderedhertobe
HunahpuandVucubllunahpu. They puttodeath. Sheescapedandv•enttolh·ewith
spentall theirtimegamblingandplaying HunHunahpuSmother. Later,shegavebinh
ball.Whileplaying.theymadeaterrible to the Hero Twins. Hunahpu and Xbabnque
noisethatannoyed thel ordsofXibalOO Like Hun HunahpuandVucubHunlhpu,
(the Underworld), whosem messengers the HeroTwinslol"edtopla)•ball. When they
wchallengethemwaballgame.When learnedthattheirfmherandunclehadbeen
thebrotherswemdowntoXiOOIOO,the A HunHunohpuondl(quic killedbythelordsofXibalba,tlle)'decidedto
lordsoftheUnderworldbegantoplay 'MlantO......OOnXquicr-hOOoot a\'engethe irdeath . Oneday,theybeganphying
IQpo<kate r"'hngtr .. ttrorniM90<Jrd
?'...}1. crue!tricksonthem.Firstthe)'toldthe heetheh!)adi)(H u nHunah~ ln the
ball. makingalotofnoise. Thelords o! Xibalba
brotherstositdownonabench,butil uee 5Palat heo. ma~t flll heo poogrunL ch.illengedthemtoagame,andtheyaccepted. ) )

·-~
~t.;;;.~~.-:,-~~~--
 SURVIVING IN XI BALBA
When the llero Twins reached Xibalba , they were subjected
toaseriesofdeadlytests.Theyweremadeto5taytachmght
inadiqeremhousefrallghtwith peril. They survived the
Dark House, the Razor House. the Cold House, the jaguar
l!ouse,theFire House.andtheHouseofRus. They spent
a night in each one of these houses anti on e~ch of the
followingdays.tho!yplayed theb.!llgame ag;lin5! ~he lord>
ofXib:llba. Evei"ynighttheysurvil"edbyusingtheirw\ts-
injhe OarkHousetheyavoidedthetraptheirfatlierand
unclehadfa!leninto,b)'Usingfirefliesto5!opthetrcigars
fromgoingom.lhenonthefinalnighttheyhidinsidethelr
blowpipestoavoidtheviciousbals, but Hun:lhpu put his
headoutandabatbititoffandrolledittothe.OO.llcoun.
WhenHunahpulosthishead,Xbabnquecarvedanew
oneforhisbrotherandthepairwemtotheb.1llcounonce
more.Atfirsttheyll..'iedH"unahpuSheadasthebaii.Xlxtlmque
hititrightoutof
thetounanda
rabbnhroughtn
quietly back to
him. While the
lordsofXiOO.Iba
searched for it,
Xbalanque5tuck
his brotherS head
TilE BALL GM IE
oftheroun. Tiw:playerstoulduseO!~ythelrkn«s
el~Jo..<-s.andhlpsmhlttheball-useofthelund>orfw
""'>f<:>rbidden.SeenbytheMa)·aa>a,.,·ell•C1memof
thesu\lggl~b<:twe<:ntheHeroTwln>andtheloTd>
?'..JG ofXibalba,th<=gamealsohadarellgioo.lspurposo<:,a•ld
somelime>•ndedintheritualsacrificeofthelosers.
·.~
~t.;;;.~~.-:,-~~~--
• Mai,.God
lholi<sthumans-afiooltymadoflomlnaoro
..,thaMayaworshi~!haMaWGOO.def»:bl
he<ew•lhahoodd""'s~ • ngrmOleibon
b~ckon,andlhegameresumed
with.inOiherball. Thelleroli.vins
wontheg;.meeasily
CONQUERING DEAT11
ThelordsofXib.1lbawereangryat
theirddeat. Theycaughttlw:twins,
bura:dthemintheiroven,ground
downtheirbones,sndsprinkledllr.
dUStintheril'er. BmafJer5ixdaysthe
twinsreappeared,s:tyingth.atlhey
had put themselves together again,
andcl.ltmingthattheyhaddisco'·eredhowtobringthe
deadback10life.Thelordsweresceptical,so1heychallenged
thetwinstopro,.e,;,.luttheys.1id. Xb.1l1nquehdddown
Hunahpu,cutout hishean,andthencommandedhisbrother
togetup.llumhpudidso,andthelordsofXibalbawere
beside themselves with :nnazemem. Dry were so impressed
th..11 some of them insisted the Hero Twins do the same thing
tothem.sotltlttheycouldexperiencewlmtilw:l.Siiketo
come back to life. So the Hero Twins held \hem down in tmn
:ntdcutouttheirheans.Butthecr:~ftybrOihersdidnOibring
thelordsbacktolifeagain. lnthiswaytheHeroTwins
conquereddeath-reducingitspower:md.conse.quently,the
powerofthekingdomofXibalba. Hun3hpu3ndXbabnque
thenreturnedtotheE:lnhandfromtlrre:&endedtothe
sky 10 become the sun and the moon. H:n•ing completed their
workofovercomingtheall·per•asi\'epowerofdeath,tlry
hadensuredthattheuni,·ersewasnowreadyfortheproper
cre:nionofhum:mbeingstoinhabittlw:Earth.
 --.. ;'7'-'tij
. \( ~

THE MAYAN UNDE RVVORLD MAYAN RELI GION

Kno"1tasXibalba(P}...,.,ofFtor), ttleMayanUnderworldwasttle
pl...,.,wtleree•·el)'Oile-whethertheyhadhedagoodandvinuous
life or not-wem after death. lt had nine levels, and wasa grim place
1\lledbygodswhowere•heblingersofdrouglu.
hurri~~nu. and war. On arrival, <he deceased
I(S!Sthqwereallowedtoli\"e "ith
the l leroTwinsinthesky.Th<:
Mayanpeoplehopedthatthey
wouldbeassuccessful inpassing
thetests.s theHeroTwlns.who
sur<ivedalltheordeals.
llleMayaworshippedapamheonofnaturegods.andthepliests
whopresided""'"theirrehgion"""'"''U'-.rsedinhistoty(tspectally
thegenealogi<softheMayanrulers.whichconfimtedtheirpower)
lituals,andthecakulationofthecakndar.
lllelrlito.talshot>OredgroupsSU<:has
fisl~ennen.humers,andbeek«:pers.and
themoSt impona l\tlimalisbelievedtobe
the festi••al thatmarkedtheMaranr~ewye:or.
~ Ani no criptionfromP o l o nq 111
!<)11pie inWtphOnl;al!tles0lePalenq.au$0dthe
Mayanpo;'tonalg!jphicwllt lngll>tOCO<dt!-ol t.lby
olthe tuleu.tndudingtheor"""'1""<tsandalli""""'

• funOJ• rpH HI
ilrnong theMaya, tufl(KaryMI;<n!Y31 1ed
sorrehlgh-ranbngpooplawamc""""tad
alldtheu""""pl""""'"'"""'"-...ssels

THE FIRST PEO PLE

Tilecre•torsfinallysue<::«dedincrearingtllefirstfourmenoutof
maize dough, and four women were created for tl1em. Heart of Sky
blewmlstlntotllelreye>,sothattlleycouldonlyseewhatwas
doseby,andnotaspiretobegods.Tl~esepeopleOou rtshed . but
!l~eylongedforligl>t . Titeyaskeddtegods
forfire . andthegodsagreed.provided
thepropletnadesacrificesinth.onks

~ Biood·lenin grile
lohonorthell(l<b.toood lelt mg " taswero
cond'-"tad. lnwho:hapoleStOO<ornooiallycut
aWOioh•wm•DttJooonaropooltlo-ns
ThtMayahada nwnbtr ofdifh-rmt waysofcountlngthtdays
months. and years. and thtx calmdars ~~ used In 1hnr
~ilglonwcalculauleasldaysmdotht-rimporumdaln-. Tht
oldntoflheMapncalmdm.dattngfrom•leullhe61hm~twy
md aurlbuud 10 lht pi lwmna was a ll'JO.<by calmdu
tnoorporaungcyduoflldays Tb!s i}'Skmwasusually
cllostn for woritlngoutwhm
IO holdtdl~rltualsand _,..,~~ .,.
fu~ TM Mayaalso
bada305.dly

""""''""'
HERE IS THE NEW """""'"'"'"""'
ollOdays. 1M
rwocaltndars
CREATI 0 1\!, 1VIAD E O F
M U D AN D EA RTH. IT
DOES r\ ! 'T LOO K GOOD
FopoiVuh ?.J7

SH AlSO"""" II-l'9.282---f<J • !Itwogo11-t!.lhJII.-I.IIl-71.11lH13.1~1 .. '

·~C~-r,'lf-·.S J< -~ ' d_;

 AZTEC NATURE GODS
Many Aztec gods controlled the natural
force s on which the people depended for
their survival. Some of these deities were
dreaded beings , ru thless in their dealings
with the Earth and its inhabitants; their
actions reflected the harsh climate and
-~ -····------~--- ~~!! --·- ~ -~-----~----
XIPE TOTEC
ThenamcofthegodXipeTotecmeans"flayed lord,"
andtbisgivesacluetohisstory. Hewasthegodof
spring, and whenn·er there W:J.S a bm ine on Earth, it
was5:IidthatheskinnedhimselftoshowtheSttdheads
how•oburs~outoftheirbuds . Theritu.1lsdediClted•o
Xipe TOiecinvol"edthedevOieestaking thefbyedskins
of sacrificial victims and puumg these on thetr&lws -
the skin wou ld falloffjustasXipeTotec'sskmhad
done,re,·ealingthede\'oteebenemh,;ymbolically
et\Couragingtheplantstosproutinspring.lnanother
sacrificial ritualdedicatedtoXipeTOiec,victimswere
tied up and shOI witharrows. The ir blood was made to
dripomoaroundstonethatrepresentedtheEanh:
thissymbohzedthefenilizstion
of the ground
• Ftayodlord
I~II'Jdoi•JW"'g.maire.•odlerli lili
::m :i:~:a~~·.·r~;~y;:~~:
\OO"'f<ropo.t>oot tomatura_
conditions of Aztec lands, in the region
now known as Mexico . Their stories are
frequentl y associa ted with the custom of
human sacrifice-one deity, for example,
demanded an offering of hu man blood
before allowing the crops to ripen.
1
I
I • foamingwm,.
~
Whlltpoob,wa t<lllatl1, aodolh<llma .. t<~<lat>OIU
olraJWdlyiOO\It"'fWalllrWil!eespocoa ly.acredto
I
!
Chald> • ""t licua, whow.»o:AI£<>stnwn-loaled"'~O'It
oi.,.,.IIJWallll.llerbOO:I>rdodOOtheTooo""'J Om"
~ lloddosoofbuuiJ
Ch*hdlfic.aw.~solt€n~"*"booublul wornan
I doess00onblueard!Jieen...:twruu"9el>baate
' I'JI"99ry; ......,; ..,.,ro....,_,.,.,oo~
CIIALC I-II U HTLICU E
Ch.1lchiuhtlicue(Sheof thejadeSkin)wastheAztec
goddessofbeautyandthesisterof theraingodTbloc
(seeoppcsHe).Shewasseena~theembodimentofthe
patternsoflightshiningonmovingwater.Asawater
goddess,shewasclosetoherbrother,and for awhile
the two became man and wife _ But the presence of two
W:lter-relateddeitiesinheal'encausedmanynoods
andstormsontheE:lnh. Sothepairhadtopan.andthe
godQuetzalco.-ul(seei'P.298-99)tookCh.1khiuhtlicue
totheEanh,whereshebeomethepresidinggoddess
ofrivers.streams,bkes.andotherbodiesofwater
 TEZCAT LIP OCA
Origin~lly a sun god, Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror) was deposed
fromhispositionand~ndedupastheAztecgodoftheUnderworld
One of his physical forms was a great wind that blew at night; on
other occasions, he took the shape of~ black jaguar (see below)
ThedeityalsosatintheskyastheGreat&arconstellation
Hev.asbelievedtoroamthe Earth:u night in the form
ofaskeleton,withhisheartvisiblebehindhisribs.ltwas
s;~idthat t heonlywaytodefeathi mwastotearhishean

~
0[]~~~~~~~~~~~ out. Tezc:ulipocacarriedamirrortoseeimopeople's
minds,andallov.edthosewhohadtheskilltoseeits
imageswha,·eaglimpseofthefuture

·----·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - El - - - - - - - -
1

ltadabe:mufulgardendL1t":lSfilledwtth
llounshmgplamsandlushorchards It
v;JSantd}lhcp!acewherethesoulsofthe
peoplewhohaddtedfromtllnesswent

;::::.:~~: :·:~~~l~dT~';,';,,;~:::~~-
e
~,;:,;,~i;goo Tbloc hod '"' r•l~<'. <~h """'Po'""""'"·
andineveryp.11~hekeptJvasttubofwaterOneoftl~eS<:broughtabout
themorningrain,onethemiddayshowers,onethee\'eningdrizz!e,andone
fierce storms. Tile deity kept cloud servants. the Tb!oques. who carried the
raintoE:!nh.whereusen·edadua!purpose:therainfenilizedtheground.
andalsoactedJSthemamfesmtonofTblocS
angndunngase,ere~tonnTialocabo

~~~~

I '
Ii
I
I
1
I
I

i
ocbydmwomg)-.re,lw,llo-.d•o
emerthegodsparad1se
----~ :

~ Raongod•usol I
=~~;~=~~!:·~:~~~~: • • I!
~l:<madllhonoof>egod,MJ"fSI.>Ch~IIMboon
loondatlhaAlloc.,t<tollooochulan,WIIkoJ<oCI)'

;'..,Q~::j:-.!. .,.llgo.l
!Netrnlooadc"""'k>OO OOnnfiad
,
_ ~
W>lh[he<:adtheMoc!,JOOolw.-.1

~:"=~~~~~!:..~:d:
theOOIIllngoltOaaon

~ Tt o touw o apon

~(1~=::.~~==00 ?Ill
smkngthe>kyCoo""''uooltjth•""'"l<>"l
he<:anl(ldo!at,oai.!O<:Iali)d""thlhado<l)'
 • Musoumdiopl.-,ol•oodoo opirito
,?01. lho•salecuoool<hoowoiJieo;ulmm•di>PI<fi•"•""'"'"'""dedi<alodlolhe
.,»Joo o ulogoC<Ionc:iu<ll»atuma n •kuland(>:<)$<~and-""'l'ai0001u l
aodelabonlleljcaM<I'M>llioo<~e<ootatooo•of""ioosg;od• oosp< niS
 THE CARIBBEAN
®
The indigenous people of the Caribbean region, the Taino, had a rich
mythology of gods and spirits that not only endured, but influenced
the beliefs of those who arrived later from Europe and Africa.

0
The Talno came to t he Caribbean from South America around I ~ lmpo rte d!hun do r gorl
Sha'9'.1helhundora00k9htn"'!!godo!t00Yorut..
5000 KI. TI~ey brought with them beliefs about high gods
~o!Nig<wia.bocamearr l"'flll tarrtfigur a inmarry
whopresidedoveraseriesofcreations,aswellasbeliefs
aboutcoumlessspirirswhopermemedtheworldand had I portootthoCaribbeanllo,.olleorov"'"'"t...raohe
•lho<otryanosl>e,corbJble·heaOO<Iaxa
rhepowerofshape-cltmging-:Jhighlyrelevantconceprin
a regionohendrasticallyahered by hurricanes and storms Ta!no, European,andAfricanelements.
TheTainobelieved therewere twocl:lSSesofspirits : goti;:a, The most famous example of this mix
spirirsoftheliving,andhupia,spiritsoftl~edead.llupiawere 1 ofculturesisundoubted ly thel!aitian
saidtolooklikebatsand toseduceorkidnapwomenat beliefsystemcal\edvoodoo,also
night TI1ere were also gods called umls, chief among whom knownasVOOou.
wereYUcahu, "sp irirofcassa1·a,"andgodofthesea,and Yoodoocombinesfolkloric elemems
Arabey,goddessoffeniliryandfreshwmer.Someaccoums fromtheindigenousTarnopeoples,
a\sommeYukiyli,whohelpedfarmersandlovedpeace,and Africanbeliefsbasedonthem)'thology
Jurac:ln,godofstormsandhurricanes. Thetenncenllswas ofpeoplessuchastheYoruba,Kongo,
a\sousedforfigures thatwereimbuedwithgreatspiritual and Dahomey,andritualssuongly
pov.u,beinginhabitedbythegodstheyrepresented inflll(llCedbytheRomanCatholicism
of the Frenchcolonistswhofirstcarne
NEW ARR IVALS tothe0l ribbean inthe\7thcemury
Theendofthel5thcenturyv.·asthebeginningofEuropean l!alsofeaturesalargenumberofgods
in!luefl<:1'intheCaribbean,withthearrh•alofChristopher or spirits, knownas!oo,whogovernall
Columbus in the Balumas.larer, EuropeansbroughrAfrican are:~:>ofexistencefrom fen ilitytodeath
sb\'estotheare~. furtheraddingtothecultural andfromelephantstofish.Ritualsof
mix.C:Jribbeanmythology'sbest-known thereligionarepresidedoverby
mythsde1·elopedasanamalgamoflocal priestessesasv•ellaspriests. Thelesswell-knownSamerra
religionofCubad isplaysasim ibrlyrichandcomplex
• T• ino u,..moni• lolool I combinationoflocalandirnponedbeliefsandpract ices

~~=~::::~;!~ I A HOST OF SPIRITS

o!lhel.ln<larworkllo.llr., ,tw:<Jidb(l{(l Otherpartsofthe Caribbeandewlopeddifferent blends of
"''"""II""'ISupeorullllal flM'EW these multiple cult ures. In Gupro, for example, as well as in

;:~yo~~:;:~.:~e~~ ~;i ~::~:1 1~~sj:~;:~r:;;r~~~~ ~~~;;~;

1 1

allk indsofbe ings,includingspirirsrhmlivedinril'ers.

g
malevolem animals, and the spirits of women who died in 9
childbirth . There were also jumbus who resembled European z
cre,uureslikewerewolvesandvampires For many people in
theregion,suchspiritswerevividlyanduniversallypresent,
exeningahugein!luenceovertheirdailyhves
 THE FIVE ERAS
The creation swry of the Taino people of the scnlers in the 15th century. In addition, there
Caribbean island of Hispaniola is unusual in are other myths that describe the activities of
that it describes not only the creation of men the primal humans, as well as how the ocean,
and women, but also outlines a series of five fish, moon, trees, and birds came into being.
hiswrical eras, natrating in brief the hiswry of
the people up to the arrival of the European
-~-~ - --- - - - - - - - - - ® -

THE MYTH
rhecre~tionoftheunivcrseandthepeoplewholiwin it
sp;~nnedfi,·eeras.Attheht:girmingofthefif51era,theson
of the ~upreme god Yay~ rebelled against hts father. and
Yap killed him. The great god placed hbson"sbonesina
huge gourd that hehungupinhishouse.AfeWdaysbter,
Yap looked in th~gourd and found tli~tthe bones had
turned into 1hh ~wimming in W:Jter. Y::..yis wife u)ok some
ofthefishandcookedthem,andthep:tirrelishedthemeal.
One. d:ty, the gourd broke open-som~ say it was done b)'
visitorstoYayl"shouse-andthewaterpouredon:rtheE:lrth,
formingtheoceanthalsurroundstheGtibbe:tnblands

HIE EMERGENCE OF IIUMANITY

Theseconderabeganwhcnthefirst peop le,theTarno.
lp~ared on Earth. They emerged from one of two caves
inCaonaoontheisbndofHispaniola,andleo~.rnedtosurvive
byfishmginthesea. Buts01ileofthosewhocnneout were
caughtbythesunandtransformedirnotreesbecauselhey
returned home ~t d~wn. 1\nother man. who was supposed
w st~nd guard all he case while the others wue fishing,
was turned im_ostonebythesun for neglecting
lusduttesSeem.sthts,oneof themenawoke \\
j. Ro<kdroM"'II
!aloopeli"'Jivpt.s(rodc"'""'l').'Mthlhoirstroog,gHIJh<Q<Jtlr-.
citon~lhodei~ostt>atmhabtttholaino"'ffhobJieal.........,..,.
lhisirnagocidl9£auhgxlo:leo$A!aboy(Uolp.3UJI.OO...h<wsrmog
mUI(lfl(ISI!>:IoOWif)Ufll(l$ad(>pi(Jdtb 1'1Q<hrldborth
becamectvilized~nd !e~rnedtheartofsurviva\. The
fourth era saw them spre~ding across the islands of the
Caribbean. founding settlements, ~nd learning how to
I cuhivatecassava.theirstaplecrop. They built
// vllhgesanddevelopedthetreloquembngu::.ge

~~~:!~::; ::p~~!~~;~~!tdfi~}: ~!o5~ 1:l~ ~®~/~ h~:~1ti~::~~:~o~~y~~:~g:~~~~~~:~;l~~~s

and m~de into~ bird th:l.t sings at first _ ® )( ® - Europeans arrived in the Caribbean

~~~:~ ~~\:~e~-~:~~~{,·e~1:l~~:~:::~ ~~~ ;' ~ ::: wit~~ef~!:~:.;l~~~~~r::;:~~~~~~~7~b~s~~W!

toculm•atethefemlesotltht:yfoundthere // ,'- Europeanmvtgator,m l492. 11teTarnosaw

A NEW WAY OF LIFE /I I '\

In the third era. womenwerecremed
30G aspartnersforthemen.sothmthe
popubtioncou ldgro"·.andthepeople
j. Ja ifiOrymbol
~:::~:~~~;~~~~~:~it~:~:~~~~i~:.~~~
]heQ<JierandOIOOIOrde:! IO iho$$001
olooeoltho!aioou 100•depo:tthe
$Unan0m()l)rlrOSpaclivet.,.
YAYA AND TilE SONS OF ITIBA
Some,·ersionsoftheSIOTyabout thecrea!ionoftheoceantell
OOwYapldtthegourdrontainingthefishunauendedoneda)'
llhappenffi thatthefours.onsofltibaCahubaba,anEanh
motl~~:rfigurewhohaddledinchlldbirth,arriRdat\'aya'shouse
Whenthey$Jwthegourd,rheytookitdowntoinve>rlg;uea r>d
'"es.omeoftl~~:fish.Suddenly,theyl><:ardYayaret un>ing, and
theyhurriedlytn:ed!<ln:plat:<: thegourd,butitielltothegrwnd
andwa<<ln.tihed , <pilli ngitscontems.. Thefourbrmhersthen
fledtothehomeoftheirgrandfather_
THE\ VATER FROM TH E
GOU RD GUS IIED OUT
TI-ll S TI-lEY SAY IS TH E
O RIGI N O F TH E OC EAl'.J.
TilE FIRST CREATU RES
Thelalnocreationstorytellshow thesuntumed,•ariouspeoplethat
came out of a mythical CO''e into birds. trees , or Slone. Bi!ds featurt in
many T.olno mJ1hs:one of the Taloo people is turned into a bird that sing>
at dawn, and the woodpe<;ker helps moke the first women (sa bdow)
AnothermydttellshowthehummlngblrdgotltsirideS<:entfe,uhers:
amanv.·•sor>e<:p unishedfor oorn miningio~~:<:sobybeing lunoedimothe
moon ,v.ithitssuinedfoc:e:oheh wnmingbrdcarriedthesonofthemoon
in its beak to shm· him tn hi< f.toher, so the moon "'waodcd the bird \lith it<
brilliantplumagc.TablOm)thsalsonamuetalesofGuayahona,paotrulture
h•roandpart<haman(<upp.168-69).whotrnveledtodi>Wntlands in
«ardoofthealloyguanin,"'w"'dbytheTolnofor il s~klmsh""n.
'- - - - -'- - .&
• Con otorigin
ThafioS1Taioo....,.ged fromacal'8
cakl~. lhaOiharCarithw1
=~:~=~.ard
THE CREArl0!\.1 OF \VOJ\.\EN
TheTahoo ~re.oionm)thexplains ol"'-tlhefirsr
hum,uos we"' only men. When returning from
fi<hingoneroinyday,themensawcurious
c"'atur<:sfallingfrom thetrtts.l'heylooked hke
womenbutv."trea«.•ual.lnstinctively.themen
knewthatthe,..creatu"'sw<re th<wom<nthey
needed.and . h3'ingcaptur<:dthem,fastened
woodp«kerstotheirboclies.Thinkingthemto
bemes, thewoodpeckersboredopeningsin
thern,lhuscarvingout femalesexual organs.
Andso1hefirs1womenwer<:c"'ated.
<II Woodpoek• r
!!U::~-::=.,~;::~·:~;:.Ihew:d~= '!IJ7
lryt0alaTooloo • 1$<ola•ncroo~ og-
SEEAtSO '-"""'"'"""""'•M-13.21l>--11.l14-15 •
.co•-f-·"'·:,J.:
GODS AND SPIRITS
The Taino lived in the Greater Antilles and the
Bahamas in the ce111uries before the arrival of
the European senlcrs in the Caribbean. These
people were the rivals of the Catibs, who lived
mainly in the Lesser Antilles. Although the
occupations of the Tafno included hunting
and fishing, they also developed agriculture
- - -· - - - - - - - - - - ® ------
and grew both corn and the cassava p lant.
Their religion involved the worship of spitits,
gods, and ancestors. Especially prominent
were the deities who presided over the fertility
of the soil and the growth of crops. Many
of their myths were perpetuated through
ceremonial dances and oral retellings.

YUCAIIU
The staple food intheCaribbeanwasthecassavaplam, thestarchyrootof
whichwns\videlyeaten.Of al! thegodsoftheindigenouspeople,the
most powerful were those who helped C355.WJ.IO flourish . Among
thesedeities.YU.cahuwas tiK"most imponant.KnownastheFruitful,
YU.cahu w:lSagodofthesea,:lS welt:lSJ.fenilitygodwholookedafter
thecrops,mdmadethemgrow. lnaddition,he wasalsoaguard i:ul
deit)•,who watchedo'"erpeopleandprote<tedthem. Yticahuwas
seen:JShavingatrbngularfonnw•ith hisfaceinthecenter,:tndon
some images of d1e god there were pauerns resembling the stems
an d foliageofpbnts. Peoplemadecarvingsofthedeit)'that
t l~eybu riedinthefields,pouringofferingsofwateronthe
soilwheretl~e i mage wasimerred . ThiS:lCtionofpouring
the wat er"fenilized"d~eimage,whichinturnspread
YUcahu"sgrowth-btingingpowerstothefields.

... c.......
1hecawwa!ianll$i:r>;;wo ln ltl(l

~=n~~h:~,::o.J·
poo ntod......,.otVCI<>WluiOot....,
t00ughlkl""'"'"""t lhouo•ng•1ar
$11apaol lhecauava tubo:K.

• TainopMplo

~oo..::=~=
T hoygrowd>ei r c~on

~~'~,::~oo
toboanr""""t""'ofYobhu
.,. Molho•todoclt"

_ ....__
TMsquaruogi""'"""'"'Nilwt"
...... »lhtp.-ldoflodbj-

.,...,.ol_...,._
dtrnogcloddo .. ...,~
Sht_ •
.. ....,.
... ""'901_ ...... _......,,

ATABEY
ThegoddeS!>Aiabty
w:~>lhem01ht:rolthe
grutgodYiltahu.,and
likht:rson,sht:w."ba
lenohtydeny.Atabcy
wlSthegoddes.sof
theE:mh,theroother
g<XId~.andthedellywhoprnidedovntht:bkes
andnvers.Asabnn~rofrain.>ht:wlSsometomes
altendedbyl~rmr,;.senger.Guatauva,~ndthegoddes.s
ofthenoods.Co:urisdoie.Shew:~Soltenponmyed in
asquaningpose. In this position, herlegsweubcnt
doublelikethoseol~lrog,acre.tturewithwhkhshe
wasluquentlyassoclated. rrogscallloudl)•during
their mating season, whkh coincides with !111: stan
of the tropical rainyseason,tl~panofthryearwhen
the newcassavacrophasju~ bcen plamed. All the-se
lactorsestJblishedanaturallinkbctwccn!l~~:frog
andthrgodde..s,whowassaldtoprtSideoverbolh
tht:fenihtyofthesoiland•hefreshwa•ers

GL:ABANC EX
ThrTalnosaw !heCaribbeanwearherpat!ernsasevidence
ofthe:t-.ttnd.liiC)·ofdifferen•deities.lber.linswerebrought
bythe~.xl Boinaye\(Sonoltht:GreySerperu), "howas
hemldedbythrdarkramc\ouds:w::rossthesky.Butho.owas
b.'ll:mcedbyh!!>brotherMirohu,tht:godoftheclearskics.
"hoensuredfaorweatht:r. Occasionally. this climatic
"80
harmony was brokn by the mighty anger of Gwb:m;:ex.
thegoddes.sofstornhand bringer of hurricanes. She ~
0
slt.1tt ertdtht:calrnand. whenthedeitiesGII.:ltau''aand
Comriso: hiejoinedher,she w:~Sunstopp.1ble .

... Thotoddon olhurrico"" o .f. Tirtong.,IIOdocitfl

"""'"'11'"
lrT'IIofl'l'ot tholgoddaos Guallarmt"- OOr ~ .... lhedorNia~ngw'"""c~-.dbjhollrc...,,_.
CIPIJ)iSII9drou;WO$It..polloo•,....., .. ,_.ungltre rarpa.~1olhlurthtCarrbllr.anlrlolorlhoooloMoro 30!)
"'"'"'""m"'"'"""'""""'"<~~r~l!lbatros>theb->dso::ape :-:~loold~\~::-o1Guabaow.1helady
 GHE DE
Ghcde was an ancient Haitian god of love, sex, of the natural world. They include the spirit
and fertility. In Haitian voodoo, Ghede is the known as Baron , who, according to different
god of death, as well as the name for a group of voodoo traditions, is either the leader of the
spiri ts who represent both death and fertility. spirits or an aspect of Ghede. All these spi1its
The concept of the loa is essential to voodoo are the focu s of a number of Haitian beliefs
culture. The loa are impotlant ancestral spirits and rituals concerning the opposit e- but
who symbolize and influence specific aspects linked- themes of death and sexuality.

-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (\} ---- -------------

GIIEDE AN D SEX UA LITY

Asaspiritofsexualit)".Ghederegardssex~something
ine-"itable.notamauerofgoodorevil.Hehasarap3Cious
sexuallppe{i{e,whichisminoredbyahealthycraving
forfoodandalcohol,:t>pectsofhischar:l(terthatserl'e
toempi13Sizetheeanhyandhigh-livingsideofthisspirit
GhedelikestoengageinexplicitsexualconversJtion,and
holdsupforridiculeorembarrassmemthosepeoplewho
trytosuppresstheirsexualfeelings.orwhogenerallytend
toadopl arepressedauiiudetosex. He frequent ly
makeseroticjokesand naumshissexualitywithoutany
inhibition. Heisllsoanemb<Xlimentofresurrectionand
life energy, hence he haspotem healing powers, which
arebelievedtobeespeciallyeffect iveonchildren _The
sophisticmedandstylishGhedeisclosel)•linkedtohis
bumbling,peasJnt-likeyoungerbrother.Azacca,thespirit
ofagricultureandthepatronoffarmers,
whoseceremoniesheoftenallends Ghedaisbei,.,..,J~.....,.di.r•:•rJ{I.aod hiSdaroliShst a<dll."<fl"""'"
Ounnglo:iu"' l~haldm Gh&:la"s honor,.WCh:!$ lhoO..,.o! lhoOoad, h11
toiloMlo•dana~ •n abandon.oiiOO~lup•n~aneatabCUance.

.. BI•tkroo•hn,..,mboloiGI••.S."• consorl
GhedaiSa'll•otoldeathaodtem ity.aodollemJ(ISlOlhagod
uo:ludablockroosroo•.candle.<.nunoatllecolfins.aod""!lloed
OO!tlo:icont:J •••"'I rumlhoblockroos-..,.abooneo!the
'YntloilotMaomn!lng•lle,wlwl•sGhede'sOOIISlWl

• M• mon8rigit10o oign
LlblGhede.Marmnlll'(l•ltehasa<Uong..,.ual
~lll.lnYO:I<blrrlWis.~lro.was""""
310 aromtrwnwlho((M[1o{I)OJV(JI;elho(P4_M.m:>n
Brrg•lte's......,,.-.oo<pOralel:ahaarta<dc!OWll
 • Torotcords
Ongrnat rngOlJI'I(dw.ll lta~,lhetar~f""'kiSusOOlo)odMna'<Jn
ar>d..-obatJttcanii)\OtheCanbt•Janw,lhlhaeaoly[uropean
BARO N SAr\\EDI ,.,,...s.Ghedeotrend"........,d"""Ocathmughlarotcards
BaronSamedibthernOSI hmiliaraspectoftheloa

lilll
(ancesu,llspirit)knownasfuron,otherincarllJ.tioru.
beingBaronb.CroixsndBaronCirnetihe. Baronisoeen
bydifferemtnditionsasthechidoftheGhedespirits,or
astheirlather,orasthepersonificationofthespiritknown
asGhede. Heisoftenportrayedasanelegantfigure with
awhiteorskull-likeface,blackclothes,awhitetophat,

II
anddarkglasses.Hesrnokesacigareneinalongholder
andcarriesacane . &uon5.1med i isa·psychopomp,"3
being who is able to communicate betwcrn the worlds of
bothhumansandspirits. Heleadsthes.oulsofthedead
to the Underv:orld(seep.·IJ) _ He isals.osaid to control

t
tl~:~~~=~~;~:~?;d~~;~~~~
GIIEDE AN D DIVI NATION
The t rJditionalh.1umofGhedeisthecrossroo.ds,
symbolicoftheplxewheretheworldsoftheli\'ing
:mddead.ofpeopleandspirits.comerogether.As
)<>( + + )<>( thespiritwhopresidesoverrhismeetingplace.
+ + Ghe.deisbelievedtoh.wespecblpowersofprophecy
H + + HI.. andthegiftofsecondsight . People therefore come
rothespiritseekinganswerstopressingquesrions,
espe<:iallythoseconcerningfenility. They make an
offeringrorhespirirandrequesrapriestto3Sk
Ghedequestions . Theanswercomesbackinthe
formofap.1llernofdropsofrumtrickledontothe
ground,orinrheformofcr)'pticrneSS:1gesfrom
rollsofadiceorrherurningofpanicubrtarm
cards. Thead,~cetlwthespiritgiwsrnayoftenbe
Baroos.n..Jillro-U..,..Jin..,;oos unpabtabletothesupplicants:nevertheless,they
~Smoellmoshe-salar!JO.

:a::::t,:"'lg&o!3 believe it tobes.ound,andgiveitgreatrespe<:l.

~-~-- --~~------~--- ® -- --- ~--- -------

G J-IEDE SPIR ITS

Ghedeisalsothe uameforagroupofspiritswhoperforrndifferent
funcrionsaspsychopornpandrnediawrberweentheworldsofthe
li,ingandthedead. Theyaree:lSilyroccessibletodevOiees,andready • Voodooftog

:::'!f~~
with the ir advice. Thesesprritshavedistinctcharactersandroles. For
exarnple.GhedeNibo takestheformofayoungrnanwhodiedearly,
lor'<'(l(ldooutuabl$a
perhaps:>Saresultofviolence:heisconsideredtobeaguardianof ""'Urnedlagdefo<trng
rombs and s protector of people who die young. Ghede Ti Malis is syrrt>oloofGhedelhe
unfuolongoflho< l "(j
atricksterspirit.whosepr:~nksinclude t rickingpeopleoutoffood 311
gqnablhetcw...,.sr..-r
"'""'"""'"""Y-
SEEAlS01•11,.,. ....... _ , ___ 114-15.1-l14-15.-.D-O!I
 .l. loo•told•l~
31? lhel"'*.-..odgOid•ben~!he-!ol!hoH . . godlol_llullheSp."'
__ OlnqiOifOIJ• . . !SIIo..W,.walooldo!....,.,. MI...,...niiiiiiMI.-.od

• . • down-lo!:logoldnlatul ... gOidplaiOolopctsilb•II•.P.,

',y.-;,..,·:·~-
 SOUTH AMERICA
a
Ailhough South America produced a number of cultures wilit different deities
and myths, the most enduring civilization was that of the Incas, who were
based on the west coast of the continent and in the high Andes.
0
SouthAmericahasbeenhometoasuccessionofhighly
>ophisticatedcivilizationsduringthelastthreemi llennia
I ARRIVAL 0 1-'
THE INCAS
The Incas, who bui lt up an Andean
Most of the more adv~nced cultures were b:lsed in the Andes,
intheareasnowformingpansofPeru.Chile, Bolivia, and
I
empire between 1230and 1532,
lookeduponTbhuan:lcoasoneof
Ecuador. lleginning"'iththeChavincul!ure(c.850-200KL) theirplacesoforigin,and,liketheir
innorthernPeru,therewereanumberofotherempiresbased forebears, theyworshipped thesun.
inandnearPeru,includingtheParacasEmpire,theMoche The lncasbe lievedtheirrulerswere
cuhure,andthecivilizationsofl!uariandTiahuanaco.all 1 descendantsoflntLthesungod
bet1.veen around 600 liCE and about 900 CE Theyalsohad:lnoriginmyth
based~~ear t hecit yofCuzcoin
MYHIICi\l TIIEMES Peru.Agroupofancestors--
Alt houghtheyleftsubstMuialphysic3l rernains--suchas threebrodv:rsandthree
buildings,carvings,pouery,goldjewellery.andtextiles- sisters------emerged from caves
noneoftheseculturesde'·elopedawrit ingsystem,soliule tv:arCuzcoandsetvarious
isknownindetailabouttheirrn}1hs. However, scholars precedentsfortlv:real lnca
imerpretrnanyofthefiguresintheirartasdeities,andthey rulers,such:lSwearinggold
areusuallydescribedtodaybytheirsalientfeaturestheStaff jewellery, marrying their
God, the FangedGod,thejaguarGod,andsoon.Studyof sisters,andseu ingup .I. OH r·hn dodfigort
bterindigenouspeoplesshowstheirreverenceforancestor mountaintop shrines lllmrnl51>rrts.as r-l0db,t th,.
doorhe:J<lOOMo:rdlO~tla<'\'ligo-o.~
spirits,fordeitiesassociatedwilh thelocal 001...,.11fltroleiOUaditiOMISUJth
landscape,andforfenilitygods. EM PIRE AND GODS Arner""ntrll!hologyarrdreligioo
Localspirits.creatordeities,andculture Thelncashadahugeempire,
heroes-figureswhobringimportantskills stretching all along the western ~dg~ of South AmeriC:J from
suchasfarrn ingtothepeople-aret)'picalof Ecuadortocentr:l!Chile. TheircapitalwasatCuzco.butthey
thebe liefsystemsofthenriouspeoplesof hadotherurbanoenters,suchJ5MachuPicchu. The empire
therestofSouthAmericaAfunhertheme washeldtogetherbyanadvanccdbureaucracyandagood
!lutstandsomdearlyinsomeoftheseearly road network_Theirst3tereligioncemeredonworshipoflmi
culturesistheirdevotiontothesun. The great malargetempleinCuzco.but thelnc:IShadmanyother
gatewayat themajorarchaeologicalsiteof deities, includingacreator,Viracocha,afenilit)'god, Ilpp'a, ~
Tiahuanacoh:ISafigure thatresemblesa and a moon goddess, Mama Kilya. Skilled metalworkers. _;_
sungod,andoneimponantMoche theyalsoga,·egoldgreatreligioussignificance. Anenduring

~~~~ , :~i~itr::di~ ~~~!~:~:.;:a~·;i.:·~:~:~:~::·~:~e~:ny ~

ternpleisbelie"edbyexpenswbea
pla<:ewherepeopleworshippedthesun
.,_ Sil•orcH ofmaizt
Sblllld lnca ...Mworbwo....:loldu•.,t;eomodelo!wbso!W"n
whid>...,.,..howi...,.tantcultMII«f,...;,.,,.,,,k> the lnc:uaoa
st~k>:ld-Ata"'')(l'areniOO'fd'"'"!l theannualm<kl(llla"'l!trnMay,
)WIJillocaro:tiasJW<IC8'.00th rooghltre•uoouo!Cutro.chanu ro;~lrymns
1
foranewking itwoh·edhimbeingcoveredingolddttst,after ()
whichhewastakentothecemerofalakeandofferedmore >'
goldtoitsw::uers.Suchstoriesgrippedtheimaginationof
Spa nishconquerorswhoarril"edinthe l 6thcemur)•insearr:h 313
ofgreatnches-.andst lllfascmatepeopletot lnsda}
INCA BEGINNINGS
In the centuries preceding the Spanish conquest of Peru in the 16th
century, the Incas built a vast empire in the Andes mountains o f
western South America. They had a sophisticated oral culture, and

----.
their mythology tells many d ifferent tales of their origin , all of
which feature an ancestor called Manco Capac who , together
with a number of followers, emerges into the world from a cave.

- -~ ~------~ ~~- ~ -~~--

~ Ma~~eoCapac
THE 1V\YTH l•kooltlilcanrutool,M.:lr>CO
The lncan creator god, ca!led Con Tiki Viracocha, or simpl)'
Vir~cocha,wasoneofthe most imponantde itiesinlncan
~::th~~~ :!,a:.,~~~e
aoapeotgolddu<inu h,.ani.-&1
mytholbgy. lnmOSiversionsofthecreruionstory,heemerged tCI()m(JnjinCo~~:o.-
from the w~ten>of ~ke Titicaca to cre:lte a race of gbnts.
Buthew:~Sdissatisfiedwit hthesecreatures,:indsohe Anumbercfpeoplerepresentingthelowercbssesofpeasanl5
broughtaboutag~eat floodol!ed UnuPachawtillm andslawsemergedfromtheothertwoentr:~ncestotheC:.,·e
drownedthem .·Subsequentlr.hecrel\(dthefirstimm:ms Thenthefirsllncansenlememswerees~ablished
outofpebblesth:u he foundbesidethebke. HegaveJI~eSe
peopl~ i variety oflangll.:lges,cos\umes,and foods, and THE PEOPLE AND THE SUN GOD
then spread themaroundtheworld;thoughsomesay Somechroniclersoftheoriginm)·thwlda differentversion
that Viracochasent thefirsthumanstoacav~toawait of th e story. Theysaidthat MancoCapJ.Cand the other
theappropriatetimeforemergence.lt wasbehe,•ed by lncas' hadbeensetdownb)·thesungodlnt i (sccp.JJ8).
somethm the cave wasataplacecalled Pacaritambo ontheshores oflakeTiticJ.Ca_Thedeitygavel>.lar!CoCap:Jc
(Tavern of the Dawn), which is about 25km(l6miles) ast:lfforrodofgold:Jnditlstructedthepeopletotmvel
southwe~t of modern-d~y Cuzco. Others beli~'·ed thm aroundth~region.advisingthemtoplungethegoldrod
therealnameof t hepl:~cewasTambotocco(Tavernofthe imQthegroutldwhenevertheystoppedtoeatorre;t. lmi
Windows). because the people h.1d made three ceremon~1l ;old them th.11 after tml'eling for a while , thq' would arrive
entmncesto thenatural cavern at aplacewherethestaffwouldvamshcompletelynnothe
groundonbeingplunged. This would indicate that the soil
THE EM ERGE NCE atthatlocation'IVJ>;deepand
ChiefamongtheAndeansw:ti fenile.andlntitoldM:l!lcO
a man called l>.lancoC::tp:u:,who
dwelt in the cave with his three .,--..,.-.~. ~-
brothersandthreesisters.One t hesungodScommandsand
of his sisters, Mama Odlo, was afterhavingwanderedforsome

const itutwife.
also his ed thTogether,
elncan ropl
t hey
familyandbecametheancestors
ofthelncanrulerswhofollowed
thenEventually,asmallgroup
ofpeoplerepreseming! r~c:m
tlobililycameoutofthecave
throughoneofitsentrances
!i~~~~~~~
t ime,theyre:tehedap!J.Ce
where theroddisappearedfrom
viewimotheground_The lncas
builttheircapitalcityofCuzco
notfarfromthisspot,and
A. C.n:o ~lancoCap:tebecame the first
Thel'eoooanat)'oiCu!cowasthelocancapotai So;anionlyl;)
Lal:alibC3Ca.C<Uroa00it>""''Jhlaloxt\"'"the<m~t< m~n l ntlerofthe!tJC::tnkingdom
3<0001lncao r oiii)<Jri,'Mih3ouni)o)oollt.ul0Jarxl.s;o:rod~l(ll; Thus began the lncandynasty.
V IRACOCHA
The lnc~sbelie,·ed t hataftercreatinghumans,
Viracoch.tstaredbacktowatcho•·erth<m
Theckitydisguisedhimselfasabeggarand
wand~red among the Incas 10 wcrk mlradts,

'">dtoteachhlsp<:oplehowtoll\•e. But most

humansdidtiOtlistt~ttowhatthegodhad

toldthem,andhereturnedfmmhisttipto

AhhoughtheydidtiOtdl:velopthewheeloraconHntional
systemofwrit ing,the lncash.adasophistlcat«<civilizarion
Thl:lrcrahsmenexcelledinte"ilesandpouery.andthel!lcas
weremosterbuilckrstoo,conSiru<:t ingstonebuildingswithwallsthatfiuedtogcllll:r
without mortar_ The long t>etwork of mads builr aero~ their Andean territories
ensured that the Incas could ck•·<lop a system of communication to hold the empire

----- ·----·---
PACA 1\\A 1\\A IS 1\IOTI IER
togetl>er.Theirm},hsacknow\edgeboththeirhumblebeginningsatLokeTIIicaca
andtheiraspir.tiontocr<ateavastmlpirebeneaththeraysofthesungod lmi.

-----· - - - · - - · - - - - -

EARTH, TO\ VH01\ I \VE ALL

1\ lUST RET U R1\J S01\ IE DAY

DEJ"J"JES OF TilE SEA AND Ti l E EA RTII

I
Inlncanm)thology.theseaandtheEartltwereactuallytwogoddessts. l1te
sea was M.mu Cocha (Sea Mother), who was the patron of fishennenand
sailors_ l1te Earth was Paca Manu (Earth Mother), whowa.a very imponam
I ncandeit~shewastheronsortofthesungodlllli.andtheproples;ocrtficro
II
u ""'"'"='-""'"'"""'"""''_'"" !
llow P•ca Mama ,.·as
)~hologydeS<ctibe

mornedtoPachocarnac , the godoffireand

r.>in ,androgetherth<:ycrearedtlu:stars,
•hcsun,themoon,andtheworld
.
<I\I PocaMarno
!he&ordl~""'"'"""'"feo1i!,!yfgcro
...:lpootr.r,'OOasar<>'<ed...,.__AntuaiiSIJC

:"!':~ ::~'":,=~:::::l m<Dl

SKY GODS OF THE ANDES
The Incas were known as the people of the
sun. Their emperors traced their descent from
the sun god Inti , and the deity had pride of
place in important temples . But the people
also revered a host of other deities of the sky,
beings who usually protected the Incas, and
ensured that there was enough water for their
crops . Occasionally, they also reminded the
people of their godly power, wi th dramatic
phenomena such as lighming bolts or eclipses.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0- - - - - - - --- - -
1
I!'-!TI
TIJelncansungodwasolledlnri,andwasalsokrJOwnas"rheleaderof
rhe da)·tinll:.· For the Incas, he W:tSthe mOSI imponam among~lltheir
deities.Afriendlygod,hedidnotsimplylookdownontheE:mhand
warmitwithhisrays,butalsoactivelyhelpedtheinhabitants.ln
I
one such myth, the lnc:m anceswrs--~l:mco Capac and Mama Ocllo
(S<"~ p.Jl~)-were lmi'ss.on and daughter, whom he taught the skills of
life and sem w Eanh w show tllf:'. ITJC;<l:) how to he_ They then became
theancestorsofthelncandynasty. The!ncanrulersbuiltmanylavish
I
temples to lmi in Cuzco, the lllC.:l.n capiul. ollt': of which was known as &lncanforming
lncantauneiS.wllogrewa""OOrarlrJOdaq>:~trornpotatoosto
theHouseofGoldbecauseofitslichdecoralion.ltsrnainchapelwas
oriemedinasuchawayth~tlteimageoflmi'sfaceca.ught
theligllloftherisingsunexhday. Imi"'asoftendepided
I
:
oquaslm.worees~llya t t.o:hedto!OOthundmgOOIIIapu ,
andrnadaJ.3Crr lio:esattlrsa4tau .. lhehop&ofrarn

:;sagoklendiscwithraysoflightemanatingfromit.

ILLAP U
Thelncanthundergodlllapuwasa
warlikedeitywhoseweaponwasthe
slingshot.Onemythdescribeshowhe
crossedtheskywithgiantstrides,ca>ting
a great shadow, which became the ~lilky
Way Heaimedhisslingatapotofwater
carriedbyhissister.Ashefired,theleather
ofhisslingmadeaboomingnoi~thatw:.s
thethunder,:mdthestoneflashedwith
lighmingasitflewthroughtheair.When
ithitthepot.rainpoureddownfromthe
sky.Asabringerofrain,lllapuwaswidely
reveredbythelncas.TI!eybuilttemples
rorhegod-usuallyonmoumainsroget
dosertotheskywhere llbpulil'ed-------{lnd
wenttheretoprayforrain.lfthepeople
,.. lntihuontonopoct neededraindesperately.theysometimes
This otr"'t'"9 at Machu Pitthu. ~"""" "'
madehum:msacrificestoappeaselllapu
:.,~o~a~~!::t:c~;;·;~:-;:,10
 'f' l ho hu • enly . ridgo
lhenlaf'l'l$lon1100 r nge<)bsotlhera ~nbc..-,10g01heo""lh'l<
awaoentat. l oryto<:Qo1na<:t t he....rn~~otlhahomall!ond t he!,J01b .
1\\A J\\A KILYA IJ'M'Chuo:OOa•pocialploca inlhapanthoonof hudalll&
ThernoongoddessMama Kilp was theconsortan d ,
somesay, thesistnoflmi . Asrhesungod'sfemale
coumerp:m,shewasseenasthernaterrulancestorof
the lncanru lers,and presidedover thenighL During
a lumreclipse,the lncasthoughtthatamonsterwas
tJkingabiteout of~tama Kilp.andconsidered this
omen toportenddisaster-theywavedweaponsat
theskyandmadeloudnoisestofrighten themonster
:twJ.y Mama Kilya was also the goddess of women,
guardingthemduring theirmonthly
cycle, protecting female fertility.
andenforcingmarriage,·ows

CHUICHU
The Incas believed that the rainbow was a two-
headed.dragon-likedeit ycalledChuichu . They
reahzedtherewa:>J.connectionbetween therainbow
and the sun, though they did not quite under~und
how itsmulticoloureddfectwasproduced. They
consideredtherainbow tobeagiftor messagefrom
thesungodlmi,indicatingthepresenceofthe
benevolemdeit)•Chuichu _ Because he linked the
worldofthegods intheskywiththeEarth.Chuichu
was thoughtofasa kindofhea,·enlymessenger
or courier, whohelped thedeitiesofboth thesun
andtherlin inbrin.ging theirlife-givinggiftstothe
Eanh.Somepeopleregardedther:linbowgod~an

J. Moon eoddH o
lhelrusOOII......:I thatthe'J'l'IOO..
Mlm!Kilyawa~eOOJ,_mma~ fll<jl l
andti(Wiaogataceandbogeote:~couklba
....,dearlyoothenigllto:ta fulrroon
GoldWlisl nti'>molal.ondoi"'"'wa•
Mtm!Kil!'a'>SiMlrOOjects,.....nradem
t.;whonor,andho;v$1vrr'l(latCIIIIXIS"'"n
~wasro:~okorar.Jwuh~.,
e'·enmoremagicalpresence thatlinkedthethree
fundamental parts of the lncan cosmos-the sky,
the EanhSsurface,andtheunde rground realm.

--~-~ ~~------·-------·~-----------------~

STA R D EITI ES
Thelncasconsidered thestarstobebenevolent deities,lookingdown
on them at night justas~\ama Kilpdid. Un\ikesomecu lt ures inother
partsoftheworld,whosawtheSlarsasratherrandomlyscatteredacross
thesky,thelncas idemifieddifferentstargroupsorconstdlations,just as
astronomersandastrologersdotoday.Buttheirgroupingsofstarshad
specifically lncannamesandidentities: they thoughtof Lyraas theL\ama.
ScorpioastheCat,andthe Pleiades as the Liule Mothers or the Storehouse

..
-~· ••..\.
:
~

* • Aboriginolcowoo rt
fb;~ll' ln 11nghaoalong h ..wryinAuotral iaAOOngo""'ll"" t pi; ru reoal1hei r
arodaao~lano~es<l•octlyi)<11QIOCl10k>oma do!sehn~ betwoon 1hein
&rll;e$l0r•
orodrhelarod.lhlsexa....,Os.,KakaduNaro:m!Pa r ~ ln rhe~thoml<>rlltc.-~

-~~~~-,
 AUSTRALIA

The myths of the indigenous people of Australia arc diverse and yet share many
similarities. They explain and reinforce the bond between the people and the
land, which is said 10 have been brought into being at the vety beginning of time .

WhentheEuropeansarrivedinAustraliaattheendofthe
18thcemury,t1Je)'foundaconrineminhabitedbyaround
• fe:uuresintobeing,bringingtolifealltheplants,anirnals.
andother livingthingsthatinhabitit,andgiving li fetoall
iOOdifferemAborigirultribes. E:\Chofthesetribalgroups I thespiritsofthepla.:e: eventothespirit sofpeopleand
wassrnall---sometimesjustalundful of beingswhowillbeborninthefmure
bmilies. sometimes as many as S(l-and Thisancientprocessofbringingall
each had foundanicheinwhichAustralia's aspectsoftheworldtolifeisknownas
sometimesextremelyharshbndscape theDrearning.orDreamtime.anarne
could sustain life. TheAboriginesli,·edb)' thatreflectstheideathattheancestor
huntingandgathering,andhaddoneso spiritsawokefromnlongsleepinorder
formillennia-nooneissurewhenpeople tocarryoutthispi'OCessofanirnation,
original lycametoAustralia,thoughthey andthensubsidedintoaneterml sleep
maylu\'earrivedfrom Ind onesia around whentheylL1dcompletedtheirgremtask
50,000 )·ears ago. Although the incoming
Europeanssawtheindigenouspeopkas STORIES OF THE DREAMT IME
"prirnitive'becausetheyhadnotdeveloped Theanciente,'Cntsofthe Dreaming or
skillssuchasmetalworkingorpomry Dreamtirnestillexistona levelthatcanbe
production,they wereinf:lctverywell A Ka"'jorooopirrt experiencedtoday.Byretellingstoliesof
adaptedtolivingontheirland Thls!lbongmalanwook.tlowsanurrbeocJ""""too theDre~mt ime,andbycarryingoutthe
ligu r os.rnc l o.o;l i ngapono~kangarooopint.Such
"""!'"$10ioctthal:eyp><rb:)no!<l(w.,.(llorOQrn1 correct rituals.Aboriginescanrdi''ethe
MYTHS OF ORIGIN (l(ldtherrr~tancelorltl(lodaotrtycJIIII)pOOJlle.creativepi'OCessandochieveakind of
Each of Austral i~'sAboriginaltribeshasits comm unionwiththespirits. lnthissense.
ownlanguageattditsowntn)'ths.~ndforthem thesestories the Oreamtime is alwa)'S present. Dreamtime stories consist of
explaintheoriginsandthe,·eryexistenceoftheAboriginal journeysacrosstheland,whichiscriss-crossedwithancient
people. FortheAborigines,thehistorical,Europeanaccount pathw:t)'Sthatrepresentthenarrati,·es
oftheirarrivalonthecontinentrnanythollS.lndsofyearsago ofdifferenttribesandexpbinthe
isbrgel)'irrelevant . lnstead, theirexistenceinAustrahais existenceofavarietyofn;uural
a.:coumedforbytheirmyths,whichdescribee:Jchtribe's featllres,fromrocksandmoumains
intim:Jteassocbtionwtththelandwhereitli,·esandtheir tocreeksandwaterholes. ~!any
ancestors'rolesingivingformtothebnd. Unfortunately, suchsitesha,'eprofoundspiritu.11
becausenotallofAusnalia'stribeshavesurvh·ed,someof meaning,asdothernanym)1hs
thesemphshavebeenlost. Butthosethatare:Xillknown thernselves,whicharedr.Imatically
remaincentraltoAboriginalbe liefs,andareconstantlyretold broughtto life in tribalritullsand
inanisti<:depictions
i-\NCESTR~LJOURNEYS
AlthoughthesesetsofAboriginalrn)'lhsarealldifferent, 1 .. B•rkp•inti~gdt piotiOG • Wandjioa

they share many similarities. Theyfocusonlncestr.Ilbeings

--often animal spirits-who in the beginning made joume}'S
I ~~~-:~:.;:~:=~~~~:~:
br rng trteil•IIIIIOJ '""'· l'oro~lll}iolluc:lr borlll}iore
acrossthecountry,bringingthelandandallitsgeographicll I ..,dro....-oo.Jytt.omand..,~o,...,.,.j.
THE RAINBOW SNAKE
Known by many names, the Rainbow Snake is
an almost universal spirit in the Aboriginal
mythology of Australia. He has many roles to
play, and in some cultures, even plays a pan in
the creation of humanity. Two themes stand out
in the myths about the Rainbow Snake. One
is his ability w bring forth water-which
gives life, but can tum into an overwhelming
flood that is capable of wiping out entire tribes.
The Olher is his func tion as a btidge, linking
the Earth and the sky, and giving humans
access to the wisdom of the spiri t world.

----------- · ----

ESCAPE FRO t\ \
THE Si':AKE' S BELLY
In western Arnhem Land, the wooded area on the co~t of
theNonhernTerritory,the RainbowSnakeiscalled Ngalyod,
an d issometinlesportr:Jyed wilhapairofslenderhomsand
thetai l ofacrocodi \e. Ngalyod wasfearedforearinghumans
andknownforhisfoul remper.an d inonepan icubrm}1h,
devouredachildwhohadannoyedhimbycryingA popub.r
m\e abom Ngalyod links him wid1 the creat ion of humanit y.
One day, the snake was hungry :md ate three birds, one of whkh
was a pewee. As snakes do, he swallowed his prey whole. Once
insidet heserpenr"sbelly,thebirdstriedroe>eape,beginning
ropeck aholethroughNgalyod"sabdomerL The three finally
emergedasrhefirst hmnans,andsoonafterwards, kille d rhe
lbinbowSnaketosetuphomeonEarth
 TilE INUNDATION
The Dj~u~n people of Amhem Land tell
howafishennanfoundthebhckbones
of~ fish rhlr other men had eaten. He
recognized the bones 3S those of~
rarefishtlk1thehadbeen lookmgfor,
andbecamebothangryandsad. The
fishemunsangas.ongtol\urrichalpongo,
theblackrocksruke,anditcamedown
fromthesky inagrearcurvingbowof
manycolors(thelbinbowSnake). The
snakemOOeaholeinabillabong(alake).
~:~~~:..:~::::~: IOIO:het of
&Abotiginalhool•ts
relelSingagreat flood over the bndthat ShamariOW<IIe,...,S1001'fti1eopo11tslh•tlf"'''
swep:!away::tlltheneighboringtribes, shan'IOII$andthot.rnqo<o!wat"'.O.t conta<!lldwboollloly-"""J''9'ld"'$1\31""""'
leavingbehindonlythe Djauan.After acwrdi01J!OOO<taonmvths.heW38also hool ingmuai•.Here.ahaalerP«lorm!a!<adibOOal
lhet<OOI«o!lhafutmanandW(Jnl(ln i>loodloWAgCI•&mOIII OSIIIOJ300.X00rn
this,thesn.lkebidsomeeggs.which.
whentheyhatched,carved out rivers,
hills,:>ndotherfeaturesof

THE END OF THE RAi l" BOW

Be<au..,o!theCfoolure;P'JN'),tOoau.. loc>ds,tile
OJ11W111tadlbonal~asktheblacktock.<Mm"speomuoo
beloralll~"lJwa!ellronabillabong.orbetorahhi "'J
The shamans (su pp.268-69) of Aboriginal Australia have always
bee,regardedwithrcspectfortheirpowcrtohcal thesickandto
seethefmure.ltwasbelievedtfk1tthesh3mansreceivedtheir
knowledge from the spirits, and differem tn}1hs describe how they
pmed this knowledge. These stories usually involvd the ~hamaliS
travelingtothehe3\'CtiS,sometimesflyingthroughthesky.One
vcrsionofthemphdescribehowtheshamansjourneycdtothcsky
bytr.weli ngupthebod)•oftheRjinbowSmke. Thevopgeupthe
rainbowtooktheshamansfromthelandofthelivingtotherealm
ofthespiritsandancestorsattheendofthe RambowSmke'sbody.
Here,theydwelledwiththespiritsforaperiodoftime, rece iving
instructionin theartsofhealinganddivin3tion

------~~---- · -----~--- ~-~------------

TAIPAN
Thesn3kekilOV.l!asTaipanisoftenid<::ntiftedwit hthe
Rainbow Stmke. He ll.ld awesome power over life and de:uh.
andcouldevencomroltherainartdthethunder. Taipanll.ldason
whomhelo,·eddeeply,butoneda)',hissonfellinlovewiththedaughter
of\Vab, theblue-tonguedlizard,andthepatreloped.Walawasangrythathtsdaughter
h3dtakenahusbandwithoutaskinghispermission.andsopursuedthecouple,
killing Taipan's SOIL Distraught over his son's death, Taipan sent most of his family A BIUI·!Ongutd liuud
tolive inthedarkdepthsoftheEanh,andtwoofhissistersroheaveu,wherethe)'
;,~,~~~:,;,':; r':'!:r ~"::':: 3?-.J
tooksomeoftheirdeadnephewSbloodandaddeditscolortotheminbo\1( ,,..., , .,...,tothag"ll'l''ngla,pan,ao;t.;J.o.
tha lalletwhatthalizaldhadOO..m hi slury
THE PRIMAL SISTERS
A widespread Aboriginal myth from Australia
describes a pair of ancestral sisters, often
kn own as the Wawilak or Wagilag Sisters,
who travel across Arnhem Land . They have
a traumatic encoun ter with the Rainbow Snake
(see pp.32S--29) , seen as a conflict between the
male and female entities, which culminates in
the snake swallowing the women. The sisters
survive, however, and finally escape the snake's
stomach to coexist w ith their a rch rival ,
reinforcing the idea that both male and female
forces are needed for creation to be balanced.

THE MYT H
One day, two women walked out of the ocean
andsteppedomotheshoreofArnhem land.
inAuslmlia:SNorthernTerritory. The)" were
sisters~nd thet'lderone was carrying "a baby,
while theotheronewaspregnam. The'sister5
walkedinb ndlooJ<ingfor:mimalstoeat. Both
c:uriedspears:md were proficient Lntheirust
Thesisterswerecreators,andasthe)' traveled, lll.t:i~~==
theygavenamesandshapestothehlndscapes
throughwhichtheywal ked--essem iallybringing
them imo existence. They made steady progr~;s unti l 4 Tbo sisloro
thepregnamsisterbegantofeelapprehensiwabouther JOORatubowSMkoencitdes thotwowomen.aloogv.otll
IOO ! c~il~roo.Kr t flacootoopiec&oltho•~~nlr ngdolpict"'ll
impend ingde!iverySothesiSters;;etupcampandlitafire tOOrJI'(IhaOOuttho~irrolaote<•
b)•awaterholeatapl:u;ecal!edMirrirmina
in'~~tigate.·TheRainbowSnakeheardherComingand\.V:lS
H I E RAINBO W SN AKE 'S CRE ATURES atl;lstrousedfromhissleep. Herearedupandauackedthe
Theeldersisterw·emtolmill forfood,whiletheyounger two women who ha d invaded his Lind, attd he swallowed
sisterlaystillandeventual!yg.webirth. But somethmg boththeststersandtheirchildren.
mangehappenedwhen thee ldersistercamebackand
began to prepare a meal AU the anlmab that she had caught THE SISTERS RETUR N
and killed lelpt outofthecook ingpol. r~n off, and jumped The RainbowSnakemadeJlot ofno isedoingthis;his
imothew:uerhole . Thesistersdidnotknow!lutthepool commotionrousedal!theothersnakes,whoaskedhim
w:~S home to the Rainbow Snake. He owned ali the aninuls what w·asgoingon.At first he lied, saying that he had
caught andeatenabngaroo,buttheyd idnotbelie,·e
him. He fimlly admitted to eating the sisters. Immediate!):
a mighty wind blew and a monsoon !:~Shed its way acr05S
thelandsc:<pe _TI,eninJ.ndwindweresopowerfulthatthe
R.1inbowSnakewasfon:edtovomitup thesistersandthe ir
childrenontoananthill,wheretheywererelllrnedtolife.

Whontholla>inbrJ,yS""I:ai'OmltOOtheoistar•oniO!Oo"nt
h ~l. th(lpaml.,q""" ""1100100 bol<tSQ! the ani$ brouglr l the
wmrooarwltheuc hdd r ooq u ~eklyt.rltohte
 }~:~ ;§f,E~:~ , 4' -~Ji
"Old\\'oman"figurt arldd>efem.tle

~~~:·6:~::::~,:"~~:·:;~; as
thecrutorofmen women and1he
amm.tlsofth<workll<unaptptasl<edher
followers to paint themselves to show t. .~!:',:~ pa~nteO
alleg!a~tospeC!fic!amihesorgroups. lhoouel""'"" "walas
Shei>alsolxlie.,.ed bysometohawlxm porK"""~~imsPct<llORS
anancimtu"nde"'rwhotnovded"itha
wisdomintheprocess.Sincethat groupofprinulheroesandl>erolnes.Her
tlme,ithasalwaysbeenthemak
memberso!thetribewholookafrer
thetraditlonsoftribalwisdomand
lort,andh•ndthemdownfromone
generation to the next

• Tri bl lt o ~ .. u ntationo
lhe$1S!OI•,.eolt<indopo;1e<l incatl'lngsu.ed
"'' IIIIJ"Iual$.lholi'J<J"'Jf''$1•letfonlhollghl]
-·••g ~r dio)~holr<:ilo)$110$~!1<>,11hol<1
00tbroosts£1noo&hohai.]USI(Ii\ooobotth
· · - · · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · -------- ·-·-----·-----
~!Se~~~~~~.7n11~;;nalm}11K>Iogy,andtherommon ~ A~ I) (E LEBRATI( )~$
f<atureamongthem Is that they art thought 10 lxcloselycoml«ted to
thelandtheycrossandbringimoexis:tenox;thisisclearlyillusmtedln
I RITL'AJ.S
Abori~nal nnulsaw per!onn..don IWlll)'O<Xask>ns. from
til<<'fl•branonofabtnhroril<hurialo!rhedead.Oril<r
the m}1hsofthe Wa";J.k sis:ters. Many of the deities are shape-<:hangers, ~•wmonk-umdrd by the wb:>J. ni.,.._.NI Wl<'ll in ><>ng
whornaytakethefonnofananlrna](S<(p.285),butcan,attlwsame anddat~<YthestolW•ofthe!fliritsofflR'amrime\,..fp .. l27)
time, bo: the ar>Ces:torsof a human tr\bo: or f~mily. Mos:t are specific 10 1 A lew rilu.tl>aR' though! ro ""'" ~n lil'>l ptrl<>nn«< bytht
intheland,but,.,ne,ouch 1 prima.l»<krstokeepthtiWnbmo<,n.ok,arb>.ylbtrirual>
show how all of ertation i>linW togtther by the .mcestors

331
-----~--~~--- ~--~- ·
TH E MYT H
There "':ISonceagreatspiritcalled Doon, a pm:erful hunter
who lud taken the form of asmall glid ing possum. One day,
hebeg~~nhuntingamight ykang:rroocal\edPurra The chase
wem on for many miles, bm the kangarobcominued to elude
Doan. The po:;:;um had almost caught up "'irh Purra when
heentered theterriwryof;.nechid ro.spiritcalled\\'embulin,
who was resting wi;h his two daughters. \\'embuhri :utaeked
Ooan, anda lt hottghatfirstthepossurnmanagedtoescape
he v. as~'·eruuallycaughtandkil!ed . \\bnbulinandhis
daughtersateDoanandsetoffinpursuitofthebngaroo.
H IE BROTHER S' RE V ENGE
DoanS two mmernal uncles, Yuree and Wanjet were brave
w:>.rriors who lud won renown for tlteir many adventures.
They were vel}' fond of their nephew, and when Doon
wemmissingtheysetoffwlookforhimAstheysearched
theyfoundacolon)'ofantscllrryingstmndsofapossurn\
hairandbitsofilsfleshtotheirnest,andthebrothers
~ C. ,. o ~figu ro
Ausua0311Morogonalart~ri<h 1n caood~ ... i\o:e(l!J ing
tolha8rJm -BrarnSultmyth,Yurooear.oadafi9uru•Ol$Orl'ttlng
W;.o,..ootolwocd,bo•ng•ng h1Sbro!t>9rbio: k10hkl
1,enaciously, finding \\'embulinand hi~ family
onthethirdday. The brothers launched a
surpriseanackar•dk il\edtheechidna; they
''"'~"·"~"""""- II.
~~
Tt1E WORK O f CREAT ION .
OnthejoumeyhomeYureeand\Van;el 'I
b£;;antoregret rnarryingtheechidmsis.;m.
Theysawthatthepatrwereangl}'attheirfather's
demhandseemedlikelytotake
rtvenge . Sothebrothersktlled
theorwivesandsetoffmwthecounrrysode
Asrheytmveled,theybrottglntheworldaround
t hem intoexistence,byn.amingalltheplants,rocks,
trees.andrh"ersoftheregion,graduallytransfonning
achaoticvoid imoavibr:mtbndscape
Ast imewemby.YureeandWanjel
completedtherask ofcre:uionandunder1ook
aseriesofa<h·enwresthatctthninmedinWanjdS
death.l!owever,theresourcefttlYttreere\'i\'ed
himandthetwobr01hersbegana longjourney
fromwhichtheyne\'errewrned . Someaccoums
s:l)'thattheyliveonasCastorandPollux.the
two bright stars of the constdbtion of Gemini
KEY CI IARACTERS TilE SOUTIIERN CROSS
Uke tnosl ch.raeters in the Aborigin•l SloriesoiDreamtime p.JZ1), <= The night sky plays an imponam role in Aboriginal m;11ls,
some in the myth of the Bram-Bram-Bult take the form of animals including the SIOI)' of the Bram-Bram -Bult. Duringo.-.. of their
thoughtheyareseenosetem.olspirits.Someofthesespiritsarethe exploit.>.thebrottlersstoppedaferociousemucalkdTchinga.l
aruxswrsofthe people who wld rhe stCI)', a•ld are therefore assigned from au..:klnga man named lluny.-they
supema1ural roles. TI>Us , ahhough no ordinary pos>um can kill •nmsfom>ed the man 1m<:> a possum and
aklngaroo,DoancoulddusePurrab<:causcheis.playingouJ •n k illedtheemuwiththeirspears. The
in.c:idenlintheli\"esof•hear>C<:stors.llcm·ever,inspl•eof•hepower cor>s•ellationoftheSoutho:mCro;;s, often
andenergyofDoanand\\'embulin,thestory'st""'heroesareYur« assoclattd\O.;ththebrothtrs,isbelievedto
and Wanjd, who are admirffi for rheir bravuy and resouredulness r~presem rhe emu, rhe possum, and rhe
spear<;used rokiiiTehingal

• soulh• •nCro""
Th&Aboorgmalpoopleo!!ha""'rhv.e<t cOit!t><m
!tielout"ro nw"staosol!haSwtheonCro:<sas
syrrtd;"r>J tho O!rgrnolli!e.a"""' " tal"''""""-

& Puna
lo!haillarn&am M th&~Pur!ll
u!haro"''olahmr.r.IO......III martj
.,..,..A>Jo!rahanrrrt!h o.!habingaroo
ioaharoandaoan<>Uklr s!>!il
WE A RE A LL V ISITO RS
TO Till S Tl 1\ IE, Till S
PLACE .. OU R PU RPOSE
II ERE IS TO O BSERVE,
TO LE A R1\!, TO GRO \ V:
TO LOVE AN D THE N
AC!Ilatuolof r (ml r~ bklS!!l)<J(j!hko h iS
~,._llo!rrr'ssrurl"'!haii.Jnr"pert..f'!
\ VE RETU R.\! I-I O iv\E.
OlSprtOO "r ag/O:Irr>J fJlS'If n :.abi~tr"
!IDIOell"*"''y h <Ujl!haai!

---- ·--------------· - ------------------

THE DEATH OF \VANJEL
A! the end of the story of rile Bram-Brnm-Bult , Wanjel was binen
by a poisonous snake call"<:! Gerwk. Yurtt tried hud to save him
but tile snakeS venom killed his brother_So Yurtt took a trte rrunk
andcarvtdirintoafigurtresemblingWanjel.ondthenmagically
gase it life . After revi''ing \\\u~el, Yu""' !aught him to walk and
ralk ,andthetwobrothersoon!inuedonrheirrr.wels.Theyfinally
1
SIBLING PAIRS
~ Pairs of siblings. especially brothers, art quite common in the
Aboriginal m )1hs of Au51ralia. TI~ese range from dost, <k'·oted
I brothers like Yuree ~nd Wa,~el. to oomr• s.ing brothers with
oppositecharncters,whooreoheninconflicrwitheachother
One such m)1 h desctibes how a flood
isunleashedwhenrwobrorhersfighr

~f:~~e~~~:~l ~~~:~~:~~~~:~~~:u~:·.~~~~~~:::).cave ! :;·~;,;l:;,~:~~~;:,~·;':~~;~~ll

where m any believe rhey cor>tlnue ro live on ~s ~pair of srars 1 the woter he finds in a le.ther b.og
whiletheorherdotsnor.Whenthe
secondbrotheris thirsty,heupsels
hisbrorl~er'sbag , maklngrhewarer
spillourandcausingagreatflood

c
~ Abori9inal loarkpoinli"'l ~
Si~ing~•aoeC<IIDIIII>IIIypoonayed""

~ti'l~~~~~l!::~::-~l':.,~.::.,:,~ li"i
""""""homaoauac~a!dla191aoanit11ha-"''

SEEAtSO -•N--M.-1.11'l--I3 • S..s 28IHI.lts-19,)1(1-.41 •

.co•-f-·"'·:,J.:
 • leonicE• S1or lolond otolu"

:i.;:I~M~':"..::::"t.o':t f~:~~,;::;>~!;"~ :::S

1
3..'1,6
~~e~re•••n a,.,.uo.ahhooghlhaoll."<a<t soglllficaocei•not~n
 POLYNESIA
€)
Living on a group of islands thinly spread over an enormous area, the peoples
of Polynesia have countless gods and myths, many of which eloquently show
their awareness of their beautiful but dangerous marine environment.

Them~nysmall Pacificisbndsthat rrukeupPolynesiaare
mainlyspreadaroundthe,·asttriangledefinedbyEaster
lshnd, Hawaii, and New Zeabnd_ ~hny archeologiSts also
include in the group the ~!elanesianislandsto
theeast-thebandextendingroughlyfrom
theUrolinelsbnds in thenorthwestto
Vanu.1tuinthesouthe:.s~---be<:ausetheyshare
manycultumlsimilarities. The most likely
reasonforthesesimilaritiesisthatgroups
ofsettlersfromthePhilippinesandeastern
lndonesiap:>SSedthrough Mebnesiaon
theirwayto!l>eishndsofPolynesia_These
migmtionsprobablytookpbceoverhundreds
of)·ears some time before \000 &:E
EARLY VOYAG ES
Amazingl)·,peopleoriginallyreachedtheset iny,
remme isbndsby'ililingsimpledug.out
canocs----and,bter,pbnk-buihvessels--tlut
werestabilizedwithoutriggers.
Ahhoughthesee:~rlynavigators
de1•elopedefficiempaddlesand
sails,theystillhadtotr:welthe .I. Cion onc.otorfig• ,.
openoceanwithoutcompasses J h ,.~temolo...,.,t<Jrigur$i>(lfl(l
olanurnbeoa:r"''""'llhe~ l olaMoorr
oranyotherrovigationalaids
Towork outwhi<:hdirection :.~=~-=~~~~~;:..,,.,
theyweregoingintheytnttSI.
havereliedinsteadmainl)'Onthepositions
ofthestars,on"·;wepatterns.andonthe
prevailingwinds.Butlittleisknownforsure
abouthow theynavigatedorwhether.once
theyhadreachedanisbndafteravopge
ofhundredsofkilomeJers,theywereable
torelurntotheirhornebndsagain
<01 Sup ,.mo Haw ~ iion do ity
H•ol91h""'wry~l1atoor~.....,u;lhesupttml
Hirwa<rarr<rool<lrtaladl u QfKu.lt.s~tu\QOdwas
aboa\)OOoiW<Ir.woolher.and>tomandanrmaltmtili[)'
0
I Unsurprisingly, themythologyofthesePacificisbndpeoples
comainsmany>loriesof1·oyages Polynesianheroestra1·eled
I notonlyacrosstheoceanbutalsotothesun,tothesky,and
totheUnde'""'·orld,wheretheyfoundfireand
broughtit backforthepeopletouse.Other
trnselingdeiltesincludegodsoffishing,such
asNdauthinaofFij i. Hismothertiedburning
reedsonhisheadwhenl~wasachildand
everafterhetraveledacrossthecoralreefs,
spreadinghislightacrossthesea
ABANDONED II ERO
Thecu lt ureheroandtricksterhbuiiswidel)'
knownacrossPolynesL1,whereheisalso
associated with the sea. Hewassaidtohave
beenabandonedasababy,whenhismother
threwhirn intotheocean. Closelyhnkedto
thewaterforthereSI.ofhis li fe, hewem
fishingandcaughtlandinsteadoffish.h!aui
didthisusinghismagicalweapon,which
wasmadefromthejawbone ofanancestor
goddess. Heleveredupthe landwiththe
pointofthebone,butwhenhisbrotherssaw
what hehaddonetheykickedupallthebnd
andthrewitaround thesea,bringingthe
islandsofPolynesiaintoexisten<:e.
STORIES OF THE FLOOD
]l.buiwasinhiselementinthewater,butPol)'!JeSianmyths
alsoreveal thegreat d~ngersofthesea. Hawaii, for example,
hasafloodm)1h inwhichagoddessroseupfromthedepths
tocreatesgism tsumm i,ortidalwave. TheresultingOood
causedgre,udestruclion,buttheheroNu'ubuihhimselfa
boot in which to escape. Mebnesian islands have a similar
story inwhic.haherocalledQaJescapedafloodinhisboat
Asissooflenthecase,themythsofthePacificislandpeoples
showbothtl~irgreal respectforlhedangersoftheir 337
environmemandtl~eirabilitytocopewith them.
TANGAROA
One of the mos t promine nt deities of the Pacific isla nds is Ta ngaroa
(also known as Ta'aroa or Tagaroa). He is considered to be a sea god
in some places, bur in Tahiti and among the other island communities,
including Samoa , Tonga, and Tuvalu, Tangaroa is known as th e
crea10r of the cosmos and all its inhabitams. Some people believe
that he was the son of the primal deities Rangi and Papa, bu t another
version of the myth says that he created the universe after tearing
a part the two halves of a great s hell w hen emerging from it.

TII EMYTII • Thi HI IIOd

Srlll';(llaogarooorootOOIIleQIOOrgods
Longbeforethewor\dwasmade,andbeforee\'en thegods homhrsCWllb;<!y,heisl r ~ently

came to cont rol the universe,nothingexistedexcept ~n depio!OO!Jh'10(1bHthto thagod•wtro

cra~O'VIlrh"bor:ti
endlessvoi<.l,lloating wirhi nwhichwasagre;ushell . This
W:l';cal!ed Rumia,and w:J.Sshaped like an egg. There wa:.
darknesseverywherea ttd nothing cou ld be seen, not even around a ndsawt hm nothing

:~dbf~~ ~: ~:{ ;~~r~:;:;~- ~o ~

theso!itaryfloatm£:she!!.But inside·theshe!tsomething
W3.SSiirring. ll w3.STJtlg'lroa,t hecreru.or. Hehadnobther . . .. . .
ormOlher,an d noot hergods!i,·edwit hhim intheshdL Tangarootook his own flesh and
He had brought himself to life and w:tsbidinghis time rnadethesoilont heground . The god ma deuSeofhis
beforebringingthewor!dimobeing

THE SKY i-\ND n 1E EARTH

At!::.:;t,Tanproabegantomove. Pushing:tpinstthe
insideoftheshe!!,he heaved umi! thewal!softheshel!
brokeintwo. Uponemerging, Tangaro:tshome d,"lsthere
anyonethere?"Butthere wasnorep!y-a!!aroundhim
wasonlydark nessandsi!ence . Subsequem!y,T~n garoaset
aboutthetask ofcreation. Firsthetookonehalfofthe
brokenshel!andlifted it uptomaketheg reatMchofthe
sky. Ne xt hetooktheother
halfand bt d it below,
t hecreatu resinthesea
PO PULATI NG T H E EARn!
Then T:mgaroo. cal ~d forth the other gods from within
him. They began to emerge, and one in particular-the
crafrsrnangodTu-helpedTangaroacontinuetheprocessof
cre:u ion _The pair worked together to make the trees and
animals t hat populate d the Eart ll. Thentheymadethe
fir.;t humans, who were called Til and Hillll, and
persuaded them to~pproach one anot her to procreate.
Tang:uoasaw t hateverythinghehadcreatedhada
she lLjust :tshe had had one in the beginning_The sky
wastheshellthmcontainedthesun,themoon,and
the stars. The E:lrth toow:lSashell: itw:lS anenormous
containerforallt herocks. ri,·ers,and lakes. and for the
phms th.-ugrewonitssurfaceandtheanimalsthatwalked
on it. E\·enhumanbeingshad theirshells: the wombs
of \\ Omen were the shells from which new life was born.
TANGAROA IN NE\ V ZEALAND
lnNewZuland.Tang.oi'OillstheM;a.origodofthtseaandthtson
ofU..prim.oldritiesP•p.(thtgodde»ofthtE.trth)andR.angi(tht
godofthe>ky).Attheb(gjnnmgofwl>(.P~p.andltmgihdduch
(>l})(rhgl~.lockingthtirchildmtwlthlnthrinmbr.ott,butTonpiOil
and,.,....,ofhbloiblingswronchtdthmlap.rttolnhiatethtpro«ss
ofcrtatlon_ThlslltgtrtdhlsbmthtrT•whlrl""'tu.thc"indgod
whounlnshtdfit~Nstormsonthm> Terrili«l.somtofTMtg.OIOa·s
dt$Ctr>danl'lhidlnthcfortst. TattSOro.l~m'ledwuhhlsbmdv:r
Tant(surrJiO-ill.thtgodoflortS~s.forlw.mggh·enslv:herm
the run•wayc..,aturts.lltauacktdTa.v:~l•nd"'ithhh!ldtsand
sweptawoy;~.llthecrtAlUIUIIUohlswattryrtalm

- - - - - - - - - - - 0 ---- - - - - - -
OTHER POLYNESIAN
1j CREATION 1\ ll'TIIS
~..cr;~lertarlonstorkstoldintlv:PacificlloiandsluturtMaul,
1 who created the l~an<b of Pol}11tloia by fi>lnng them up from tilt
bonomofthe..:ausingagrtatfi$11-hook.Somec..,atlonmyths

I centeron•prim•lgoddesslntheUndtN·or1dwhoplucktdtht
firs~ gods •nd hum•ns from h.r own body. Others dt~rilx a

h<, , ·,"~"'•'• of"f'l',,'"~'•ygodooop'f'•&'•g o~f-f g1~'".".'., _

11
dark. whichengenckrtdeverythlnglntht<7¢>mos. ~till other
1' ,.,w
<-oodrits oh
f• 1,o.ni o•"'P'
'·
storiesdescrib.howthelslmdswerclonntdfromthtdlscardtd

l
1 0 0 1 01 1 0
""""myths ~rd Tansarousthrcrtawrdtity.-.d p.uon of s.ollors

I m!WI~~~~ ~
0~~~@1 ~
............,_....__,hll
~:=~ ~
~ ,.,.

Mo>Mfaoth ...
............. ~aotPowt. ...
t......dllll••dto'"IJioeolongeoobr-
....... ~.ilangl.sht~­
dokll•tt.lilll~J~oooo~-ol.-.;.t
,.,_,...........,..,.
• Rotot....,.to~o!.to

-·~on.,...,.,
lablrltl<b::o<eed•W•
::::..
ll•e...-god(leglo
~t-llllond

==::.~a:
lsbnd""'!'I<I<Oid ......
POLYN ESIAN DEITIES ...,._creal!<ln"""'
Tonsoro.o.iJorv:ofthtoldeii.Polynulandritlts,andlnsomem)~lts,
tht primary jpd.. M~nyoftht Polyrlr:SWt drltleswtrt "'Or>hlj)p':d as sky
gods.whoseforus,••ertw>le•shedlnthtfonnofS~onnsorhurri<:mes.
asin thtcaseofthe"irtdjpd.T•whlrinu..:a.A<'coltbngwsonv:nt)1hs, 0 TANGAROA IN Tl IE
Tongaroa'sSO!lMaui(S<tp.J~J)slowtdd<M,thell!nbyl.ossoi:ngit .and
fan:•d ittosltlncforlong<:rpcrlodsl nsummtr. Thtgod<kssHitLO l1\ IJviENS ITY O F SPACE,
commllcd the tides, ottd In ~me venlons, was also the godckss of CLEAR AI VAY Tl IE
the Well "ind. lh:~ we~ nlilny powerful Eanhd.ili<:s too. such as th•
volcorto goddess Pelt, who W>J Wmlnant inll•waii. Other ckities CLOUDS IW DAY
indudedt\l(tnothcr&O<klt».known,·•riouslyasP•pat..,.,nuku
orPap.o.whowuprtsematthebtglnnlngofcrt.,lon
SH~L50 Soo-:.-Jt.1~18U1.~1.ZM-t1 •
 THE ORIGIN OF DEATH
The Mami story of the origin of death involves
their fo rest god Tane. He is one of the sons
of the primal deities Rangi and Papa (sec p.339),
who had only male children. Tane brings
death into the world by breaking a taboo,
when , after making a wife for himself out
of sand and clay, he goes on to marry his
own daughter, the beautiful Hine-titama
(Dawn Maiden) . It is a sad s10ry, because
in many ways Tane, a god who plants the
fi rst trees, is a fri end of humanity, and yet
it is he who becomes the bringer of death.

-- ~------~----1!) ~~- ~ -~~----~~----

THE MYTH and,whiletalkingtothe

r~ne'sstorystans at the
beginning of time when
there~refewgodsandno
peopleintheworld.lane
spemhistime tendingto
hisforests.Hefa::cdagreat
de:llofdifflcult)'arfirs~due
toimproperpbntingof
trees,bntcvcntu.all)" they
began to flourish. When
the treesst~nedgrowing
successfully,Taneno longer
h..1denoughtodo~nd became
lonely.l!e\.\·:mtedawife,butdid
not knowwheretolook-,bec~use.all
thechildrenofRangiandPapa.the
primalcouple,\.\'f:remale.lie'firstmrned
tohismotherbntsherejectedhim:then
hetookanumberofpartncrs,but their
offspringturnedouttobereptiles,
stones, and streams. This did not please.
l:1ne3lall,andhewonderedhowhecould
findap:trtnerwhowoulds..1tisfyhim.
A Hino-nui-11-'o
1he0oooni>lthe\Jr>OOIW(WidW3$tho
(100dessi>lilooth<tr<lol1hon,ght,and
t>rooght...,..tll toal human..oomaner
hl:w;h!udlheykH.ldtooOOtdr1
local people, happened
tomentionthatshedid
not know the nameofhCr
fmher. They told her that
she was, in bet. lane's
daughter. Thisreveladon
shockedandashamedher
somuchthatshefledto
the gloomiest pbceinthe
unh·erse-theUnderworld,
whichwasaboknownasthe
kingdomofPo,ordarkness
After sometime. Tane
realized that hisyoung11ifewas
missing,sohebega.ntolookforher
everywhereandfinaHyheardhersinging.
ltwasa"erymelmdwlicsong,andits
wor'dswere"AreyouTane,my father?"
Tanerealizedthat Hine-titamahadcometo
know the truth . He knew that her\'oicewas
comingfrorntheUnde rv;orld,but he could
not emer the dark realm--he was prevented
fromdoingsobyHine -titamaherself.

MAKING A WIFE THE COMING OF DEATH

Fina!ly.Tanewenttoabeach.mixedtogethersomernud
andsand,;lrldshapedthe mixture imoswoman . He
stoodbyherandbreathedlifeimoher,andgavehera
narne-Hine-hau-one (Earth-formed ~laiden) . After the
two lay together, Hine-hau-onegavebirthtoadaughter
called Hine-titarna (Dawn ~\aiden) _ Hine-titama did not
31(} know who her father was , and when she grew up, Tane
made her his wife as well . One day, she went to a village
SoonHine-titarnacalledouttoTant. She told himtostayin
the worl d of light above the ground and be lgood f~therto
herchildren,andwle!herremlinintheUnderworld _She
saidshewouldreachout~nddragherchildrendownto t he
dlrkrelhnwhenthe irtimecarne . Fromthatpoinron.all
humansandanimalshavehadtodie. Soitwast!L1!demh
came into the world. and the Dawn Maiden from then on
became Hine-nni-te-po,theGreatGoddessofDarkness

:!

TANE
Astheforestgod.Taneg;n·ehunut1itythegiftsolwoodandplatu
fiber,enablingpwpletomaktmanymeful things.Butwhen
heplantedthefirstt,.,s.thingsdidnot jpStnOOthl}'T.,>esaw
• Ra"'li ondPopo
TheMOO<ocreah001110<)'dolt11 bol•Mwlhe
l"'ma ldoot oe<,Rango,thesky,ondPapa, th&
Eanlt....-.......J""'~OOoer. telae Jaooer.J his
~puh>J t ~ar>~~toloo rn tl-oaw::dl

the t""'sash<.~Jn•nlnfonn,v.iththeirbranches~s·Jegs"and
their tWtS as. "hair' So he planted the m upskk..;lovm, "ith

ar<lplanttdtl"' t""'stl"'right
way,sothattheycouldtake
1001. Among Tar>e's other gifts
tohumanitywe~~:light,inthe

fonnof thesunandthetll<XIIl
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 ----
MAUI IN TH E UN DERWORLD I
TiletrlcksterMauiw.s•roorul but lledidootwamtodi<,andsohe LET TH E \ VATERS BE
deddedtotrickHitle·IIUi·te·po.tllegoddessofdeath.Maui'smother
hadtoldhlmthatifapersoncouldcrawlt hrough thebodyofthe SEPA RATED, LET Til E
w<'dess. then that person would not die. Morw•u. the goddess would
dieherself,and<kathwouldbeN.nishedforgood.Oneday,Mauicame
I-l EAVENS BE FO R1\ \E D,
ocross Hit>e-nui-te-po when she was asleep. Ddight.d. he dim bed inside LET TilE CA RT I I BE
thtgoddes.s'sbody,andthisnudeaUhisfriends
burstout laughing.Onec~~:atu~~:,the
fantail bird,laughedoomuch thatthe M YTH S O F TH E STARS
soundwokelllne-nui-te-po,and the TI>eMa.ortgavemn~esand h u manauriburesro t hestarsand
enragedgoddesscrush«!Mauiinside linkedtl>emwith tl>eirdeit ies. Forin>tantt, thealignmentof
herbdort hecouldescapethmughher tl>e>tarsoftl>eMatariki (TinyEyes),Tautoru(Orion'sbeh),
mouth. Asartsult ,Mauidiedandtl>e andTakurua(Sirius)attheendoltl>eyear"-assuchthat to tl>e
Maori they rtprtsented the signpost of the wddess of <kath,
rising fromtheUn<krworld.G>nstellationsliketheMatartki,
also knownosthePleiades,we..:believedtow.,cho•·erthe
Eanh,andwe..:alwa)·ssern.saharbingerofa timeofplenty

.·

~~~~~~~:er
COITll't<esMIItanbar.J

~~::~:~~.:::"'
I')UI"'ly$0Uihwaod

S H AlS Of«.,o1-1Jlhli.~ • S..o281H1.3 1 &-19,J:M-:ll

"''
INDEX
~:::..;~~·
·- ------- - - - - - - - - - -
R.''tn2a6-7
Am>terasu2Jl,l22,2H

Am<r<tat l69
li»-l
Ar«20,15,38,39,Y7,17i
Argo, obe72,73
Argon•lllst5,72-3
B St)mphali•n16
Bb<kGod281,289
B4<kl(){llp<Opkl88
Bl=i~~Y"'"'""'my282

oh!ndont<lchildr<n56-7
~=~~Masl69 Argoo5i ,55,59,7l
ANd,.o:I0,5 l bo.H6,117 Blodotu"<XIdlH
~~~;~i~i326,327, ~:~•:;.;.,H
!10i•nrbodlH IJ,aall+\1,158-9 l:lodhioalllou2 11,217
~:::.1:207,2~
::~~~:
B.Jol>oYo.p\Jl,IJJ,IJi-5
""'"''"'"281,285 Au;hitol67 8obykm1J9, 116, 1t7,H9,
A<hil losl8,60,6!,62,6S, Anank<23
......... n. Zt9.Z~Z-J
Artrl<nOa23i
Amold.~bot h owl70
B•.:d~1 , 1 5),13i--3 ::::,z-'"•D<a.l2J9,216
""'"''"'· ~ing~ t . ~' Aoo>o1 59 Antmi• 19. 20.2 -1 .2 ~ .-11,
Adoni•3S.39 ancutors1M-~ ballg.a;;:Mesoarnori.::>n J;lr.ohmal&+,IS7,1?\l,ln,
Adr>SIUS,~ing~
~~~~·5~8 Anhurj;;:ng1 12, 113, 119, 19-1, 19~.197, 1 ?8,
A<li«,Kmg72,73,7' llonru propiH171,2H
A<g<...,Kina:~<~.51 Aod,.. nl0il, 1~ lloron)10,)ll
Anhu';;~'J"":;!J,1J3
A<f11Slh ... 7!,155 ~n~g~~~ns 89, 106-7 &tnth<SI<..S<dUi,U5

~~!~8~~8-9.00,83 anorruo1•31,i6,i7,13,93, AsdOf"US16,l8,77 s....oproplt(SoUlh<m Bri&itl65

A<ow-rd(\ror&~l)78
~~=·n
Afrkill3i BryToholdl06,1~
A<olu.&t,78,79 161, 172-3, 187,188, 1J.aouKh.an163 Buddhai800dhism162,J16,
~.h~~~·9~3, 27
l 00,210- l ,127,U9, A$h.ant i proplo(Gloatu,)1~1 18t,l85,197,2 l l,
As.hur/AuyrUnEmpi~l16,
Aoson,Kingn 273,2H-5,287,291, 1H,H8, l t9
::~~;51-3 1 16.117,210,221,
HJ,HJ

~::~~::."~,:.~)~)
As.h mb>.nipollll37 S.nll<n;tOnt136.137
'~'
""'""'1285 A>k>ndEmbl>90,91,285 S.nin.W<StAfrica2t8,2t9,
B"S""1; pt<>plt(Ug.aod•)
3
Ag;unomnon60,61,71
:7"'~ ofA(.omtmnon"
cooohooo£2~.307
<kill<:<l35,18l,289
naming259
=::~,n
""'''"'harruo25t
.., '~
S.nttn101
S.nubird237
Bullofeoo.leyi!Q,ll7
bullcuk.Cmon~l

:::.:0~:~·300
Ag.><~yo,sog<l88 sual10aul<,horses, ll<o""lf106-7 BuM90
Agav<-35
Ag\>1:2W An~u~~wol""; &-·Wj(po<ml89 "bu•h rn<n"<<:<5onptOplt

Agpil87,188, 189 A,.ogone58,59

Ahnmonl+3,117,l68,169
Ahur>Mwhl i ),li7,l67,
'~
Ath•m><,King71
........... 9.15,19,20,25,30,
~1:?0 lluo"";~,';;t~i~;)
AoMi<lptl-1,51,70 36-7,t9.~2.W,61. BhogolV<l.iGilo191,l06,W1 B;~lobogli3
Anu 1:10, 1 ~7. 160 Bhagir..,O.,K ing106,209
Anub0•235,211,2i 7 Athen•15,30,30.~.51,
8han•t>200,201

c
Aptp236,H5,H7
Aigo.rn=27l
Aolllcn111>1CMtdgn•l l 8 Aph"'::."r~·?~·:.·:
"
Alh irat1W
Atlantis19
Atlul7,19,i9
~:~~st Uop.an)
1
Apocaiyp«99
ll"
Apollol3, 15,16, 19,W, Alum1J9 Bof-bridge91,93
25,28-9,il.it,t3 Audhum\oOO Bilibin,l,-.nJ2
60,69,78,79,115 birds16,38,H1,163,113,
~:::~"{;'""corcltH2 251,259,Ul7,307 OodoniiS, KingH,59.7l
Alcim<d<,Q""'n72 •Pf>l<>;~&i<•li6,t9,1of0, altnd>rs,Mesoarroenc>n
Alcrn•~H.n,-1(; Ancc>3JO Elenub0td2J7 2?J,197,30J
kltcJ i ),1JO,IJ9,179,
~~:'!- :.~,..226
2 Appul61 firtb itdl t0-1 C.llistoH
Apsul30.151 pr;nuldudl01 C.I)'J)S<I66
 t''f'~

G:mf<><iu.IConfoci>nism O.plm<211 dwarfs33,96,911,ll}!,l06

2l1,2l3,216 O. .... ratiLI,King200 ~.... 1119
Camoc"onding >ton<>Hl O.yofoO.Dud28i Dz«knl76,l17
Carth,og<78,79 G:nybant<S85 o.~hbog 131, li3, l85 Enkmid~l5 i

~:::~~llux/ ;::~~;~"fr"ofm,J..o
Coomo::Warl$-19,H Enl il "7
Co)QI<97,282,289 En~moEl"h 130--1

~::~2i!-1
E
cl'<>lionm)th<7 d<ifiauon80.l75 E"'l6
Wli< AfrkonH9,230-l.l37 O.:ird,.,oltheS.Om>w<ll7 El"rntthno;27

~=~~~.!?;7 155
0.:rntt<TI8,20,JI,i0.76
Cec"''",King JO
C.lt o: ~~~~~'f'~~i~~~·
"'
::::~:~~~~7 ~-
llmdu33,188,1119,100, ErhkKhanl 62
S.by\oruonl50-l 195,198,199,200,202 Eros28,J8,17,87,1J8
0it'ltS<212-l3,219 Eal~.l51.155.1~
Ctrb<m<t2.+6,i7 Finnilh !Ol _...,., ... 223 Eanhdtiti<SII0-111 '"
:~~~;hi•ni>rnlriti,t7
C-<=76,81 llindul90-l ~=m0ml55 :oboriginal ))l
Ctrnunnosll i
{~~~!."i~
Afrk>n2XI.l51
Chokhouh tl k..,JOI '""""'~1""'"' 11 Etn•,Moun t l6,19

~~:::::.~~'1'6228~
Changf219 >ntknt(;,.,.kl6,17,37, Elruoe>,.76
Ch>ngKuo217 O.:>il87 '10, 11 0 Eunp;del.lJ,-17
Chan~~\M:J""nlll ,l82, NO<S<90- l Jh•m.,.l95 ,l07,209 Euronym<l6,l7,15
Pacillcl.b00o338--9 Ohritamhtra206 Aot<eliO Eui'Of'IH,25

;::r::::~·~
P<tston l 68 Ohu$h•r>l80,181 Cht n...,lll Eurydiuii
Slavk l i3 ~~~du 110,169, 191 EurystheU<,Kong16, i 9
~;;219
Charonil Excalibur l 26,3W
ChaT}bdis31,72,73
Ch<ironthee<ntaur17,7l
~;:'.";!~& iti, 59
Chor.....,.,~ 1-13 Cr<>rmsl6,17,l8,H,26, Notiv<Am<r"•n li O.

F
Chima<ro52,53 27,39,i0 Dido«<Eiisso lll,282,283
Di<lri<hlOi-5
Chinol6J,I&t-5,211.2H
Dion~~;~:~!';5,15,XI.
cu...,.nSiby178,79 Talno307.3()9

~:~~~~.·~~~
crutionnt)1h 212-l3 1\............. ,57, 163
dtili«l ll , l6<1 180.181
Cyb<k S.l. 8~. Il l Eonh Di,.or7,lll
~~~:;~<dngoo 106, 1()9
eye~.~~·.~~:~~·.~~· 39.
Dil<~ li 203 Ea01<ri>Landh< ..tsJJ6,JtJ
~~~~~ Djou•~ ~1r:(Au""'';.)
2
Edd•.No""89 f•t<.<kiti ... ollM-5
Chrut>2~
~=~,~~~~·;/· 16S
Cyruo th<Gr<>IH H<t>e0Pir:(Congo)2S7
Ch~i<nd<TroyullJ Do""J3i ,J35 <gg. prorn,..~Vcosmk 7, 16,
ChriWChri<lr>nity92,99 Do~npt<>pk(M•Ii)lSI l7,25!,257,J3.S
l0),l07,12t,l27, Dorobo(K<n)",)266,267 Etypt,>r>ei<nt232,23S
>ft<rhf<2n.2i 0-7 F<ni•nCycl<llS--19

Chukhu3l9
ChungUChwrot217
CirnM,M,67
C... hrngR.xks72,73
D d"'ff:.n26l
S.byloni.onJSJ
Chi,...ll,,219
jap,an<><126
nonhern E~rop<>n 9),
~4til<D<adl31,

cr<otionln]1hs236-7
dt~"' lti ,IJ9,1n
23S,H0-l,2i2,2ii ~~
~:~"~~'71;'tr..a. w
F<rgtoSm:ocR6ich ll 7

~:j~~:~·:~,»tJa
g:h~~~;w ~~~=n•ls216,m Frnn~~ CoolllJ,IIS--19
0
aym<n<l9 106,107,106,109
~=~ ro,7l,m
0
P<rsi.onl7l
Dok<h·l~ o....~padi 206,207 Ehwo.tiJOJ Frnl•u<i l 71
O.mkinal50 Dium!imdl:.ltumin&317. fir<l1ir<d<rt .... l69,191
cock<r<l,t<>ldtnHl D>lllt9 328,33!,3-!2 122,217,287
~~n~·ts~r~O,W i5 dryath32l firtbirdltg<nd lt0- 1
D>l'l>.us,daug.homof7 l Dumuli IH, 1 5~ fl>rir.~~(Str>.vinsky)
~~~~ChrO<lopherJQ6
~<rnry8;~~1 1 ,213.216.
Durg.>I9S-9,203
Duryodhono206,207 Frlh<rKo~ll9
Cor..:hobor,Kingll6.1l7 Dvol:lk,Antooln:toodlo:rl36 Fjonr<opl<(Co"&o)2S7

I .·?
-~·

i .-~
z
Q
345

'·•'
.'.'(\'
:.:·.
,\>·:.
~nc";,:h~k)O
G<shtlnanna 1 ~~

O.i ..... 2l~

N>ti""Am<rk>n28l
Gbod<3I0--Il
f,hosuZ8~
gi>nt>33
>llCiolliG...,k 16,17,18,
39,M.M,7l
H Hmdu,.m/Hmdum)thology
~ 7.~7. 110, 138 , 16-1,
llmarinenl00,101 , l0l

~;:~,:"211
!nann• 139, li9, 1'"-~ .
136.157,181
,00 tbch•manln,227
rwnhorn(""'!'<:on90,
~~~~~;m
ll..:l..:ll81 lnoriZl7
9l,9i,96,98,100,10i
\\.b!Asianl-!6,1~ Gil1f'7'~~16, 1 i9,1,i,
~: =~~:;:·r~10. Ji 1 lnm~,i~:-~~3. JH-15,
ll..:lub,..,IIII OS lhppoc,.nt•prmr;'J lndia18t ;<ual<ol!indui"n
'" H•Odapropl<l87 lllppoi)U16 lndon<>U138.20l.l69
Fonr-:~~l~~nln)z-19, ~:.:u:;rp90 ~:::!\':.~&J::::·l ;~7 :::~~;~~~~hikJ 222
lndro167,17i,187,188,
189,199,203,209
Forga11116
Fonuna 1t , 1<>'1
Gloos<:op2~5

Gluc\~~=~~-Oifeoed
Hllnuman97,W2
Hapt>i~,Th...,God<of
,, lnflll290
lno70,71

~·~~~·~"2~~7
fortu!liO «rf.,<; luck lnti8,31Z,3ll,31t,318
FrtOO,Sigmund ~
Frtyj•91.9i,96,99,139
Frtyr91,
Gold<nA&<27,Si
~,:~'='~"; 11;. n
::;:,7;0,
Hlllt.o;~9,235,236,2ii,
li0097,98
Ho<nir91
'"
lnuupeop-kl90
lo2i,2 ~
FriU979i Go<gon<5i--~ Hom<r6,13 lobat .. ,2.~3
FuXiZl3,Z1i c..c..,,h,.el5 H>U"'1001169 lli.U39,60,61,67 lphigoni.>71
~~~~~~;~· 321
l-hwaii337,339 O.dyuq31,6i--7 lranl68;..-ralscPorsOa
GTal l,~:1';g-'26, 1 27, Hllyk25i honu 12~. 171,172, 176, lri>hmythology33,1 15,
Furie>3l,39,71 h<>hng115,269,Jl9 117,178 116-21, 123
::;;~51<ym,m
~:::~~;~9
Ho""235,l36,HO,H1, lsfandiyar,Princ<17l
2ii,2i5,2i6 lshtllr1 39,H9
E)'<ofHl.lil lsts236,239,210,HI.2H
c....,ionnl\tlu16-17 H"'n~ ;iYollowEmr<ror)
1
G rl<ili<s20--1,23,2i--5,
>~W
G"'""'-·'"'"'"'13,15
h<roeo t t-33 .~.61
6'1-7,72-3
li<lono(Troy00,61
lltl .:on.Mo<m1 ~3
lltlio>16.M ,66.67
t!ul't!un•hJ>UZ9i,Z~
l!umhpu29t,l~.l96
Hur.:lrul-lhnd<dGi>nl>16,
l<b•nl67,180,181,233
l<m<...,,8
lliboC.hu\>a\>a307
ltondeZ39
ltumnaZ95,Z97
Go.-gonbl71 olig~nnl)1h•Z6-7 r.. n ..-euoo. ......orld 1•-.n.PiincelJl-3
Go.b~.d.Sirll6,1l7, 129 Gl<ndd106,107 lltlle7 1 l!up'"IJ''100 ::;:1~5lobleboyi+O,It1
"'"'.w
Go.mab(Go.uno)l71
Gl<ndd',motr..r106,l07
Gtim1hogt>n11o-l li<~_"z',/~~~/~~~- H"""llt""''n
t!)'d .. i6,i7
:~~~; :;:::::::;.226.
2
Gantshl87 :~.;.Ptbyr1H l!yp<r\on16,l7
Gan&>201>,209,320 H<roi8,W,H,Z5,Z9,3i , m
Gan~!:;r190.19 1 Gu>nYinZ17 )~.39. +9,00,61,68, l:un»<hn...,n7
Gumu,-.309

~":'~H g:;~:-~7
"
H<:rod.. l3,1,,25,27, ii,

Gowain,Si r113.127,255
~~~":,~;w, m
Goyormnl68, 169
Gdol1l.l36,239,216
Gofion 16'

8
~~~.i< ~b·n 163
Gonlu•lod32 1
Gtoffr<yofMomnoulh1ll
Gum<V<r<,Qu«n113.126
127,119

Guyono30S
Wx>~>+6-7
lirn:uks8 5;>«olso

lltrrneoZO.l,,Z8,H.J9.

li<roTVoin>lW,l~.296
r..rou.n'l)thit•IZ5t-5
IO.:.g211

~~~u;;;
k•ru<53
J
jo.d<Emp<rorZl3,Z1o:;...17,
Gorma ~;1n)11ts89,109,
2
c;..'ich;";1prop-k(Aiask>) li<Nigl05 li>nk>k>258,259 220,22 1
l-ltspond .. l7,t9 ll"<<(tlon...,.)39,00,61.67 ~·z~.XlO
Gonuk<~<..,.kJl~ c;..')'diou 12i gol<kn•wk<of16,i9
lksti>.18 ,20 ,10,76,82
lli>.p<l 318
lllu)-.nk.> 160 J•r:.::~~;~ 211
 crulionm)1h<222-3 Kikup>p<ople(K<n)'>)261
d<itiesl&t, 1n,2 1J , ::i ~~hedworl-kingH}I Mida,,King69
~:~~urol~~l
Mai.ol'
222-3,22>1,251 Maidoflh<:NOtth100,102, Midprd9!,92,93
gh0Sls285 Kmtu2" Le .. yo166 Mi!kyW.y269,318
b.mi2 11,223,227,32 1 Kitabai-A>n:nn 18 1
K~chcnGod(bojnn)216
Lelq,am<263 '" Mimor91,92
Mir><rvo76
~.;;;~:~Ji2 Lemmmktm<n100,l01
~:7~~~13
Knigh~• ;o~ ~~~Tabk
1 6
102,103 Mi=;;ing23 ,i6,XI-1,
ja;on15.H,72-3.75 Mam•K•~'>313.319
jal>yulh<vulluf<202 Kno»o•51 Mam•Odlo3li,318
JmlianXu.ann~
:=·a~~ ~:; ~ngitt<310
2
213 Kojiki127 mN.I"n<97
joc.<ta58, ~
K<>m~~t(C.mtroOn) Mithn167
Lifardli~hr-.<ir96
~::=?';';;3
j0nnnngard98.99 Man•nn<lnmacln119.121
joS<pho(Aoion>oh<al29 Ko»neiohehnononoll32-3 UglnmngMa«er261 Manot180,181

~:~~-1~1 ~:::::;;;""'314.318
jownhtim\10.92 K«<ormn)'>ko289 Mong>n 121
joukahanl<n100 K«harW>·I!a•i>l58,159 Mongo-Nknndopropl<
}"""''-!to6t<\\at(WU Kr>n)'>.,1+J UeuLbwGyfi.. I H Manl•SJ (Congo)238-9
Ch<ng<n)221 Kri<hno 57.187.197.206 u)~1H Manu191,!97 Mongo>\•162-3.172-3.176
""'3M,310,3 11
Mong':~~.~;'tbology
jo)':<,J•mes:!A)"«<67
judulsutioo l n "'
Ktober.>172 Loki\H,%-7,96,9\l
Lon~ ';foh<dl'>gonking ~lonk?.;~;""'""'"f
1
Juhu•c...ar79
JUmbtu305
jUI'076,78,8l,8J ~~,::;::·103 Lonkundo2~ onot>Othei,.n167
Jurrterl 5,76,80,8i, 115
jur>cln 305
KumbhMelaf«ti,'ll1100
Kwnbhab.rn.o203
Llmn~0 E1i ...
1
Kd<,..uaoo,
~::~~~~ .,
Mont.,...rdi,Cbtod>o·Ori«>

Kunapipil31 loiO>Eairn;6'1 Man~.77.1H onoon 191,219, 2~2. 28<>,

288,291
~::::~z\::.
Louhi 100,102 Ma")">'29
low:doili<S8,28,38--9,60, MiryoMor<vn>-132- 3 moond<iti<o
Afrie>n2~1.2M,267

K
Knf<nt l H 61,76.77,130.181 Masaipe¢pk(Kenya)232
Kurma 197 1M,266-7
Knrukshcu;~,,t>ouleof206. Ma<luand~lashoi 168,169 ;';';>entEgypHan210,

"'
Kosa-n><L:o-pomeH6
~:~~ :~· 118,1 H
m>"Ks 2 ~1,269,270,28l.
31 lnca313,319
K"'"'nm>ng-a272 Lnrml;;;"·killmgof332, ~bunk•311 j>pan<S<226,227

"'~ ~::;':~n l +9,13l,

MathoiGo.yn«ldlli
~hir.>mb<H5 MattS)•r>lcm~-.H3
K.gu""chi2H,2H Mat<)'>l97
K.o ikeyilOO Maui339,YI1 Monigan. th<116,173
Kd<1'41469,100-3

L ~::;,~~i;;9.29'+-5
Moni•.\\'ollimo:Sogu'lllll<
lk>'<•>;g100
~::;~~""• m. m

~~~:;~06,100
labyri .. h :I0,5l
u.dyofth<Ukel26,320
U....rygonim•6i,6'
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