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Project Report
On
Bachelor of Technology
Under
2010-2014
B.Tech(I.T)
7th sem, IVth Year
Department of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
GyanVihar School of Engineering & Technology
Mahal, Jagatpura
Jaipur
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled, “Automatic Street Light Control”, which is
being submitted herewith for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology, is the
result of the work completed by ARPIT VIJAYVARGIYA,ANIKA
HUANDAWAL,PRIYAMVADA HUNDAWAL,UMAIR QUIAS Under my supervision and
guidance within the four walls of the institute and the same has not been submitted
elsewhere for the award of any degree.
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Project, entitled “Automatic
Street Light Control”in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of “Bachelor of
Technology” in Deptt. Of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Engineering and submitted to
the Departmen of Gyan Vihar School Of Engineering And Technology, Suresh Gyan
Vihar University is a record of my own investigations carried under the Guidance of Mr. I.P.
Singh, Department of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Engineering, Gyan Vihar School
Of Engineering And Technology.
I have not submitted the matter presented in this Dissertation anywhere for the award of any
other Degree.
(Arpit Vijayvargiya)
B,Tech (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)
7thSem, IVth Year
Gyan Vihar School of Engineering and Technology.
Place: JAIPUR
Acknowledgement
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FIGURE-12…………………………………………………………………..(22)
AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL USING LDR
Abstract:-
This project aims at designing and executing the advanced development in embedded systems
for energy saving of street lights with light depending resistor. Nowadays, human has become
too busy and he is unable to find time even to switch the lights wherever not necessary. This can
be seen more effectively in the case of street lights. The present system is like, the street lights
will be switched on in the evening before the sun sets and they are switched off the next day
morning after there is sufficient light on the roads. But the actual timings for these street lights to
be switched on are when there is absolute darkness. With this, the power will be wasted up to
some extent. This project gives the best solution for electrical power wastage. Also the manual
operation of the lighting system is completely eliminated.
In our project we are using LDR, which varies according to the amount of light falling on its
surface, this give an indication for us whether it is a day/night time.
In the present project street lights are taken into consideration where the above discussed factors
are rectified in them. This is achieved with the help of an embedded system. By using this as the
basic principle we can design centralized intelligent system for the perfect usage of streetlights in
any place (Viz Village, Town) can be developed.
CHAPTER-1 1
INTRODUCTION
The main consideration in the present field technologies are Automation, Power consumption
and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent
systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the source of the power(Thermal,
Hydro etc.,)are getting diminished due to various reasons.
The main aim of the project is Automatic street power saving system with LDR, this is to save
the power. We want to save power automatically instead of doing manual. So its easy to make
cost effectiveness. This saved power can be used in some other cases. So in villages, towns etc
we can design intelligent systems for the usage of street lights.
Needs no manual operation for switching ON and OFF. When there is need of light. It detects
itself weather there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value then
automatically street light is switched The sensitiveness of the street light can also be adjusted. In
our project we have used four L.E.D for indication of bulb but for high power switching one can
connect Relay (electromagnetic switch) at the output of pin 3 of I.C 555. Then it will be possible
to turn ON/OFF any electrical appliances connected all the way through relay.
2
Block Diagram:-
Fig-1
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The block diagram of the system is as shown in the fig. The system basically consists of
a
1. LDR
2. 555 TIMER IC
3. RESISTORS
4. Power supply
LDR Architecture:-
The light dependent resistor, LDR, is known by many names including the photoresistor, photo
resistor, photoconductor, photoconductive cell, or simply the photocell. It is probably the term
photocell that is most widely used in data and instruction sheets for domestic equipment.
The photo resistor, or light dependent resistor, LDR, finds many uses as a low cost photo
sensitive element and was used for many years in photographic light meters as well as in other
applications such as flame, smoke and burglar detectors, card readers and lighting controls for
street lamps. Often within the literature the photoresistor is called the photocell as a more generic
term.
Photoresistor discovery
Photo-resistors, or light dependent resistors have been in use for very many years. Photoresistors
have been seen in early forms since the nineteenth century when photoconductivity in selenium
was discovered by Smith in 1873. Since then many variants of photoconductive devices have
been made.
4
Much useful work was conducted by T. W. Case in 1920 when he published a paper entitled
"Thalofide Cell - a new photo-electric cell".
Other substances including PbS, PbSe and PbTe were studied in the 1930s and 1940s, and then
in 1952, Rollin and Simmons developed their photoconductors using silicon and germanium.
Fig-2
Photoresistor mechanism
A photoresistor or photocell is a component that uses a photconductor between two contacts.
When this is exposed to light a change in resistance is noted.
Photoconductivity - the mechanism behind the photoresistor - results from the generation of
mobile carriers when photons are absorbed by the semiconductor material used for the
photoconductor. While the different types of material used for light dependent resistors are
semiconductors, when used as a photo-resistor, they are used only as a resistive element and
there are no PN junctions. Accordingly the device is purely passive.
There are two types of photoconductor and hence photoresistor:
that involves excitation of charge carriers from the valence bands to the conduction band.
Fig-3
6
Within the basic photoresistor or photocell structure, the resistance of the material itself is a key
issue. To ensure the resistance changes resulting from the light dominate, contact resistance is
minimised. To achieve this, the area around the contacts is normally heavily doped to reduce the
resistance in this region.
In many instances the area between the contacts is in the form of a zig zag, or interdigital pattern.
This maximises the exposed area and by keeping the distance between the contacts small it
reduces the spurious resistance levels and enhances the gain.
Fig-4
Photoresistor applications
The photoresistor or light dependent resistor is attractive in many electronic circuit designs
because of its low cost, simple structure and rugged features. While it may not have some of the
7
features of the photo-diode and photo-transistor, it is ideal for many applications. As a result the
photo-resistor is widely used in circuits such as photographic meters, flame or smoke detectors,
burglar alarms, card readers, controls for street lighting and many others.
The properties of photoresistors can vary quite widely dependent upon the type of material used.
Some have very long time constants, for example. It is therefore necessary to carefully choose
the type of photoresistor for any given circuit or application.
555 TIMER IC
Introduction
One of the most versatile linear ICs is the 555 timer which was first introduced in early 1970 by
Signetic Corporation giving the name as SE/NE 555 timer. This IC is a monolithic timing circuit
that can produce accurate and highly stable time delays or oscillation. Like other commonly used
op-amps, this IC is also very much reliable, easy to use and cheaper in cost. It has a variety of
applications including monostable and astable multivibrators, dc-dc converters, digital logic
probes, waveform generators, analog frequency meters and tachometers, temperature
measurement and control devices, voltage regulators etc. The timer basically operates in one of
8
Fig-5
9
The 555 Timer IC is available as an 8-pin metal can, an 8-pin mini DIP (dual-in-package) or a
14-pin DIP. This IC consists of 23 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors. The explanation of
terminals coming out of the 555 timer IC is as follows. The pin number used in the following
discussion refers to the 8-pin DIP and 8-pin metal can packages. The 555 Timer IC is available
as an 8-pin metal can, an 8-pin mini DIP (dual-in-package) or a 14-pin DIP. This IC consists of
23 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors. The explanation of terminals coming out of the 555
timer IC is as follows. The pin number used in the following discussion refers to the 8-pin DIP
and 8-pin metal can packages.
Fig-6
10
Pin 1: Grounded Terminal: All the voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.
Pin 2: Trigger Terminal: This pin is an inverting input to a comparator that is responsible
for transition offlip-flop from set to reset. The output of the timer depends on the amplitude of
the external trigger pulse applied to this pin.
Pin 3: Output Terminal: Output of the timer is available at this pin. There are two ways in
which a load can be connected to the output terminal either between pin 3 and ground pin (pin 1)
or between pin 3 and supply pin (pin 8). The load connected between pin 3 and ground supply
pin is called the normally on loadand that connected between pin 3 and ground pin is called
the normally off load.
Pin 4: Reset Terminal: To disable or reset the timer a negative pulse is applied to this pin
due to which it is referred to as reset terminal. When this pin is not to be used for reset purpose,
it should be connected to + VCCto avoid any possibility of false triggering.
Pin 5: Control Voltage Terminal: The function of this terminal is to control the threshold
and trigger levels. Thus either the external voltage or a pot connected to this pin determines the
pulse width of the output waveform. The external voltage applied to this pin can also be used to
modulate the output waveform. When this pin is not used, it should be connected to ground
through a 0.01 micro Farad to avoid any noise problem.
Pin 7 : Discharge Terminal: This pin is connected internally to the collector of transistor
and mostly a capacitor is connected between this terminal and ground. It is called discharge
terminal because when transistor saturates, capacitor discharges through the transistor. When the
transistor is cut-off, the capacitor charges at a rate determined by the external resistor and
capacitor.
11
Block Diagram:-
Fig-7
The block diagram of a 555 timer is shown in the above figure. A 555 timer has two
comparators, which are basically 2 op-amps), an R-S flip-flop, two transistors and a resistive
network.
Resistive network consists of three equal resistors and acts as a voltage divider.
Comparator 1 compares threshold voltage with a reference voltage + 2/3 VCC volts.
Comparator 2 compares the trigger voltage with a reference voltage + 1/3 V CC volts.
12
Output of both the comparators is supplied to the flip-flop. Flip-flop assumes its state according
to the output of the two comparators. One of the two transistors is a discharge transistor of which
collector is connected to pin 7. This transistor saturates or cuts-off according to the output state
of the flip-flop. The saturated transistor provides a discharge path to a capacitor connected
externally. Base of another transistor is connected to a reset terminal. A pulse applied to this
terminal resets the whole timer irrespective of any input.
Working Principle:-
Comparator 1 has a threshold input (pin 6) and a control input (pin 5). In most applications, the
control input is not used, so that the control voltage equals +2/3 VCC. Output of this comparator
is applied to set (S) input of the flip-flop. Whenever the threshold voltage exceeds the control
voltage, comparator 1 will set the flip-flop and its output is high. A high output from the flip-flop
saturates the discharge transistor and discharge the capacitor connected externally to pin 7. The
complementary signal out of the flip-flop goes to pin 3, the output. The output available at pin 3
is low. These conditions will prevail until comparator 2 triggers the flip-flop. Even if the voltage
at the threshold input falls below 2/3 VCC, that is comparator 1 cannot cause the flip-flop to
change again. It means that the comparator 1 can only force the flip-flop’s output high.
To change the output of flip-flop to low, the voltage at the trigger input must fall below + 1/3
Vcc. When this occurs, comparator 2 triggers the flip-flop, forcing its output low. The low output
from the flip-flop turns the discharge transistor off and forces the power amplifier to output a
high. These conditions will continue independent of the voltage on the trigger input. Comparator
2 can only cause the flip-flop to output low. From the above discussion it is concluded that for
the having low output from the timer 555, the voltage on the threshold input must exceed the
control voltage or + 2/3 VCC. They also turn the discharge transistor on. To force the output from
the timer high, the voltage on the trigger input must drop below +1/3 VCC. This also turns the
discharge transistor off.
A voltage may be applied to the control input to change the levels at which the switching
occurs. When not in use, a 0.01 nano Farad capacitor should be connected between pin 5 and
ground to prevent noise coupled onto this pin from causing false triggering. Connecting the reset
(pin 4) to a logic low will place a high on the output of flip-flop. The discharge transistor will go
on and the power amplifier will output a low. This condition will continue until reset is taken
13
high. This allows synchronization or resetting of the circuit’s operation. When not in use, reset
should be tied to +VCC.
Table-1
14
Fig-8
15
Table-2
Features
Popular T-1 colorless 3mm package.
․High luminous power.
․Typical chromaticity coordinates x=0.29, y=0.28
according to CIE1931.
․Bulk, available taped on reel.
․Pb free.
․ESD-withstand voltage: up to 4KV
․The product itself will remain within RoHS compliant version.
16
Descriptions
․The series is designed for application required high luminous intensity.
․The phosphor filled in the reflector converts the blue emission of InGaN chip to ideal
white.
Applications
․Outdoor Displays
․Optical Indicators
․Backlighting
․ Marker Lights
Table-3
17
Package Dimensions
Fig-9
Table-4
18
Table-5
19
Fig-10
20
Fig-11
Variableresistance:(Potentiometer)
Resistors are one of the most common electronic components. A resistor is a device that limits,
or resists current. The current limiting ability or resistance is measured in ohms, represented by
the Greek symbol Omega. Variable resistors (also called potentiometers or just “pots”) are
resistors that have a variable resistance. You adjust the resistance by turning a shaft. This shaft
moves a wiper across the actual resistor element. By changing the amounts of resistor between
the wiper connection and the connection (s) to the resistor element, you can change the
resistance. You will often see the resistance of resistors written with K (kilohms) after the
number value. This means that there are that many thousands of ohms. For example, 1K is 1000
ohm,2K is 2000 ohm, 3.3K is 3300 ohm, etc. You may also see the suffix M (mega ohms). This
simply means million. Resistors are also rated by their power handling capability. This is the
amount of heat the resistor can take before it is destroyed. The power capability is measured in
W (watts) Common wattages for variable
resistors are 1/8W, 1/4W, 1/2W and 1W. Anything of a higher wattage is referred to as a
rheostat.
21
PCB (PrintedCircuitBoard):-
With the help of P.C.B it is easy to assemble circuit with neat and clean end products. P.C.B is
made of Bakelite with surface pasted with copper track-layout. For each components leg, hole is
made.
Connection pin is passed through the hole and is soldered.
CHAPTER-3 22
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig-12
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
This circuit uses a popular timer I.C 555. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with pin-6
connected with positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 2 is at lower then 1/3rd
level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So
23
small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of output (pin-3) from 1 to 0
and 0 to 1. The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any intermediate
stage. It is powered by a 6V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power
consumption. Pin 4, 6 and 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is grounded. To detect
the present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light. LDR is a special type of
resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is falling on it. It has
resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms
when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum. We have made a
potential divider circuit with LDR and 100K variable resistance connected in series. We know
that voltage is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get from this divider
when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness. This divided voltage is given to pin 2 of
IC 555. Variable resistance is so adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/3rd in brightness and fall
below 1/3rd in darkness.
Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage
of pin 2 drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED or buzzer which is
connected to the output gets activated.
CHAPTER-4 24
Abstract This paper is aimed at creating contains skin sensor, breath alcohol
safer roadways with intelligent light sensor and proximity sensor. The skin
system to reduce power consumption. This sensor and breadth alcohol sensor
system has automatic street light intensity detects the presence of alcohol content
control based on the vehicular and the proximity sensor helps in
movement and switching ON and OFF of detecting any kind of malpractice. The
street lights depending on the light novelty of this paper is to effectively
ambiance. This will help in reducing reduce the energy consumption of the
the power consumption during street lights by controlling the street
hours of major road usage. The streetlight light’s intensity, sensing both human as
module is installed consequently for every well as vehicular movement and injury
certain distance. This paper also aims at and death caused by drunk driving can be
reducing road accidents by prevented by prior sensing of the alcohol
detecting consumption of alcohol by the contentin driver by a simple and
driver. This can be implemented using economical way.
alcohol sensor module which
25
initiative will help the government to save R. Marques and A. Scott McKnight
this energy and meet the domestic and “Evaluating Transdermal Alcohol
industrial needs. Alcohol-impaired driving Measuring Devices”DTNH22-02-D- 95121,
remains a serious national problem that Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
tragically affects many victims annually. 11720 Beltsville Drive, Suite 900,
The proportion of crashes that are alcohol- Calverton, MD 20705 [4]Farmer C. M.
related is still a point of consideration. This 2005. Relationships of Frontal Offset Crash
paper also aims at detecting consumption of Test Results to Real-World Driver Fatality
alcohol by the driver and if it exceeds Rates. Traffic Injury Prevention, 6, 31-37.
certain level it impairs the driver from [5] R. Swift, C. Martin, L. Swette, A.
entering into the vehicle. This prevents LaConti and N. Kackley, “Studies on a
occurrence of accidents or any fatal crashes. Wearable, Electronic, Transdermal Alcohol
Sensor,” 16 Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 721
REFERENCES (July/Aug. 1992)
[1]Caponetto, R., Dongola, G.,Fortuna, L., [6]http://www.estreetlight.com/Documents/
Riscica, N. and Zufacchi, D. (2008), “Power Homepage/Estreet%
consumptionreduction in a remote 20Project%20Report%2005_157.pdf
controlled street lighting system”, [7] John K. Pollard, Eric D. Nadler, Mary D.
International Symposium on Power Stearns,” Review of Technology to Prevent
Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation Alcohol-Impaired Crashes (TOPIC).
and Motion (SPEEDAM 2008), Ischia,une,
pp. 428-33. [2] Costa, M.A.D., Costa, G.H.,
dos Santos, A.S., Schuch, L. and Pinheiro,
J.R. (2009), “A high efficiency autonomous
street lighting system based on solar energy
and LEDs”BrazilianPowerElectronics
Conference (COBEP 2009), Bonito, 27
September-1 October, pp. 265-73. [3] Paul
28
1R.RUBANANTH, 2T.KAVITHA
1 M.Tech Embedded Systems, School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil
Nadu, India
2Asst. Prof., School of Computing, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
E-mail: 1rubavetha@gmail.com , 2Kavitha.t@it.sastra.edu
ABSTRACT
In today’s world, power saving is very important and difficult. Though there are many power
generation methods, it has become very difficult due to insufficient resources. So, saving of
power is the need for our society. This paper discusses about how power can be saved in street
lights. The main objective is to control the street lights (dim during dawn and dusk time as well
as bright during night time) using DualTone Multi Frequency (DTMF). The engineer at
Electricity Board (EB) can control the street lights of various areas. If any over load occurs, the
connection will be disconnected and the information istransferred through Global System for
Mobile communication (GSM) to EB. In case of any detachment ofjumper (EB line) then also
the information is sent. Also, if there is any complaint by the consumers, theycan send the
information to EB through Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader, which will be fixed in
one of the street light posts and the tag is given to all consumers. The message will be sent to EB
serverthrough GSM.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: The aim of this work is to perform the review of the recent most
important results of experimental and theoretical investigations connected with the
organic light emitting devices (OLEDs).
Design/methodology/approach: The recent achievements in the field of
designing, fabricating and clarification of the OLEDs operation have been presented.
The possibilities of numerous, present and future applications of these devices have
been pointed out.
Findings: We show that fundamental differences among organic and inorganic
devices result from differences between inorganic and molecular semiconductor
materials. No charges are present in OLED devices without charge injection.
Emission is due to radiative transitions from the neutral excited states to the ground
states. We pointed out the important role that the OLEDs play in display design (even
the flexible ones).
Research limitations/implications: The main disadvantage of OLEDs is
reported to be short their lives (particularly the blue OLED) and weak resistivity to
moist but improvements are advancing.
Originality/value: Our review concerns the most recent experimental and
theoretical publications in the OLED investigation. We also show some recent
examples of OLEDs application.
CONCLUSION
The project “AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM WITH LDR” has been
successfully designed and tested.
Here we are saving lot of power without any wastage, by these advanced technologies we can
design many more systems which can be done by solar lights and through these solar lights we
have a vast usage at the same time we can do automatic systems instead of doing it manually like
with ldr’s.
Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing technology the project has
been successfully implemented.
CHAPTER-6 38
Alcohol Sensor
The Alcohol Detection Systems for Safety would keep impaired drivers off the road by detecting
their alcohol content. If alcohol is consumed, it is metabolized and diffuses throughout the body.
This alcohol is present in various bodily substances such as breath, blood, and perspiration.
Some percentage of consumed alcohol is metabolized through the skin. The sensor measures the
specific characteristics that are chemically emitted transversally from the body.
By using the alcohol sensor the probability of accidents are reduced because using the alcohol
sensor will eliminate the people who generally mix drink and drives. So the main purpose of
using the alcohol sensor is to reduce the accidents.
ADVANTAGES
www.electronicscomponents.com
www.projectworld.com
www.slideshare.net
ARTICLE BASED ON OLED
DATE- 5/04/2103
SUBMITTED BY:- SHIVAM VERMA
Keywords- LCD, OLED, LED, AMOLED, PMOLED
ANALYSIS
OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) is a new display technology that promises to deliver thin,
power efficient and bright displays. OLEDs (already popular in MP3 players and cell phones)
have amazing potential - thin TVs, flexible displays, transparent monitors, white-bulb
replacement, and more.
LCD works by having a backlight (white light) source, and then filtering this source to make
colors. OLEDs however work by emitting color light. This has several advantages. It allows to
make simpler and thus thinner and cheaper displays. It also means that OLEDs require less
power. Think that when you have a screen that is completely black (but turned on), LCD will
still require the whole white backlight to be emitted. With OLEDs, no energy is consumed in this
stage! It is also possible to make flexible OLED displays, and even transparent ones, but this is
obviously more challenging than a simple LCD-like display.
While OLEDs are heralded as the display technology of the future, they are already produced
and used today. While making large panels is still a great challenge, smaller screens (up to 2")
are already produced in commercial quantities today. There are many MP3 players and cellular
phones that use OLED displays. Companies such as Sony and Samsung use OLED displays in
their leading models. The OLED market reached 500$ million in sales in 2005, and is expected
to grow quickly in the coming years.
There are two main types of OLED screens – Passive Matrix (PMOLED) and Active Matrix
(AMOLED). PMOLED displays are cheaper and easier to manufacture, but they have a
limitation in resolution, size and refresh rate. Most OLEDs that are being made today are
PMOLED. However several companies (including Samsung SDI and LG.Philips) have
announced plans to begin producing AMOLED panels in 2007.
The future for large OLED panels is not so certain. The major limitation of OLED technology
today is the lifetime, especially for the blue color. Progress is being made all the time, but the
technology is not ready yet. Scaling the OLED screens is not an easy thing to do, either. Making
a large panel (for TV or computer screen) is far from simple. While prototypes have been
showed, it will take several years before we'll be able to buy an OLED television.
OLEDs actually make it possible to create screens that are flexible and/or transparent. The
possibilities of this kind of displays are almost endless. Think about car windshield-embedded
transparent displays, or rollable mobile TV. This technology is still at an early stage, but already
companies are showing prototype and design sketches.
One of the areas that seem most promising for OLEDs is white lighting. Many companies are
hoping that OLEDs will enable very efficient light sources. With today's high energy costs, and
the drive for efficiency, there is a lot of money in white-light research, and OLEDs are seen as
one of the best future technologies. OLEDs will also enable unimaginable designs, because of
their thin and flexible nature.
Today OLED displays are used mainly in small (2" to 5") displays for mobile devices such as
phones, cameras and MP3 players. OLED displays carry a price premium over LCDs, but offer
brighter pictures and better power efficiency - making it ideal for battery powered gadgets.