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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the previous years, scientists had been making inks that have chemical
contents. And calligraphy pens has been widely used in our generation today. Mostly,
they use it for projects, businesses, etc. to have a good and better outcome. Based on
a study, (Benediktsdoó ttir’s, 2015) People need to understand to understand that the
basic components of an ink is too bad for the environment and why a biodegradable
ink could offer more, rather than having a petroleum-based inks. According to
(Cofield E., 2018) inks contains chemicals such as: iron sulfate, gallic, and tannic
acids.
Gumamela extract will affect the clearness and smudges produced by the
Gumamela extract as an alternative ingredient for calligraphy ink.
a) Color
b) Odor
c) Stick Consistency
d) Absorption
Null Hypothesis - The Gumamela extract will not have the same quality as
commercial calligraphy ink
a) Color
b) Absorption
c) Stick Consistency
d) Odor
Alternative Hypothesis – The Gumamela extract will have the same quality as
commercial calligraphy in
a) Color
b) Absorption
c) Stick Consistency
d) Odor
The scope involves all materials, staff, and systematics used to accomplish the
given research. The study revolves around the use of the extract, which will focus
primarily on the use of the Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn) flower. It would
take around a day to a week, depending on the needed amount of time to fully reach
the quality of normal calligraphy ink. The process will be performed in De La Salle
University – Dasmarinñ as. However, other flower extracts and/or dyes will not be
used due to the main priority of the Gumamela extract. Gumamela extract will be
the main priority for the creation of calligraphy ink.
Gumamela flowers may be picked around the environment, which will prove
to be a significant source of extracts. Other materials that would prove to be a
necessity to the research will acquired through the use of recyclable materials. The
research is only limited to the creation of the alternative calligraphy ink through the
use of the Gumamela extract. Other materials that would be created in correlation to
the flower are beyond the boundaries of the study.
1.6 Significance of the Study
Students. With the creativity and the thinking of the students, the alternative
calligraphy ink will be useful in their projects, homeworks, assignments if they
prefer the writing capabilities and possibilities of the ink.
Community. Most people in a community will use the calligraphy ink if given
that the price is reasonable and it shows the availability of the ink, which would
encourage them to use the ink for their personal leisure’s.
Gumamela extract – the juice that is extracted by the Gumamela after being
grinded. In this study, it will be used as an ingredient to create a natural source of
ink.
Calligraphy ink – it is the substance that is placed in a commercial
calligraphy ink. In this study we will be conducting an experiment to create a natural
source of ink that commercial calligraphy have.
Ink – a colored fluid used for writing. This will be used as a basis for our
study.
Odor – it is perceiving odors or scents by nose. This will be used to see if the
extract has a good scent or odor for the calligraphy ink.
METHODOLOGY
data that is will be shown. The researchers will determine the effectiveness of
The researcher will invite 5 respondents from the population of the Grade 10
students at De La Salle University – Dasmarinñ as Junior High School and they will test
High School Complex Science Laboratory, where in the specific requirements are met
such as: mortar & pestle, measuring spoons and cups, and water. Other materials
will be brought by the researchers such as: freshly pick gumamela flower from its
The following ingredient could be acquired in the grocery store: A small plastic
acquired in any bookstore. Measuring spoons and cups will also be used during the
experiment. Only the Gumamela flowers and bond paper to be used during the survey
which will be taken from the researchers' own resources and personal materials.
The researchers will prepare first the gumamela flower and rinse the flower in
water. After washing the flower, the researcher will prepare the mortal and pestle. The
researchers will use gloves to prevent dirt and the researcher will use mortar and pestle
for grinding the gumamela flowers. The first jar will contain an ink that has 1 gumamela
flower that was extracted and will be boiled, then water will be added. The second jar
will contain 2 gumamela flowers, and same procedure will be done with the same amount
of water. The third jar will contain 3 gumamela flowers, and same procedure will be done
with the same amount of water. The fourth jar will contain 4 gumamela flowers, and
same procedure will be done with the same amount of water. And the last jar, the fifth jar
will contain 5 gumamela flowers, and same procedure will be done with the same amount
of water.
After the experiment, the researchers will conduct a survey to know whether which
jar is the most effective alternative ink for the calligraphy ink.
3.3.3 Data Gathering
To see which gumamela extract is an effective alternative ink it should achieved the
qualifications in terms of effectiveness, the characteristics to be observed or to be tested
are the following: absorption, stick consistency, color and odor of gumamela extract and
the commercial calligraphy ink. The researchers will have 5 respondents and that will be
taken from the Grade 10 students population at De La Salle University – Dasmariñas.
Each respondent will test the ink and will take 3 trials.
To determine which is an effective alternative, it should pass the characteristics that
needed to be achieved such as: absorption, color, odor, stick consistency. The
respondents will use the ink and test the needed qualifications. There will also be a
provided questionnaire for each respondent. The qualifications are:
Absorption. The respondent will write a stroke on the bond paper that will be used.
The respondent will also observed if the paper absorbed the ink well. The respondent will
also check if there is any smudges on the paper made by the ink.
Color. Each respondent will write whatever they want to write on the bond paper
that was given to them by the researchers. The respondents will observe if they are
satisfied with the outcome or if it’s appealing to them.
Odor. The researchers will drop a pinch of the ink on the bond paper. After
dropping a pinch of the ink, the respondents will sniff the aroma of the ink. The
respondents will also observe if the odor is pleasant to their nose, or the odor is too strong
for them.
Stick Consistency. Each respondents will expose the ink to water to see if there is
any changes with the consistency of the ink. The clarity of strokes and color must be
checked to know if the consistency of the ink is good enough.
After conducting tests and observations, the researchers will gather all the
information and results from the questionnaire that was given to the respondents.
The researchers will then get the average from each qualifications that was stated in
the given questionnaire. (5) Being the highest score, and (1) being the lowest score
to each qualifications. From the final average, the researchers can now determine
which of the gumamala (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn) extract is an effective
alternative. The researchers will tally and analyze the respondents answers to come
up with a conclusion.
The statistical tool to be used by the researchers is t-test. The t-test method
means from two normally distributed populations with unknown variances. T-test is
used to determine the significant differences of the ink with different numbers of
gumamela flowers that will be extracted and that will be made as an ingredient for
CHAPTER II
This research contains information about this study which came from
different websites, articles, journals, and other research materials. This chapter is
divided into three parts such as: Conceptual Literature, Research Literature, and
Synthesis.
subtropical herbs, shrubs, and small trees. Also, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn is part
of the mallow family, Malvaceae, in the order Malvales, class Magnoliopsida, and
includes the rose of Sharon, popular garden shrub, showy flowering shrubs and
trees (Kimbrough. H., 2018). The extract of Gumamela can be used in many different
2015).
As based to the study of Uma N. B., Kumar n. K., Po S. E. A. K., Minggat S. S. A.,
Gopr G. M. A., Kamal M. B. (2014), cooking oil was used, and the organic pigment
came from Roselle flower, Asian pigeon wing flower, and turmeric. The flowers were
successfully extracted and blended with the cooking oil thus making another
Meanwhile according to the article (Lusted., 2014). The tools that can be used
for drawing are pencils are paints, pastels, and ink for drawing. In today’s
generation, inks are made of chemicals that coming from berries, nuts, and even
gumamela extract can make an effective alternative dye, because of that the
(2014), color produced from artificial dyes are steadier from batch to batch than
colors produced by natural colorants. But, natural dyes are an eco-friendly way to
pass on almost any color to textile product with the recent interest in environmental
concerns.
Based on the research conducted by Alguzar J., Caballero C., Cayetuna J.,
Cortez D., Lituanas J., Maldo R. II, Mucha J., Quibedo D., Sabuero J. Jr., and Talines C.
(n.d), to create an alternative marker inks from plants, researchers must balance the
amount of water and source, so it can produce a natural odor and color, so that
spreading of ink on the paper will be avoided and can maintain a good quality of
marker ink.
Another study from Lopierre (NI), ink was usually made out from berries,
tree barks, and extracts of leaves. This techniques has been used for centuries,
producing numerous colors and when mixed with other substances it creates ink,
dye, or paint.
sinensis Linn) has been used in making alternative indigenous dyestuff for
2.3 Synthesis
From the data gathered, the natural dye obtained from the Gumamela might
have the possibility of being an alternative for calligraphy ink and it also has
different purposes, when it comes to making alternative inks. Since Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis Linn is a flowering plant, it can help and benefit the environment (Belyu, S.,
natural dyes and food coloring. Due to popular demands of calligraphy ink, this