PUNJAB CUISINE

INTRODUCTION AND CULINARY HISTORY

Punjab, the land of the five rivers-Beas, Satluj, Chenab, Ravi and Jhelum, is also called the
land of milk and honey. Perhaps it would be appropriate to call it the land of plenty!! Punjabi
cooking and eating is just like the Punjabis themselves. It is simple and forthright. Punjabis are
a hardworking and fun loving community by nature with food and merriment, very much a part
of their lives.

Punjabi cuisine is never complicated. Bhunao is one of the main techniques of Punjabi cuisine
specially for non-vegetarian cooking. It brings to mind images of appetizing food. Being an
agricultural state the staple food of Punjab is wheat and to accompany hot rotis and parathas
are a variety of the most exotic vegetarian and non-vegetarian delights.

The earliest references to region’s food are found in the Vedas, which document the lives of the
Aryans in the Punjab. Amazingly the elements mentioned over 6,000 years ago are still extant
in this cuisine. This includes dairy-dughd (milk),ghrit (ghee) and dadhi (curd),shak (leafy green
vegetables) and a variety of grain. Even today, the staple in the Punjab is grains and vegetables
in their basic form.

Ayurvedic texts refer to Vatika - a dumpling of sundried, spice specked delicacy made with
lentil paste called vadi .The art of making vadi reached its acme in Amritsar with the arrival of
the merchants of Marwar, who were invited by Ram Das, the fourth Guru if the Sikhs, to
stream line the trade in the sacred city. There is also reference to vataka or vadha made of
soaked coarsely ground and fermented mash (husked urad) daal.

The unhusked mash is the mother of all lentils. Rajmah derives from the word raj mash or the
regal mash. Other pulses mentioned are chanak (channa dal) and alisandaga (identified as
kabuli or large channa) that is stated to have reached India with Alexander the Great’s troops
who came to India via Afghanistan.

Punjab-this side of the border or that-is situated at the crossroads of the Silk Route. This
allowed the Punjabis-Sikh, Hindu and Muslim-to imbibe diverse culinary influences. The
proximity with Persia, Afghanistan and Central Asia gave them a taste for fresh and dried fruits
and exotic nuts.

Punjabi cuisine has always been strongly influenced by Mughal invaders who brought with
them the tradition of the great Tandoor and now Punjabi tandoori cooking is celebrated as one
of the most popular cuisine throughout the world.

REGIONAL COOKERY IN PUNJAB

 Peshawar-The most North Western of districts in British India is a Pathan country and
the fare is akin to the food eaten in Afghanistan. The market in Peshawar handled,
besides large volumes of cambric, silks and indigo, spices that came from
Hyderabad(Deccan),saffron from Kashmir, sugar, salt, tea and asafetida from Delhi. The
exports were raisins and dry fruits.
 Rawalpindi-South of Hazara and east of Jhelum, separated from Kashmir with Attock
to its west, the district of Rawalpindi is covered with groves of oak, olive and chestnut.
The flora and fauna is the same as in the other parts of the lower Himalayas. This area
has imbibed culinary influences from Kashmir, North West frontier and the plains and
the plains irrigated by the Indus.
 Baluchistan- Bounded on South by Arabian sea and extending in the North to
Afghanistan and NWFP, Baluchistan touches Persia in the west, and Sindh and Punjab
in the East. Food in the region has been basic and robust. Breads are made with wheat
and jowar (barley). Cheese of different kinds are an integral part of the diet, and, among
the vegetables onion, garlic and fresh asafoetida stalks are used. Rice and fish are the
staple diet along the coast. Among the birds chakor and grouse relished.
  Amritsar- Shaped like an oblong between the Ravi and Beas rivers, the districts
northeast of Gurdaspur and south-west of Lahore. The forests of dhaak, mango and
jamun abounded in the district until recent times urbanization decimated most of them.
The chief crops are wheat, gram, barley, maize, rice, cotton, pulses and sugarcane. The
region is famous for its buffaloes and its milk product. Fish is also used very commonly
here.

EQUIPMENTS USED IN PUNJAB CUISINE

 Madhani: It is a wooden churner fixed to a brass pot. It is used for churning out
butter fron cream.
 Chakla belan: Chakla is a small marble or wooden platform and belan is the rolling
pin. These are usually made up of wood. They are used for rolling the dough to make
various Indian breads such as chapattis and puris.
 Kadhai: it is a deep, concave utensil made up of brass, iron or aluminium and is
used for deep fat frying and also general cooking.
 Kadoo kas (grater): This equipment has sharp grooves of different sizes meant for
grating.
 Channani (sieve): It is used to sieve or sift flour and commodities of similar nature.
The channani can have removable inserts that have varied sizes of holes for coarse or
fine sieving.
 Masala dani: It literally translates to ‘spice box’. It contains the commonly used dry
spices, both whole and powdered.
 Pauni: A perforated spoon used for frying food commodities.
 Karchi (ladle): It is actually a big round spoon for stirring dal or mixing food or even
serving it.
 Tawa: This flat base equipment is usually made of cast iron is used for making
Indian breads such as roti and parathas. They are available in various sizes,
depending upon the uses.
 Patiala: It is generally made up of brass and comes with a lid. It is used when
something has to be sauted, boiled or simmered. It is also used for making gravies
and cooking in bulk. These are also available in various sizes.
 Tandoor: It is a clay oven chamber, which is lit with live charcoal. It is used for
baking various Indian breads, kebabs (boti, white meat, fish, prawn etc)and other
items.
 Bhatti: It is used for grilling kebabs. It is an open fire grill, where coal is the only
medium of fire.
 Khoncha: It is a flat metal spoon used for stir frying or sautéing the ingredients.
 Chimta: These are meant for holding the hot objects e.g. the roti on the open fire or
the griddle, turning items in hot oil while deep fat frying.
 Hamam dista (mortar and pestle): It is a pair of tools used to crush, grind, and mix
solid substances or masalas. It is usually made of iron but can also be made of
marble stone, wood, bamboo, iron, steel, brass and basalt.
 Dori danda: It is a stoneware pot with a log of wood, used for pounding chutneys aor
dry spices. The pestle could be either of wood or stone.

Miscellaneous equipments include: Chajj is a kind of winnowing instrument. Ukhli is a

mortar used. Charkha is a spinning wheel. Dauri and kundi are kinds of stone mortars.
Gothna and danda are wooden pestles. Chaati is a large earthern vessel. Takri is a scale.
Loh is a large pan used for cooking breads.

CUISINE CHARACTERISTICS

 Most Punjabi menus are made according to the season. The universal favourite is chole-
bathure which is a round-the-year item and is available at every wayside dhaba
anywhere in Northern India.
 Wholewheat in different forms is the staple of this area. Rice is rarely cooked plain or
steamed and is always made with a flavoring of cumin or fried onions, which is the
 served with rajma (kidney beans) or kadhi (curd curry). In winter, rice is cooked with
jaggery - gurwala chawal or with green peas – matarwale chawal or as a delicacy called
Rao ki kheer, which is rice cooked on a slow fire for hours together with sugar cane juice.
Even bajra is predominantly used in some parts of the state.
 Use of dollops of ghee and/or refined oil is commonly used as a cooking media.
 The pride of the Punjabi winter cuisine is sarson-ka-saag (mustard leaves) served with
blobs of white butter accompanied by makke-di-roti and lassi (churned yogurt).
 All lentils, especially black gram and yellow gram, are a part of Punjabi cuisine. Rajma or
Chana are alo very popularly used.
 The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic, ginger and a lot of tomatoes
fried in pure ghee.
 Some typical ingredients used in the cuisine includes black carrot (kanji), mango powder
(Aamchoor powder), dreid fenugreek leaves (Kasoori methi) and Pomegranate seeds
(Anardana)
 Punjabi cuisine is characterized by a profusion of dairy products in the form of malai
(cream), paneer (cottage cheese),curd, buttermilk and butter.
 Though chicken is a favorite with non-vegetarians, fish is also considered a delicacy,
especially in the Amritsar region.
 One thing that makes Punjabi cuisine so special is the tandoor. In rural Punjab, the
community tandoor, dug in the ground, is a meeting place, just like the village well, for
the women folk, who bring the kneaded atta (dough) and sometimes marinated meats to
have them cooked.
 Tall glasses of lassi, made of yogurt, tempered with either salt or sugar, are a popular
cooling drink of Punjabi origin but it is quite popular all over the country.
 Then there is also paneer - a must in the vegetarian Punjabi menu. Several delectable
items are made out of this rather bland derivative of milk. Creations like the Kadai
Paneer and Makhani Paneer are basically Punjabi but are well loved all over the country.
 Phirni, a sweet dish made of milk, rice flour and sugar and chilled in earthenware bowls
is a typical Punjabi dessert. Punjabi sweet dishes like gulab jamuns and burfi have a
strong percentage of khoya again made from milk.
 Punjab's other grand contribution is the dhaba - the roadside eatery that has become a
prominent feature on the national and state highways. Earlier frequented only by truck
drivers, today it is in vogue to eat at a dhaba- urban or roadside.
 One of the salient features Punjabi food is the diverse range of dishes that can suit any
palate. The food could range from spicy to sour, and sweet to tangy.

FESTIVAL FOODS OF PUNJAB

LOHRI

In Punjab, wheat is the main winter crop, which is sown in October and harvested in March or
April. In January, the fields come up with the promise of a golden harvest, and farmers
celebrate Lohri during this rest period before the cutting and gathering of crops. For Punjabis,
this is more than just a festival, it is also an example of a way of life.
Lohri is a festival of zeal and verve and marks the culmination of the chilly winter. In true spirit
of the Punjabi culture, men and women perform Bhangra and Giddha, popular Punjabi folk
dances, around a bonfire. Enthusiastic children go from house to house singing songs and
people oblige them generously by giving them money and eatables as offering for the festival.

Logs of wood are piled together for a bonfire, and friends and relatives gather around it. They go
around the fire three times, giving offerings of popcorns, peanuts, rayveri and sweets. Then, to
the beat of the dhol (traditional Indian drum), people dance around the fire. Prasad of til,
peanuts, rayveri, puffed rice, popcorn, gajak and sweets are distributed. This symbolizes a
prayer to Agni for abundant crops and prosperity.

Lohri is also an auspicious occasion to celebrate a newly born baby’s or a new bride’s arrival in
the family. The day ends with a traditional feast of sarson da saag and makki di roti and a
dessert of rau di kheer (a dessert made of sugarcane juice and rice). The purpose of the Lohri
harvest ceremony is to thank the God for his care and protection. During this festival the
people prepare large quantities of food and drink, and make merry throughout the day and
night. Therefore everyone looked forward to this day.

BAISAKHI

Baisakhi, celebrated with joyous music and dancing, is New Year's Day in Punjab. It falls on
April 13, though once in 36 years it occurs on 14th April. It was on this day that the tenth Sikh
Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, founded the Khalsa (the Sikh brotherhood) in 1699. The Sikhs,
therefore, celebrate this festival as a collective birthday. A sweet dish called Anaarse is
prepared made using fermented batter(rice or wheat) and shaped into a cup-shape.

BASANT PANCHAMI

It is a festival that marks the onset of spring. It is a brightly colored festival, with yellow as a
symbolic color of harvest. This festival has a range of Punjabi foods like the main course ones
such as biryani, but the lighter and excitable ones like jalaibees and pakoras are also common.
A number of sweet drinks are quite common as well at this time of the year. These are
refreshing and symbolize the joy during the season.

Aside from the festivals like bassant, Punjabi food traditions include the all-important heavy
main courses at weddings. These might include heavy rice dishes and curries as well. These are
accompanied with salads and other side dishes as well.

GURU PURAB

The Sikh festivals are celebrated as Guru purabs. They either mark the birth anniversary or the
martyrdom of any Sikh guru. The devotees attend langar or the common meals where everyone
eats the same food irrespective of caste, class, or creed. Devotees offer their services for cooking
food, cleaning the Gurdwara or carrying out other chores. This is called the Kar Seva. The food
is served with the spirit of seva (service) and bhakti (devotion). On Guru Arjan Dev's martyrdom
day, sweetened milk is offered to passers-by.

PUNJABI EATING STYLE:

Winter, in Punjab, brings in the season of the famous makki ki roti(maize flour bread) and
sarson ka saag(mustard leaf gravy). No meal is complete without a serving of lassi (sweet or
salted drink made with curd) or fresh curd and white butter which is consumed in large
quantities.

Connoisseurs of the cuisine say that the gravy component of Punjabi cuisine came from the
Mughals. The most popular example is the murg makhani. It served the state well to combine
this influence in its cooking since it had a lot of pure ghee and butter. Murg makhani also
provided a balance to tandoori chicken, which was dry because it was charcoal cooked. Nans
and parathas, rotis made of maize flour are typical Punjabi breads. Of course, over the years
the roti has been modified to add more variety, so there is the rumali roti, the naan and the
laccha parathas, all cooked in the tandoor.

LANGAR – A SPECIAL NOTE

History

The institution of the Sikh Langar or free kitchen was started by the first Sikh Guru, Guru
Nanak. It was designed to uphold the principle of equality between all people regardless of
religion, caste, colour, creed, age, gender or social status, a revolutionary concept in the caste-
ordered society of 16th century India where Sikhism began. In addition to the ideals of equality,
the tradition of Langar expresses the ethics of sharing, community, inclusiveness and oneness
of all humankind.

Origin Of Word 'Langar'

Guru ka Langar (lit. 'Gurus' communal dining-hall) is a community kitchen run in the name of
the Guru. Often referred to as the Guru's Kitchen, it is usually a small room attached to a
gurdwara, but at larger gurdwaras, such as the Harmandir Sahib, it takes on the look of a
military kitchen with tasks arranged so that teams of sewadars prepare tons of food (all meals
are vegetarian) for thousands of the Gurus' guests daily. Langar, is said to be a Persian word
that translates as 'an almshouse', 'an asylum for the poor and the destitute', 'a public kitchen
once kept by a great man for his followers and dependants, holy persons and the needy.' Some
scholars trace the word langar to Sanskrit analgarh (cooking room). In Persian, the specific
term langar has been in use in an identical sense. In addition to the word itself, the institution
of langar is also traceable in the Persian tradition. Langars were a common feature of the Sufi
centres in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Even today some dargahs, or shrines
commemorating Sufi saints, run langars, like Khwaja Mu’in ud-Din Chishti’s at Ajmer.

Rules concerning the tradition of Langar

1. Simple vegetarian meals

2. It is prepared by devotees who recite Gurbani while preparing the langar
3. It is served after performing Ardas
4. The food distributed in Pangat without any prejudice or discrimination
5. All food must be fresh, clean and hygienically prepared

Amar Das the third guru formalized the institution of langar, the guru’s free kitchen, uniting
the Sikhs by establishing two key concepts:

 Pangat – One family compiled of all of humanity, regardless of caste, color, or creed,
sitting together cross legged in lines, forming rows without discrimination or
consideration of rank or position.
 Sangat – The ennobling influence of people, who aspire to truthful living, and congregate
with like-minded company for the purpose of uttering the name of one God in the
presence of the Guru Granth.

When preparing food for the Langar, the mouth and nose will be covered by a piece of cloth
known as a "parna". Also during the preparation due regard is made to purity, hygiene and
cleaniness, the sevadars (selfless workers) will normally utter Gurbani and refrain from
speaking if possible.

When the Langar is ready, a small portion of each of the dishes is placed in a plate or bowls
and placed in front of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib and a prayer called the Ardas is performed.
The Ardas is a petition to God; a prayer to thank the Creators for all His gifts and blessings. A
steel kirpan is passed through each item of food, after the "Guru-prashad" has been blessed.
When serving the Langar, the servers must observe strict rules of cleanliness and hygiene.
Servers should not touch the serving utensils to the plates of those they serve. When serving
foods by hand, such as chapatis or fruit, the servers’ hands should not touch the hand or plate
of those they are serving. Those serving should wait until all others have been completely
served before they sit down to eat themselves. It is advisable not to leave any leftovers.
POPULAR ITEMS IN PUNJAB

 RAJMA: These are red kidney beans cooked with ginger, garlic, and tomatoes and
flavoured with turmeric powder and red chilli powder. They are normally paired with the
jeera pulow and commonly eaten with desi ghee poured on top.
 SARSON KI DAAG: Fresh mustard leaves are combined with amaranth leaves and
braised along with ginger, garlic, onions and tomatoes until they become creamy. This
dish is garnished with white butter and eaten with makki ki roti.
 PUNJ RATANI DAL: It is prepared by cooking five dals with onion and tomatoes,
symbolic to the five rivers of Punjab. The most commonly used lentils are chana, split
urad, green moong, kidney beans and masoor dal.
 MAA KI DAL: Broken black lentils are combined with Bengal gram and simmered with
onions and tomatoes on a low flame, until it is creamy. It is relished with the wholewheat
chapattis.
 DAL MAKHANI: Black lentils are simmered overnight with tomatoes (finely chopped or
puree) and butter on slow simmering charcoals. It is finished with cream and kasoori
methi and served with a dollop of butter.
 AMRITSARI KULCHA: Wholewheat doughis stuffed with fillings ranging from paneer to
cauliflower, potatoes, or a mixture of all of the above. It is cooked in the tandoor and
served with dollops of butter.
 PINDI CHOLEY: This dish comes from Rawalpindi, where the chickpeas are boiled with
black tea to give it its traditional black colour. These cooked chick peas are then cooked
with onions, tomatoes and spices. These are commonly served with bhatura for
breakfast or even as snacks.
 BAIGAN DA BHARTA: Large egg plants are char grilled in tandoor until soft and are
then peeled. This soft flesh is mixed with little tomato and onion gravy flavoured with
spices and chopped coriander leaves.
 TANDOORI CHICKEN: Whole chicken is de – skinned and marinated overnight with
curd, red chilli powder and spices. Normally the bird weighs around 800gm to 900gm
after dressing. It is then skewered and cooked in the tandoor. Its reddish colour with
typical flavour of the charcoal roast makes it a gourmet’s delight.
 MURGH BUTTER MASALA: Tandoor cooked chicken is cooked in creamy tomato gravy
(in base of butter)along with ginger garlic paste, red chilli powder and flavoured with
kasoori methi. The gravy of tomatoes is also known as makhni gravy. This gravy add
moisture to the tandoori chicken which is otherwise eaten dry.
 FISH AMRITSARI: The cubes of fish are first marinated in salt, red chilli powdet and
lemon juice. A thick batter is prepared with besan, ajwain, red chilli powder and salt.
The fish is coated in this batter and the deep fat fried. It is served with aamchoor powder
sprinkled on top and with lemon wedges.
 PHIRNEE: It is a traditional dessert served normally during the summer months. Soaked
rice is ground into a paste and then added to boiling sweet milk. This is cooked until
thickened and poured into terracotta pots. The extra moisture from the pudding is
soaked by the earthenware pot and thus the pudding sets soft yet firm. It is then
garnished with slivers of pistachio and strands of saffron.