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Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) using C-18, diol and ion-exchange sorbents followed by UV spectrophoto-
metric (conventional and derivative mode) assay was applied to the analysis of basic, acidic and neutral
drugs commercially available in creams.
A representative set of drugs (promethazine, chlorhexidine, benzydamine, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, fenti-
azac, piroxicam, fluorouracil, crotamiton and hydrocortisone acetate) was selected, and for each drug the
appropriate SPE conditions (adsorption, washing and elution) were investigated to obtain a practical and
reliable sample clean-up. It was shown that the developed SPE procedures were capable of removing
interfering cream components (excipients including preservatives) allowing accurate spectrophotometric
analyses to be performed. In some applications, derivative spectrophotometry was advantageous over the
conventional absorption mode with respect to higher selectivity and versatility.
Keywor~b: Pharmaceutical creams; Sample clean-up; Solid-phase extraction: Drug analysis: Derivative
spectrophotometry
Table 1
Data for the calibration graphs (n = 6)
Ibuprofen cream (Brufen) tional and derivative mode) before and after
A sample, equivalent to about 3.0 mg of the the SPE step. The absorbances (zero-order
drug, was dissolved in 100ml of methanol- spectrum) and the amplitudes ~D and 2D (first-
phosphate buffer solution (pH 8.0) (1:1, v/v) and second-order derivative) at the selected
and a 3.0-ml aliquot was applied to a SAX wavelengths were compared with the corre-
SPE column. The column was washed with sponding values obtained from an appropriate
2 ml of methanol-buffer solution (pH 8.0) (1:1, standard solution of the drug to calculate the
v/v) and then the drug was eluted with 3 ml of drug content in each sample.
methanol-phosphate buffer solution (pH 4.5)
(9:1, v/v). The eluate was analysed by compari-
son with a standard solution of ibuprofen in
3. Results and discussion
the same solvent system (27 tag ml 1).
completely retained by the C-18 sorbent while tions and to favour the sorbent analyte inter-
fluorouracil passed through. actions. Under these conditions, the drug was
When the usual, general SPE process was adsorbed onto the diol sorbent while most of
adopted, the conditions were adjusted to in- the excipients were eliminated; the drug was
duce the interactions matrix-analyte, analyte then recovered by eluting with methanol or
sorbent and analyte-eluent, increasing in that dichloromethane.
order. Thus, for the analysis of the basic, hy- On the basis of this and previous experience
drophobic drug promethazine a C-18 sorbent [12,13], the use of a diol sorbent as the first
was used to isolate the analyte from a 20% approach for the clean-up of a formulated
v/v methanol sample solution; after washing cream can be suggested. The hydrophobic and
with the same solvent system to remove the acidic-basic properties of the drug as well as
excipients, the drug was recovered with the nature of the excipients constitute critical
methanol. A similar procedure was applied to elements for determining the choice of a re-
the clean-up of crotamiton creams. When ba- versed-phase or ion-exchange methodology for
sic, comparatively hydrophilic drugs such as optimisation of the SPE.
chlorhexidine and benzydamine were analysed,
a SCX packing material was preferred. At
3.2. UV spectroscopy
pH 4.5 (aqueous medium), the protonated
chlorhexidine was retained by a PRS sorbent,
while the uncharged excipients passed through Conventional (zero-order) and derivative
the column; subsequent elution with a solvent (first- and second-order) UV spectroscopy was
(pH 7.4) provided quantitative drug recovery. applied to the analysis of the representative,
The same procedure was applied to the analy- selected drugs and to monitor the develop-
sis of benzydamine hydrochloride cream, but ment of the appropriate SPE method. For
an arylsulphonic sorbent (SCX) was used. The each drug, linear relationships between the ab-
last cation exchange material was found to be sorption maximum absorbance (zero-order) or
unsuitable for the extraction of chlorhexidine; the selected amplitudes ~D and 2D (first- and
the different size and nature of the drugs are second-derivative), and the corresponding
probably responsible for different secondary drug concentration were found (Table 1).
interactions with the aliphatic-aromatic moiety When commercial creams were analysed, the
of the SPE sorbent. applicability of the different UV methods un-
Ion-exchange methodology also proved to der different conditions (with and without
be suitable for the clean-up of cream samples SPE step) were evaluated. The results are
containing hydrophobic, acidic drugs such given in Table 2.
as Ketoprofen (pK~=5.9) and Ibuprofen Direct conventional spectrophotometric
(pK~,= 5.2). The drugs, in the carboxylate analysis of the sample solutions was not found
form in a basic solvent system, were retained to be applicable: in each case, inflated assay
by a SAX sorbent; after appropriate washing results were obtained, the extent depending on
to remove the excipients, the drugs were re- the excipient structure and the measurement
covered by eluting with an acidic solvent sys- wavelength. This effect was marked for formu-
tem. This procedure allows elimination of lations containing parabens (fluorouracil, ke-
neutral components such as methyl- and toprofen, ibuprofen, benzydamine) or
propyl-parabens which could interfere with the butylhydroxyanisole (chlorhexidine). Minor
spectrophotometric determination. effects were observed when the cream base
A diol sorbent, previously applied to the components were of an aliphatic nature; inter-
sample clean-up of imidazole antimycotic ference with the assay of piroxicam from an
creams [12,13], was found to be suitable for aromatic compound (phenylethyl alcohol) was
the analysis of formulations containing neu- prevented by using high wavelengths for mea-
tral or acidic drugs of different polarity, such surements.
as hydrocortisone acetate, fentiazac and Derivative UV spectrophotometric analysis
piroxicam. In these applications, the cream of the sample solution, without a preliminary
sample was dissolved in an appropriate di- SPE clean-up did not offer significant im-
chloromethane-n-hexane mixture, where the provements in accuracy.
dichloromethane n-hexane ratio was suitably When the commercial cream samples were
adjusted to give weak matrix-analyte interac- subjected to the SPE procedures prior to the
1326 D. Bonazzi et al. / J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 13 (1995) 1321-1329
Table 2
Assay results ~ for the spectrophotometric (conventional and derivative mode) analysis of pharmaceutical creams before
and after SPE clean-up step
The results, expressed as a percentage of the claimed content, are the means of five (after SPE) and three (before SPE)
determinations.
b (_): not done.
3"0 ~ 7 - ~ - ~
/\ 2s,l.~ 26•.6
B D C 2D
." ~..
1,5 ~ ....... o
i "
',.
\
\
'\
\
\,
0 I i I I
200 300 200 300 200 300
nm
Fig. I. Zero-order (A), first-order (B) and second-order (C) derivative UV spectra of crotamiton sample solution
(45.6 pgml ~), before (-.-) and after ( ) the SPE (C-18 sorbent) clean-up step.
Because of the generally high recoveries and drugs in creams. The SPE conditions can be
the good precision (RSD < 1.5%, with the ex- optimized by selecting the appropriate sorbent
ception of promethazine) which can be attained and eluent systems according to the properties
from experience with the method, SPE-UV of the drug and excipients (acid base,
spectrophotometry can be considered to be a lipophilicity). After the SPE steps, both con-
useful combination for the routine quality con- ventional (zero-order) and derivative spec-
trol of pharmaceutical creams. troscopy can be generally applied. The
derivative mode, however, offers a more char-
acteristic spectral profile that is useful for drug
4. C o n c l u s i o n s identification and for improving the accuracy
of the method, by using satellite peaks at
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) proved to be an higher wavelengths and suppressing the resid-
effective tool for performing adequate sample ual non-specific matrix absorption. The pro-
clean-up for the spectrophotometric analysis of
:l B
2D
0.75
A
~.~
o , '~..._ I I I
200 300 200 300
rim
200 300 nm
Fig. 3. Zero-order (A) and second-order (B) derivative UV
Fig. 2. Zero-order UV spectra of benzydamine sample spectra of hydrocortisone acetate sample solution
solution (30pgml ~), before ( ) and after (-..) the (25 pgml-~), before ~ ) and after (...) the SPE (diol
SPE (SCX sorbent) clean-up step. sorbent) clean-up step.
1328 D. Bonazzi et al./ J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 13 (1995) 1321-1329
2.0
1.0
2D
2D
li,
1.0
/"\ 0.S
!:
,,°
220
!
260
L_
rim
[
300
*i °
340
• I
A
I
250
i
Nm
\
3S0
Fig. 4. Zero-order UV spectrum of ketoprofen sample Fig. 5. Zero-order UV spectrum of ibuprofen sample solu-
solution (14.2 pgml 1; pH 7.4) before ( ) the SPE tion (27 lagml-t; pH 8.0) before ( ) the SPE (SAX
(SAX sorbent) clean-up step. Zero-order (...) and second- sorbent) clean-up step. Zero-order (...) and second-order
order (- - -) UV spectra of the solution (pH 4.5) after the ( . • ) UV spectra of the solution (pH 4.5) after the SPE
SPE step. step.
[21] H. Tokunaga, T. Kimura and J. Kawamura, lyakuhin [23] D.L. Conley and E.J. Benjamin, J. Chromatogr., 257
Kenkyn, 15 (1984) 87 92; Chem. Abstr., 100, (1983) 337 344.
161853d.
[22] E.J. Benjamin and D.L. Conley, Int. J. Pharm., 13 [24] E.W. Smith, J.M. Haigh and I. Kaufer, Int. J. Pharm.,
(1983) 205-217. 27 (1985) 185 192