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Ajman University of Science & Technology

Faculty of Dentistry
Histology & Cell Biology
08 01 112
Dr. Al-Moutassem Billah Khair

Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
Cell, or plasma, membrane is a semi-permeable thin
boundary between the cell and its external environment that
allows certain substances to pass through from the outside while
keeping other constituents from escaping from the cell.

*Cell membranes are found to surround the entire of the cell as well as
the nucleus or some cytoplasmic
y p organelles.
g
*Cell membranes range from 7.5-10 nm in thickness and consequently
are visible only in the electron microscope.
*Cell membrane is also known as plasmalemma.
plasmalemma
*Cell membranes divide the eukaryotic cells in discrete compartments
that regulate intracellular and intercellular exchange.
Cell Membrane
Cell membrane functions:
I
I. Cell membrane bounds and limits the cell and cell
organelles.
II. Cell membrane keeps the nutrients in the cell.
III. Cell membrane provides cell-cell and cell-extracellular
matrix adhesion and recognition.
IV
IV. Cell membrane provides pathway for transport of different
substances.
V. Cell membrane accumulate the materials necessary to
sustain life.
VI. Cell membrane contains different receptors.
VII
VII. Cell
C ll membrane
b f
forms th
the site
it off attachment
tt h t f
for
cytoskeletal elements.
F
u
n
c
t
I
o
n
s
Cell Membrane
Membrane structure:
¾ At the end of 19th century it was predicated that the cell
membrane was composed of lipid monolayer, but in 1920s it was
found that the amount of extracted lipids was enough to cover
each cell twice. From this it was suggested that cells were
bounded by double layer of lipids.
¾ Later studies suggested that the cell membrane is symmetrical
structure consisting of a bilayer of phospholipids located
between two layers of protein. In the 1950s, electron
micrographs
g p showed that all membranes have a trilaminar
structure after fixation in osmium tetroxide.
¾ The current concepts of membrane structure are based on
Si
Singer & Nicholson
Ni h l studies
t di ini 1970s.
1970 This
Thi model
d l is
i known
k as fluid
fl id
mosaic model.
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
Membrane structure:
Fluid mosaic model:
In this model, cell membranes consist of phospholipid bilayer, a
variety of proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol molecules that
are arrangedd in
i a specific
ifi pattern.
¾ Phospholipids consist of a polar, hydrophilic (water-loving) head and
a non-polar,
p , hydrophobic
y p ((water-hating)
g) tail.
*The polar head is derived from glycerol attached to nitrogenous
compound (choline, serine, etc.) by a phosphate bridge.
*The non-polar tail consists of two long chain fatty acids (saturated
& unsaturated) each covalently linked to the glycerol of the polar head.
Within the membrane, lipids are most stable when organized into a
d bl layer
double l with
ith their
th i hydrophobic
h d h bi tails
t il directed
di t d toward
t d the
th center
t off
the membrane and their hydrophilic heads directed outwards.
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
Membrane structure:
Fluid mosaic model:
¾ Protein molecules make up almost half of the total mass of the
membrane and can be divided into three groups:
*Integral
g proteins ((intrinsic):
p ) pproteins that are incorporated
p within
the phospholipid bilayer.
*Peripheral proteins (extrinsic): proteins that are loosely attached
to the inner or outer surface by weak electrostatic forces.
forces
*Transmembrane proteins: integral proteins that extend across the
phospholipid bilayer to be exposed to each surface, some functioning as
channels through which hydrophilic substances are transported across
the membrane.
Many proteins are freely mobile “float” within the plane of the
phospholipid bilayer [fluid
f mosaic model ]. Other integral proteins may
be fixed by attachment to cytoskeletal elements.
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
Membrane structure:
Fluid mosaic model:
¾ Carbohydrates are found on the external surface of membrane. They
are either linked to the lipids “glycolipids” or to the proteins
“glycoproteins” coating glycocalyx.
glycoproteins forming an outer coating, glycocalyx The glycocalyx
appears to be involved in cell recognition, in the formation of
intercellular adhesions and in the adsorption of molecules to the cell
surface also sometimes provides mechanical and chemical protection
surface,
for the plasma membrane.

¾Cholesterol molecules are intercalated between the phospholipids in


membranes. Cholesterol prevents too close packing of the fatty acid
tails. It increases the stability of the bilayer and prevents the loss of
membrane liquidity at low temperatures.
Cell Membrane
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
Cell membranes are selectively permeable allow some
substances to pass, but not others & the permeability can be
increased or decreased.
decreased
1. Diffusion:
The random thermal motion of molecules from regions of
higher to lower concentration until the solute reaches equilibrium.
*Exchange of oxygen & nutrients material between cell &
blood stream.
Flux: The amount of materials crossing a surface in the unit of time.
Concentration of substance Ò ⇒ Flux Ò
*Concentration
*Temperature of statement Ò ⇒ Flux Ò
*Size of molecules Ò ⇒ Flux Ô
*Surface area of membrane Ò ⇒ Flux Ò
*Movement faster in gas phase than in water.
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
Osmosis:
It is a special statement of diffusion in which water
molecules are diffused through a permeable membrane from
region of high water ratio to a region of low water ratio.
Osmosis depends on the amount of solute particles (substances)
present in a solution. So, the water molecules move from the region
containing low concentration of solute particles to the region containing
high concentration of solute particles.
In relationship to cell concentration, solutions can be of three types:
*Isotonic: a solution has a concentration equal to that of the cell
(
(no change
h i cell
in ll size
i or shape).
h )
*Hypertonic: a solution has a concentration more than that of the cell
(cell will shrink)
*Hypotonic: a solution has a concentration less than that of the cell
(cell will swell and then burst).
Membrane Transport Mechanisms

2. Mediated-Transport System:
The passage
g of molecules " too large
g & too polar“ through
g the
plasma membrane are mediated by integral proteins-Transporter or
Carrier proteins.

¾ Facilitated diffusion:
To move solute molecules from higher to lower concentration
using transporter proteins. It is not coupled to energy derived
from metabolism.
¾ Active transport:
To move solute molecules from lower to higher concentration
using transporter proteins. It needs energy derived from
metabolism.
Cell Membrane
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
3. Bulk transport:
Cell mechanisms for moving large substances across their
membranes. These processes use membrane-bound vesicles of
various sizes to move materials from one compartment to
another.

¾ Endocytosis:
It is the process by which cell engulfs large substances.
*Pinocytosis: Cells ingest large quantities of fluid.
*Phagocytosis:
Phagocytosis: Cells engulf large particles and whole organisms.
Endocytotic vesicles fuse with lysosomes, which contain enzymes that
kill and digest the engulfed food. Some endocytotic vesicles don't fuse
with lysosomes.
lysosomes Instead,
Instead they pass their contents through cells without
degrading them.
Cell Membrane
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
3. Bulk transport:

¾ Exocytosis:
It is the process by which cell secretes substances (enzymes,
proteins,
t i residual
id l bodies)
b di ) from
f it lf by
itself b fusion
f i off the
th membrane-
b
limited structure with the plasma membrane, resulting in the
release of its contents into the Extra-cellular space without
compromising the integrity of the plasma membrane.
Membrane Transport Mechanisms

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