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Abstract--A novel auxiliary diagnosis method for for general battery [5] and 60% of the initial capacity for
state-of-health (SOH) of a lead-acid battery unit is proposed small capacity battery [6]. SOH diagnosis by using the
in this paper. This method is based on the concept that the capacity is the ratio between the nominal capacity of the
discharging curve for a health battery unit is smooth, present time to the initial time, and it is represented as [7]:
however, the degradation of battery unit caused by the (nominal capacity at present time)
SOH (1)
internal cell shorts, shorted cells open or the cell reversal will =
263
Take a sample data every 10 sec when battery was decreases gradually because the load used in the
discharged. experiments is a constant resistance and the discharging
Take a sample data every 5 min when battery was current does not have obvious change. There exists an
charged. abrupt voltage drop of initial discharging at the instant
The final discharging voltage of each battery set is when the battery is started to discharge. Instead of the
76.8V. abrupt voltage drop, the gradual decrease of discharging
The discharge load for each battery set is Halogen voltage of the battery appears within the predetermined
Lamp (120V 500W * 3). sample period of time. Correspondingly, a curve in Figure
The experiment is stopped as the capacity of each 3(b) illustrates the discharging voltage of the battery in
sting of batteries is decreased to approximately 60% relation to a predetermined sample period of time, there
of the initial capacity. exists an abrupt change of discharging voltage at the
instant when the battery is started to discharge.
Strat stringl cell#3 cycle 5
4
Providing data of discharge voltages and - 10 -
1
'powers of the battery unit and ADSOH
10 _
264
current, voltage and power at the instant of initial may be distorted at the instant of load change. To verify
discharging is caused by the "coup de fouet". [8, 9] the effect of load change (discharging current variation),
phenomenon, this is a normal phenomenon for the battery. the following experiment is carried out. In this experiment,
Accordingly, the SOH of the battery can be determined only a battery unit is tested, electronic load is used as the
"health" and no battery should be replaced. variable load and the load current is changed in three steps
Figure 4 shows the data of discharging current, during a discharge cycle..
voltage, power and ADSOH of the battery (string 1, No.3) Figure 5 shows the discharging curve of the battery
at 159f cycle. Figure 4 illustrates the SOH of this battery under discharging current changed from 7A- 14A-21A, the
is worsen. Figure 4(a) shows the curve of discharging evident changes of discharging power and discharging
current does not have obvious change. However, the curve voltage of the battery unit occur at the instant of load
of discharging voltage in Figure 4 (b) is distorted seriously. (discharging current) changes. As seen in Figure 5(b) and
The abrupt drop of battery voltage near 400 and 500 sec 5(c), the discharging curve of the battery voltage and
can be explained as some cells in the battery are shorted, battery power will be distorted at the instant of load
and the voltage rise near 1000 sec can be explained as a change. Figure 5(d) shows the curve of ADSOH which
short cell opens. Figure 4(c) show the curve of discharging will not be affected by the change of discharging current
power. As seen in Figure 4 (c), the curve of discharging However, ADSOH curve will not be changed due to the
power in Figure 4 (c) is also distorted seriously. Figure 4(d) changes of discharging current. Accordingly, the data of
show the curve of the proposed ADSOH. The ADSOH discharging voltage and discharging power cannot be used
curve showed in Fig. 4(d) is seriously fluctuated. This to determine the SOH of the battery due to the fact that it
means that the health of battery is degraded.. is affected by the change of the discharging current, but
the ADSOH can avoid the effect caused by the variable
stringl cell#3 cycle 159
:15 discharging current.
10-
th-ree step discharge
5- ~t25
@ 20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
U 15
dischrage time(sec 10)
z 10
(a)
stringl ceIl#3 cycle 159 0 100 200 300 400 500
14 -
dischrage time(sec"2)
12 - (a)
10 three step discharge
8- <> 14
65 o 0 12
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
dischrage time(sec 10)
n 10
(b)
stringl cell#3 cycle 159 0 100 200 300 400 500
1o
B: dischrage time(sec 2)
- 160
X 140
(b)
'
120 three step discharge
300
Y 100
IC 80
-
250
a5 60' o 200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
dischrage time(sec 10) ;n 150
(c) 100 _
265
ADSOH can be used to determine the SOH of the battery 2002, pp. 583 -590.
and can avoid the un-corrected diagnosis caused by [12] P. Singh, S. Kaneria, J. Broadhead, X. Wang, J. Burdick,
change of load. "Fuzzy logic estimation of SOH of 125Ah VRLA batteries,"
EEE INTELEC, Sept. 2004, pp. 524 - 531.
V. CONCLUSIONS
[13] A. H. Anbuky, P. E. Pascoe, P. M. Hunter, "Knowledge
This paper proposes a novel auxiliary diagnosis based VRLA battery monitoring and health assessment,"
method for SOH of a lead-acid battery unit. In this method, EEE INTELEC. Sept. 2000, pp. 687 - 694
the proposed ADSOH is used to diagnose the degradation [14] K. Takahashi and Y. Watakabe,." Development of SOH
of the lead-acid battery unit and indicate the degradation monitoring system for industrial VRLA battery string,"
of the battery unit. The salient feature of the proposed EEE INTELEC, Oct. 2003, pp. 664 - 670.
method is that the SOH of a battery is estimated [15] E. Davis, D. Funk and W. Johnson, "Internal ohmic
automatically at the end of each discharging cycle by measurements and their relationship to battery capacity:
measuring the battery voltage and current and it does not EPRI's ongoing technology evaluation," Battcon, 2002, pp.
12-1 - 12-10.
require any complicated measurement. The experimental
[16] Robert E. Landwehrle, "In the final analysis: Post mortem
results show that the proposed method can diagnose the tests and measurements on a VRLA battery," Battcon, 2005,
degradation of battery unit caused by the internal cell pp. 19-1 - 19-6.
shorts, shorted cells open and the cell reversal in the [17] J. Garche; A. Jossen; H. and Doring "The influence of
discharging process. different operating condition, especially over-discharge, on
the lifetime and performance of lead acid batteries for
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