Final Report

1 Table of Contents
2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5
3 Objectives........................................................................................................................................ 6
4 Digital Elevation Model ................................................................................................................... 9
5 Drainage Restoration .................................................................................................................... 10
6 Earthworks .................................................................................................................................... 11
7 Land Use Land Cover ..................................................................................................................... 12
8 ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
9 Rail Network.................................................................................................................................. 13
10 .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
11 Road Network ........................................................................................................................... 14
12 Proximity to Urban Areas .......................................................................................................... 15
13 Slope Map ................................................................................................................................. 16
14 .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
15 Soil Map .................................................................................................................................... 17
16 .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
17 Analytical hierarchy process ..................................................................................................... 18
18 What is AHP .............................................................................................................................. 18
19 Importance of AHP in decision making ..................................................................................... 18
20 How the weightage of each variable is determined? ............................................................... 18
21 Field Tests ................................................................................................................................. 22
21.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) ........................................................................................... 22
21.2 Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT)................................................................................ 23
21.3 Plate Load Test ...................................................................................................................... 24
22 Laboratory Tests ....................................................................................................................... 26
22.1 Sieve Analysis and Hydrometer Test..................................................................................... 26
22.2 Atterberg's Limit ................................................................................................................... 31
22.3 Triaxial Test ........................................................................................................................... 33
22.4 Consolidation Test ................................................................................................................ 35
23 Bearing Capacity Calculations ................................................................................................... 36
23.1 Strip Footing .......................................................................................................................... 36
23.2 Raft foundation ..................................................................................................................... 38
23.3 Pile Foundation ..................................................................................................................... 39
24 Description of the project ......................................................................................................... 42
25 Description of the environment................................................................................................ 43
26 Anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures................................................. 44
26.1 Construction Stage ................................................................................................................ 44
26.2 Operational Stage ................................................................................................................. 44
27 Institutional requirements and environmental monitoring program....................................... 44
28 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................... 44
29 FORM 1...................................................................................................................................... 46
Acids and alkalies .......................................................................................................................... 54
Oil, grease, and/or detergents ...................................................................................................... 54
Batteries ........................................................................................................................................ 54
De/anti-icing chemical wastes. ..................................................................................................... 54
30 Objective and Study Background .............................................................................................. 66
30.1 Objective ............................................................................................................................... 66
30.2 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 66
30.3 Study Area ............................................................................................................................. 66
30.4 Scope of Work ....................................................................................................................... 66
31 Hydrologic Background ............................................................................................................. 67
31.1 Storm water quantification methods ................................................................................... 67
31.1.1 Rational method ........................................................................................................... 67
31.2 Basic of Design ...................................................................................................................... 67
31.2.1 IDF curve ....................................................................................................................... 68
32 Hydrologic Analysis and Design ................................................................................................ 68
32.1 Importing google earth image as background ...................................................................... 68
32.2 Terrain Model Generation and importing in StormCAD ....................................................... 68
32.3 Contour Generation .............................................................................................................. 69
32.4 Importing Airport Layout in StormCAD ................................................................................. 69
32.5 Calculation of 𝑻𝒄(Time of Concentration) ........................................................................... 70
32.6 Catchment delineation by observing contour data .............................................................. 70
32.7 Drawing catch basins and conduits....................................................................................... 70
32.8 Importing IDF curve data into the model ............................................................................. 70
32.9 Conduit design selecting catalogue conduit ........................................................................ 72
32.10 Choosing Return Period .................................................................................................... 72
32.11 Choosing of invert levels of catch basins and conduits .................................................... 72
32.12 Setting of rim elevation..................................................................................................... 72
33 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 73
33.1 Scenario 1:Design for return period of 5 year ...................................................................... 73
33.2 Scenario 2: Design for return period of 10 year ................................................................... 75
34 Geographical Parameters ......................................................................................................... 79
35 Terminal Building ...................................................................................................................... 79
36 Runway...................................................................................................................................... 81
36.1 Runway Orientation .............................................................................................................. 81
36.2 Runway Length...................................................................................................................... 82
37 Taxiway ..................................................................................................................................... 84
38 Design of Runway Pavement .................................................................................................... 84
38.1 Materials used in pavement structure.................................................................................. 85
38.2 Pavement Design .................................................................................................................. 85
38.2.1 CBR Test ........................................................................................................................ 86
38.3 Results from FAARFIELD Analysis.......................................................................................... 87
39 Parking Facility .......................................................................................................................... 88
40 General Information ................................................................................................................. 91
40.1 Preamble ............................................................................................................................... 91
40.2 Objective of the Report......................................................................................................... 91
40.3 Salient Features of the Project.............................................................................................. 91
40.3.1 Site Location .................................................................................................................. 91
40.3.2 Building Description ...................................................................................................... 91
40.3.3 Description of Substructure .......................................................................................... 91
40.3.4 Description of Superstructure ....................................................................................... 92
40.3.5 Building Use and Function ............................................................................................ 92
40.4 Statutory Requirements........................................................................................................ 92
40.5 Design Philosophy ................................................................................................................. 92
40.5.1 Structure ....................................................................................................................... 92
40.5.2 Design Life ..................................................................................................................... 93
40.5.3 Liquid Retaining Structures ........................................................................................... 93
41 Codes and Standards ................................................................................................................ 93
41.1 Loadings ................................................................................................................................ 94
41.2 Design for Earthquake Resistance ........................................................................................ 94
41.3 Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements ............................................................................. 94
41.4 Structural Steel Elements...................................................................................................... 94
41.5 Earthwork.............................................................................................................................. 96
41.6 Soil and Foundation .............................................................................................................. 96
42 Materials ................................................................................................................................... 96
42.1 Concrete ................................................................................................................................ 96
42.2 Reinforcement Steel ............................................................................................................. 97
42.3 Masonry Wall ........................................................................................................................ 97
43 Design Data ............................................................................................................................... 97
43.1 Dead Loads ............................................................................................................................ 97
43.2 Seismic Loading ..................................................................................................................... 99
43.3 Seismic Map of India ........................................................................................................... 101
43.4 Wind Map of India .............................................................................................................. 102
44 STAAD Analysis........................................................................................................................ 104
44.1 Analysis Commands ............................................................................................................ 105
44.2 Section Properties ............................................................................................................... 107
44.3 Load Combinations ............................................................................................................. 107
44.4 Output File .......................................................................................................................... 107
44.5 Post-Processing ................................................................................................................... 109
44.5.1 Maximum Forces in an element ................................................................................. 109
44.5.2 Mode shapes for EQ loading ....................................................................................... 109
44.5.3 Maximum reactions at supports ................................................................................. 110
44.5.4 Maximum Deflections ................................................................................................. 111
44.6 Design of Beam ................................................................................................................... 112
44.6.1 Moment: ..................................................................................................................... 112
44.6.2 Shear: .......................................................................................................................... 115
44.6.3 Reinforcement Detailing ............................................................................................. 116
44.7 Design of Column ................................................................................................................ 117
44.8 Design of Slab ...................................................................................................................... 120
44.8.1 Slab Design .................................................................................................................. 120
44.8.2 Reinforcement Detailing ............................................................................................. 122
45 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 123
1 Introduction
The investigation of alternative sites for the construction of a new airport is a complex task.
A typical investigation comprises a thorough examination of all the pertinent factors that
includes, existing and foreseen land use planning, characteristics of wind and weather
conditions, operational and safety aspects, interference with the existing road network,
earthworks, construction and expropriation costs as well as environmental and socio-
economic impacts. The preliminary analysis of the above aspects usually results in more
than one alternative solution that satisfies the above criteria in different ways. The next step
is the selection of most appropriate solution, where the use of multi-criteria techniques can
be of great value.
Haridwar is the place where the Ganges enter the indo-gangetic plain of north india after
descending from Gaumukh in the Gangotri glacier. Haridwar has great historical and
mythological significance in Hinduism.
The Haridwar is ringed by Saharanpur in the west, Dehradun in the North-West and north,
Pauri Garhwal in the east, Muzaffarnagar in south and Bijnor in the south-east. Prior to its
inclusion in the newly created state of Uttarakhand in 2000, this district was a part of
Saharanpur Divisional Commissionary. The district is administratively subdivided into four
tehsils: Haridwar, Roorkee, Bhagwanpur and Laksar.
Being a place of intense religious significance, Haridwar also hosts several religious festivals
throughout the year. Popular among them are the Kavad mela, Somavati amavasya mela,
Ganga Dashara, Gughal mela in which around 2 to 2.5 million people take part. Apart from
this, the rush of pilgrims never awaits in Haridwar.
With rising traffic both in railways as well as on road, there is an essential requirement of an
airport in Haridwar district. On weekends, the road traffic rises to very adverse condition
where people get stuck on roads for more than 10 hrs. An airport in this district can solve all
these problems and being a prominent site not only for indians but for foreigners also, this
would also enhance the number of international tourists which will also increase the
opportunity for further development of tourism in this area.
2 Objectives
1. Investigation of all pertinent factors affecting airport site selection, Such as: airport
use, presence of other airports etc.
2. Identification of suitable sites for airport considering all required parameters/criteria
in GIS environment such as: (land use, topography, wind characteristics) should guide
the identification of candidate sites. The land use criterion excluded all residential areas
and town/villages where planned expansions exist. The identification of relevant
topography extremities (rough mountainsides, severe slopes) should be taken into
consideration for the site selection. As wind characteristics are a major criterion for an
airport site selection, for eg; in the determination of the runway direction, is the
direction of the prevailing winds in the area.
3. Geological study: This study consists analyzing all geological parameters regarding
construction of an airport such as: soil investigation for buildings and runways.
4. Hydrological study: This study includes hydrological analysis about the site and its
surroundings and hydraulic works required for the drainage system of the airport with
understanding of the water flow through existing natural watersheds in the area.
5. Environmental Impact: Airports are considered significant transportation projects that
in most cases have important impacts on the environment. This objective examines the
possible interferences of the proposed sites with natural habitats, coasts or protected
cultivations in the area.
6. Airport Layout Design such as: Runway Design and other Approach ways and Access
Road Design.
7. Structural Design and analysis for Airport Buildings such as: Main Block and Watch
Tower Design.
GEOMATICS
ENGINEERING
The site selection for this region was carried out by considering various factors. These are
listed below.
 DEM
 Drainage Restoration
 Earthworks
 Land Use Land Cover
 Rail Network
 Road Network
 Proximity to Urban Areas
 Slope Map
 Soil Map
3 Digital Elevation Model
The Digital Elevation Model for Haridwar region was downloaded from the link given below "
http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/data/download/index.php".A set of tiles containing the study area
were downloaded and merged using the merge tool in QGIS to get a mosaic of these DEM's . The
mosaic was then used to extract the DEM contained in the boundary region using the extract by
mask tool in Arc GIS. Boundary region was obtained on google earth by drawing a polygon
containing the Haridwar, Roorkee and Laksar region. It was then exported in KML format and
converted to layer file in Arc GIS.
4 Drainage Restoration
DEM data was processed to find streamlines and order of streams was calculated using stream
order tool under hydrology section. We assigned the weights to stream order and run IDW
function using power 2. We have defined stream having 5000 pixels in a row. We then
reclassified it in terms of suitability as shown in the above map.
5 Earthworks
Earthwork can be approximately denoted as the variation of terrain. We used standard deviation
under focal statistics tool to roughly calculate the earthwork required in that area. While
modeling it the reclassification classes were categorized in geometric intervals.
6 Land Use Land Cover
Land use land cover map can be obtained either by supervised classification of satellite images or
by directly downloading from websites. We have categorized LULC map in 5 parts namely "Water
Bodies", "Waste land", "Forest". "Built-up" and "Agricultural Land ".River and built-up areas were
considered as restricted areas. Higher ranks were assigned to agricultural land and wasteland
compared to forest.
7 Rail Network
The rail network data was downloaded from " http://www.diva-gis.org/". We clipped this data using
clip tool in Arc GIS . Euclidean distance map was prepared using the relevant tools from the Arc GIS
toolbox. It was then reclassified into 9 classes.
8 Road Network
The rail network data was downloaded from " http://www.diva-gis.org/". The data for the study
area was clipped and the euclidean distance for the roads contained in the boundary region was
calculated. The distance layer obtained was used for the reclassification.
9 Proximity to Urban Areas
Proximity to urban areas is an important factor that is to be considered for airport site selection.
The density tool was used to create the raster map showing the suitability of the region based on
its proximity to the urban region.
10 Slope Map
Slope map was directly calculated from DEM map using the Slope tool given in the Arc GIS
toolbox.
11 Soil Map
Based on the properties and characteristics of soil they were given rank as shown in figure. The
soil map was exported as a KML layer and using Google Earth it was imposed on the study area.
Then by visual inspection the soil in different regions were assigned different ranks.
12 Analytical hierarchy process
12.1 What is AHP
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of Multi Criteria decision making method that was
originally developed by Prof. Thomas L. Saaty. In short, it is a method to derive ratio scales from
paired comparisons. Users of the AHP first decompose their decision problem into a hierarchy of
more easily comprehended sub-problems, each of which can be analyzed independently. The
elements of the hierarchy can relate to any aspect of the decision problem—tangible or
intangible, carefully measured or roughly estimated, well or poorly understood—anything at all
that applies to the decision at hand
12.2 Importance of AHP in decision making

While it can be used by individuals working on straightforward decisions, the Analytic Hierarchy
Process (AHP) is most useful where teams of people are working on complex problems,
especially those with high stakes, involving human perceptions and judgments, whose
resolutions have long-term repercussions. It has unique advantages when important elements of
the decision are difficult to quantify or compare, or where communication among team
members is impeded by their different specializations, terminologies, or perspectives
12.3 How the weightage of each variable is determined?
Urban Suitability- This was highly prioritized as the airport site should be far away from the
already existing urban areas. The density tool was used here to create a raster image.
Road map and Rail Maps-The priority of this variable is high as good transport connectivity
serves as an important factor for the airport site selection.
Soil, LULC, Earthwork, Slope and DEM are given a low priority because the variables are not
varying in a very considerable amount. The probable site region has more or less the same
elevation and slope variation. Most of the area falls under the agricultural region so providing
low priority to these variables is a good approximation.
The following tables show the pair wise preference of each variable over the another.
Priority
Stream IDW
Soil Map
LULC
Earthwork
Slope Map
DEM
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
13 Field Tests
13.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
The SPT was conducted for one bore hole. Table 1 shows the test results obtained and Fig. 1
depicts the corresponding variation with depth.
Overburden Corrected Dilatancy Final

Depth h N
N Pressure N- Value Correction Corrected
(m) Steps Obs.
P0 (kN/m2) (N') (N'') N- Value
0.15 1 Not
CN=1.63
0.75 0.3 2 2+2=4 15 applied 6
N'=6.52
0.45 2 N'<15
0.15 2
Not
CN=1.40
1.5 0.3 3 3+5=8 30 applied 11
N'=11.2
N'<15
0.45 5
0.15 3 Not
CN=1.31
2.25 0.3 4 4+5=9 39 applied 11
N'=11.79
0.45 5 N'<15
0.15 3
CN=1.25 Applied
3 0.3 4 4+33=37 47.9 30
N'=46.25 N'>15
0.45 33
Calculation of corrected N values from SPT
N- Value
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
0.5
1
Depth (m)
1.5
2.5
3.5
Plot of corrected N values with depth.

13.2 Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT)
The DCPT was conducted for one bore hole. Table 2 shows the test results obtained and the
equivalent N(SPT) values are calculated from the DCPT values. Fig. 2 depicts the
corresponding variation with depth.
Overburden Corrected Dilatency Final

h
Ncd N Obs. Pressure CN N- Value Correction Corrected
Steps
P0 (kN/m2) (N') (N'') N- Value
0.45 5 3.33 9 1.81 6.02 6

0.75 2 1.33 15 1.64 2.18 2
1.05 3 2.00 21 1.52 3.05 Not 3
1.35 6 4.00 27 1.44 5.76 Applied 5
1.65 10 6.67 31.8 1.38 9.23 9
1.95 14 9.33 35.4 1.35 12.59 12
2.25 24 16.00 39 1.32 21.07 18
2.55 29 19.33 42.6 1.29 24.88 Applied 19
2.85 30 20.00 46.2 1.26 25.20 N'>15 20
3.15 30 20.00 49.8 1.23 24.70 19
Calculation of corrected N(SPT) values from DCPT
N(SPT)
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0.5
1
Depth (m)
1.5
2.5
3.5
Plot of N(SPT) values with depth.

13.3 Plate Load Test
The plate load test was conducted on site with the following specifications.
Depth of Pit (𝑫) = 2𝑓𝑡 3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
Diameter of Plate (𝑫𝒑 ) = 2 𝑓𝑡 = 60.96 𝑐𝑚
The test results are shown in Table 3 and the corresponding plot of Load Intensity vs.
Settlement is shown in the Fig.3 given below.
Plate Load Test

Load Intensity (kN/m2)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
-2
-4
-6
Settlement (mm)
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
Plot of Load Intensity vs Settement obtained from Plate Load Test.
From the above plot, we can calculate the Subgrade Modulus (K) of the Runway.
𝑃 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐾=
0.00125 𝑚
Standard Diameter of Plate (𝑫𝒔𝒕𝒅 ) = 75 𝑐𝑚

So, we have 𝐾 = 12.805/0.00125 = 10.24 𝑀𝑁/𝑚
Now,
𝐾
𝐾 = × 𝐷𝑝 = 8.33𝑀𝑁/𝑚
𝐷𝑠𝑡𝑑
Load Average
Proving Load DG1 S1 DG2 S2 DG3 S3 DG4 S4
Intensity Settlement
Ring (t) (kN) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
(kN/m2) (mm)
0 0 0 22.65 0 45.57 0 44.48 0 50.34 0 0
0.25 2.4525 8.4029 22.14 -0.51 45.12 -0.45 43.44 -1.04 49.78 -0.56 -0.64
0.5 4.905 16.8058 20.94 -1.71 44.07 -1.5 42.47 -2.01 48.65 -1.69 -1.73
0.75 7.3575 25.2087 20.08 -2.57 43.26 -2.31 42.34 -2.14 47.84 -2.5 -2.38
1 9.81 33.6116 19.07 -3.58 42.28 -3.29 41.38 -3.1 46.88 -3.46 -3.36
1.25 12.2625 42.0145 18.06 -4.59 41.28 -4.29 40.2 -4.28 45.9 -4.44 -4.40
1.5 14.715 50.4174 16.85 -5.8 40.06 -5.51 38.88 -5.6 44.68 -5.66 -5.64
2 19.62 67.2232 14.07 -8.58 36.2 -9.37 35.81 -8.67 41.76 -8.58 -8.80
2.5 24.525 84.029 10.22 -12.43 32.22 -13.35 31.7 -12.78 37.7 -12.64 -12.80
3 29.43 100.8348 4.74 -17.91 27.62 -17.95 24.02 -20.46 31.99 -18.35 -18.67
Test results obtained from Plate Load Test.

14 Laboratory Tests
14.1 Sieve Analysis and Hydrometer Test
The Hydrometer test was carried out for soil samples obtained from 75 cm, 150 cm and 225 cm
depths. Also, the Sieve Analysis was carried out for the same soil samples. Table 4, Table 5 and Table
6 show the Hydrometer Analysis and Fig.5, Fig.6 and Fig.7 show the Grain Size distribution plots at
the corresponding depths.
Conducting Hydrometer Test in the Laboratory.
Grain Size Distribution (75 cm)

120
100
80
% Finer
60
40
20
0
1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Diameter (mm)
GSD plot for 75 cm depth.

120
100
80
% Finer
60
40
20
0
1 0.1 Diameter (mm) 0.01 0.001

120
100
80
% Finer
60
40
20
0
1 0.1 Diameter (mm) 0.01 0.001
75 cm 150 cm 225 cm
𝑫𝟏𝟎 (𝒎𝒎) 0.001 0.002 0.009
𝑫𝟑𝟎 (𝒎𝒎) 0.004 0.018 0.035
𝑫𝟔𝟎 (𝒎𝒎) 0.035 0.06 0.08
𝑪𝒄 0.457 2.7 1.7
𝑪𝒖 35 30 8.89
Coefficient of. curvature and uniformity for various depths.
𝑯𝒚𝒅.
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑹𝒉 𝑯𝒆 𝑽𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑫𝒊𝒂 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓. % % 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓
S.No 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑯𝒆 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑 𝑪𝒅 𝑪𝒕
(𝒎𝒊𝒏) + 𝑪𝒎 𝒕 𝝁 (𝒎𝒎) 𝑹𝒉 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍
(𝑹𝒉 )
1 0.5 27.5 28 84.16 24.3 2.5 0.053 0.001 0.053 0.820 26.320 84.171 68.027
2 1 25 25.5 89.41 24.3 2.5 0.039 0.001 0.038 0.820 23.820 76.176 61.566
3 2 23 23.5 93.61 24.3 2.5 0.028 0.001 0.028 0.820 21.820 69.780 56.396
4 4 21 21.5 97.81 24.3 2.5 0.020 0.001 0.020 0.820 19.820 63.384 51.227
5 8 19 19.5 102.01 24.3 2.5 0.015 0.001 0.014 0.820 17.820 56.988 46.058
6 15 17 17.5 106.21 24.3 2.5 0.011 0.001 0.011 0.820 15.820 50.592 40.889
7 30 15 15.5 110.41 24.3 2.5 0.008 0.001 0.008 0.820 13.820 44.196 35.719
8 60 14 14.5 112.51 24.3 2.5 0.006 0.001 0.006 0.820 12.820 40.998 33.135
9 1440 6 6.5 129.31 24.3 2.5 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.820 4.820 15.414 12.458
Hydrometer Analysis for 75 cm depth.

𝑯𝒚𝒅.
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑯𝒆 𝑽𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑫𝒊𝒂 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓. % % 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓
S.No 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒉 + 𝑪𝒎 𝑯𝒆 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑 𝑪𝒅 𝑪𝒕
(𝒎𝒊𝒏) 𝒕 𝝁 (𝒎𝒎) 𝑹𝒉 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍
(𝑹𝒉 )
1 0.5 26 26.5 87.31 24.2 2.5 0.054 0.001 0.054 0.820 24.820 79.374 53.348
2 1 23.5 24 92.56 24.2 2.5 0.039 0.001 0.039 0.820 22.320 71.379 47.974
3 2 21 21.5 97.81 24.2 2.5 0.029 0.001 0.028 0.820 19.820 63.384 42.601
4 4 17 17.5 106.21 24.2 2.5 0.021 0.001 0.021 0.820 15.820 50.592 34.003
5 8 14.5 15 111.46 24.2 2.5 0.015 0.001 0.015 0.820 13.320 42.597 28.630
6 15 12 12.5 116.71 24.2 2.5 0.011 0.001 0.011 0.820 10.820 34.602 23.256
7 30 11 11.5 118.81 24.2 2.5 0.008 0.001 0.008 0.820 9.820 31.404 21.107
8 60 10 10.5 120.91 24.2 2.5 0.006 0.001 0.006 0.820 8.820 28.206 18.957
9 1440 4 4.5 133.51 24.2 2.5 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.820 2.820 9.018 6.061

𝑯𝒚𝒅.
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑯𝒆 𝑽𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑫𝒊𝒂 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓. % % 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓
S.No 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒉 + 𝑪𝒎 𝑯𝒆 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑 𝑪𝒅 𝑪𝒕
(𝒎𝒊𝒏) 𝒕 𝝁 (𝒎𝒎) 𝑹𝒉 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍
(𝑹𝒉 )
1 0.5 23 23.5 93.61 24 2.5 0.056 0.001 0.056 0.820 21.820 69.780 37.706
2 1 21 21.5 97.81 24 2.5 0.040 0.001 0.040 0.820 19.820 63.384 34.250
3 2 16 16.5 108.31 24 2.5 0.030 0.001 0.030 0.820 14.820 47.394 25.610
4 4 12 12.5 116.71 24 2.5 0.022 0.001 0.022 0.820 10.820 34.602 18.697
5 8 9 9.5 123.01 24 2.5 0.016 0.001 0.016 0.820 7.820 25.008 13.513
6 15 7.5 8 126.16 24 2.5 0.012 0.001 0.012 0.820 6.320 20.211 10.921
7 30 6 6.5 129.31 24 2.5 0.008 0.001 0.008 0.820 4.820 15.414 8.329
8 60 5.5 6 130.36 24 2.5 0.006 0.001 0.006 0.820 4.320 13.815 7.465
9 1440 2 2.5 137.71 24 2.5 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.820 0.820 2.622 1.417

14.2 Atterberg's Limit
The Liquid limits and Plastic Limits for soil at 75 cm and 150 cm depths are calculated as below.
For 75 cm Depth.
Determination No. 1 2 3
Container No. G-4 C-10 G-14
No. of blows 14 26 40
Wt. of Container+Wet Soil (g) 34.06 31.87 34.69
Wt. of Container+Dry Soil (g) 32.53 30.38 33.12
Wt. of Water (g) 1.53 1.49 1.57
Wt. of Container (g) 28.76 26.45 28.61
Wt. of Dry soil (g) 3.77 3.93 4.51
Water Content (%) 40.58 37.91 34.81
Liquid Limit Determination (75 cm).
Determination No. 1 2
Container No. D-10 C-31
Wt. of Container+Wet Soil (g) 24.95 33.7
Wt. of Container+Dry Soil (g) 24.4 33.05
Wt. of Water (g) 0.55 0.65
Wt. of Container (g) 20.85 28.84
Wt. of Dry soil (g) 3.55 4.21
Water Content (%) 15.49 15.44
Plastic Limit Determination (75 cm).
41
40
39
water content (%)
38
37
36
35
34
10 log(N) 100
𝑾𝑳 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 % , 𝑾𝑷 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟕 % , 𝑰𝑷 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 %

For 150 cm Depth.
Determination No. 1 2 3
Container No. G-30 C-14 G-55
No. of blows 20 23 40
Wt. of Container+Wet Soil (g) 27.11 34.74 46.74
Wt. of Container+Dry Soil (g) 25.66 33.06 42.79
Wt. of Water (g) 1.45 1.68 3.95
Wt. of Container (g) 21.37 27.98 29.91
Wt. of Dry soil (g) 4.29 5.08 12.88
Water Content (%) 33.80 33.07 30.67
Determination No. 1 2
Container No. C-21 G-4
Wt. of Container+Wet Soil (g) 35.86 34.28
Wt. of Container+Dry Soil (g) 34.33 32.83
Wt. of Water (g) 1.53 1.45
Wt. of Container (g) 26.79 25.91
Wt. of Dry soil (g) 7.54 6.92
Water Content (%) 20.29 20.95
Plastic Limit Determination (150 cm).
34
33.5
33
32.5
32
31.5
31
30.5
10 100
log(N)
𝑾𝑳 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟔 % , 𝑾𝑷 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 % , 𝑰𝑷 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 %

14.3 Triaxial Test
The Triaxial Test was conducted on the undisturbed sample obtained from the site. The following
plots and table show the Calculation of 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 for the soil sample.
3.00
2.50
Deviator Stress σd (kg/cm2)
2.00
1.50 1 kg/cm2
2 kg/cm2
1.00
3 kg/cm2
0.50
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.50
Axial Strain (%)
Plot of 𝜎 𝑣𝑠 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (%) .
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑜ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒, 𝑐 = 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 = 15°

Strain dial Stress dial reading Load (kg) Deviator Stress (kg/cm2)
Corrected
S. reading Strain
area
No. (L.C= 0.01 σ3=1 σ3=2 σ3=3 σ3=1 σ3=2 σ3=3 (%) σd1 σd2 σd3
Ac (cm2)
mm)
1 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0
2 50 1 38 52 0.13 6.3774 8.6416 0.66 11.42 0.01 0.56 0.757
3 100 14 71 89 2.39 11.844 14.883 1.32 11.49 0.21 1.03 1.2951
4 150 51 94 119 8.48 15.67 19.78 1.97 11.57 0.73 1.35 1.7098
5 200 72 104 141 12.02 17.31 23.428 2.63 11.65 1.03 1.49 2.0116
6 250 76 114 154 12.62 19.041 25.733 3.29 11.73 1.08 1.62 2.1946
7 300 82 119 165 13.61 19.861 27.557 3.95 11.81 1.15 1.68 2.3341
8 350 84 123 173 14.08 20.499 28.805 4.61 11.89 1.18 1.72 2.4232
9 400 86 126 178 14.41 21.046 29.669 5.26 11.97 1.20 1.76 2.4786
10 450 88 128 182 14.61 21.41 30.342 5.92 12.05 1.21 1.78 2.5172
11 500 89 130 186 14.81 21.683 30.918 6.58 12.14 1.22 1.79 2.5471
12 550 89 132 188 14.88 21.957 31.302 7.24 12.22 1.22 1.80 2.5605
13 600 90 133 191 14.94 22.139 31.782 7.89 12.31 1.21 1.80 2.5814
14 650 90 134 193 15.01 22.321 32.166 8.55 12.40 1.21 1.80 2.5939
15 700 90 133 195 15.01 22.23 32.454 9.21 12.49 1.20 1.78 2.5983
16 750 90 133 197 15.01 22.139 32.838 9.87 12.58 1.19 1.76 2.61
17 800 90 132 198 14.94 21.957 33.03 10.53 12.67 1.18 1.73 2.6061
18 850 89 134 200 14.88 22.321 33.318 11.18 12.77 1.17 1.75 2.6095
Triaxial Test conducted for 3 values of confining stresses.

14.4 Consolidation Test
𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 103.5 𝑔𝑚 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙. = 84.98 𝑚𝑚

𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 284 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 30.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 253.5 𝑔𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 54.48 𝑚𝑚
𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 7.5 = 44.17 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 12.32 𝑚𝑚
4
App.
Final
Pressure ∆𝒉 H e
Reading
(t/m2)
0 20.92 0 20 0.622193
2.5 20.45 0.47 19.53 0.584071
5 20.23 0.22 19.31 0.566227
10 19.8 0.43 18.88 0.53135
20 19.47 0.33 18.55 0.504584
40 18.91 0.56 17.99 0.459163
80 18.14 0.77 17.22 0.396708
Consolidation Analysis.
0.600
0.550
0.500
Void ratio, e
0.450
0.400
0.350
0.300
1 10 100
Pressure (t/sq m)
Plot of void ratio (e) vs Pressure, log (P).

From the plot,
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙, 𝑪𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟖

15 Bearing Capacity Calculations
The figure given below shows the profile of the soil layers at the site. Bearing capacity for
different types of footings are in the sections below.
Soil profile of the sand and clay layers.
15.1 Strip Footing

Strip footing is proposed for the terminal building as it has 16 columns @6m c/c in longitudinal
direction. The corresponding bearing capacity on the basis of Shear and settlement criteria are
calculated as below.
Shear Criteria
Using Meyerhof’s General Bearing Capacity Equation (Meyerhof, 1963),
1
𝑞 , = 𝑐𝑁 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 + 𝑞(𝑁 − 1)𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹
2
Soil Properties for Clay Layer

Dry Density (𝜸𝒅 ) 16.1 kN/m3 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 19.93 kN/m3
Cohesion (c') 20 kN/m3 𝑮𝒔 2.61
Friction Angle (𝝋) 15° 𝒆𝟎 0.62
Layer thickness (mm) 400 𝑪𝒄 0.088
Soil Properties for Sand Layer

Density (𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 ) 17.5 kN/m3 Thickness (mm) 600
Friction Angle (𝝋) 33° 𝑵 11
Calculating the bearing capacity factors,
Bearing Capacity Factors (𝝋=15°, B=3m)

𝑵𝒄 10.97
𝑵𝒒 3.94
𝑵𝜸 2.65
Shape Factors Inclination Factors Depth Factors

𝑭𝒄𝒔 1 𝑭𝒄𝒊 1 𝑭𝒄𝒅 1.21
𝑭𝒒𝒔 1 𝑭𝒒𝒊 1 𝑭𝒒𝒅 1.10
𝑭𝜸𝒔 1 𝑭𝜸𝒊 1 𝑭𝜸𝒅 1.10
Shape, depth and inclination factors for 𝑐 = 20, 𝜑 = 15°
Now, we have 𝑞 , = 422.06 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑞 , 422.06
𝑞 , = = = 140.68 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐹𝑂𝑆 3
Settlement Criteria
Consolidation Settlement for clay is given by
𝐻 𝑝̅ + ∆𝑝
𝑆 =𝐶 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1+𝑒 𝑝̅
For the given strata,
𝑝̅ = 36.07 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , ∆𝑝 = 109.37 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , 𝑺𝒄 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎
The immediate settlement for sand layer is calculated through the following plots.
Fig (a)Plot for calculating settlement in sand. (b)Plot for calculating depth correction factor .
∆𝑝 = 88.23 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑺𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝒎
Applying the depth correction ( 0.9) and rigidity correction factor (0.8) , we have
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.8 × 0.9 × (13.15 + 29.04) = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝒎 < 50 𝑚𝑚
15.2 Raft foundation

Circular Raft Diameter (𝑩) = 15 𝑚
Depth of Footing (𝑫𝒇 ) = 2.5 𝑚
Shear Criteria
Using Meyerhof’s General Bearing Capacity Equation (Meyerhof, 1963),

1
𝑞 = 𝑐𝑁 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 + 𝑞(𝑁 − 1)𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 , (𝑒 < 0.55)
2
2 1
𝑞 = 𝑐𝑁 ′𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 + 𝑞(𝑁 ′ − 1)𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁 ′𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 , (, 𝑒 > 0.75)
3 2
Where 𝑁 ′ , 𝑁 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 ′ are computed for 𝛿 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 0.67𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜑)
Since void ratio (𝑒 ) = 0.62 , so we need to interpolate between general and local shear failure.
Calculating the bearing capacity factors,
Shape Factors Inclination Factors Depth Factors

𝑭𝒄𝒔 1.3 𝑭𝒄𝒊 1 𝑭𝒄𝒅 1.04
𝑭𝒒𝒔 1.2 𝑭𝒒𝒊 1 𝑭𝒒𝒅 1.02
𝑭𝜸𝒔 0.6 𝑭𝜸𝒊 1 𝑭𝜸𝒅 1.02
Shape, depth and inclination factors for 𝑐 = 20, 𝜑 = 15°
Now, 𝑞 , = 541.59 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒)

𝑞 , = 441.27 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒)
Interpolating between 0.55 and 0.75 for (𝑒 ) = 0.62 , we have
𝑞 , = 506.48 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑞 , 506.48
𝑞 , = = = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝐹𝑂𝑆 3
Settlement Criteria
Consolidation Settlement for clay is given by
𝐻 𝑝̅ + ∆𝑝
𝑆 =𝐶 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1+𝑒 𝑝̅
𝑝̅ = 36.07 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , ∆𝑝 = 160.40 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , 𝑺𝒄 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Calculating the immediate settlement for Sand
∆𝑝 = 154.10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑺𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒 × 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Applying the depth correction ( 0.9) and rigidity correction factor (0.8) , we have
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 0.8 × 0.9 × (16.15 + 50.85) = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟐𝟔 𝒎𝒎 < 100 𝑚𝑚
For an overhead tank with capacity 20 Lakh litres, 𝑞 = 113.17 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 < 𝑞 ,
15.3 Pile Foundation

Pile Diameter (𝑫) = 0.3 𝑚
Length of Pile (L) = 12 𝑚
The following equations and plots have been taken from IS: 2911-1(2010).
Fig.- (a)Plot bearing capacity factor vs 𝜑. (b)Plot for calc. adhesion factor corresponding to 𝑐 .
1
𝑄 =𝐴 𝐷𝛾𝑁 + 𝑃 𝑁 + 𝐾 𝑃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 𝐴 (𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 )
2
𝑄 =𝐴 𝑁𝐶 + 𝛼𝑐𝐴 (𝐶𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 )
where,
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 , 𝑚
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 , 𝑚
𝑃 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝 , 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝐴 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 , 𝑚
𝛿 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝛼 = 𝑎𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑐 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟, 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Using the above formulaes, we get
𝑄 = 54.66 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , 𝑄 = 628.55 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑄 = 683.21 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , 𝑄 = = 𝟐𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐

ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a study to identify, predict, evaluate, and communicate
information on the environment of a proposed project and to detail out the mitigating measures
prior to project approval and implementation. The EIA is essentially a planning mechanism for
preventing environmental problems due to an action. It ensures that the potential problems are
foreseen and addressed at an early stage in the project planning and design. Thus this will avoid
costly mistakes in project implementation, either because of the environmental damages that are
likely to arise during project implementation, or because of modifications that may be required
subsequently in order to make the action environmentally acceptable. The purpose of the
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report is to investigate and assess the principal
environmental concerns associated with the proposed airport. The scope of the Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) study covers both the construction phase and the operational stage of the
airport, investigating and analyzing,
 The effects of aircraft noise on institutional and residential areas, particularly at night
 Increased traffic congestion in the airport approaches
 Fire hazards
 Ambient air quality
 Surface water quality
 Hydrogeology
 Impact on flora and fauna
 Social perception, and
 Emergency preparedness.
This environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been prepared as an evaluation and condensation
of a full environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the proposed airport in Ahmedpur, Uttarakhand,
India prepared for the government by the consulting group, following the India government’s
guidelines and the methodologies described in Environmental Assessment Requirements and
Environmental Review Procedures and the Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure
Projects.
16 Description of the project
The project consists of the design, financing, construction, and operation of a new airport. The
proposed new airport will be located in the Ahmedpur, Uttarakhand, India.
17 Description of the environment
A study is conducted to identify the ambient air quality in the selected area. The daytime noise in the
vicinity of the site is also surveyed. Temperature range in the proposed area is also identified.
It is good to have no forests at the project site as there will not be any endangered species of flora
and fauna. The population at the site that has to be relocated is less. The site area is mostly
agricultural area.
18 Anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures
Environmental impacts are anticipated during both the construction stage and the operational stage.
18.1 Construction Stage

Earthwork, soil excavation, ground preparation, and concreting activities will further increase the
Total Suspended Particles (TSP) level. However, a comprehensive system of netting to be used as
well as constant daily watering of the ground will mitigate the impact. Solid waste generated from
the construction activities will be disposed of daily by garbage trucks. Employment opportunities and
other sources of income for the residents of the capital city will be generated by the project.
18.2 Operational Stage

No significant increase in the level of TSP of the air quality within the vicinity will be generated
during operation. Nevertheless, the terminal building will be fully air-conditioned and equipped with
dust filtration system which that will be regularly checked and cleaned. The additional aircraft
movements will increase the noise level. However, flights are normally scheduled during daytime to
minimize noise disruption to settlements relatively near the airport. No breach of acceptable airport
noise standards will take place. Further, the flight path of aircraft will not be over densely populated
areas. The commercial operation of the airport may cause a mild migration of potential job seekers
to the capital city, since jobs will be created by the project.
19 Institutional requirements and environmental monitoring program
During the whole airport project cycle, monitoring of noise and of air and water quality parameters
will be undertaken regularly and continuously. Regular monitoring will be undertaken to assess the
effectiveness and integrity of the mitigating measures being implemented to minimize the adverse
impacts of the airport project activities. Monitoring will also cover (i) performance of the facility
after construction, (ii) verification of proper effluent disposal at the facility, (iii) yearly physical
testing of the airport project area, (iv) proper solid waste disposal, and (v) traffic management.
20 CONCLUSIONS
The proposed airport project will definitely be to public advantage. The major benefit will be
socioeconomic. The primary long-range effects on the physical environment include the relocation
of several houses due to road widening, and several institutions. Finally, the residents of the capital
city will be subjected to both temporary and permanent increases in noise level, which, however, in
terms of level, time of occurrence, and distribution will not cause a major impact. The construction
of the proposed airport will assure optimum use of a section of unused land.
Although it will result in a few limited temporary environmental adverse effects, the life expectancy
of the terminal’s productivity will prove profitable to society on both a regional and local basis.
The proposed airport development will have no significantly adverse impacts on the surrounding
environment. The construction, while involving soil improvement and considerable earthwork will,
use proven construction techniques and conventional earthwork methods. Potentially minor adverse
impacts can readily be avoided by good site management and construction practices, particularly
related to drainage system design. A simple monitoring program is needed to cover the construction
phase and the first three years of operation. This will be prepared during the design phase of the
project by the engineering consultants. It will then be implemented during the airport project
construction by the administration assisted by the engineering consultants, and by the staff
operating the airport during airport operation. The monitoring program will also be supervised.
This report has been produced to inform and facilitate the request for a Environmental Impact
Assessment Regulations. In accordance with the EIA regulations, only those issues which give rise to
potential significant environmental effects need to be assessed in detail within the airport project.
Those matters which have been identified as potentially giving rise to significant environmental
effects include:
 Surface transport and access.
 Air and ground noise.
 Air quality.
 Socio-economics.
 Waste.
 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) when integrated into the existing planning and
decision making structure, provides additional information towards a better decision
making. Project proponent must make sure that the concept of the proposed project does
not contradict any development plans, policies or any decisions of the government prior to
the EIA study.
The FORM 1 is attached below which will be submitted to Ministry of Environment and Forest.
21 FORM 1
BASIC INFORMATION
Name of the Project: Proposed airport in Haridwar District
Location / site alternatives under consideration: Ahmedpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand
Size of the Project: 1500 acres
Screening Category: Physical Infrastructure (Category A Project)
Capacity corresponding to sectoral activity (such as production capacity for manufacturing, mining
lease area and production capacity for mineral production, area for mineral exploration, length for
linear transport infrastructure, generation capacity for power generation etc.,)
1. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the Project involving actions,

which will cause physical changes in the locality (topography, land use, changes in
water bodies, etc.)
Yes/ Details thereof (with approximate

Sl. No. Information/Checklist confirmation quantities /rates, wherever possible)
No with source of information data
Permanent or temporary change in land

use, land cover or topography including From agricultural land to commercial
1.1 Yes
increase in intensity of land use (with use for Airport.
respect to local land use plan)
Clearance of existing land, vegetation The clearance of vegetation will be

1.2 Yes
and buildings? done to clear the land.
1.3 Creation of new land uses? Yes Land will be used for Airport use.
Geotechnical Soil investigation has

Pre-construction investigations e.g. been carried out. Detailed geo-
1.4 Yes
bore houses, soil testing? technical investigation of the
proposed site has been done.
The major construction works are:
Road development
1. Internal roads
2.Connectivity roads
3. Runway Strip
Buildings
1.Terminal Building
1.5 Construction works? Yes
2. ATC Tower
3. Hanger
Utility/Services
1.Water supply
2. Drainage
3.Parking facility
4. Sewerage
Some of houses inside Airport area

1.6 Demolition works? Yes
may be demolished.
Labor camp is proposed for the

construction worker, during the
Temporary sites used for construction
construction phase. All the
1.7 works or housing of construction Yes
construction activities including
workers?
storage of raw materials will be
confined to the project site only.
The earthwork was involved for

foundation and basement. Excavated
Above ground buildings, structures or soil will be used for site leveling, back
1.8 earthworks including linear structures, Yes filling/filling in raft and road
cut and fill or excavations construction. Top layer of soil will be
stored and used for landscaping /
horticulture development work.
Underground works including mining or

1.9 No Not Applicable
tunneling?
1.10 Reclamation works? No Not Applicable
1.11 Dredging? No Not Applicable
1.12 Offshore structures? No Not Applicable
Production and manufacturing

processes?
Temporary facilities will be developed
Facilities for storage of goods or during construction phase for storage

1.14 Yes of construction materials.
materials?
Facilities for treatment or disposal of The construction stage solid waste will
1.15 Yes comprise mainly of construction
solid waste or liquid effluents?
waste. The construction debris
generated will be reused within the

site for various construction works.
Airport operations encounter various

types of waste, including: Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW), Construction and
Demolition Debris (CDD), waste from
aircraft flights (deplaned waste),
compostable waste, hazardous and
industrial waste.
Facilities for long term housing of

1.16 No Not Provided
operational workers?
New road, rail or sea traffic during Internal Roads and connectivity of
1.17 Yes
construction or operation? Airport to highway.
New road, rail, air waterborne or other

transport infrastructure including new Internal Roads and connectivity of
1.18 Yes
or altered routes and stations, ports, Airport to highway
airports etc?
Closure or diversion of existing

Some old existing roads may be
transport routes or infrastructure
1.19 Yes diverted or closed to develop effective
leading to changes in traffic
route.
movements?
New or diverted transmission lines or

1.20 Yes Not Applicable
pipelines?
Impoundment, damming, culverting,

1.21 realignment or other changes to the No Not Applicable
hydrology of watercourses or
aquifers?
1.22 Stream crossings? No Not Applicable
Abstraction or transfers of water form The ground water will be used during
1.23 Yes
ground or surface waters? construction and operational phase.
Runoff generated from the project

site during monsoon season will be
Changes in water bodies or the land recharged to ground water aquifer.
1.24 No
surface affecting drainage or run-off? Network of drainage system
developed in the site will be used to
collect roof as well as surface runoff.
During construction phase transport

of personnel as well as construction
materials would be required. The
personnel would preferably be
Transport of personnel or materials for engaged from nearby areas.
1.25 construction, operation or Yes Precaution will be taken to reduce the
decommissioning? impact of vehicular movement by
trying to avoid the vehicular trips
during peak hours. During the
operation phase sufficient parking
spaces will be provided in basements.
Long-term dismantling or
decommissioning or restoration works?
Ongoing activity during

1.27 decommissioning which could have an No Not applicable
impact on the environment?
1.28 Yes During construction phase temporarily

Influx of people to an area in either
influx of people from nearby areas is
temporarily or permanently? expected and during operation phase

also influx of people (floating) will
take place.
1.29 Introduction of alien species? No Not applicable
Loss of native species or genetic

1.30 No Not applicable
diversity?
1.31 Any other actions? No Nil
2. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as

land, water, materials or energy, especially any resources which are non-renewable
or in short supply):
Details thereof (with approximate

Sl.
Information/checklist confirmation Yes/No quantities /rates, wherever possible)
No.
with source of information data
Land especially undeveloped or agricultural The proposed project site and its
2.1 Yes
land (ha) surrounding area is mostly agricultural.
Water (expected source & competing users)

2.2 Yes Groundwater will be main source.
unit: KLD
2.3 Minerals (MT) No Not Applicable
Construction materials such as Cement,

Steel, Bricks, Stone aggregates, and
Construction material – stone, aggregates,
2.4 Yes Sand would be required for the project.
sand / soil (expected source – MT)
These will be procured from reputed
licensed local vendors.
Details thereof (with approximate
Sl.
Information/checklist confirmation Yes/No quantities /rates, wherever possible)
No.
with source of information data
2.5 Forests and timber (source – MT) Yes Limited use of timber will be done.
Energy including electricity and fuels

Power for the proposed project will be
2.6 (source, competing users) Unit: fuel (MT), Yes
supplied by state electricity board.
energy (MW)
Any other natural resources (use

appropriate standard units)
3. Use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials, which

could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about
actual or perceived risks to human health.
Sl. Yes/ Details thereof (with approximate

Information/Checklist confirmation quantities/rates, wherever possible)
No. No with source of information data
This is a construction project and no

Use of substances or materials, which are
storage of hazardous chemicals (as per
hazardous (as per MSIHC rules) to human
3.1 No MSIHC rules) will be made, apart from
health or the environment (flora, fauna, and
limited quantity of High Speed Diesel
water supplies)
(HSD) storage (for DG sets).
Suitable drainage and waste

management measures will be adopted
Changes in occurrence of disease or affect
to restrict stagnation of water &
3.2 disease vectors (e.g. insect or water borne No
accumulation of waste. This will
diseases)
effectively restrict the reproduction
and growth of disease vectors.
Affect the welfare of people e.g. by changing The air transport industry has a
3.3 Yes substantial economic impact by
living conditions?
contributing to sustainable
Information/Checklist confirmation quantities/rates, wherever possible)
development, supporting remote

communities and widening consumer
choice.
Vulnerable groups of people who could be The vicinity area people will be affected
3.4 affected by the project e.g. hospital patients, Yes by noise pollution. Some people will
children, the elderly etc., also be displaced from their lands.
3.5 Any other causes No Nil
4. Production of solid wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning

(MT/month)

Information/Checklist
quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source
No. confirmation No of information data
Excavated top soil would be properly stacked and

Spoil, overburden or mine reused as top layer for horticulture development.
4.1 No
wastes Remaining soil will be used for site leveling, back
filling/filling in raft and road construction.
Municipal waste will be generated during

construction and operational phase. The solid
waste includes food waste, plastic waste etc.
Municipal waste (domestic and
4.2 Yes Waste generated in the passenger terminals and
or commercial wastes)
the airport operator's facilities is handled at a
central container station, where it is sorted for
incineration, recycling or for landfill.
4.3 Hazardous wastes (as per Yes Hazardous and non-hazardous wastes may be
Hazardous Waste generated during ground vehicle maintenance,
Management Rules) aircraft cleaning, fueling operations, aircraft

maintenance and repair work, and engine test cell
operations. Management of hazardous wastes will
strictly follow the most current stringent Federal,
State and local regulations governing treatment,
storage, and disposal (TSD). Suitable care will be
taken to prevent spills/ leaks of used oil from
storage.
The industrial waste will be of
Industrial Wastewaters
Acids and alkalies.

4.4 Other industrial process wastes Yes
Oil, grease, and/or detergents
Batteries.
De/anti-icing chemical wastes.
4.5 Surplus product No Nil
Dried sludge from the Sewage Treatment Plant will

Sewage sludge or other sludge
4.6 Yes be used as manure for horticulture development.
from effluent treatment
Surplus manure will be sold to farmers.
Demolition work not involved.
Construction Waste: Excavated soil will be used for
Construction or demolition back filling. Other construction waste like bricks,

4.7 Yes concrete etc. will be used in roadwork/manholes
wastes
etc. Excavated earth and construction debris will
be disposed as per debris management plan to
authorized dumping sites.
Redundant machinery or
4.8 No
equipment
Contaminated soils or other

materials
4.10 Agricultural wastes No
4.11 Other solid wastes No Nil
5.Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air (Kg/hr)

quantities/rates, wherever possible) with
No. confirmation No source of information data
Emission will be from Stationary Sources:
Diesel Generator sets

Emissions from combustion of
5.1 fossil fuels from stationary or Yes
mobile sources
Mobile Sources: Vehicular emissions
Airplane emissions
Emissions from production

5.2 No No production is done.
processes
Fugitive dust emission due to transportation &

Emissions from materials handling, loading-unloading activities is
5.3 handling including storage or Yes envisaged during construction. Frequent water
transport sprinkling will be done to minimize the fugitive
emissions.
5.4 Emissions from construction Yes During the construction phase, major emission
activities including plant and will be in the form of fugitive dust, use of DG sets
equipment and transportation of construction material.
The project may cause rise in dust levels during

construction phase. Precautions would be taken
to reduce dust generation during construction
phase:
• Use of RMC to reduce material handling & dust

generation.
• Tarpaulins will be used to cover trucks carrying

debris. Water sprinkling will be practiced at
regular intervals to reduce dust emissions.
Operation Stage
Dust or odours from handling of Dust generated during operation stage shall be
5.5 materials including construction minimal due to vegetated & hard surface.
materials, sewage and waste
During operation phase, emissions will be
generated from operation of dg sets. In case of
malfunction of STP odour may be emitted.
Adequate mitigation plans are prepared for such
problems.
Pollution Under Control Certificate will be

mandatory for all vehicles approaching to
the site. Any vehicle not meeting the vehicular

pollution standards will not be allowed within
the construction site and for the construction
activity
5.6 Emissions from incineration of No Not Applicable

waste
Emissions from burning of waste Burning of any substances including biomass,

5.7 in open air (e.g. slash materials, No slash materials and/ or construction debris will
construction debris) be prohibited.
Emissions from any other
5.8 sources No Not applicable
6. Generation of Noise and Vibration, and Emissions of Light and Heat:
Sl. Information/Checklist Yes/ Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates,

confirmation wherever possible) with source of information data
6.1 From operation of equipment Yes Noise is expected to be generated during construction
e.g. engines, ventilation plant, phase mainly from operation of heavy machinery, DG
crushers sets.
During operation phase, noise & vibrations will be

generated due to airplane operations and due to
traffic or vehicle movements.
6.2 From industrial or similar No

processes
6.3 From construction or Yes Noise Pollution Control: Noise pollution will be due to
demolition operation of machinery, DG set & transportation
vehicles during construction stage. As there is
negligible habitation in nearby area impact will be
insignificant. However following precautions shall be
taken to control noise pollution. • High noise
generating construction activities would be carried
out only during day time. • Installation, use and
maintenance of mufflers on equipment. • Workers
working near high noise construction Machinery
would be supplied with ear muffs/ear plugs.
• Noise producing activities will be staggered to

reduce the cumulative impacts.
6.4 From blasting or piling Yes Piling will be there during construction phase which
will cause noise pollution.
6.5 From construction or Yes Noise will be generated due to operation of DG set &
operational traffic vehicular movements and aircraft operations during
operation phase.
Adequate peripheral tree plantation & soft vegetation

will also help in surface reduction of the noise level
and improve air quality. Green belt will be provided to
control noise.
6.6 From lighting or cooling Yes Heat will be generated from ACs
systems
6.7 From any other sources No
7. Risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants into the

ground or into sewers, surface waters, groundwater, coastal waters or the sea:

No. confirmation No wherever possible) with source of information data
From handling, storage, use or The waste oil generated during operation phase from
7.1 Yes the DG sets or fuel oil will be collected and separately
spillage of hazardous materials
stored in HDPE drums over concrete floor within the
premises before final disposal. All precautionary steps

will be taken to avoid spillage It will be directly
transferred to authorized recyclers.
From discharge of sewage or

other effluents to water or the Generated Sewage from the campus will be treated in
7.2 land (expected mode and place No the STP proposed onsite, and recycled within the
of proposed project facility for gardening.
discharge)
Dust generation during construction phase from

earthworks and movement of vehicles was a
By deposition of pollutants temporary phenomenon and will have short term
7.3 emitted to air into the land or No impact during construction phase. Appropriate
into water fugitive dust control measures, including water
sprinkling of exposed areas and dust covers for trucks,
will be provided to minimize any impacts.
7.4 From any other sources No
Is there a risk of long term build

up of pollutants in the
7.5 No
environment from these
sources?
8.Risk of accidents during construction or operation of the Project, which could

affect human health or the environment

8.1 From explosions, spillages, fires No During construction phase, no such risk was
etc from storage, handling, use or anticipated. However, the contractors shall comply
production of hazardous with the safety procedures, norms and guidelines
substances as applicable) mentioned in the Codes. During
Operation Phase, all precautionary and safety
measures will be taken to minimize any accident
hazard.
8.2 From any other causes No Nil
The site lies in Seismic Zone IV. The construction

will be carried out as per the guidelines prescribed
Could the project be affected by
for Seismic Zone IV in NBC 2005. All the civil
natural disasters causing
structures will be seismically resistant and
8.3 environmental damage (e.g. Yes
designed as per following IS codes: IS 4326: 1993
floods, earthquakes, landslides,
IS 1893 (Part I). Site & surrounding is flat hence
cloudburst etc)?
Flooding & landslide respectively are not involved
in project. Event of cloudburst not recorded.
9. Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which

could lead to environmental effects or the potential for cumulative impacts with
other existing or planned activities in the locality

Lead to development of The proposed project will be equipped with dedicated

supporting. internal road, parking, internal water distribution
Utilities, ancillary system, fire- fighting system, internal sewage collection

9.1 Yes
development or & treatment facility, lighting facilities, solar lighting,
development and power backup facility & solid waste collection &
treatment facility.
stimulated by the project
which could have impact on

the environment e.g.
• Supporting
infrastructure (roads, power This is a planned development hence social as well as
supply, waste or Yes physical infrastructure like roads, power, waste has
waste water treatment, already been considered by planning department.
etc.)
• housing development No
• extractive industries
Yes Increase demand for minerals, metals & transport fuel.
• supply industries
Yes Construction materials
• other No Nil
Lead to after-use of the site,

9.2 which could have an impact No Not Applicable
on the environment
9.3 Set a precedent for later Yes There will be generation of employment during
developments construction & operation phase.
Have cumulative effects due

to proximity to other Impacts on water availability, availability of electricity,
9.4 Yes
existing or planned projects traffic congestion etc.
with similar effects.
Sl. Name/ Aerial distance (within 15

Areas km.) Proposed project
No. Identity location boundary
Areas protected under international conventions,

1 national or local legislation for their ecological, No
landscape, cultural or other related value
Chandi Range (about 14 km

Areas which are important or sensitive for ecological from site)
2 reasons - Wetlands, watercourses or other water bodies, Yes
coastal zone, biospheres, mountains, forests Ganga Canal (about 9 Km
from site)
Areas used by protected, important or sensitive species

3 of flora or fauna for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, Yes Ban Ganga Wetland
over wintering, migration
Inland, coastal, marine or underground waters

4 No
5 State, National boundaries No
Routes or facilities used by the public for access NH-334 used to go to har ki
6 Yes
to recreation or other tourist, pilgrim areas pauri (haridwar)
No defense installation in
7 Defense installations No
the neighborhood.
8 Densely populated or built-up area
Areas occupied by sensitive man-made land uses

(hospitals, schools, places of worship, community The area is an agricultural
9 facilities) No
area.
Areas containing important, high quality or scarce

resources
10 (ground water resources, surface resources, forestry, No

agriculture, fisheries, tourism, minerals)
Areas already subjected to pollution or environmental

11 damage. (those where existing legal environmental No Not applicable
standards are exceeded)
The project is located at

seismic zone IV according to
Indian Standard Seismic
Zoning Map. Structural
design will be done for this
seismic zone as per code.
Areas susceptible to natural hazard which could cause There are no possibilities of
the project to present environmental problems the proposed project site

12 Yes getting flooded as per
(earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding available records.
or extreme or adverse climatic conditions)
HYDRAULICS
ENGINEERING
22 Objective and Study Background
22.1 Objective
Hydraulic analysis about the site and its surroundings and designing hydraulic works required for the
drainage system of the airport with understanding the water flow through existing natural
watershed in area.
22.2 Introduction
This report describes the design of drainage system for a typical airport which is to be constructed in
Haridwar district. There is absolutely no question that an impeccably designed draining system for
airports is a fundamental and perhaps, one of the most important requisites to ensuring operational
integrity and safety. Moreover, an intelligently designed drainage network significantly enhances
pavement durability and expedites getting rid of water in the face of a thunderstorm or torrential
rain.
Design experts come up with the best channel drain system to prevent domestic and international
airports to mitigate costly damages caused primarily by flooding. Moreover, a cutting-edge and
error-free drainage system can also help the air traffic steer clear of potential hazards, especially
during take-off and landing. Airports have a flat gradient in terms of land mass, it is necessary for the
water to be removed from the subsurface as well as the actual surface as quickly as possible.
22.3 Study Area
Study Area
22.4 Scope of Work

The following is the scope of the drainage study-
1. Site visit to look over existing drainage system, measure and characterize existing facilities,
review and characterize downstream facilities and upstream areas, and list topographic
information required.
2. Determine land use characteristics, drainage areas, soil characteristics, ground covers
involved.
3. Obtain topographic information.
4. Calculate discharges in conduits and design cross section of the conduits.
5. Prepare map(s) of airport showing existing hydrologic characteristics and existing major
drainage facilities.
6. Compare the design of discharges for return period 5 years and 10 years.
23 Hydrologic Background
23.1 Storm water quantification methods

1. Rational Method
2. Empirical formulae method
In both the above methods, the quantity of storm water is considered as function of intensity of
rainfall, coefficient of runoff and area of catchment.
We have used rational method to predict the runoff due to stormwater.
23.1.1 Rational method

Storm water quantity can be estimated by rational method as below: Storm water quantity,
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐼𝐴
Where,
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑚 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓
𝐼 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐) for 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 , 𝑚
23.2 Basic of Design

To find the IDF data we used data available on a research paper “Potential Impact of Climate
Change on Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves in Roorkee, India” by Rohit Singh
,D.S.Arya, Arun Taxak and Z. Vojinovic .Using IDF curve data and runoff from rational method
drainage system was designed for 5 and 10 years.
23.2.1 IDF curve

Intensification and frequency of hydrologic events are attributed to climate change and are expected
to increase in coming future. Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves quantify the extreme
precipitation and are used extensively to assess the return periods of rainfall events. It is expected
that climate change will modify the occurrence of extreme rainfall events. Thus a need of updating
IDF curves arises under the climate change scenario. This paper aims at updating the IDF curves for a
typical Indian town using an ensemble of five General Circulation Models (GCMs) for all the
Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios. Sub-daily maximum intensities (15-, 30-,
45-, 60-, 120-, and 180 min) were obtained from the observed records.
24 Hydrologic Analysis and Design
24.1 Importing google earth image as background

To import google earth image in storm cad it was saved in picture format first. Later it was
georeferenced using Q GIS software in UTM 43 N zone. Extreme coordinates of image were found
for QIS. Coordinates was then input in storm cad.
Importing background Image.
24.2 Terrain Model Generation and importing in StormCAD

To generate terrain data in land xml format google earth elevation data was used. It was prepared in
UTM zone 43N and model was made in Revit-2018 to generate topography .This topography was
exported in land xml format using site designer toolbar .
Building model in Revit -2018
24.3 Contour Generation

After import terrain data contour interval was choosen and contour was generated.
Contour intervals
24.4 Importing Airport Layout in StormCAD

Airport layout was made in google earth and exported in .kml file .It was converted in .shp file and
then also projected in UTM43N using Arc GIS software. It was then added as background layer in
stormcad.
24.5 Calculation of 𝑻𝒄 (Time of Concentration)
We calculated the time of concentration (𝑇 ) by the Kirpich method, which is developed for small
drainage basins in Tennessee and Pennsylvania, with basin areas from 1 to 112 acres. The formula is:
𝑇 = 0.77 𝐾𝐿/ (𝑆 × 𝑛)
where,
L = basin length (ft)
S = basin slope (ft/ft)
The estimated 𝑇 is multiplied by 0.4 if the overland flow path is concrete or asphalt, or by 0.2 if the
channel is concrete-lined.
24.6 Catchment delineation by observing contour data

Since ground topology is subjected to change when constructing airport due to ground excavation
and filling and other changes, catchment delineation was done by observing contour data and also
keeping in mind the future ground topology.
Catchment delineation
24.7 Drawing catch basins and conduits

In each catchment catch basin was provided and catchment was connected to corresponding catch
basin. Conduits were drawn connecting catch basins and outfall was also created in software.
24.8 Importing IDF curve data into the model

These are the data that we imported.
24.9 Conduit design selecting catalogue conduit
List of box conduit was choosen for available design options for designing conduits.
24.10 Choosing Return Period

Drainage system was designed for 5 and 10 year return period.
24.11 Choosing of invert levels of catch basins and conduits

Given the constrains software has the capacity to automatic design the invert level so initially invert
level was given 3 m below ground level and command was given to automatically design the inverts.
24.12 Setting of rim elevation

It is the top elevation of a manhole or catch basin (junction) structure. Rim elevation was chosen to
be equal to ground elevation.
25 Results
25.1 Scenario 1:Design for return period of 5 year
convergence of rainfall runoff to outfalls
Fig. 9-Different properties of catch basins
Properties of conduits.
Properties of catchments
Node summary of the drainage system

Link summary of the drainage system.
Different properties of catch basins.
25.2 Scenario 2: Design for return period of 10 year
Convergence of rainfall runoff to outfalls.

Different properties of catch basins.
Properties of conduits.
Properties of catchments
Outfall Properties
Link summary of the drainage system.
Node summary of the drainage system.

TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
26 Geographical Parameters
Description Distance Direction

Total area available
658 ha
in hectares
National Highway –
Access Road 3.8 km S
334 (58 Old)
District Headquarter Haridwar 21.0 km NE
Nearest Town Roorkee 17.0 km SW
Nearest Railway Pathri Railway
3.0 km SE
Station Station
Nearest Airport Dehradun Airport 60.0 km N
Height above MSL 253 m
27 Terminal Building
The terminal building is designed to serve the annual passenger demand of 4,50,000
passengers. As per FAA recommendations gross terminal area required per annual
enplaned passenger is 0.08 ft2 to 0.12 ft2. Taking an area requirement of 0.1 ft2 the total
area required is equal to 45,000 ft2 which is around 4100m2. Based on the spacing of
columns and number of columns we have provided an area of 4050 m2.
For design annual passengers,
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 = = 1233 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
Percent of daily passengers in peak hour versus annual enplaned passengers.

As per FAA recommendations, from the graph above,
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 13
Therefore, peak hour passengers = 160 passengers.
For design peak hour passengers the area of facilities provided at a terminal building,
according to FAA recommendations is as follows.
Components Space Required (in m2)

Ticket Lobby 160
Baggage Claim 160
Departure Lounge 320
Waiting Rooms 240
Immigration 160
Customs 480
Amenities 320
Airline Operations 800
28 Runway
28.1 Runway Orientation

Wind Direction
Wind Grand
E N NE NW S SE SW W
Velocity Total
0.04-0.34 0.48% 1.45% 2.52% 5.83% 0.76% 9.24% 2.21% 0.07% 22.54%
0.34-0.64 0.28% 0.59% 1.69% 4.86% 0.38% 7.03% 1.90% 0.10% 16.82%
0.64-0.94 0.38% 0.55% 0.90% 3.86% 0.41% 5.45% 1.48% 0.10% 13.13%
0.94-1.24 0.17% 0.59% 1.28% 4.10% 0.17% 5.10% 1.28% 0.03% 12.72%
1.24-1.54 0.21% 0.59% 0.76% 3.96% 0.07% 3.41% 0.52% 0.00% 9.51%
1.54-1.84 0.10% 0.28% 0.48% 2.72% 0.17% 2.00% 0.48% 0.10% 6.34%
1.84-2.14 0.07% 0.28% 0.21% 3.17% 0.17% 2.24% 0.52% 0.07% 6.72%
2.14-2.44 0.07% 0.28% 0.34% 1.65% 0.03% 1.24% 0.31% 0.03% 3.96%
2.44-2.74 0.00% 0.17% 0.14% 1.38% 0.03% 0.65% 0.21% 0.00% 2.59%
2.74-3.04 0.03% 0.24% 0.10% 1.07% 0.00% 0.62% 0.21% 0.00% 2.28%
3.04-3.34 0.00% 0.00% 0.03% 0.24% 0.03% 0.38% 0.03% 0.00% 0.72%
3.34-3.64 0.03% 0.10% 0.03% 0.38% 0.00% 0.28% 0.07% 0.00% 0.90%
3.64-3.94 0.00% 0.00% 0.07% 0.28% 0.03% 0.14% 0.00% 0.00% 0.52%
3.94-4.24 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 0.41% 0.00% 0.28% 0.03% 0.00% 0.76%
4.24-4.54 0.00% 0.00% 0.03% 0.07% 0.00% 0.07% 0.00% 0.00% 0.17%
4.54-4.84 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 0.10% 0.00% 0.00% 0.14%
4.84-5.14 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.10% 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.14%
6.04-6.34 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.03%
Grand
1.83% 5.14% 8.58% 34.13% 2.28% 38.30% 9.24% 0.52% 100.00%
Total
Wind Rose
>3.04 2.74-3.04 2.44-2.74 2.14-2.44 1.84-2.14 1.54-1.84
1.24-1.54 0.94-1.24 0.64-0.94 0.34-0.64 0.04-0.34
N
0.4
NW 0.3 NE
0.2
0.1
W 0 E
SW SE
S
The prominent wind direction is SE.
28.2 Runway Length

The Aerodrome Reference Code gives the characteristics of different types of aircrafts as
shown.
A/C Type ARFL WS OMGWS
B777-200 2,500 m 60.9 m 12.8 m
EMB-145 1,500 m 20 m 4.8 m
A320-200 2,058 m 33.9 m 8.7 m
ARFL – Aeroplane Reference Field Length

WS – Wing Span
OMGWS – Outer Main Gear Wheel Span
Considering B777-200 aircraft type for deciding the runway length. Code 4F is allotted for
this purpose as per ARC. For design aircraft,
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2500 𝑚
Elevation Correction- For every 300m rise in elevation the runway length should be
increased by 7 percent.
Airport elevation above MSL=253.15 m
Therefore,
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2500 × 1.059 = 2647.5 𝑚
Temperature Correction- For every 1 degree Celsius increase in airport reference

temperature above standard temperature the runway length has to be increased by 1
percent.
Monthly mean of average daily temperature for June (T1) = 30 Celsius
Monthly mean of the maximum daily temperature (T2)= 41 Celsius

𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇1 + = 33.67 deg 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠
3
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 15 + ℎ × 𝑟 = 13.354 deg 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠
Where
r=rate of change of temperature=-6.5 deg Celsius per km upto 11 km height.
h=height above mean sea level.
𝐴𝑅𝑇 − 𝑆𝑇𝐸 = 20.31 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2647.5 × 1.2031 = 3185.2 𝑚
Gradient Correction – The runway length is increased by 20 percent for every 1 percent
effective gradient. For,
effective gradient = 0.305 %
gradient correction = 6.1 %
Therefore,
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 3185.2 × 1.061 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟎 𝒎
The permissible values of slopes as per ICAO are 1.25% (Max.) with Max. slope of 0.8% in
the last quarters on both ends and overall slope not to exceed 1.00% in the longitudinal
direction and 1.50% (Max.) and 1.00% (Min.) in the transverse direction.
Name Dimensions
Length 3380 m
Width 60 m
Runway Strip 3400 x 150 m
Runway End Safety Area 100 x 150 m on either sides
29 Taxiway
• As per ICAO, airport is classified as E. (wingspan = 60.9 m)
• Maximum longitudinal gradient is 1.5% to be provided.
• Taxiway width = 23 m
• The surface of taxiway must be visible at least up to a distance of 300 m from any
point at a height of 3 m above the taxiway surface.
• Maximum pavement transverse gradients = 1.5%
30 Design of Runway Pavement
Pavement analysis and design involves the interaction of four equally important
components, the subgrade(naturally occurring soil), the paving materials(surface layer, base
and subbase), the characteristics of applied loads and climate. Airport pavements are
designed and constructed to provide adequate support for the loads imposed by airplanes
and to produce a firm , stable, smooth all weather surface free of debris or other particles or
other particles that can be blown or picked up by propeller wash or jet blast. The design of
flexible pavement is carried out for the design aircraft.
30.1 Materials used in pavement structure
Surface course- It typically includes Portland cement concrete and Hot-Mix Asphalt(HMA).
Base- Base course falls into two categories un-stabilized and stabilized. Unstabilized bases
consist of crushed and uncrushed aggregates. Stabilized bases consists of crushed and
uncrushed aggregates stabilized with cement and asphalt.
Subbase- Subbase courses consists of granular material, which may be stabilized or

unstabilized.
Subgrade- Subgrade consists of natural or modified soils.
30.2 Pavement Design

The pavement design was carried out using FAARFIELD software. It uses layered elastic and
three dimensional finite element based design procedures for new and overlay designs of
flexible pavements. FAARFIELD uses the maximum vertical strain at the top of the subgrade
and the maximum horizontal strain at the bottom of all asphalt layers as the predictors of
pavement structural life. For the design of flexible pavement the CBR value for the subgrade
was calculated.
30.2.1 CBR Test
Penetration
(mm)
Load (div) Load (kg) Load (kg)
350
0 0 0
300
0.5 0.5 2.83
250
1 4 22.64
200
1.5 9 50.94 150
2 15 84.9 100
2.5 21 118.86 50
3 27 152.82 0
0 5 10 15
4 38.5 217.91 Pentration , mm
5 46 260.36
7.5 53 299.98
10 56 316.96 Plot of Load vs. Penetration
12.5 56.5 319.79
350
300
250
200
Load (kg)
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Penetration, mm
Corrected CBR Readings
Unit load at 2.5 mm penetration(from corrected origin), kg/cm2= 162

Unit load at 5 mm penetration(from corrected origin), kg/cm2= 275
CBR value (at 2.5 mm),% = 11.8%
CBR value (at 5 mm),% = 13.38%
30.3 Results from FAARFIELD Analysis
Pavement Structure Information by Layer, Top First
Thickness Modulus Poisson's Strength

No. Type
mm MPa Ratio R,MPa
1 P-401/ P-403 HMA Surface 101.6 1,378.95 0.35 0.00
2 P-401/ P-403 St (flex) 127.0 2,757.90 0.35 0.00
3 P-209 Cr Ag 324.1 429.63 0.35 0.00
4 Subgrade 0.0 137.55 0.35 0.00
Total thickness to the top of the subgrade = 552.7 mm
Airplane Information
Gross Wt. Annual % Annual

No. Name
tonnes Departures Growth
1 B777-200 Baseline 248.115 1,500 0.00
2 B777-200 ER 298.464 1,500 0.00
3 B777-200 LR 348.359 1,500 0.00
Additional Airplane Information
CDF CDF Max P/C

No. Name
Contribution for Airplane Ratio
1 B777-200 Baseline 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 B777-200 ER 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 B777-200 LR 0.00 0.00 0.00
31 Parking Facility
 The parking Building has been designed to accommodate around 500 vehicles.
 The proposed parking area is 4815 m2.
 The parking building consists of 4 storey. Each storey accommodating 135 vehicles.
 The proposed parking method is clearway parking. It consists of ramp system which
facilitates the movement of vehicles from one storey to another.
 The ramp design is an opposed ramp design. In this vehicles rotate in the same
direction with up and down ramps in opposite direction.
 We have proposed the 90 degree parking configuration. It is most efficient and
economical. Standard Dimensions of this configuration are-
Description Dimension
Parking space width 2.75m
Parking space length 6m
Driving aisle width( 2-way) 7m
Two rows plus aisle width 19m
Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 72
 Straight Ramp with rectangular shape.

 Providing a ramp slope of 10%.
 Ramp turn super elevation-> ½ inch per foot of ramp width at the turning.
 The parking building is equipped with lifts to facilitate the movement of people.
Parking Layou
STRUCTRUAL
ENGINEERING
32 General Information
32.1 Preamble
The design of Terminal Building of the proposed airport near Haridwar is a part of the
B.Tech Project under the guidance of the Professors of IIT Roorkee.
32.2 Objective of the Report

This detailed design basis report is being presented to indicate the standardized design
methodology followed for structural analysis, designs and detailing during the process and
highlight the critical assumptions made for designs during the initial stages. Any major
revisions in assumptions/criteria shall have repercussions on designs and revised reports
shall be submitted in such cases.
32.3 Salient Features of the Project

32.3.1 Site Location
The site is located in Haridwar- Roorkee-Laksar region.
32.3.2 Building Description

Project consists of following:
Terminal building: Ground, first and roof truss. There are some portions of double height.
32.3.3 Description of Substructure

Foundations – RCC
Columns, core walls, beams and slabs Column Pedestals – RCC
Plinth Beams - RCC
Description of the foundation for the

As per Soil report and section-6-page number 27
building
Expansion/Separation joints provided

No
around the building
32.3.4 Description of Superstructure
No. of Floors Ground, first and roof truss
Plan, Elevation,
Symmetric on two axes.
whether Symmetric in Elevation
Concrete at first floor level & roof

Type of floor slab
sheeting as trusses at roof level.
Columns – RCC columns
Columns, beams and slabs Beams – RCC beams
Slabs – RCC slabs
Average thickness of floor slab in mm. 175
32.3.5 Building Use and Function

Ground Floor: This area is used as a security hold area, Baggage claim, check-in, public
concourse, departure and arrival.
First Floor: This area is used as shop retails and restaurant.
Roof Floor: Non accessible terrace.
32.4 Statutory Requirements

The design of the civil, Structure will comply with the requirements of the following:
 National Building Code

 Local Building Regulations
 Bureau of Indian standard codes
 Any other regulation as advised by the client.
32.5 Design Philosophy

32.5.1 Structure
The structure proposed for terminal building is composed of Reinforced Concrete Cement.
The Structural design of the proposed project is based on Indian Standard Codes.
It is analyzed for Dead, Live, Wind and Seismic Load conditions taking into relevant load
combinations recommended by the codes.
The Vertical Loads including the dead and super imposed loads and the Lateral loads due to
wind and seismic forces are transferred to the soil through proposed structural steel
composite frame, Core Walls and footings. Footings/Foundations are sized with
consideration to the safe bearing capacity of soil at the level of transfer of load
recommended by specialist soil investigation consultants as the case may be. Foundations
were considered with concrete.
32.5.2 Design Life

The design life of the building is assumed 50 years as per IS code recommendation satisfying
for the criteria of environmental conditions. This requirement is applicable only for concrete
works and not applicable to replaceable finishing materials, water proofing membrane and
thermal insulations (if any). Hence periodic maintenance/refurbishment is required for all
replaceable material for longer life.
32.5.3 Liquid Retaining Structures

Following are the design considerations for the liquid retaining structures as per IS 3370
Part-2 (2009)
Crack width- The maximum calculated surface width of cracks for direct tension and flexure
or restrained temperature and moisture effects shall not exceed 0.2mm with specified cover
and for STP it shall be less than 0.1mm.
Strength
Deflection and is designed based on the above criteria by limit state method.
33 Codes and Standards

The latest editions of the Codes and Standards will be used. All design work shall be based
on Indian Standards, Euro standards, with amendments if any, as on date.
33.1 Loadings
IS: 875 -1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Building and
Structures - Unit Weights of Buildings Materials and Stored Material.
PART 1 - Dead Loads (IS: 875 -1987)
PART 2 - Live loads or Imposed Loads (IS: 875 -1987)
PART 3 – Wind Loads (IS: 875 -2015)
PART 5 - Special Loads and Load Combinations (IS: 875 1987)
33.2 Design for Earthquake Resistance

IS: 1893 (Part-1)-2002 - Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures.
IS4326:2013 - Earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings code of practice.
33.3 Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements

IS: 456-2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
IS: 1786-2008 Specification for High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wires for Concrete
Reinforcement
SP: 16 Design aid for reinforced concrete to IS: 456.
SP: 23 Hand book on concrete mixes
SP: 24 Explanatory hand books on code of practice for PCC
SP: 34 Hand book on Concrete reinforcement and Detailing
33.4 Structural Steel Elements

IS: 800-2007 Code of practice for general construction in steel.
IS: 4000 ASTM A325 Bolts, Nuts and Tightening method.
IS: 814, 816, 6560 Electrodes for welding

IS: 9595, AWS Welding procedures
ASTMA325 Structural Bolt
IS: 7215 Fabrication tolerance for steel
IS: 2062, ASTMA572 Material for steel
IS: 7205 Safety during erection of steel work
IS: 814 Covered electrodes for welding
SP: 6-(1)-1964 Hand book on structural steel sections.
Specification of Mild Steel and Medium Tensile Steel bars and

hard drawn Steel Wire for concrete reinforcement – Mild Steel
IS: 432(Part-1)-1982 and Medium Tensile Steel Bars
IS: 816 Metal Arc Welding
IS: 817 Training of welders
IS: 1395 Code for manual metal arc welding
IS: 1641 Fire safety grading & classification
IS: 1642 Fire safety: Detail of construction
IS: 1643 Fire safety: Exposure hazard
IS: 6560 bare electrode for gas shielded welding
IS: 6610 Heavy washers for steel structures
IS: 6623 High strength structural nuts
IS: 6639 Hexagonal bolts for steel structures
IS: 6649 Washers for high strength bolts and nuts
IS:12843 Tolerances for erection of steel structures

IS: 7307(Part-1) Approval test for welding procedure
IS: 7310(Part-1) Approval test for welders
IS: 7318(Part-1) Approval test of welders for WPS
33.5 Earthwork
IS3764 Code of safety for Excavation work
33.6 Soil and Foundation

IS8009:1976 Code of practice for calculation of settlements of foundation.
Indian Standard Code of practice for Design & Construction

IS: 1904-1986 foundations in Soil: General Requirements.
Indian Standard Code of practice for Design & Construction of raft

IS2950 (Part1)-1981 foundations – (Part-1)
IS: 3370(Part-2)-2009 Concrete Structures for Storage of Liquids – code of practice
34 Materials
Materials specified will confirm to the latest edition of the relevant Indian Standards or
other accepted standard. Specifications for materials will include for sampling and testing as
stipulated in the design standards. Detailed material specifications will be included in the
Technical Specification.
34.1 Concrete
Keeping the durability and structural requirement, the proposed strength of various
elements of structure will be as follows:
Durability provisions for structures shall be as per “Mild” conditions of environment in

accordance with IS 456:2000.
Minimum grade of concrete should be M25, as per IS 456-2000, Table-5
Keeping the durability and structural requirement, the proposed strength of various
elements of structure will be as follows:
Structural concrete for RCC columns shall have characteristic compressive strength as
mentioned below:
Foundation/Pedestals- M25
Screed on first floor level- M25
34.2 Reinforcement Steel

All reinforcement shall confirm to IS: 1786 – 2008 having minimum yield strength of 415
N/sq mm (Fe 415).
HYSD-TMT bars of grade 500 conforming to IS: 1786.
Young’s Modulus Es= 200,000 N/Sqmm
Yield Stress fy = 415 N/Sqmm
Diameters [inmm] 6,8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 &32
Density 78.5kN/cum
34.3 Masonry Wall

The detailing of the masonry walls to the RCC/Steel elements both vertical and horizontal
along with RCC bands shall be detailed by architects in drawings.
Grade for the masonry shall be specified in architectural drawings.
35 Design Data
35.1 Dead Loads
Dead load shall include weight of all structural and Architectural components. Self- weight
of the materials shall be calculated on the basis of unit weights given in IS: 875(part 1)-1987.
Unit weight of Reinforced cement concrete 2500Kg/cum – 25 kN/cum
Unit weight of reinforcement steel/structural steel 7850Kg/cum – 78.5 kN/cum

Water 1000Kg/cum – 10 kN/cum
Stainless steel 7850Kg/cum – 78.5 kN/cum
Brick Masonry 2000Kg/cum – 20kN/cum
Light weight filling material 1000Kg/cum – 10 kN/cum
Soil –Dry 1800Kg/cum – 18 kN/cum
Following loads are considered while designing the structural elements apart from dead
load (self-weight) as per code. Block workloads shall be considerloadsed as per actuals
Ground Floor
Load components Thickness UDL Annotations
(mm) (kN/sqm)
Ground Floor Level:
Office Dead Load Actuals
Live Load - 5 Including 20%
Impact loads
Finishes 50 1.5
Staircase Dead Load Actuals

Live Load - 4
Finishes 50 3.675 75mm finishes +
steps load
Toilet Dead Load Actuals

Live Load - 2
Finishes 50 1.2
Escalators Dead Load Actuals

Live Load - 10
Finishes 50 1.2
Lift Lobby Dead Load Actuals

Live Load - 4
Finishes 50 1.2
First Floor Level:

Staircase Dead Load Actuals
Live Load - 4
Finishes 50 3.675 75mm finishes +
steps load
Toilet Dead Load Actuals

Live Load - 2
Finishes 50 1.2
Escalators Dead Load Actuals

Live Load - 10
Finishes 50 1.2
Lift Lobby Dead Load Actuals

Live Load - 4
Finishes 50 1.2
Restaurant Dead Load Actuals
Live Load - 5
Finishes 50 1.2
35.2 Seismic Loading
1 Town HARIDWAR
2 Zone – Annex – E IV
3 Zone co-efficient(Z) Table -03 0.24
4 Importance factor(I) Table - 06 1.5
5 Response reduction factor(R) Table-07 Ordinary moment resisting frame
6 Fundamental Natural period in sec –Clause 7.6.2 Ta=0.080h0.75
7 Ductile detailing as per IS-13920-2016 Not Provided
8 Damping ratio 5%
Percentage of imposed load to be considered in seismic weight calculation as per IS-1893-

2016 (cl. 7.3.1)
Impose uniformity distributed floor loads (kN/sqm) Percentage of imposed loads

Up to and including 3.0 25
Above 3.0 50
Vb = Ah * W W = Seismic weight of the structure from STAAD
Ah = Horizontal seismic coefficient as per code
The base shear shall be applied from the foundation of the building, In the case of non-
uniform connections of retaining wall at ground floor base level slab the height of the
building for seismic loads shall be taken from the basement 1 level.
Note: Steel buildings with ordinary moment resisting frame R=3 is considered.
Permissible deflection: 0.4% of floor height = 0.04*h – where h is the height of the floor. All
horizontal deflection criteria shall be as per IS 800-2007-Table 6
35.3 Seismic Map of India
Bureau of Indian Standards,

based on the past seismic
history, grouped the country into
four seismic zones, viz. Zone-II,
Zone -
III, -IV and –V.
V. Of these, Zone V is
the most seismically active
region, while zone II is the least.
l
The Modified Mercalli (MM)
intensity, which measures the
impact of the earthquakes on
the surface of the earth, broadly
associated with various zones, is
as follows.
ZONES INTENSISTY
II (Low intensity zone) VI (or less)
III (Moderate intensity zon

zone) VII
IV (Severe intensity zone) VIII
V (Very severe intensity zone) IX (and above)
Table 44-Seismic Zone Intensity on MM scale
Since Allahabad is in zone II (Severe intensity zone), Zone co

co-efficient
efficient is considered 0.1 for
design.
35.4 Wind Map of India
Wind
ind load as per IS:875 (Part 3)
3)-2015
1 Zone Roorkee
2 Basic wind speed (Vb) m/sec
m/sec- Appendix-A 39 m/sec
3 Risk co-efficient (k1)-Table
Table-01 1.0 (for general buildings)
4 Terrain, height and size factore (k2) As per table 02 – 1.22
5 Topography factor (k3)) 1.0
6 Importance factor for the cyclonic region (k4) 1.0
7 Design wind speed (Vz) Vz = Vb*k1*k2*k3*k4
8 Design wing pressure (Pz) Pz = 0.6*Vz2
9 Internal and External co
co-efficient as per IS:875 Not Required as per Closed
(part 3) Structure
It is generally recognized that absolute sway is not a perceivable parameter; however,
limiting sway is used to provide a reasonable level of stiffness and in order to limit damage
to non-structural elements as well as limit size of curtain wall joints, etc.
Dynamic wind analysis check as per IS 875-part III clause 7.1:
Detailed procedure and preliminary gust coefficients for the wind forces is enclosed below.
Flexible slender structures and structural elements shall be investigated to ascertain the
importance of wind induced oscillations or excitations along and across the direction of
wind. In general, the following guidelines may be used for examining the problems of wind
induced oscillations:
a) Buildings and closed structures with a height to minimum lateral dimension ratio of more
than about 5.0.
b) Buildings and closed structures with natural frequency in the first mode less than 1.0Hz.
Any building or structure which satisfies either of the above two criteria shall be examined
for dynamic effects of wind. Dynamic wind analysis shall not be required for the building as
per IS codes.
36 STAAD Analysis
Fig.1- 3-D Model
Fig. 2- Elevation-1
Fig. 2- Elevation-2
36.1 Analysis Commands

STAAD SPACE: Defining that the problem is 3D.
UNIT: Defining the length and force units.
JOINT COORDINATES: Defining the nodes and their locations.
MEMBER INCIDENCES: Defining the member and their nodes.
ELEMENT INCIDENCES SHELL: Defining plate elements for walls.
ELEMENT PROPERTY: Defining the thickness of slabs as 175 mm.

DEFINE MATERIAL: Defining the properties of the material.
JOINT WEIGHT: Defining joint weights at nodes due to seismic load as per IS:1893 (static
analysis).
CUT OFF MODE SHAPE: Defining number of mode shapes equal to 50.
JOINT LOAD: Defining Seismic Load as per response spectrum method (dynamic analysis).
SPECTRUM CQC: Using Complete Quadratic Combination method for analysis.
LOAD: Defining the load cases.
CONCRETE DESIGN: Provide reinforcement to the members as per specifications.

36.2 Section Properties
Slab Thickeness = 175 mm
Beam cross-section = 1000 mm x 400 mm
Column cross-section = 1200 mm x 900 mm
Truss elements: PIP1270H
PIP3556H
36.3 Load Combinations

Based on code recommendations, 13
load combinations are provided from
load case no.9 to load case no.21.
The additional load combinations are
provided to take into account the
temperature loads as building span is
greater than 45 m.
As the seismic loads are prominent

over wind loads in this zone the load
combinations include Earthquake
loading instead of wind loading.
Temp1 and Temp2 Loading are

temperature loads for expansion and
contraction respectively.
36.4 Output File

We defined 50 mode shapes for dynamic analysis.
Static analysis (joint weight Dynamic analysis (CQC

method) method)
Base Shear in X-direction 5111.1 kN 5111.58 kN
Base Shear in Y- direction 5111.18 kN 5111.41 kN
It can be seen in the below image:
Fig. 2- Base Shear in X-direction
Base Shear in Z-direction

36.5 Post-Processing
36.5.1 Maximum Forces in an element
36.5.2 Mode shapes for EQ loading

36.5.3 Maximum reactions at supports
36.5.4 Maximum Deflections
Codes provide the maximum allowable deflection limits for floor and roof trusses, which is
based solely on the truss span. Generally, for roof trusses, the deflection in inches due to
live load cannot exceed the span in inches divided by 240 (L/240) and due to total load
L/180.
In our case, maximum L=30 m, so permissible allowable deflection turns out to be 166 mm.
From above table the deflection is within permissible limits.
36.6 Design of Beam
36.6.1 Moment:
Beam No. 297 (Top R/f)
S.No. Parameters Formula Value Units
1 Factored Mz - 978 kNm
2 B - 400 mm
3 D - 1000 mm
4 D - 950 mm
0.0035
0.87 ∗ 𝑓
5 xu,max/d 0.0055 + 𝐸 0.479107491
6 xu,max - 455.1521166 mm
𝑥 , 𝑥 ,
7 Rlim 0.362𝑓 1 − 0.416 4.166082707
𝑑 𝑑
𝑀
∗ 1000
8 dlim 𝑅 ∗𝑏 766.0824054 mm
CHECK dprov > dmin SAFE
𝑀
1 R 𝑏𝑑 2.709141274 MPa
𝑓 4.598 𝑀𝑢
1− 1− ∗ 100
2𝑓 𝑓 𝑏𝑑
2 % Pt reqd 0.850451542
𝑏∗𝑑∗𝑝,
3 Ast req 100 3231.715859 mm2
𝑓 𝑥 ,
41.61 ∗ ∗
4 Limiting % Pt 𝑓 𝑑 1.441132244
𝑏∗𝑑∗𝑝 ,
5 Ast lim 100 5476.302527 mm2
CHECK Ast lim > Ast req Under R/F
6 No. of Bars - 7
Diameter of
bar provided,
7 φ1 - 25 mm
Steel
8 Provided - 3436.116965 mm2
Spacing 𝜋(φ1) ∗ 𝑏
9 required (s) 4∗𝐴 57.14285714 mm
CHECK Ast prov > Ast req SAFE
Beam No. 297 (Bottom R/f)
1 Factored Mz - 559.33 kNm
2 B - 400 mm
3 D - 1000 mm
4 d - 950 mm
0.0035
0.87 ∗ 𝑓
5 xu,max/d 0.0055 + 𝐸 0.479107491
6 xu,max - 455.1521166 mm
𝑥 , 𝑥 ,
7 Rlim 0.362𝑓 1 − 0.416 4.166082707
𝑑 𝑑
𝑀
∗ 1000
8 dlim 𝑅 ∗𝑏 579.3488075 mm
CHECK dprov > dmin SAFE
S No. Parameters Formula Value Units
𝑀
1 R 𝑏𝑑 1.549390582 MPa
𝑓 4.598 𝑀𝑢
1− 1− ∗ 100
2𝑓 𝑓 𝑏𝑑
2 % Pt req 0.458205984
𝑏∗𝑑∗𝑝,
3 Ast req 100 1741.182739 mm2
𝑓 𝑥 ,
41.61 ∗ ∗
4 Limiting % Pt 𝑓 𝑑 1.441132244
𝑏∗𝑑∗𝑝 ,
5 Ast lim 100 5476.302527 mm2
CHECK Ast lim > Ast req Under R/F
6 No. of Bars - 16
Diameter of
bar provided
7 , φ1 - 12 mm
Steel
8 Provided - 1809.557368 mm2
Spacing 𝜋(φ1) ∗ 𝑏
9 required (s) 4∗𝐴 25 mm
CHECK Ast prov > Ast req SAFE
36.6.2 Shear:
S
No. Parameters Formula Value Units
1 Design Shear Ve=Vu+1.6*Tu/b 367.429 kN
2 Nominal Shear Stress Ve/(bd) 0.966918421 N/mm2
3 Max Shear Stress - 3.5 N/mm2
4 Ast provided - 3436 mm2
5 %ptreqd 100*Ast/(bd) 0.904210526
6 Design Shear Strength - 0.678 N/mm2
Shear Resisted by stirrups

7 Vus (Tv-Tc)*bd 109.789 kN
8 Stirrup Diameter - 8 Mm
9 Area of Stirrups Asv - 100.6 mm2
10 Spacing Required 0.87*fy*Asv*d/Vus 314.2896693 mm
11 Max Spacing 2.175*fy*Asv/b 709.2142818 mm
0.75d 712.5 mm
300 300 mm
12 Spacing Provided - 300 mm

36.6.3 Reinforcement Detailing
From STAAD, the reinforcement detailing is as shown.

36.7 Design of Column
Design check for column is done from SP:16 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS:456.
Design of short axially loaded compression is governed by following equation:
𝑃 = 0.4 𝑓 𝐴 + 0.67 𝑓 𝐴
Where
Pu is the axial load (ultimate), Ac is the area of concrete, and Asc is the area of reinforcement.
The above equation can be written as
𝑃 𝑝
= 0.4 𝑓 + 0.67 𝑓 − 0.4 𝑓
𝐴 100
Alternatively, following charts can be used for designing columns

Example Column No. 273
𝑃 = 3133 𝑘𝑁 𝐴 = 1.08 𝑚
Therefore, = 2.9 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚
From graph we conclude that there is no requirement of r/f so minimum reinforcement is

provided i.e. 0.8%.
0.8
𝐴 = ∗ 𝐴 = 8640 𝑚𝑚
100
From STAAD, the reinforcement detailing is as shown.
36.8 Design of Slab
36.8.1 Slab Design

S No. Parameters Formula Value Units
1 Slab Length - 15 m
2 Slab Width - 6 m
3 Slab Thickness (D) - 175 mm
4 d D-20-φ 145 mm
5 Beam Width B 400 mm
effective length for slab

6 design - 2.4 m
7 Self-Weight (wDL) 24*D 4.2 kN/m2
8 Finishing Load - 1.5 kN/m2
9 Total Load - 5.7 kN/m2
10 Live Load (wLL) - 5 kN/m2
11 Factored Load 1.5(wDL) 8.55 kN/m2
1.5(wLL) 7.5 kN/m2
End Span
Location
end support midspan first int. support Units
Mu -3.852 8.424 -9.7248 kNm/m
Mu/bd2 0.183210464 0.400665874 0.462535077 MPa
%(pt)reqd. 0.051108428 0.112737811 0.130471465
(Ast)reqd. 74.10722008 163.4698255 189.183624
(Ast)min.
(mm2/m) 0.0012bD 210 mm2/m
Reqd.
Spacing
using φ
8 678.2805023 307.4908919 265.6967945 mm
10 1059.813285 480.4545186 415.1512414 mm
Max.
Spacing 3d (also < 300 mm) 435 mm
(top) (bottom) (top)

Spacing
of bars
provided
8 300 300 250 mm
10 - - -
36.8.2 Reinforcement Detailing

37 Conclusion
So, in this project using the aspects of site selection we had considered the factors of LULC,
DEM, slope, roadway Euclidean distance, railway Euclidean distance and soil type and
generated the suitable map. This suitability map is used to decide which site would best and
most favorable for our airport. We have marked this site in the map in Google earth Pro.
The dimensions of the locations are also proposed as above.
Geotechnical study at proposed site was carried out to determine the bearing capacity of
the soil which involved Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Dynamic Cone Penetration Test
(DCPT) and Plate Load Test. The samples collected were tested in laboratory to get the
characteristic values of the soil. Based on the results obtained strip foundation was provided
for terminal building and raft foundation was provided for overhead tank.
Meteorological data was collected from the Department of Hydrology and hydrological
study was carried out to determine the maximum amount of runoff and a network of
drainage was designed to remove the storm water.
Environmental Impact Assessment was carried out to study the adverse effects of airport
construction on environment and to understand the procedures to mitigate these effects.
Case Study of Jolly Grant Airport Dehradun was done and number of annual passengers for
the airport were determined. Based on the guidelines of FAA, for design passengers, gross
terminal area for the terminal building was determined and space for different terminal
facilities was allocated. Using the meteorological data runway orientation was determined
and runway length was calculated. Flexible pavement design was carried out for the runway,
taxiways and apron.
Structural analysis of the terminal building was carried out using Staad Pro. Loads on beams
and columns were determined and truss roof was analyzed. Using IS codes and design aids
these structural elements were designed and detailed.

Final Report

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1 Table of Contents

12.2 Importance of AHP in decision making

12.3 How the weightage of each variable is determined?

Overburden Corrected Dilatancy Final

Plot of corrected N values with depth.

Overburden Corrected Dilatency Final

0.45 5 3.33 9 1.81 6.02 6

Plot of N(SPT) values with depth.

Depth of Pit (𝑫) = 2𝑓𝑡 3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

Diameter of Plate (𝑫𝒑 ) = 2 𝑓𝑡 = 60.96 𝑐𝑚

Plate Load Test

Plot of Load Intensity vs Settement obtained from Plate Load Test.

Standard Diameter of Plate (𝑫𝒔𝒕𝒅 ) = 75 𝑐𝑚

Test results obtained from Plate Load Test.

Conducting Hydrometer Test in the Laboratory.

Grain Size Distribution (75 cm)

GSD plot for 75 cm depth.

GSD plot for 150 cm depth.

Grain Size Distribution (225 cm)

GSD plot for 225 cm depth.

Hydrometer Analysis for 75 cm depth.

Hydrometer Analysis for 150 cm depth.

Hydrometer Analysis for 225 cm depth.

Liquid Limit Determination (75 cm).

𝑾𝑳 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 % , 𝑾𝑷 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟕 % , 𝑰𝑷 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 %

Liquid Limit Determination (150 cm).

𝑾𝑳 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟔 % , 𝑾𝑷 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 % , 𝑰𝑷 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 %

Plot of 𝜎 𝑣𝑠 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (%) .

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑜ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒, 𝑐 = 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 = 15°

Triaxial Test conducted for 3 values of confining stresses.

𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 103.5 𝑔𝑚 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙. = 84.98 𝑚𝑚

Plot of void ratio (e) vs Pressure, log (P).

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙, 𝑪𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟖

Soil profile of the sand and clay layers.

15.1 Strip Footing

Using Meyerhof’s General Bearing Capacity Equation (Meyerhof, 1963),

Soil Properties for Clay Layer

Soil Properties for Sand Layer

Bearing Capacity Factors (𝝋=15°, B=3m)

Shape Factors Inclination Factors Depth Factors

Shape, depth and inclination factors for 𝑐 = 20, 𝜑 = 15°

Now, we have 𝑞 , = 422.06 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Consolidation Settlement for clay is given by

For the given strata,

𝑝̅ = 36.07 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , ∆𝑝 = 109.37 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , 𝑺𝒄 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.8 × 0.9 × (13.15 + 29.04) = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝒎 < 50 𝑚𝑚

15.2 Raft foundation

Using Meyerhof’s General Bearing Capacity Equation (Meyerhof, 1963),

Where 𝑁 ′ , 𝑁 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 ′ are computed for 𝛿 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 0.67𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜑)

Calculating the bearing capacity factors,

Shape Factors Inclination Factors Depth Factors

Now, 𝑞 , = 541.59 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒)

Consolidation Settlement for clay is given by

𝑝̅ = 36.07 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , ∆𝑝 = 160.40 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 , 𝑺𝒄 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎

Calculating the immediate settlement for Sand

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 0.8 × 0.9 × (16.15 + 50.85) = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟐𝟔 𝒎𝒎 < 100 𝑚𝑚

15.3 Pile Foundation

𝑄 =𝐴 𝑁𝐶 + 𝛼𝑐𝐴 (𝐶𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 )

𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 , 𝑚

𝑃 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝 , 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟

𝐴 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 , 𝑚

𝑐 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟, 𝑘𝑁/𝑚