Guide: Cross-Product Line

Document Number: Revision:
INS-006249 3.0
Product Line / Function Level:
Cross-Product Line Global

Document Type:
Guide
Title:
Pressure Fittings Guide
© February 2018 by Expro - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
This document may not be reproduced, either wholly or in part, nor may it be used by, or its contents divulged to, any other person
whosoever without written permission of Expro. Furthermore the Master Copy of this document is held and formally controlled within
Insight. Hard copies may be printed but will not be updated. Please refer to Insight for the latest revision.
Template No: INS-T-008 Rev 6

INS-006249
Rev. 3.0
Revision List
Revision Date Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by

1.0 04/08/2017 Gary Beattie Jamie Walker Ian Robb
Revision Comment: First release within Insight. Replaces INS-002262 Fittings Manual to reflect
changes from a manual to a guide. This document has been approved for use by Subsea, Well Test,
Wireline and DST-TCP representatives from the cross-product line SME committee.
Revision Comment: 1.Information on Thermowells (section 18) added at the behest of the Welltest
product line. 2. Statement in section 19.2.1 revised to clarify utility hose termination requirements.
Revision Comment: 1. Reference to U.S. Sized Fittings Poster added to section 5.
2. Comment added to section 7 to highlight care required with connections on lesser grade material.
Revision Comment:
Revision Comment:
Page 2 of 44 Cross-Product Line Guide

INS-006249
Rev. 3.0
Table of Contents
Section Page
1. Purpose ....................................................................................................................... 6
2. Scope .......................................................................................................................... 6
3. Responsibilities ......................................................................................................... 6
4. Verbal forms, terms, definitions and abbreviated terms ....................................... 7
4.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 7
4.2 Terms and definitions................................................................................................ 7
4.3 Abbreviated terms ..................................................................................................... 7
5. References .................................................................................................................. 8
6. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 8
7. Standard, good fittings practice............................................................................... 9
8. NPT line pipe threaded fittings ................................................................................. 10
8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 10
8.2 Maintenance / inspection procedure ....................................................................... 11
8.3 Gauge measurement ................................................................................................. 12
8.4 Installation sequence ................................................................................................ 13
8.5 NPT engagement tolerances .................................................................................... 14
9. Instrumentation valves .............................................................................................. 15
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 15
9.3 Needle valves ............................................................................................................. 15
9.4 Troubleshooting needle valves ................................................................................ 16
9.5 Ball valves................................................................................................................... 17
10. Manifolds constructed from valves & fittings ......................................................... 18
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 18
10.2 Testing and tagging ................................................................................................... 18
11. Compression fittings ................................................................................................. 19
11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 19
11.2 Component parts ....................................................................................................... 20
11.3 Tubing selection ........................................................................................................ 20
11.6 SAE/MS straight thread – positionable elbows and tees ...................................... 21
11.7 Further manufacturer’s information ........................................................................ 22
12. Hoses .......................................................................................................................... 23
12.1 Swaging ...................................................................................................................... 23
Guide Cross-Product Line Page 3 of 44

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13. JIC fittings .................................................................................................................. 24

13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 24
14. BSP fittings ................................................................................................................ 26
14.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 26
14.2 BSP hoses .................................................................................................................. 26
15. Type M fittings & hoses ............................................................................................ 28
15.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 28
16. Parker Autoclave fittings .......................................................................................... 29
16.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 29
16.2 Low pressure fittings and tubing features ............................................................. 29
16.2.1 Maintenance / inspection procedure ....................................................................... 30
16.2.2 Installation sequence ................................................................................................ 30
16.3 Weep hole & grooves ................................................................................................ 30
16.3.1 Medium pressure fittings and tubing features ....................................................... 31
16.4 Anti-vibration connections ....................................................................................... 32
16.5 Differences between MP and HP fittings ................................................................ 32
16.6 High pressure fittings and tubing features............................................................. 33
16.7 Autoclave hoses ........................................................................................................ 34
16.8 Further manufacturer’s information ........................................................................ 34
17. Quick disconnect fittings ......................................................................................... 35
17.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 35
17.2 Identifying pressure ratings ..................................................................................... 36
18. Thermowells ............................................................................................................... 38
18.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 38

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18.4 Further information .................................................................................................... 38
19. Utilities (air & water) connections ............................................................................ 39
19.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 39
19.2 Claw couplings ........................................................................................................... 39
19.3 MacDonald couplings ................................................................................................ 40
20. Machined port plugs .................................................................................................. 41
20.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 41
20.2 Lee plugs .................................................................................................................... 41
20.3 A.F.O. Plugs ................................................................................................................ 41
21. Non-standard fittings................................................................................................. 42
21.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 42
21.2 JIS fittings ................................................................................................................... 42
21.3 Flared fittings with soft seal ..................................................................................... 42
21.4 Gas regulator connections ....................................................................................... 42
22. Appendix 1 .................................................................................................................. 43
23. Appendix 2 .................................................................................................................. 44

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Rev. 3.0
1. Purpose
The purpose of this document is to provide guidance information on the use and pressure ratings, as well
as recommended best practices on inspection and installation of the common types of hydraulic fittings
used by Expro in hydraulic systems and during pressure testing.
The techniques described and the technical information (regarding torque values etc.) are recommended
practices and the manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines should always be consulted for specific
information.
Specific references to industry standards and technical information (regarding torque values etc.) were
correct at the time of issue.
2. Scope
The scope of this document is to provide supplementary reference information to personnel who have
received formal training and instruction on hydraulic fittings identification, inspection and make up / break
out during the delivery of the Expro Pressure Testing & Fittings course.
The target group is all field and workshop personnel whose duties include working with hydraulic fittings as
part of their required tasks.
This document, although used a reference document during the delivery of the Expro Pressure Testing &
Fittings course is not a substitute for the provision of formal training.
Additional requirements may be defined with product line / business unit documentation to ensure that the
fittings utilised in the relevant equipment are fit for purpose.
3. Responsibilities
Group Learning and Development shall ensure this guide is issued as reference material during formal
training and instruction on fittings and is periodically reviewed to ensure its accuracy.
It is the responsibility of managers and supervisors to ensure that the guide is available to personnel if they
require additional refresher information.

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4. Verbal forms, terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

4.1 General
The purpose of this document, the following terms, definitions and abbreviated terms apply.
4.2 Terms and definitions
Word Definition (within context of this document)
Finger Tight The torque applied to a threaded fitting connection by twisting by fingers.
A wrench (or spanner) is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage
Wrench
in applying torque to turn objects.
The torque applied to a threaded fitting connection by using a standard 8” long

Wrench Tight
wrench (or spanner) and applying a reasonable amount of force.
4.3 Abbreviated terms
Abbreviation Description (within context of this document)

AFO Axial Force Only
API American Petroleum Institute
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
BS British Standard
BSP(P) British Standard Pipe Parallel
BSP(T) British Standard Pipe Taper
EN European Standards
FFWR Flats From Wrench Resistance
H 2S Hydrogen Sulphide
ID Inside Diameter
JIC Joint Industry Council
JIS Japanese Industrial Supplies
MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
MTP Maximum Test Pressure
MWP Maximum Working Pressure
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers
N.m. Newton Meters
N.P.S. Nominal Pipe Size
NPT(P) National Pipe Thread Parallel
NPT(T) National Pipe Thread Taper
OD Outside Diameter
P-AE Parker, Autoclave Engineers
Psi Pounds per square inch
P.T.F.E. Polytetrafluoroethylene

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5. References
The following referenced documents provide additional information which may assist the reader of this
document. For dated references, only the cited edition applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1. Hose / Cable Management, INS-004708;
2. Expro Fittings Poster(s): INS-006133 (A3 print size) and INS-006254 (U.S. Ledger) (please note
there may be translated or print size specific versions of this document in Insight)
3. ANSI/ASME B1.20.1.
6. Introduction
There are numerous types, styles, and specifications of fitting used in Expro. The fittings which are in contact
with well fluids when used require to be suitable for H2S Service unless reviewed and risk assessed.
Fittings, such as those used for hydraulic control lines, pneumatic applications need not be H2S rated, and
careful selection of fittings is required to ensure that the male and female parts are matched and that the
assembled fitting is fit for purpose. Never mix fittings and never use them outside their intended application
or maximum working pressure (MWP) range.
When there is no other alternative to have to expose a fitting in excess of its maximum working pressure
(MWP) during certain maintenance requirements (such as when sealing off ports on equipment which is
undergoing proof testing to its maximum test pressure (MTP)) this shall be performed in a dedicated test bay,
with the required deviation, required controls in place and authorised by the appropriate personnel.
The type of fittings covered by this guide are:

 NPT;
 Compression Fittings (manufacturers include):
o Swagelok;
o Parker A-lok;
o Hy-lok;
o Gyrolok.
 JIC Fittings;
 BSP(P) Fittings;
 Type M;
 Autoclave Fittings.

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7. Standard, good fittings practice

 Pressure rating of fittings and liners, should be equal to, or greater than the test pressure
to be carried out on the equipment. Potential surge pressures in the testing require to be
below the maximum working pressure of the fitting;
 Only forged stainless steel (with SS316 marking) or better fittings which have been
manufactured in compliance with internationally recognized standards, (such as those
defined by API, ASME, BS or EN) shall be used for pressure testing or hydraulic
applications;
 Check fittings before use for any signs of poor quality manufacture, damage, or stress;
 Whenever possible, the use of pressure fittings rated greater than the required test
pressure is recommended;
 With the exception of 9/16” Autoclave, any fitting to be used at a MWP of 10,000 psi or greater
should be ½” or smaller;
 As a minimum, all fittings should bear manufacturers markings which enable the MWP of the
fitting to be identified (either directly or by part number). Never use components with no
markings or traceability unless assessed. Consult manufacturer for information on appropriate
MWP rating if it is not clearly marked;
 Be careful never to exceed the manufacturer’s rated Working Pressure of any fitting during
operations. For example there are NPT threaded connections that are not rated to 10,000 psi;
 Fittings with the potential to be exposed to H2S shall be compliant with required regulations
(such as NACE MR-0175);
 Proprietary connection types such as Swagelok, Parker, Hy-lok or Gyrolok tube compression
fittings and varieties of Autoclave style connections should not be mixed even though some
manufacturers claim interchangeability;
 Never tighten/slacken fittings when a system is pressurised;
 Never bleed system pressure by slackening fittings or connections;
 Tubing fittings shall be identified along with the tubing as it is the combination that determines
the pressure rating;
 When specific torque values are required the torque wrenches and/or associated tooling shall
be used and calibrated accordingly;
 The MWP of a system is only as high as the lowest rated component (fittings, valves etc.) of
that system. It is recommended good working practice to install valves or fittings which have
a MWP equal to, or greater than, the MWP of the equipment even if it is not required for the
job which is being performed;
 All of the fitting types can be repeatedly used providing they have been removed with care,
inspected prior to use and made up using the proper techniques.
 When the mating connections are made from differing material strengths (e.g. Stainless Steel
mating with Brass) ensure that excessive torque is not applied to the fitting that can result in
stress failures of the lower tensile strength material.
Ensure correct body positioning and hand placement when working with fittings as bleed holes on
pressure fittings, valve blocks, gauges etc. have the potential to eject high pressure jets of fluid (well fluids,
water / glycol, nitrogen etc.).
Although Expro standardises the fittings for our own systems it is not uncommon for 3 rd party supplied
equipment (rented or purchased) to contain “non-standard” fittings to be contained within the units. As a
result, the manufacturers’ documentation should always be consulted to confirm the type and size of the
fittings when connecting to or replacing parts within the units.
Examples of this include equipment utilising imperial tubing, BSPT or NPTT fittings.

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8. NPT line pipe threaded fittings

8.1 Introduction
This section is to provide guidance on the following areas;
 NPT fittings and their purpose;
 Maintenance and inspection procedure;
 Gauge measurement;
 Installation sequence;
 Engagement tolerances.
National Pipe Thread (N.P.T.) is an American standard thread type used to terminate and connect U.S.
“standard” pieces of pipe. The size of the thread is taken from the internal diameter of the pipe. There are
two main forms of NPT, tapered (NPTT) and parallel (NPTP). In Expro, we primarily use only the tapered
type, although 3rd party supplied equipment may contain the parallel type.
The tapered Male thread “wedges” into the female thread to produce a seal on the flanks of the mating
parts. As a result the threads provide the connections mechanical and hydraulic integrity and so is vitally
important, that these are interfaced correctly.
This process creates a great deal of friction and so galling and thread damage can potentially occur,
particularly when the connection is over tightened and/or when no (or insufficient) lubricant is applied.
Figure 1 – NPTT Male Nipple
NPT thread sizes are suitable for their intended purpose as long as they remain in good condition, are
regularly inspected and are used within stated limits.
Due to its wide uses and applications NPT comes in many different shapes, sizes, (below are only some
of the variety available) and materials.
Figure 2 – Examples of NPT Fittings

The materials that NPT fittings can be made from affect the pressure rating. To attempt to reduce the risk,
Expro’s “standard” procured material is 316 stainless steel (or better). Fittings of an inferior material may
be in circulation due to their removal from a low pressure application and so care should be taken to
isolate these from “standard” fittings.

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Typical applicable sizes and limits for NPT are shown in the table below:
Table 1 - Nominal sizes - MAWP.
Note: The above values are MAWP for properly engineered parts. The individual MAWP is dependent on
many factors including the material grade (the above table assumes fittings made from 316 stainless steel)
and the pressure rating of the entire device or assembly.
Note: Expro advise that sizes of NPT over ½” are not used for applications over 5,000psi.
8.2 Maintenance / inspection procedure

All fittings should be checked to ensure they are stamped with the material and/or some form of
manufacturer’s identification that enables the material and MAWP of the fitting to be ascertained.
NPT threads are a “wetted” connection, meaning that they are
exposed to the fluids and substances they have to contain. This
coupled with the friction produced during make up can lead to
damage of these connections over time.
So prior to use, all NPT threads shall be visually inspected for
wear, damage or corrosion. Male threads should be cleaned
using a wire brush. Female threads should be cleaned with a
thread tap (a wire brush may also be used on larger sizes), but
care should be taken to avoid cutting any new threads – it is
solely to remove the additional debris from the threads, not to
cut new threads.
When cleaning a Female NPT thread apply grease to a tap
before cleaning the threads, this will help to remove any debris.
If there is any concern of the condition of the thread then its
suitability shall be determined by using an appropriate,
calibrated thread Gauge.
Note: NPT threads are recommended to be gauge tested every
12 months (during Level 2 & 3 maintenance) as a minimum due
to the metal to metal sealing of the threads.
Figure 3 – Corroded NPT Port
The acceptance Criteria for NPT threads is detailed in ASNI /
ASME specifications.

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8.3 Gauge measurement

Thread gauges are available for various sizes of NPT (both internal and external) threads.
Before gauging an NPT fitting, the threads should first be checked for damage and cleaned if necessary
using a wire brush or the appropriate tool.
When gauging internal threads, the plug gauge is screwed up tight by hand into the internal thread of the
product. The thread is within the permissible tolerance when the gauging notch of the working plug gauge is
not more than 1 turn, full or half, from being flush with the end of the thread.
Figure 4: Female Nipple Internal Threads
When gauging external threads, the ring gauge is screwed up tight by hand on external thread of the
product. The thread is within the permissible tolerance when the gauging face of the working ring
gauge is not more than 1 turn, full or half, from being flush with the end of the thread.
Figure 5 - Male Nipple External Threads

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The plug and ring gauges are calibrated inspection tools therefore they should be handled correctly:
 They should never be forced;

 Never used to clean the threads (use a wire brush or tap);
 They should be stored in clean conditions;
 Be put away dry. Always coat with anti-rust oil or a light grease.
The calibration of the thread gauge shall be confirmed prior to use.
If a thread gauge should go too far externally or internally into a thread or not far enough then the
equipment shall be quarantined.
8.4 Installation sequence

 NPT threaded fittings are to be made up wrench tight with a sealant, (such as Teflon (PTFE) tape
or thread sealing paste). This will also lubricate the mating male and female threads.
There are occasions where only sealing paste shall be used. Examples of these include:
 In hydraulic systems where a high level of cleanliness is required and potential failures could
occur due to shreds of the tape contaminating the system. So the maintenance documentation
should be consulted for guidance;
 Some clients do not allow the use of thread tape because of the previously mentioned and the
increased potential of misuse and failures when using tape. So personnel should be made aware
of any client specific requests.
When using thread sealing paste:
 Ensure threads are clean and free from grease;

 Apply a 360° bead after the 1st male thread;
 For large threads apply to both the male and female
connections.
Figure 6 – Application of Sealant
If using PFTE tape:
 Ensure threads are clean and free from grease;

 Do not apply tape to the 1st thread;
 A maximum of three wraps;
 Tape should be applied in a clockwise direction
to avoid it “unscrewing” when the fitting is made
up.
Figure 7 – Application of Tape
As previously mentioned, the application of PTFE tape has the potential to increase the likelihood of
incorrect fittings being mated. To prevent this, it is recommended that fittings are screwed in by hand prior
to the tape (or sealant) being applied, thus enabling clearer indication of the compatibility of the fittings.

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 Line up male and female couplings and assemble finger tight;

 Further tighten up couplings with a correctly sized open ended spanner to complete make up with
the appropriate threads engaged as per guidelines. (Adjustable spanners/wrenches should not to
be used, as there is a tendency to use excessive force / torque when tightening the fitting with
these hand tools);
 Once made up tight there should still be at least 1 or 2 threads showing meaning the thread has
not bottomed out into the vanished thread beyond the effective length of the thread;
 If the fitting does bottom out, the fitting should not be used as this would indicate either a wrong
connection or a worn thread.
8.5 NPT engagement tolerances

The below table taken form (ASME (B1.20.1)) and provides guidance as to their thread engagement make
up initially by hand (or “finger”) tight and then by wrench.
Table 2 - NPT ASME (B1.20.1)
NPT threads for correct engagement require both finger tight and wrenched tight states. For example a 1/4
inch NPT fitting should screw in approximately 4 threads until finger tight and 3 further threads for makeup
with a correctly sized open ended wrench. As a general guideline for sizes up to ½ inch, after hand-tight
engagement tighten a further 2 ¾ - 3 full turns for full make up.

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9. Instrumentation valves
9.1 Introduction
This section is to provide guidance on the following areas:
 The differing types of instrumentation valves used;
 Maintenance and inspection procedure;
 Needle Valve features, benefits and typical applications;
 Troubleshooting needle valves;
 Ball Valve features, benefits and typical applications.
Instrumentation valves come in two main types; Ball valves and Needle valves and they are used on a
wide variety of Expro equipment, and applications. It is important to remember that the end connection
type pressure rating may not be the same for the valve and so always confirm the valve’s MAWP prior to
installation.

Prior to fitting ball valves and needle valves, check the following:
 Make sure that the valve is fully functional.

 The nipple or receptacle is clean and undamaged.
 Check the pressure rating of the valve is in line with the Maximum Working Pressure of the
equipment it is attached to.
 Use the same connection techniques as for the end connections of the valve.
 When used operationally for containing hydrocarbons a double valve set up shall be used. Also
confirm H2S requirements and compatibility.
9.3 Needle valves

Needle valves are the most commonly used type of instrumentation valves. They have a relatively small
orifice, with a long, tapered conical seat. A needle shaped plunger on the end of a threaded screw fits into
the seat profile.
As the screw is retracted by turning the handle (usually) anti-clockwise the plunger retracts and thus allows
flow between the seat and plunger. However, it is not until the plunger is completely retracted that the fluid
flow isn’t significantly restricted.
This enables needle valves to be very controllable and safe valve, ideally
suited for gradual application and venting of pressure. One of the
shortcomings of needle valves, is that their status (open or closed) is not
easily identifiable and so it good practice when opening a valve to rotate
the handle fully back and then screw it back a half turn and thus leave
the handle loose – the valve aperture will still be fully unrestricted at this
point.
Needle valves either have an arrow or “inlet” marked on the side of the
body of the valve. This indicates the preferred direction of travel of fluid
through the valve and although the valves will isolate pressure from
either direction they also have a preferred direction of isolation (which
due to their offset orifice has less potential leak paths). Typically the
valves are supplied with a male and female connection on either side.
Usually the preferred direction of flow is from the male to the female, but
this should be confirmed prior to installation. Figure 8 – Needle Valve

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Needle valves are typically seen on pressure test pumps and hydraulic control panels for venting
pressures in a safe and controlled manner. They are not generally seen for simple on / off applications
due the time taken to fully open or close and their reduced bore size not allowing substantial flow rates
through the valve.
Figure 9 – Typical needle valve cross sectional view
9.4 Troubleshooting needle valves
Needle Valves can potentially leak over time. Some examples of failure, their cause and resolution are
explained in the table below:
Table 3 – Troubleshooting Needle Valves

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9.5 Ball valves
Ball valves are the other common type of instrumentation valve utilised and seen on equipment.
Ball valves generally allow for greater flow rates through them due to larger aperture through the valve
body. When rotated through 90 degrees the ball valve inside either allows flow or isolates by sealing on
(usually) a Teflon seat.
This makes them an excellent and preferred

choice for simple on / off applications and the
handle engaged into the ball valve provides easy
identification of the valve’s status. It is
recommended standard practice to have the
handle in line with the valve body when it is in the
open position.
Ball valves do not offer fine control that may be

required in throttling applications and continuous
use of valve in partially closed state can lead to
seat wash out and subsequent failure.
The multiple applications of ball valves in high and

low pressure systems can mean that there are
numerous types, manufacturers, materials and
subsequent pressure ratings. Therefore the
pressure rating of the ball valve shall always be
Figure 10 – Typical ball valve
confirmed prior to installation into a pressure system.

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10. Manifolds constructed from valves & fittings

10.1 Introduction
Manifolds are often required to be made up and may consist of a mixture of valves, gauges, crossover or
tee pieces and other fittings. Since the manifold is made from various components, the MAWP of the
manifold as a whole is equal to the MAWP of the lowest rated component which is exposed to pressure.
Numerous such manifolds exist within Expro operations and DST / Subsea pressure and function test
manifolds, Fluid Sampling manifolds and bottle pressure testing manifolds, Surface Well Test
instrumentation manifolds or injection/sample point manifolds, pressure test manifolds, etc.
The component parts of each manifold should be inspected before use to ensure all the components of it
are fit for purpose and that the stamped MAWP ratings match, or exceed, the working pressure rating of
the equipment onto which it will be fitted (consideration should be made for the “Surge Pressure” when
pressure is being applied). Manifold parts which do not have the original manufacturer marking or
stamping for MAWP rating should be removed and disposed.
Figure 11 – Manifold
10.2 Testing and tagging

Because the majority of manifolds are locally made, they are sometimes cannibalized in order to make
use of their individual components for other applications. This practice is counterproductive and should
be avoided. It is strongly recommended to keep the manifolds in a complete state, dedicated to a specific
activity, and even assigned to one particular piece of equipment or toolset.
It is recommended that the manifold is tested (independently) to its MAWP regardless of is application.
Testing should be performed when it is newly made up or when a component has been replaced. It would
then be given an identity tag with a serial number, MWP and test date.
The addition of a locally added identity tag with a serial number, MAWP, and application, will help in
identification and tracking.

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11. Compression fittings

11.1 Introduction
 Compression fittings and their variations;
 Component Parts of compression fittings;
 Tubing selection;
 Maintenance and Inspection Procedure;
 Installation Sequence (for pre-swaged or machined fittings);
 Positionable Elbows and Tees.
Note: This document and instruction does not cover the bending and preparation of the tubing, nor the
initial swaging of tubing; this is covered in an additional training course.
Compression fittings (or twin ferrule) are a type of tube fitting widely seen on various types of equipment.
They come in various sizes and suppliers and they all look and work in a similar way but compatibility
must be ensured prior to use.
Typical suppliers of Compression Fittings used are:
 Swagelok;
 Hy-Lok;
 Parker A-Lok;
 Gyrolok.
Compression fittings are suitable for their intended purpose as long as they
remain in good condition, are regularly inspected and are used within stated
limits.
The various manufacturers fittings are easy to identify by the brand name
stamped onto the nut and valve body. The ferrules can be more difficult to
identify, with only a few of the manufacturers physically marking them with
their brand name. Keeping the component parts together reduces the
likelihood of mixing them up.
Tube fittings come in many different sizes from ¼” to 1” (and 6mm to 25mm).
Imperial and metric tubing and fittings should never be mixed and care should
be taken to avoid this. Expro generally only use imperial sizes, however in
some applications (e.g. 3rd party equipment) metric sizes may be present.
Figure 12 – Swagelok
How sizes are identified does vary depending on the manufacturer, an Connection
example (A-Lok) is illustrated in Figure 13 below.
Figure 13 – Imperial & Metric Comparison Example

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11.2 Component parts

There are 5 parts to a compression tube fitting:
 Tubing: terminated with the compression

fitting;
 Nut: which screws onto the fitting body and
when tightened compresses the ferrules
onto the tube;
 Back ferrule: when compressed by the Nut
it hinges into the tubing, providing grip and
anchoring the connection;
 Front ferrule: when compressed it is driven
into the fitting body and tubing to create the
seal;
 Fitting body: sealing on the front
ferrule and an external thread for the Figure 14 – Compression fittings component
Nut. parts
11.3 Tubing selection

Compression fittings will not have pressure ratings marked on them, as the tubing that they are
compressed onto will ultimately determine the pressure rating of the “system”.
The characteristics of the tubing that determine its working pressure are:
 The material (for most of our standard hydraulic applications 316 stainless steel is used);
 The Outside Diameter / Size (all compression fittings are referred to by the tubing OD size);
 The Wall Thickness (there are a few wall thickness variants for each OD size of tube).
These multiple variants all affect the pressure rating of the tubing and identifying of the resulting pressure
rating is taken from the manufactures tables, a typical example from Swagelok is shown in Table 4.
The specifics of an individual piece of tubing will be printed at intervals onto the tubing (not usually the
pressure rating). This is clearly visible when the tubing is new, however this may fade or is removed over
time. Although the component parts of the fittings cannot be interchanged, tubing from different suppliers
can be providing it has the same specifications (most suppliers use standard specifications).
Table 4 – Example of Tubing types and pressure ratings

Note: always refer to manufacturer’s information to determine the pressure rating of tubing.

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Prior to attaching a previously swaged or machined tube connection the key areas of inspection are:
 The internal sealing profile on the fitting body;

 The external thread on the fitting body;
 The sealing face on the taper on the front ferrule;
 The internal thread on the nut;
 Check the nut spins freely on the tube;
 There no sign of previous slippage and or movement of the ferrules on the tube.

1. Slide back nut and check to see that ferrules and nut are in line with the protruding tube section.
The end connection can often be bent out of alignment if it has been removed roughly. If not
corrected it will result in the cross threading of the nut;
2. Insert protruding tube section into fitting body until front ferrule mates up to the taper on the fitting
body;
3. The thread on the connections is parallel and so the nut should be able to be made up fully by
hand all the way to “finger tight”;
4. Tighten nut further with correctly sized open ended wrench 1/4 turn from finger-tight position (For
1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 inch tube fittings, tighten 1/8 turn from finger-tight).
11.6 SAE/MS straight thread – positionable elbows and tees

To ease the alignment of tubing to porting and reduce the space required to accommodate tubing bends
elbows and tee pieces can be used. Position able fittings can be directed through 1 full rotation to enable
it to face the required direction. This is enabled by an O ring on the lower face which is compressed when
the fitting is screwed in.
1. Lubricate O-ring with a lubricant compatible with the system fluid, environment, and O-ring
material;
2. Turn the fitting into the straight thread boss until the metal back-up washer contacts the face of
the boss;
3. Position the fitting by backing it out (not more than one turn counter-clockwise) until the Swagelok
tube fitting end is oriented in the proper direction;
4. Hold the correctly sized open ended spanner pad with a backup spanner and tighten the locknut
until the washer is against the face of the boss.
Figure 15 – Positionable Elbow

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11.7 Further manufacturer’s information

For further details on Swagelok products please refer to manufacturer’s literature at
http://www.swagelok.com/
For further details on Parker (A-Lok) products please refer to manufacturer’s literature at
http://ph.parker.com/us/en/fittings
For further details on Hy-lok products please refer to manufacturer’s literature at
http://europe.hy-lok.com/
For further details on Hoke, Gyrolok products please refer to manufacturer’s literature at
http://www.hoke.com/index.html

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12. Hoses
Hoses are used with a variety of end connections and a variety
hydraulic and pressure testing applications. A hose should be
considered a miniature “pressure system” and as such it is only as
good as its lowest rated component; sometimes it’s the end
terminations and with others it is the hose itself.
As a minimum Expro requires that all hoses are to be identified (in
accordance with Expro Standard) with:
 A unique number to enable traceability

 Maximum allowable working pressure
 Date of production
Figure 16 – Typical 4 JIC terminated
Synflex hose
When utilising hoses in pressure system, the length of the hoses should always be considered. A hose
failure can result in a “whiplash” effect and so the shorter the hose used the lesser this will be.
When long hoses are unavoidable, the hose should be secured (with tie-wraps for example) periodically
to reduce the “whipping” effect.
Note: For further information on hose maintenance and management see Hose & Cable Management
Standard (INS-004708).
12.1 Swaging
In some locations our standard supplied synflex hoses can be swaged (or re-swaged) in house, although
this shall only be performed by suitably qualified personnel who have undertaken the required training
(this can be provided internally).
The hose swage ends are “crimped” (or squashed) onto the hose end to a specific, required amount which
results in a suitably pressure tight seal between the Swage and Hose.
Figure 17 – JIC Hose Swage Before
Figure 19 – Typical hose Swaging tool Figure 18 – JIC Hose Swage After

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13. JIC fittings

13.1 Introduction
 JIC fittings and their purpose;
 Installation Sequence.
Joint Industry Council (JIC) is a type of flared fitting widely used in hydraulic circuits and hoses.
The fittings have a parallel thread and a ‘metal to metal’ seal is created on the 37˚ sealing faces of the
male and female connections.
They come in number of sizes and the sizes are often referred to a single number: e.g. 6 JIC
This single number comes from the internal bore size (in 16th’s of an inch) of the hose (or tubing in low
pressure applications) that it terminates.
i.e. 4 JIC = 4⁄16 (or 1⁄4) i.d., 6 JIC = 6⁄16 (or 3⁄8) i.d., 8 JIC = 8⁄16 (or 1⁄2)
Note: In Norway the sizes are derived from the thread size and so differ from elsewhere e.g. 4 (or 1⁄4) JIC
has a thread of 0.44” and so is called 7⁄16 JIC.
Figure 20 – JIC male x NPT nipple (Left) & JIC male x JIC female swivel (Right)
JIC is used in a wide variety of applications and so fittings can come in various materials, which will affect
the pressure rating. In Expro for high pressure testing and hydraulic use, we standardise and procure 316
stainless steel which and the pressure rating should always be marked on JIC fittings.
Note: There are JIC fittings with higher pressure ratings but care must be taken when using these as the
mating parts may not be rated equally.

Prior to attaching a JIC fitting the key areas of inspection are:
 The condition of the threads for any damage;

 The angled sealing face for any scratches or damage;
 For a female (swivel) connection: verify that the nut turns freely;
 Check swaged connection for any sign of slippage or damage (if applicable).

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Rev. 3.0

2. Ensure the nut swivels freely and avoids transferring torque/rotation to the hose or fitting that
could potentially damage the fitting or swaged connection;
3. Tighten swivel nut the required amount flats further with correctly sized open ended wrench (see
table 5 below);
4. When fully made up the swivel nut should not be loose to its attached hex nut.
Common mistakes with JIC are over tightening the fitting which can result in damage to the threads and
damage to the swivel connection.
The thread is parallel and very durable and so the fitting should be able to be made up most of the way
finger tight. If it does not, do not use a wrench. Remove the connection and inspect.
Manufacturers recommend the correct assembly method of JIC fittings is ensured by “Flats from Wrench
Resistance” (FFWR). This is the number of flats on the Swivel Nut that it is additionally rotated through
with a wrench after finger tightening.
The numbers of which varies according to the size and is detailed in Table 5 below:
Table 5 – JIC Required Torque Values

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14. BSP fittings

14.1 Introduction
This section is to provide maintenance and field personnel guidance on the following areas;
 BSP fittings and their purpose;
 BSP Hoses;
 Maintenance & Inspection Procedure;
The British Standard Pipe (BSP) thread is a family of standard screw thread types that has been adopted
internationally for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal
(female) thread. Being a type of pipe thread, the size of the fitting is taken from the I.D. of the pipe
Similar to NPT, there are two main forms of BSP, tapered (BSPT) and parallel (BSPP). In Expro we only
use the parallel variety (to avoid any possible confusion with NPT) but these may be seen on 3 rd party
rental or supplied equipment.
It would be possible to screw together the same thread type of NPT and BSP, but their differing thread
flank angles (NPT=60˚ & BSP=55˚) would result in a failure of the connection at pressure and hence
correctly identifying the thread types prior to connecting is critical.
Where the Parallel pipe threads are used a pressure-tight joint is achieved by one of two ways, namely:
 By the compression of a soft material (such as an O-

ring seal or a crush (or Dowty seal) washer. The
washer creates a seal between the end face of the
male thread and a socket or nipple face by the
tightening of a back nut. These are generally for
lower pressure applications and can be seen
on some (lower) pressure transducers.
Figure 21 – BSP fitting with “Crush”
washer
 By a 60 degree tapered profile, where a metal to

metal seal is created between the faces. The male
thread has a recessed (or concave) sealing profile,
while the female thread has a raised (or convex)
sealing profile. These are the most common and are
for higher pressure applications (up to 30,000psi).
Figure 22 – Mated BSP fittings with
tapered sealing profile
14.2 BSP hoses

One of the most common applications of BSP is
to terminate high pressure (Polyflex) test hoses.
Even though many BSP fittings are rated to
30,000psi, in this application the rating of the
hose determines the overall rating of the hose
assembly (as the hose is typically only rated to
26,100psi). See section 12 for more information
on hoses.
Note: The re-terminating of these high pressure,
Polyflex hoses should only be performed by a 3rd
party.
Figure 23 – Typical HP hose with MWP imprint

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Prior to attaching a BSP fitting the key areas of inspection are:

 The angled sealing face for any scratches or damage or the condition of the sealing washer and
flats of the shoulders it compresses on;
 For the female (swivel) connection verify that the nut turns freely;
 Check swaged connection for any sign of slippage or damage (if applicable).

hand all the way to “finger tight”.
could potentially damage the fitting or swaged connection.
3. Tighten swivel nut further with correctly sized open ended wrench to the required torque (see
table 6 below). Care should be taken as over tightening can lead to thread galling.
4. When fully made up the swivel nut should not be loose to its attached hex nut.
Note: Historically there have been some problems with BSP threaded connections due to over tightening.
Wrench tight torque should be sufficient to create a pressure tight seal on the mating sealing faces, but
there are recommended torque values shown in Table 6 below.
Table 6 – BSPP Required Torque Values (for typical sizes)
Note: Threads should be lubricated prior to torqueing.

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15. Type M fittings & hoses

15.1 Introduction
 Type M fittings and their purpose;
 Maintenance & Inspection Procedure;
Type M Fittings (also referred to as a reverse high pressure connection)
is another type of high pressure connection seen on fittings and hoses.
It is a BSP equivalent produced by Parker.
Figure 24 – Type M Fitting
Its form is very similar to BSP with the male threaded connection having (with flat highlighted)
an internal (or concave) sealing profile and the female, swivel
connection with an external (or convex) sealing cone. But the sealing
cone is a 58 degree angle and results in BSP and Type M being
incompatible.
The size of the fitting is taken from the thread OD with the most common
size being 9/16” and it has a MWP up to 50,000 psi.
The most obvious visibly identifiable difference between Type M and
BSP is the larger flat on the end face that Type M has prior to the sealing
cone (as can be seen in Figures 24 and 25).
15.2 Maintenance / inspection procedure Figure 25 – BSP fitting

(for comparison)
Prior to attaching a Type M fitting the key areas of inspection are:

 The angled sealing face for any scratches or damage or the condition of the sealing washer and
flats of the shoulders it compresses on;
 For the female (swivel) connection, verify that the nut turns freely.

1. The thread on the connection is parallel and so the nut should be able to be made up fully by
could potentially damage the fitting or swaged connection;
3. Tighten swivel nut further with correctly sized open ended wrench to the required torque (see
table 7 below). Care should be taken as over tightening can lead to thread galling.
Table 7 – Type M Required Torque Values

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16. Parker Autoclave fittings

16.1 Introduction
This section is to provide guidance on the following areas of the varieties of Autoclave Fittings:
 The differing varieties and features of Autoclave fittings;
 The key areas of inspection of the prior to installation;
 How to identify the differing types;
 The make-up techniques and inspection of pre prepared connections or machined fittings;
 Autoclave hoses.
Note: This document and instruction does not cover the bending and preparation of the tubing, nor the
initial preparation of tubing; this is covered in an additional training course.
Parker Autoclave Engineers (P-AE) manufactures high pressure and extreme temperature valve, fitting
and instrument tubing systems which are coordinated together to operate safely and reliably.
As we shall see, they come in various forms (low, medium and high), sizes and resulting varying pressure
ratings. As with all tube fittings, the sizes are taken from the OD of the tubing.
Autoclave medium male and female connections mate together under the principle of “line contact”
sealing. In order to achieve this, the two parts have slightly differing coned angles.
Figure 26 - Male cone = 59˚ (+0˚/-2˚)
Figure 27 - Female port = 60°

16.2 Low pressure fittings and tubing features
Low Pressure Autoclave connections (also known as Speedbite) are a form of compression fitting with a
single ferrule compression sleeve that is compressed onto the tube when the collar is initially tightened
the prescribed amount.
It is the least commonly seen of the Autoclave variants with only minimal Expro applications.
Low pressure Autoclave fitting and tubing have a maximum allowable pressure of 15,000psi.
Figures 28, 29 & 30 – Speedbite tubing and connections

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Rev. 3.0
16.2.1 Maintenance / inspection procedure

Prior to attaching a previously swaged tube connection the key areas of inspection are:

 The internal thread on the fitting body;
 The sealing face on the taper section of the ferrule;
 The external thread on the collar;
 Check the collar spins freely on the tube;
 There no sign of slippage and or movement of the ferrule on the tube.
16.2.2 Installation sequence

1. Slide back the collar and check to see that ferrules and nut are in line with the protruding tube
section. The end connection can often be bent out of alignment if it has been removed roughly. If
not corrected will result in the cross threading of the collar.
2. Insert protruding tube section into fitting body until the ferrule mates up to the taper on the fitting
body.
3. The thread on the connections is parallel and so the collar should be able to be made up fully by
hand all the way to “finger tight”.
4. Tighten collar further with correctly sized open ended wrench 1/4 turn from finger-tight position
(For 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 inch tube fittings, tighten 1/8 turn from finger-tight).
16.3 Weep hole & grooves

Both the Medium and High pressure Autoclave connections incorporate a Weep Hole (or groove) in the
female ports.
These ports (or grooves) provide:
 Easy identification of any leaks at the fitting by fluid weeping from hole or groove;
 Safety, as if a connection under pressure was backed off accidently, the fluid leakage; from the
port or groove would make the retained pressure immediately visible.
Figures 31, 32 & 33 – Autoclave female ports showing groove and weep holes

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16.3.1 Medium pressure fittings and tubing features

Medium Pressure Autoclave connections are a Coned and Threaded form of tube fitting with tubing having
to be prepared by coning the end and an external (left hand) thread cut onto the tube. A gland nut and a
threaded collar is then attached to the tubing to enable it to be attached and retained in the female, mating
port.
Non tubing, fittings are either one or two piece with no threaded collar required, but the two piece variety
has a separate sealing cone and nut.
Medium pressure Autoclave fittings and tubing have a maximum allowable pressure of 20,000psi.
Figures 34, 35 & 36 – Medium Pressure Autoclave tubing and fittings

Prior to attaching a previously prepared tube connection or fitting the key areas of inspection are:

 The sealing face on the taper on the tube or fitting end;
 The external thread on the gland nut or fitting;
 Check the gland nut spins freely on the tube;
 With the tubing, the collar should be 1½ threads from the front end of tubing to ensure full
engagement of gland nut threads.

1. Insert protruding tube section into fitting body until the cone mates up to the taper on the fitting
body;
2. The thread on the connections is parallel and so the gland nut should be able to be made up fully
by hand all the way to “finger tight”;
Note: Care should be taken during the insertion of the two piece style fittings to ensure that the
cone remains aligned during the tightening of the nut.
3. Tighten gland nut further with correctly sized open ended wrench to the required torque (see Table
8).

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Rev. 3.0
Table 8 – Medium Pressure Autoclave Hex nut sizes and required torque values
16.4 Anti-vibration connections

For certain applications Medium Pressure Autoclave tube
fittings have an optional variant of an Anti-Vibration fitting.
These are identical to the standard fitting at the “bottom half”
and the tubing is still prepared the same. But there is a differing
fitting body, to accommodate an additional Gland Nut and
Slotted Collet.
Once the fitting has been made up “as normal” the gland nut
is tightened. This squeezes the slotted collet to the tube,
providing additional grip to the tubing and thus making the
connection more vibration resistant.
Figure 37 – MP Autoclave tubing
with Anti-vibration fitting
16.5 Differences between MP and HP fittings
Although the O.D. of the tubing is the same (and so they are “named” by the same size), there are many
differences between Medium Pressure fittings to the High pressure type:
 Gland nut size,
 Collar size,
 Collar position,
 Thread depth,
 Wall thickness / I.D. of tubing (Pressure rating stamped on O.D.).
Figures 38 & 39 – Medium & High Pressure Autoclave comparison
One of the easiest ways of differentiating between Medium & High Pressure male and female connections
is the size of the flat between the thread and the coned profile. The flat is much larger and prominent in
the High Pressure connections on both male and female connections.

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16.6 High pressure fittings and tubing features

High Pressure Autoclave connections are also a Coned and Threaded form of tube fitting with tubing
having to be prepared by coning the end and with a (longer) external thread cut onto the tube. A gland nut
and a (left hand) threaded collar is then attached to the tubing to enable it to be attached and retained in
the female, mating port.
Non tubing, fittings are either one or two piece with no threaded collar required, but the two piece variety
has a separate sealing cone and nut.
High pressure Autoclave fittings and tubing have a maximum allowable pressure of 60,000psi.
Figures 40, 41 & 42 – High Pressure Autoclave tubing and fittings

Prior to attaching a previously prepared tube connection or fitting the key areas of inspection are:

 The sealing face on the taper on the tube or fitting end;
 The external thread on the gland nut or fitting;
 Check the gland nut spins freely on the tube;
 The collar should be 1½ threads from the front end of tubing to ensure full engagement of gland
nut threads.

1. Insert protruding tube section into fitting body until the cone mates up to the taper on the fitting
body.
2. The thread on the connections is parallel and so the gland nut should be able to be made up fully
by hand all the way to “finger tight”.
Note: Care should be taken during the insertion of the two piece style to ensure that the cone
remains aligned during the tightening of the nut.
3. Tighten gland nut further with correctly sized open ended wrench to the required torque (see Table
9 below).
Table 9 – High Pressure Autoclave Hex sizes and required torque values

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16.7 Autoclave hoses

High pressure (Polyflex) hoses terminated with Autoclave
connections (both Medium and High pressure) are
becoming increasingly seen and utilised for pressure
testing applications. As with all hose assemblies, the
overall MWP is as per the lowest component. So
depending on the connection type, this could either be the
hose or the end connection.
See section 12 for more information on hose assemblies.
Note: The re-terminating of these high pressure, Polyflex
hoses should only be performed by a 3rd party.
Figure 43 – Polyflex hose with MP Autoclave

termination
16.8 Further manufacturer’s information
For further details on Parker Autoclave Products, please refer to the manufacturer’s literature at
http://www.autoclave.com/

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17. Quick disconnect fittings

17.1 Introduction
 Quick Disconnect fittings and their purpose;
 Identifying Pressure Ratings;
 Installation sequence.
Quick Disconnect fittings come in a wide array of manufacturers, types, materials and resulting pressure
ratings.
They are used in a number of differing applications; from low pressure pneumatic systems (seen in
workshops) through to high pressure hydraulic applications seen on Subsea (typically Walther) and
Wireline (typically Snap Tite) hydraulic control systems.
The connections come in two parts; the Coupler has a
spring loaded sliding sleeve which, when retracted releases
the balls and allows them to engage on the profile on the
stem of the Nipple. When the sleeve is returned it prevents
the balls from moving back and thus locks the connection.
An internal O ring (or rings) located in the Coupler seals on
the upper face of the stem of the Nipple.
This is why care should be taken to protect and avoid
damage to the stem of the nipple during transportation and
handling of the hose etc. that it is connected to.
Figure 44 – Snap Tite Coupler (Left)
& Nipple (Right)
Check valves can be included into either

(or both) the coupler and/or nipple. These
check valves only open (and allow flow)
when the parts are fully mated and thus
retain pressure (and contents) of the line is
when they are disconnected.
The inclusion of check valves in
connections means that care has to be
taken to ensure they are fully mated.
Figure 45 – 10 & 15k Walther Couplings
Pressure “locked” in a line can result in the connection being difficult to fully mate and so hydraulic locks
can occur when actuating valves and other equipment.
The pressure rating of many of these types of fittings isn’t always clearly identified on the bodies of the
connections and as a result it may have to be determined by the part number and referring to the
manufactures documentation.
There are variants of quick disconnect fittings that have differing locking mechanisms such as threaded
collars, snap rings and ‘J’ slots to avoid inadvertent disconnection.
Other types also contain poppet valves which enable the connections to be mated even when pressure is
trapped in the line.

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17.2 Identifying pressure ratings

As mentioned previously the pressure rating of the majority of Quick
Disconnect fittings is not always clearly identifiable and so the
manufacturer’s material has to be referred to from the part number
marked on the fitting.
An example of this is shown below:

The fitting shown across is a Snap Tite with the part number:
Figure 46 – Snap Tite Nipple

BVHN4
From the manufacturers information we can then determine the

pressure rating.
So from the table across we can ascertain:
 Material = ‘B’ (Brass)

 Type = ‘V’ (Valved)
 Series = ‘H’ (Poppet Valve or plain/unvalved)
 Coupling Half = ‘N’ (Nipple)
 Coupling Body Size = ‘4’ (1/4”)
Figure 47 – Snap Tite Ordering Information
Table 10 – Pressure Ratings
Then from the material of the fitting and the size we can determine that the pressure rating of this ¼”,
Brass fitting is 2,250psi.

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Rev. 3.0

Prior to attaching a Quick Disconnect connection the key areas of inspection are:
 Confirm there is no pressure lock within the lines;

 The internal elastomers on the fitting body;
 The sleeve/locking mechanism on the body moves freely;
 The sealing face on the Stem is free from debris and scratches.
Figure 48 - ‘H’ Series Snap Tite Coupling

1. Retract the sliding sleeve fully until locking balls are free to move;
2. With sleeve held back, push body onto stem and release sleeve;
3. Confirm Sleeve has fully returned to original position and pull on body to confirm locking
mechanism engagement;
4. Attach Sleeve Lock (if applicable).

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18. Thermowells
18.1 Introduction
Thermowells are typically intrusive threaded devices pre-fitted into certain sections of pipe that allow
temperature transmitters or thermometers to be installed in line without direct contact with the process
fluid /process pressure.
In temporary rig ups, thermowells may be utilised in the following locations on existing equipment:
 Separator oil and gas lines

 Shrinkage testers
 Surge tanks
It is mandatory that a full risk assessment is completed and the correct inspection and make up techniques
are performed with the thermowell prior to installation of a temperature transmitter or thermometer in the
above locations (especially at high flow velocity points and if solids are expected).
Thermowells should NEVER be installed in any pipework upstream of well control equipment i.e. choke
manifold, heater (inlet & bypass). Only Non-intrusive type (clamped or strapped on and insulated)
temperature transmitters or thermometers are to be used for these applications.
Note: Refer to Process & Instrumentation Drawing (P&ID) or equipment drawing for approved installation
locations.

Prior to installing a thermowell the key areas of inspection are:
 The external thread on the fitting body (if applicable);

 The sealing area of the flange (if applicable);
 The internal thread (for the probe) on the fitting body;
 The exposed sections of the body for signs of erosion
or distortion;
 The threads on the receptacle port of the equipment;
 The pressure rating of the thermowell

For the installation sequence use the connection
techniques required for the specific thread type of the
Figure 49 – Threaded and Flanged
thermowell.
Thermowells
18.4 Further information

See Technical Bulletin (TB 149) for further information on the Installation and use of thermowells.

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19. Utilities (air & water) connections

19.1 Introduction
 Claw couplings use and features;
 Claw coupling maintenance and inspection procedure;
 Claw coupling installation sequence;
 MacDonald couplings use and features;
 MacDonald coupling maintenance and inspection procedure;
 MacDonald coupling installation sequence.
Rig and workshop utilities (air and water) are usually connected to equipment by low pressure rubber
hoses. These are terminated with a number of types of connections. Some of which, although look similar
are not compatible:
19.2 Claw couplings
The Claw (or Crowsfoot) connection is one of the most widely used
of the ‘claw” type connections. However there are differing types of
claw connection (e.g. Europe and America). Some of these are
compatible, but others are not. So care should be taken to confirm
that compatible connections are being used.
Claw connections have no male and female types as one end of a
connection can connect with an identical one by pushing together
and a clockwise quarter turn which engages the “lugs”.
The seal is provided by a rubber insert – this can be replaced if
required.
If unsecured and/or incorrectly mated, these air connections can Figure 50 – Claw Coupling
become loose and caused serious injury.
Additional security of the connection is provided by adding hose restraints (often called Whip Checks), to
reduce the whipping effect of the hose if released under pressure and an ‘R’ clip to prevent the connection
from accidently releasing. Both of these are required to be installed on every connection.
Figure 51 – Hose Restraint (Whip Check) Figure 52 – ‘R’ Clip

To avoid failure, the following checks shall be performed prior to use:
 Examine hose for any obstructions, blisters, cover looseness, kinks cracks, cuts or any other
visible defects;
 It is recommended to use swaged connections unless the clamping system has been
reviewed/designed for the actual service conditions;
 Ensure seal is in good condition and free from debris.

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1. Loosen and install the hose restraint ends over each of the coupling ends;
2. Push connections together and turn 90 degree clockwise until ‘lugs’ engage;
3. Install ‘R’ Clip through both holes of the mating couplings;
Note: If the 2x coupling holes do not align the couplings may be incompatible.
4. Pull Whip Check taught across the connection.
Figure 53 – Hose connected with Whip Check & ‘R’ Clip installed
19.3 MacDonald couplings

MacDonald Bayonet couplings are becoming more widely seen used
on air and water lines offshore.
Although they also have a ‘Bayonet’, they are seen as an
improvement on the claw type as they contain a safer locking
mechanism which contains a locking sleeve making the connection Figure 54 – Male Coupling
virtually impossible to disconnect unintentionally without the addition
of pins or restraints.
Due to the locking sleeve, unlike Claw Couplings, they come in both
male and female connections.
The male coupling contains the sleeve and the sealing profile.
The female coupling has an ‘o’ ring located in the body which
provides the seal, when mated on the male coupling’s profile. Figure 55 – Female Coupling

To avoid failure, the following checks shall be performed prior to use:
 Examine hose for any obstructions, blisters, cover looseness, kinks cracks, cuts or any other
visible defects;
 Only use Swaged connections – do not use the clamped or any other secured type;
 Ensure seal is in good condition and free from debris;
 Ensure the sleeve moves freely.

1. Push connections together;
2. Turn 90 degree clockwise until ‘bayonets’ engage;
3. Ensure sleeve snaps fully downwards into position.

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20. Machined port plugs

20.1 Introduction
Some equipment (primarily Subsea) requires complex, deviated “gun drilled” through porting.
To produce a complete through port that “goes around corners”, a number of drilled ports at different
angles have to meet. This produces a number of unwanted openings at the drill entry points.
These openings are isolated by the installation of one of two types of plugs: Lee plugs & A.F.O. plugs.
20.2 Lee plugs

Lee plugs come in a multitude of sizes and are a two piece fitting with a grooved
plug which is inserted into the hole. A tapered pin is then driven in, expanding the
plug out and “biting” it into the surrounding material to seal off the hole.
Lee plugs are not easily replaced and if failure occurs the hole may have to be
machined to the next size up.
Note: Lee plugs should only be fitted by trained personnel.
There are rare occurrences of Lee plugs being ejected at pressure. There are a
number of factors that affect the performance of the Lee plugs. The five main
factors are the surface finish (advanced machining techniques result in much
smoother finishes in drilled ports), dimensions of the female prep, coating prior to
installation, selection of lee plug material and installation.
It is recommend that if a Lee Plug has been ejected that all other Lee Plugs on the
item are tested prior to going for repair. Upon repair all Lee Plugs should be tested
to maximum test pressure for a minimum 1 hour to ensure that all the Lee Plugs
remain as they were before testing.
It is also recommended that “blast blankets” are used to cover the areas of
equipment which have a large number of plugs installed when equipment is
undergoing proof testing
Figure 56 – Lee Plug
Components
20.3 A.F.O. Plugs

A.F.O. (Axial Force Only) plugs are a threaded hex nut with a floating seal.
This means that the seal taper does not rotate when the plug is installed
and/or removed and thus prevents galling of the sealing faces. It also allows
for slight variants in the alignment of the thread and seal face.
The plugs are removable and reusable and so repair and replacement is
much easier in comparison to a Lee plug. The threaded connection also
means that they are less likely to be blown out, as if a connection under
pressure was backed off accidently, the fluid leakage from the port or groove
Figure 57 – AFO Plug would make the retained pressure immediately visible

INS-006249
Rev. 3.0
21. Non-standard fittings

21.1 Introduction
Up until now we have covered in detail the fittings commonly used by Expro. In this section we shall briefly
explain some of the lesser seen, ‘non-standard’ fittings. This is just as a reference and will assist in the
incorrect connections being mated. The manufacturers’ material should be consulted.
21.2 JIS fittings
JIS (Japanese Industrial Supplies) are a series of fittings manufactured in Japan and Korea and
incorporate BSP threads. JIS adapters have both BSPP and BSPT threads and two main styles:
T4 series fittings have a BSPP thread and a 30º

flared end and hence is similar to JIC (JIC has
a 37º flare and so they are not compatible).
Figure 58 – JIS T4
Connection
P4 series fittings have a BSPP thread and a

60º cone end and hence is similar to BSP (BSP
has a differing thread profile and so is not
compatible).
JIS have a K4 series which is BSP compatible.
Figure 59 – JIS P4 JIS also produce BSPP connections with an
Connection ‘O’ ring sealing on shoulder.
21.3 Flared fittings with soft seal

There is a JIC variant which has an elastomeric seal in the nose cone.
Although it also a 37º angle it not recommended to be connected to standard
JIC
Figure 60 – Flared fitting

with soft seal
21.4 Gas regulator connections

Pressurised gas cylinders have varied connections that are
specific to the gas type. Most contain a BSP thread with a coned
seal. These provide an element of safety in the connection, as if
the fitting is backed off slightly under pressure the cone unseats
and the gas will be released.
Figure 61 – Typical gas

connection

INS-006249
Rev. 3.0
22. Appendix 1
The table below provides guidance for identifying the common fitting type of a female fitting.
The numbers in brackets are the most commonly seen sizes.
FEMALE
Does it swivel?
Yes No
Is the cone Does it have a

concave? ferule?
No
No Yes Does it have a

Yes bleed hole or
groove?
JIC (4,5 or 6)
No
Tube/Compression Yes
BSP (1/4")*
(See markings for NPT (1/4", 3/8" or
type)(1/4" or 3/8") 1/2")
Is there a large flat

on the bottom?
Yes No
High Pressure Medium Pressure

Autoclave (3/8" or Autoclave (3/8" or
9/16") 9/16")
* = BSP may be Type M in some regions (as a result the size would differ).
Thread Sizes
Thread Type NPT JIC MP Autoclave HP Autoclave
Size 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 4 5 6 3/8" 9/16" 1/4" 3/8" 9/16"
Actual Size (inch) 0.54 0.68 0.84 0.44 0.5 0.56 0.56 0.81 0.56 0.75 1.125
Actual Size (mm) 13.7 17.3 21.3 11.2 12.7 14.2 14.2 20.6 14.2 19 28.6
Note: All sizes refer to the approximate Outside diameter of the thread and should be used as a guide only.

INS-006249
Rev. 3.0
23. Appendix 2
The table below provides guidance for identifying the fitting type of a male fitting.
The numbers in brackets are the most commonly seen sizes.
Male
Is the thread
Tapered?
Yes No
NPT (1/4", 3/8" or Is the sealing cone

1/2") concave?
No Yes
Is there an internal
shoulder?
Is the cone angle
sharp?
No Yes
Tube/Compression
BSP (1/4")*
No (See markings for
Yes type)(1/4" or 3/8")
JIC (4,5 or 6) Is there a large flat

before the cone?
No Yes
Medium Pressure High Pressure

Autoclave (3/8" or Autoclave (3/8" or
9/16") 9/16")
* = BSP may be Type M in some regions (as a result the size would differ).
Thread Sizes
Thread Type NPT JIC MP Autoclave HP Autoclave
Size 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 4 5 6 3/8" 9/16" 1/4" 3/8" 9/16"
Actual Size (inch) 0.54 0.68 0.84 0.44 0.5 0.56 0.56 0.81 0.56 0.75 1.125
Actual Size (mm) 13.7 17.3 21.3 11.2 12.7 14.2 14.2 20.6 14.2 19 28.6
Note: All sizes refer to the approximate Outside diameter of the thread and should be used as a guide only.

Guide: Cross-Product Line

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Cross-Product Line Global

Pressure Fittings Guide

© February 2018 by Expro - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Template No: INS-T-008 Rev 6

Revision Date Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by

Page 2 of 44 Cross-Product Line Guide

Guide Cross-Product Line Page 3 of 44

13. JIC fittings .................................................................................................................. 24

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18.3 Installation sequence ................................................................................................ 38

Guide Cross-Product Line Page 5 of 44

Page 6 of 44 Cross-Product Line Guide

4. Verbal forms, terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

4.2 Terms and definitions

Word Definition (within context of this document)

The torque applied to a threaded fitting connection by using a standard 8” long

4.3 Abbreviated terms

Abbreviation Description (within context of this document)

Guide Cross-Product Line Page 7 of 44

The type of fittings covered by this guide are:

Page 8 of 44 Cross-Product Line Guide

7. Standard, good fittings practice

Guide Cross-Product Line Page 9 of 44

8. NPT line pipe threaded fittings

Figure 1 – NPTT Male Nipple

Figure 2 – Examples of NPT Fittings

Page 10 of 44 Cross-Product Line Guide

Table 1 - Nominal sizes - MAWP.

8.2 Maintenance / inspection procedure

Guide Cross-Product Line Page 11 of 44

8.3 Gauge measurement

Figure 4: Female Nipple Internal Threads

Figure 5 - Male Nipple External Threads

Page 12 of 44 Cross-Product Line Guide

 They should never be forced;

8.4 Installation sequence

When using thread sealing paste:

 Ensure threads are clean and free from grease;

Figure 6 – Application of Sealant

If using PFTE tape:

 Ensure threads are clean and free from grease;

Figure 7 – Application of Tape

Guide Cross-Product Line Page 13 of 44

 Line up male and female couplings and assemble finger tight;

8.5 NPT engagement tolerances

Table 2 - NPT ASME (B1.20.1)

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9.2 Maintenance / inspection procedure

 Make sure that the valve is fully functional.

9.3 Needle valves

Guide Cross-Product Line Page 15 of 44

Figure 9 – Typical needle valve cross sectional view

9.4 Troubleshooting needle valves

Table 3 – Troubleshooting Needle Valves

Page 16 of 44 Cross-Product Line Guide

9.5 Ball valves

This makes them an excellent and preferred

Ball valves do not offer fine control that may be

The multiple applications of ball valves in high and

Guide Cross-Product Line Page 17 of 44

10. Manifolds constructed from valves & fittings