- TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MACHALA

NAME: FABRICIO URDIALES

PROFESSOR: Lcdo. PATRICIO GUANUCHE Mgs.

COURSE: FOURTH "A"

Types of foundations and descriptions

The foundation is the structural part of
the building, responsible for
transmitting the loads to the ground,
this is the only element that we can not
choose, so the foundation will be made
based on it. On the other hand, the land
is not all at the same depth, another
circumstance that influences the choice
of the proper foundation.
The purpose of the foundation is to support structures guaranteeing stability and
avoiding damage to structural and non-structural materials. [1]
Types of Foundations:
• Surface foundations
• Cyclopean foundation
• Reinforced concrete foundations
• Foundations run
• Foundations by footings
• Floating foundation
• Deep foundations
• Foundations for piles
Surface foundations
The superficial foundations are those that rest in
the superficial layers of the ground and that are
able to support the load that receives of the
construction by means of the base extension. The
stone is the most used material in the
construction of surface foundations, as long as it
is resistant, solid and without pores. However,
reinforced concrete is an extraordinary
construction material and is always
recommended.
Cyclopean foundation: in cohesive soils where the ditch can be made with vertical
parameters and without landslides, the cyclopean concrete foundation is simple
and economical.

Reinforced concrete foundations: the foundations of reinforced concrete are used

in all areas, although the concrete is a heavy material, has the advantage that in
its calculation proportionally, relatively small sections are obtained compared to
those obtained in the stone foundations.

Running foundations: a type of concrete

or reinforced concrete foundation that
develops linearly at a depth and with a
width that depends on the type of soil. It is
used to adequately transmit loads
provided by supporting wall structures. It
is also used to build walls up close,
retaining walls by gravity, for heavyweight
enclosures ... .. etc. Running foundations
are not recommended when the soil is very
soft.

Foundations by footings: the footings can be

of mass or reinforced concrete, with square or
rectangular floor, as well as foundation of
vertical supports belonging to building
structures, on homogeneous soils of
substantially horizontal stratigraphy.
The insulated footings for the foundation will be of reinforced concrete for surface
or mass pavements for somewhat deeper pavements, except those located in
boundaries and medians. The depth of the support plane or choice of the firm,
will be set according to the determinations of the geotechnical report, taking into
account that the ground that is below the foundation is not altered. Previously to
know what type of foundation we are going to use we have to know the type of
terrain according to the geotechnical report. [2]
Types of shoes:

• Insulated shoes

• Square insulated shoe

• Insulated rectangular shoe

• Off-center insulated shoe

• Running shoes

Floating foundation: when the carrying

capacity of the soil is very small and the weight
of the building is important, it may happen that
the site we have has no surface to accommodate
a slab that distributes the load; in such a case it
is possible to build a foundation that floats on
the ground

Deep foundations: deep foundations are

responsible for transmitting the loads they
receive from a construction to deeper
resistant layers. Deep are those that transmit
the load to the ground by pressure under its
base, but can also have friction in the shaft;
We classify them in:
• Cylinders
•Drawers
Foundation by piles: a pile is a support,
usually reinforced concrete, of a great
length in relation to its cross section,
which can be dug or built "in situ" in an
open cavity in the ground. The piles are
slender columns with the capacity to
support and transmit loads to more
resistant strata or rock, or by friction in
the shaft. In general, its diameter or side
is not greater than 60 cm. It forms a
constructive system of deep foundations which we will call foundations for
piloting. The piles are necessary when the surface layer or supporting ground is
not able to resist the weight of the building or when it is at a great depth; also
when the land is full of water and this makes excavation difficult. With the
construction of piles, expensive buildings and large volumes of foundations are
avoided.

Bibliography

[1] EADIC, Open School of Development in Engineering and Construction, S.L.,

«www.eadic.com,» EADIC, 28 10 2015. [Online]. Available: www.eadic.com/tipos-de-
cimentacion-descripciones/.

[2] P. E. V. Vicente, «CIMENTACIONES,» SEVILLA - SPAIN.