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Computer network
December 2006
Computer network
• It is a data communications system built by interconnecting two or more
computers and other devices in order to exchange information and share
resources with each other
protocols
• For two or more computers to communicate, not just be a physical
medium that allows transmission of information
• Computers can only exchange information with each other if they see
certain common rules that allow communication - Protocol
• Microsoft Network
- Microsoft proprietary protocol that allows access to disks and
shared printers
• NetBEUI
- protocol that allows communication between different versions of
Windows
• TCP / IP
- family of protocols that form the basis of Internet protocol
• Ring
• Star
• Bus (bus)
• Irregular
• Property Type
- Closed or proprietary
- open
• Type of transmission medium
- wired
• Twisted pair (twisted pair)
• Coaxial cable
• Optical fiber
- Wireless (wireless)
• infrared
• Radio frequency
twisted pair
• Benefits
- through lower cost for long
transmission
- It is not soft
• Difficult to install
Optical fiber
• Benefits
- Transmission rates up to hundreds
of Gbit / s
- Lightweight, flexible and less bulky
easy installation and requires less
structural support
- low attenuation
- Immunity to electromagnetic
interference
• Disadvantages
- optical-electrical interfaces (high
cost)
- hard termination (loss)
- Hard to be patched
Modem
• The telephone network circulates analog information - sounds
Modulation demodulation
• Wireless
- Speeds: 11Mbps, 22Mbps, 54Mbps
Repeater
Segment
Segment B
Switch - Switch
• Sends the data directly to the destination
- The data are not repeated unnecessarily by all ports
- Allows:
• higher transfer rates that the hub
• Increased security
LAN
Ethernet
• The Internet name itself, and later emerged as the technology of the
ARPANET came to be used to interconnect universities and laboratories, first
in the US extending later to other countries
Internet
• The Internet is:
- the largest network in the world (currently connects millions of computers and
users)
- a virtual network consisting of a unified collection and cooperative physical networks that
despite using different technologies, support a universal communication service
- Link to system
computer of an entity that provides a
gateway on the Internet (Internet Service
Provider, Service Provider)
Identification of computers
• For a computer to be uniquely identified on a network, you must have a
numeric address assigned IP address
• The organization indicates the organization to which, within the network, is assigned to the domain
(eg ipb.pt, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança)
• Each entity can freely create internal subdomains (eg estig.ipb.pt)
• The identification of each computer within the domain or sub-domain is done by adding the
computer name to the domain of the left (example: labsim.estig.ipb.pt)
• The identifiers used in the fields can not contain accents or some special characters and is no
distinction between uppercase and lowercase
Internet domains
Sub-domain ESTIG
Computer labsim
• NET News
• Terminal emulator
• Conversation Betting - Chat
• WWW - World Wide Web
Introduction to informatics Computer network 27
File Transfer
• Transferring files between computers on a TCP / IP network is made through the use of FTP (File Transfer
Protocol)
• The transfer operation of a machine from a remote file to our local computer is called download (download a
file)
• The reverse operation is called upload (upload a file)
• A machine that allows access by FTP is an FTP server
- so it is necessary to have an FTP client software
• Addresses an FTP server usually have this format: ftp.ua.pt, ftp.fe.up.pt, ftp.ipb.pt ...
• Authentication is also important and a necessary requirement for the connection, however there is a special
account that allows more restricted access - anonymous as login, and our e-mail and password
• It's possible:
- send the same message to more than one recipient
- to inform a message to others
- attaching electronic documents
• There are several applications which let you read e-mail
- Windows: MS Outlook, Eudora, Netscape Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, ...
- Linux: Netscape Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, KMail, ...
E-mail (2)
• E-mail address: halestino@ipb.pt
- Ie username @ gift ínio_Internet
- to @ (at sign) reads "AT"
- Each group has a specific e-mail address and, where there is an incoming
message, it is automatically forwarded to all subscribers of this group
NET News
• The goal is the dissemination of information, in particular thematic issues and personal opinions
between different users of the Internet
• Newsgroups have been around since the "birth" of the Internet, starting as debate sites between scientists
and researchers
• The NetNews are classified into groups according to the areas of interest:
- comp:
• Computer: Programs and information about hardware and software
- sci
• Issues related to scientific research
- soc
• Culture and social issues
- rec
• recreational activities
- alt
• Other business
- answers:
• Contain the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions), ie the answers to frequently asked questions
• Difference to the mailing lists
- All messages can be viewed, and can be answered by everybody, thus promoting discussion groups
- The user searches the messages that interest you on the server instead of receiving them in your "mailbox"
• In order to view the Web page documents need a www client software that calls browser
(Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla, ...)
• Web pages are identified only by means of an identifier called URL (Uniform Resource
Locator)
URL
link
Search engines
• Motivation for the creation:
- exponential growth of WWW
- WWW unstructured
- thematic diversity of content
- Help users find information
• Types of search engines:
- Directories: classification of information by themes
- Search Engine: automatic search based on keywords
Stages of research
• The main stages of an effective research are:
- The selection of appropriate research tool
- Learning to use
- The selection of keywords (attention to language)
- The writing of keywords (for example, capitalization or
synonyms can affect the results)
• logical
• Proximity
• Existence
• Accuracy
Introduction to informatics Computer network 44
Operators (1)
• logical:
- AND:
• Intersection of two sets or areas of research. Appearing as a result only the elements that
belong to both sets (AND Management Information)
- OR:
• Union of the elements of the two sets of research. Appearing in research all elements (OR
Management Information)
- NOT:
• Excludes the elements of one of the two joint research, appearing in the search only those
items that do not appear in the selected set (AND NOT Accounting Analytical)
Operators (2)
• Proximity:
- NEAR (Near):
• It is the intersection of the two sets of research. It looks like the logical AND, but requires
that between both search words be no more than a certain number of words (NEAR
accounting costs)
- ADJ (Together):
• It is the intersection of two adjacent sets of research. It looks like the logical AND
between but requires both words there is no other word (general accounting
ADJ)
- Quotation marks:
• The quotes can be used as an adjacency operator, but to a set of two or more words,
implying the requirement that the sequence of words is identical. ( "If the practical
implementation of Cost Accounting")
• Existence:
- (+) Presence:
• Specifies words that should appear in the result. We may require the presence
of a particular keyword in the document, so that it is not present in him shall not
be included in the results list
Operators (4)
• Accuracy:
- (*) Family:
• When you want to search words in the same family, for example, educator,
education, educate, etc., use a root, either, educ or school, in this example,
and we resort to character * to complete the root. (* Standard tissue)
Extranet
• An extranet is an extension of the Intranet out of the safe and controlled
manner enterprise
• A company can use the Extranet to disclose private information to their
partners or consumers without having to use the telephone or mail, saving
time and money
• It is through the extranet, for example, that banks provide to their customers,
services such as
transfer of funds, balances view, list of real estate for sale, insurance, ...
• The Extranet is one of the most powerful integration tools to its customers,
and this is being successfully used by a growing number of companies
users Type of
Network Type Access
typical information
intranet Only authorized employees Private and restricted Specific, corporate and
proprietary
Internet Anyone with access to the Unlimited to the public; No General public and
telephone network restrictions advertising