Supplemental Notes for Laboratory Exercise 1| CP 2
I. LIST ANS SYMPTOMS/DAMAGE OF MAJOR PESTS OF CORN
A. Corn Diseases
DISEASE
downy mildew
Southern leaf blight
Bacterial stripe or streak
Curvularia leaf spot
northern leaf blight
bacterial stalk rot
corn leaf spot
Physoderma brown spot
Fusarium stalk and ear
rot
CAUSAL ORGANISM SYMPTOMS
Peronosclerospora white yellow streaks at the base, then on entire
philippinensis (Weston) Shaw leaf blade, whitish growth on both sides of the
(fungus) streaks.
Helminthosporium maydis Nisik Race O, leaves are tan with parallel sides and
& My buff-to-brown borders; Race T, lesions on leaves
(fungus) are slightly longer, spindle-shaped or elliptical
with yellow green or chlorotic holes
surrounding the lesions; also infects stalks, leaf
sheaths, ear, husk and kernels.
Burkholderia andropogonis lesions are long narrow with parallel sides, olive
(bacteria) to amber in color and water-soaked; may
eventually elongate and coalesce.
Curvularia lunata (Walker) circular, small 1-2 mm, straw colored lesions
(fungus) with red or dark brown margins on leaves; may
coalesce to form necrotic areas up to 1cm long;
chlorotic or yellowish holes may surround the
lesions.
Drechslera turcicum long elliptical grayish green spots on the leaves;
(fungus) coalesce to form large patches as they enlarge;
premature drying of leaves at early growth
stage; blackish tiny spots on dead leaf areas.
Erwinia carotovora var. stalk rot from the base of the plant upward and
chrysanthemi eventually causing wilting of the leaves;
(bacteria) deterioration of the inner tissues of older
leaves.
Puccinia polysora Underw. small and circular, brown rusty pustules or
(fungus) blisters on the upper and lower surfaces of the
leaf; pustules or blisters are rough to touch and
later these blisters or pustules break and
release numerous rusty spores.
Physoderma maydis Miyake yellow to brown lesions (spots) below the ear,
(fungus) on the leaf blades, leaf sheaths and stalks;
lesions merge to form large irregular blotches.
Fusarium moniliforme Sheld show a pink-purple discoloration with collapse
(fungus) of the pith region; whitish to pinkish-colored
 mold growth that tends to be scattered on the
car.
Pythium stalk and root Pythium aphanidermatum (Eds.) brown, water-soaked and soft rotting of stalk
rot Fitz usually confined to a single internode just
(fungus) above the soil line; primary roots become black
and necrotic while secondary roots have
scattered yellowish brown lesions.
corn smut Ustilago maydis (DC.) Cda. galls or boils on the tassel, husks, ears and
(fungus) kernels, stalks and leaves; galls initially appear
as glistening white or grayish white swellings,
which become black and powdery as they
mature; seedling infection results in distorted
and dwarfed plants.
charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseoli brown to black water-soaked lesions on the
(Maubl.) Ashby roots.
(fungus)
leaf spot Bipolaris maydis Shoem. small, spindle-like or oblong, reddish-brown to
(fungus) brown spots.
Diplodia ear and stalk Diplodia maydis (Berk) Sacc. grayish brown, shrunken and light in weight
rot (fungus) ears; infection begins from the base to the tip of
the ear, disintegrated and discolored pith when
diseased stalks are split open.
sugarcane mosaic Sugarcane mosaic potyvirus narrow pale-yellow streaks on leaves parallel to
(SCMV) leaf vein; pale area later becomes diffused upon
(virus) a paler green background; base of infected
leaves produces alternating broad streaks of
green and pale green areas.
maize dwarf mosaic Maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus strippled mottle or mosaic of light and dark
(MDMV) green on the youngest leaves that may be
(virus) develop into narrow streaks; the mosaic
disappears, and leaves become yellowish-green
with blotches or streaks of red as plants
mature.
maize stripe Maize stripetenuivirus (MStpV) initial symptoms consist of numerous spots and
(virus) narrow streaks that appear at the base and
extend outward on the youngest leaves; as
leaves expand, the chlorotic spots and stripes
fuse to form broad chlorotic bands that extend
to the leaf bases; acute bending, stunting and
reduced yield in severely diseased plants usually
occur.
 B. Physiological Disorders in Corn

CAUSE SYMPTOMS
Nutrient deficiencies
Nitrogen (N) young plants stunted, spindly and have yellowish green foliage ; V-
shaped yellowing of leaves follows later with consequent death of lower
leaf tips (firing), while margins remain green.
Phosporus (P) plants stunted in mild deficiencies; leaves turn purple or red beginning
early in the growing season in more severe cases; leaf tips die and turn
brown; ear tips are twisted and imperfectly developed, kernel rows
irregular.
Magnesium (MG) general yellowing of upper leaves in seedlings; yellow to white interval
stripping; older leaves reddish purple along edges and tips; leaf tips and
margins die and the entire corn plant may show interveinal stripping in
severe deficiencies; stunting may occur, but not as severe as in P and K
deficiencies.
Zinc (Zn) symptoms occur usually within 2 weeks of seedling emergence, indicated
by by light streaking of leaves followed by a broad band of bleached
tissue on each side of the midrib; midrib and margins remain green;
sometimes leaf edges and stalks appear reddish and brownish.
Molybdenum (Mo) older leaves die at the tip, along margins and in some cases twist.
Sulfur (S) corn plants stunted; generally delayed maturity, yellowing of younger
leaves more pronounced than N deficiency; interveinal chlorosis occurs in
some cases.
Environmental factors
Drought upper leaves of young corn plants roll and appear dull; in older plants
drought produces N deficiency even if enough N was applied; plants
severely stunted with irregular brown or tan patches of dead leaf tissues,
especially under marginal drought conditions.
Excess moisture lower leaves of young plants in waterlogged soils turn yellow and die.
Wind strong winds cause several types of damage to plants; leaf tips and edges
turn white, then brown; shredding of old and young plants in areas
where high winds prevail.
Chemical Excesses and injury
Fertilizer burn excessive amounts of soluble N or K fertilizer placed close to seed may
prevent germination; emerging seedlings may die or are severely stunted
if they survive; leaves turn yellow and sometimes die; leaf tip necrosis
occurs due to salt accumulation in the plant.
2,4-D injury Leaves remain wrapped in a tall spiked (onion leaf), and are brittle at the
lower nodes or grown together (fasciation); brace roots that never touch
the soil are upcurled; injury commonly follows after high application
rates when spray was directed into whorl.
C. Insect Pests

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME/ORDER NATURE OF DAMAGE

white grubs Leucopholis irrorate (Chevrolat) larvae feed on roots
Coleoptera
corn seedling Atherigona oryzae Malloch feedings on central shoot; infested plants show
maggot Diptera stunted growth, yellowing and rotting of tissues.
armyworm Spodoptera Mauritia (Boisduval) leaves irregularly chewed, plants are stripped
Lepidoptera bared leaving only the midrib during serious
infestation.
Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) pinholes on leaves at whorl stage; larvae tunnel
Lepidoptera on stalks and tassels; hles with excrement; also
attack ears and destroy cobs.
corn earworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) rows of feeding hole (shotholes) on leaves after
Lepidoptera they unfold at whorl stage; cut silk and hole at
opening of ears; granular feces on feeding areas.
corn aphid Rhopalosiphum maydis (Fitch) nymps and adults colonize leaves and tassels
Hemiptera sooty molds grow on their honeydew.
corn silk beetle Monolepta bifasciata silk cut or entirely stripped from plants.
(Hornstedt)
Coleoptera
oriental Locusta migratoria manilensis leaves irregularly chewed, in serious infestation,
migratory locust Meyen whole plants stripped bare.
Orthoptera

D. Major Weeds

Common/English Name Scientific Name Classification Based on Life

Duration and Gross Morphology
crowfoot grass Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. annual grass
goosegrass, dog’s tail Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. annual grass
Paspalidium Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) Camus annual grass
itchgrass Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) annual grass
Clayton
cogon grass Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. perennial grass
tropic ageratum Ageratum conyzoides L. annual broadleaf
cock’s comb Celosia argentea L. annual broadleaf
spindle top Cleome rutidosperma Dc. annual broadleaf
garden spurge Euphorbia hirta L. annual broadleaf
Indian heliotrope Heliotropium indicum L. annual broadleaf
three-lobed morning Ipomoea trilobal L. annual broadleaf
glory
common purslane Potulaca oleracea L. annual broadleaf
Synedrella Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. annual broadleaf
spiny amaranth Amaranthus spinosus L. annual broadleaf
sensitive plant Mimosa pudics L. annual/perennial broadleaf
purple nutsedge Cyperus rotundus perennial sedge
 II. VERTEBRATE PESTS

A. Rodents

Common Name Scientific Name Description

common rice field rat Rattus tanezumi Temminck medium-sized rat; adults averaging about
175 g; brown cinnamon body with darker
streaks on upper part; length of tail
apparently longer than general body
length.
urban rat Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout large and heavy, about 250-350 g; thick
tail, length much shorter than the general
body length; fur short with numerous
thickened grooves; body coloration grayish
to black.
asian field rat Rattus argentiventer Rob & Klo smaller than R. tanezumi; dorsal pelage has
“salt and pepper” appearance: with tuft of
orange hair near base of ear; body
coloration brown cinnamon.
polynesisan rat Rattus exulans Pearl smaller rat; fur very soft; tail nearly as long
as general body length; upper body dark-
smoky gray with some off-color streaks.

B. Birds

Common name Scientific Name Description

Eurasian tree sparrow
Nutmeg manikin
Chestnut manikin
White-bellied manikin
Passer montanus Stejneger
Lonchura punctulata Sharpe
Lonchura malacca
Lonchura leucogastra Tweedale
Chestnut cup, black chin, white
cheeks black spot in the center,
upper parts are brown, with
blackish streaks; under parts
dirty pale bluff
Upper parts brown with buffy
sharp-streaks; underparts
brown and white with scale-like
markings; and brown with
yellowish edges; dark brown
face and throat.
back, wings, tail and sides of
belly chestnut whilst head, neck,
throat, upper breast, center of
belly and underside coverts
black; the young bird is reddish-
brown above, buffy below and
head not black
Brown above with white shaft-
streaks on the neck, back and
wing-covers, tail brown,

Java sparrow Padda oryzivora
III. Natural enemies
A. Some natural enemies of plant pathogens
Microbial agent Plant Pathogens
Trichoderma spp. Pythium spp.
Rhizoctoia solani
Sclerotium rolfsii
Fusarium spp.
Gigaspora sp. Pythium spp.
Glomus musae Phytophthora spp.
Glomus spp. Pseudomonas spp.
Paecilomyces lilacinus Samson Meloidogyne spp.
Rotylenchulus reniformis
Radopholus similis
Globodera rostochiensis
Pratylenchus spp.
Tylenchorynchus spp.
Helicotylenchus spp.
Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Trichodorus spp.
B. Some major enemies of insect pests
Kinds of natural enemies Description
Predators
Earwigs Adults are black and variegated Eggs, larvae and pupae of
Euborellia annulate Fabr. brown, have long slender body lepidopterans, coleopterans and
Proreus simulans with distinct cerci at the tip of dipterans
the abdomen. Nymphs and
adults are generalists.
bordered with yellow; head,
throat, chest and flanks are
blackish brown, belly and mid-
breast white with s few black
marks.
Top of head black, back and
wings light blue-gray, rumpt and
tail black; side of the face white;
chin black and throat and breast
light blue-gray; belly purplish
gray; under pale cover white,
lightly washed with purple.
Mode of Activity
Competition for substrates;
hyperparasitism
Morphological alterations like
thickening of the cell through
lignification and production of
other polysaccharides
preventing the penetration and
growth of the pathogen
Strongly parasitic on all stages
of development of common
plant parasitic nematodes,
especially the eggs. The spores
through body openings and
adhere to the cuticle of the
nematode, germinate and
penetrate.
Host(s)/ Prey (s)
Flower bug
Orius tantillus (Motchulsky)
Lacewings
Chrysopa carnea Stephens
C. rufilabris (burmeister)
Coccinellidae
Micraspis discolor
Cheilomenes sexmaculata
Fabr.
Preying mantids
Tenodera sp.
Spiders
Wolf spiders
Lycosa pseudoannulata
(wolfspine)
Lynx spiders (web maker)
Tetragnatha maxillosa
Thorell
Parasitoids
Trichogramma species
T. evanescens Westwood
T. chilonis Ishii
Diadegma species
D. semicalausum Hellen
D. insulare (Cresson)
Newly emerged adults are pale Eggs and larva of lepidopterans
yellow then gradually turns
brown and finally black. They are
minute Hemipterans measuring
1.63- 1,65 mm long. Adults and
nymph prey on thrips but also
eggs and young larvae of
lepidopterans.
Adults green lacewings are pale Aphids, spider mites, thrips,
green with long antennae and whiteflies, eggs of leafhopper,
bright, golden eyes. Adults feed moths, leafminers and small
on the nectars, pollen and aphid caterpillars.
honeydew. The larvae are
predators, feeding on many
species of insects.
Adults lady beetle are small, Aphids, mites, whiteflies, small
round to oval in shape; typical insects and insect eggs.
species have black markings on a
red, orange or yellow forewing.
Both the adults and larvae are
predators.
Adults are light green to brown, Adults flies, moths, bees and
eggs are placed in an “egg case” small spiders.
attached to twigs or stem. Both
adults and nymphs have large
front legs, which they used in
holding their prey. Both the
adults and larvae are predators.
Spiders belong to the order Aphids, leafhoppers, mites,
Araneae. They have 8 legs. There moth, flies, beetles, and other
are roughly 2 main groups of natural enemies.
predatory spiders, those that
hunts or searches its prey ad the
one that makes web while
waiting for prey to be caught in
the web.
These are tiny parasitic wasps Asian corn borer, earworm and
that feed on the eggs of shoot fruitborers
lepidopterous insects. A female
wasp lay 1 or more eggs into its
host’s eggs, and 1 or more
parasitoids may develop.
These larval parasitoids belong Diamond backmoth (DBM)
to the family of ichneumonid
wasps- black wasps of about 5-7
 mm long. The parasitoids prefer
to lay eggs on second and third
instar of DBM larvae.
Cotesia species Both adults of Cotesia glomerate DBM, Asian corn borer (ACB),
C. glomerate (L.) and C. plutellae are small and cabbage butterfly and other
C. plutellae (Kurdjinov) dark colored wasps. They prefer lepidopterans
to lay eggs on first and second
instar larvae of the insects. They
have long and curved antennae.
Insect pathogens
Bacillus thurengiensis (Berliner) A soil-borne bacterium, that is DBM and some lepidopterous
usually applied as microbial larvae such as earworm and
insecticide. It produces a protein cutworm etc.
toxic to specific groups of
insects. The toxin is only
effective when eaten in enough
quantity by the susceptible
larvae.
Baculovirus These ate occluded DNA viruses Larvae of cabbage butterfly,
pathogenic to insects and DBM, cabbage looper, earworm,
Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) shrimps. NPVs and Gvs produce common cutworm and corn
polyhedron n type ad granule- borer.
Granulovirus (GV) type occlusion bodies,
respectively.
Metarhizium and Beauvaria The fungi penetrate the cuticle Rhinoceros beetles, black bug
species of insects and rapidly multiple and some lepidopterous pests
once inside the body. Most
Metarhizium anisopliae pathogenic fungi need humid
(Motsch) conditions to cause infection,
but some fungus species can
Beauvaria bassiana also infect insects under dry
conditions.