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1.1. INTRODUCTION
Landfilling involves the controlled disposal of solid waste on or in the upper layer of
the earth’s mantle. Disposal on or in the earth’ mantle is, at present, the only viable
method for the long-term handling of solid waste that are commonly generated in the
society which is not for further uses in daily life of humans. Landfilling is the
method of disposal used most commonly for municipal wastes. Land farming and
Deep-well injection have been commonly used for industrial wastes. Although
incineration is often considered a disposal method but it is really considered a
processing method. Improved aspects in the implementation of sanitary landfills
includes:
• Site selection,
• Landfilling methods and Operations
• Occurrence of gases and leachate in landfills
• Movement and Control of landfill gases and leachate.
Organic
Kitchen, Agro,
Vegetable and
Garden Waste
MSW
(Municipal solid
Waste)
Recyclable Inert
The general sources of MSW are household wastes like kitchen waste, vegetable
waste, plastics, tin-cans, metals etc. The inert types of waste may include pebbles
and sands that mix up easily with other organic MSWs. As mentioned earlier,
Organic part of the waste generally covers 82% of the MSW on a regular basis.
Municipal Solid
Waste management
(MSW)
Handling &
Separation/ Storage Reduce, Reuse and
& Processing Recycle
Collection &
Transport
Biological Treatment
Aerobic Digestion/compost
Anaerobic Digestion
Landfill
Household waste
Thermal Treatment Hazardous waste
Incineration Dry Tomb
Pyrolysis Bioreactor
Gasification
Thermolysis
Energy from waste
The most preferable method for municipal waste management is Landfill which has
prevalent effects on environment and nearby resources. The drinking water
resources are mostly affected by land-filling process.
1.5. Landfills
Landfills are site for waste disposal by the method of burying which is one of the
oldest from of waste management. Landfills are the most common methods of waste
disposal and are the same in most of the place around the world. Landfills are also
used for waste management purposes like for temporary storage, consolidation,
transfer and processing of waste material. Landfills are the main method of solid-
waste disposal as it is the simplest and most cost effective practice for storing the
MSW waste (Williams,2005). Moreover, the collection, transportation and disposal
of MSW are unscientific and unplanned in developing countries, such as India
(Gupta et al., 1998). Landfill sites act as biological reactors, in which refues
undergoes physical, chemical and biological transformation. Land filled putrescible
waste causes gas and leachate production (Regadío et al., 2015). The leachate is an
aqueous liquid stream generated from waste landfill site due to the percolation of
rainwater through the waste and inherent moisture carrying the soluble (toxic and
nontoxic) products of biochemical reactions occurring within the disposed waste
(Renou et al., 2008). The quantity and quality of leachate is primarily influenced by
the amount, waste composition and its solubility, moisture content of the solid
waste, as well as by local factors such as hydrogeological conditions, climate, and
height and type of landfill (Johansen and Carlson, 1976; Chu et al., 1994). The
composition of leachate varies significantly across landfills mainly due to waste
characteristics, composition, degradation stage and the land-filling technology. The
unscientific collection, segregation, disposal practices of MSW along with the
prevailing climatic condition and geology produce highly concentrated leachates
(Statomet al., 2004; Tatsi and Zouboulis, 2002; Kale et al., 2008). Generally, it
contains substantial amounts of dissolved organics[(biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)], inorganic salts, ammonia, heavy
metals and xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) that are originated from personal
care products, pharmaceuticals, industrial and household chemicals. The disposal of
the solid waste specially the municipal solid waste (MSW) constitutes an important
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
2008) or fugitive emissions could be mitigated by oxidizing the CH4 gas to carbon
dioxide (CO2) through various bio-based technologies such as landfill bio-covers,
CH4 bio-filters, bio-windows or bio-tarps (Majdinasab and Yuan, 2017). To ensure
regulatory compliance, efficient design of gas collection and recovery systems, it is
important to accurately quantify the rate and amount of CH4 generation (Krause et
al., 2016). Another reason to accurately quantify CH4 generation is in the
opportunity to purchase carbon credits as a result of the amount of carbon dioxide
equivalent (CO2 eqv.) of CH4 emissions controlled through recovery or mitigation
projects.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
• The landfills that are properly managed can capture the natural gas or
methane that is produced by the underground decomposing material.
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presents the testing kits that have been identified so far by BIS for assessment and
monitoring programmes.
The following basic parameters should be included:
i. Microbiological parameters: basic microbiological tests should cover
thermo- tolerant coliforms (a group of bacteria that grow at 44°C) and faecal
streptococci. In addition, physical and chemical parameters, such as
disinfectant residuals, pH and turbidity, affect the microbiological quality of
water.
ii. Physical parameters: in addition to turbidity, mentioned above, conductivity,
colour, taste and odour might cause rejection of water.
iii. Harmful chemicals: nitrate, iron, arsenic, fluoride, lead, cyanide, metals
(aluminium, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, mercury), selenium,
organics (including pesticides and disinfectant by-products), alkalinity and
corrosivity.
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