MMC MMD CH 1

Assistant Professor, Dept.
of E&CE
SDMCET, Dharwad
• Introduction to Multimedia Communication
• Multimedia Information Representation
• Multimedia Networks
• Multimedia Applications
• Application and Networking Terminology
– Media Types
– Communication Modes
– Network Types
– Multipoint Conferencing
• Network QoS and Application QoS
• References
Introduction to Multimedia Communication
Introduction to Multimedia Communication
• Four Prime Multimedia Types

1. Text:
• Unformatted Text – Strings of Characters from limited
character set
• Formatted Text – Strings with structuring, access and

presentation of electronic documents
Introduction to Multimedia Communication Contd…
2. Images:
• Computer Generated Images = Lines + Curves + Circles
and digitized images of documents and pictures
3. Audio:
• Low Fidelity Speech (No or Less Quality) – Telephony
• High Fidelity Speech – Stereophonic Music - CDs
4. Video: Short Sequence of Moving Image (Video Clips, Movies,

Films, etc..)
Classification of Communication – A Broad Spectrum

1. Person to Person Communication – through Terminal Equipment
2. Person to System Communication – Personnel Computer or Workstations
3. System to System Communication

Network Infrastructure:
 PSTN – Public Switched Telephone Network
• Also known as GSTN - General Switched Telephone Network -
Availability of High Speed DSPs support richer set of applications
Multimedia Information Representation
• Multimedia Applications involving text and Images
– Blocks of Digital Data
– Text – Block of Characters, represented by a fixed number
of bits, known as Codeword
– Digitized Image – 2D Block – Picture Elements (Pixels) –
represented with fixed number of bits
– File – It is a typical application involving text and/or images
comprises request for some information (Less time
required for accessing / Short time period)
Multimedia Information Representation
• In applications involving Audio and Video
– Signals vary with respect to time (Amplitude of Speech,

Audio or Video) – Properties of Analog Signal
– Typically, applications involving Audio-Video run hours

together (Movies, etc)
Multimedia Information Representation Contd…
• Preference of Representation for Multimedia Data
– Single type of media
• Particular basic form of representation is often useful
– Either Text and Images or Audio and Video
• Corresponding basic form is preferred, since two media types in these
applications have same form of representation
– If different media types are integrated together in some way,
• All data must be represented in Digital Form (Only for Audio and
Video Signals) except Text and Image

• Bit Rate – Bits per Second (bps)
• Speech Signal – Typical bit-rate is 64 kbps, since Audio can be of long
duration, this rate must be sustained over an equally long time period
• Video Signal – Much Higher bit-rates and longer time durations

• To overcome channel constraints in communication networks such as
bit-rates and bandwidth, Compression is applied first to the digitized signals
• Compression is also applied to Text and Images to reduce time delay
(response time)
Multimedia Networks
• Classification of Communication Networks used to provide Multimedia
Communication Services:
1. Telephone Networks
Designed for Single Type of Service

2. Data Networks
3. Broadcast Television Networks
4. Integrated Services Digital Networks

Designed for Multiple Services
5. Broadband Multiservice Networks
Multimedia Networks Contd…
1. Telephone Networks:
• Existence of basic Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) from
many years and has gone through several up-gradation
• Basic version of PSTN was known as Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
• Switching is Connecting in short to any Local (within Single Country) or
Global Network (through International Switched Service)
• Connection / Switching details: Connection Oriented and Connectionless
 Telephones located in homes or offices at nearest distance is connected
through Local Exchange (LE) or End Office (EO)
 Medium distance or large office / site telephones are connected
through Private Switching Office known as Private Branch Exchange
(PBX)
(For overview, Refer to figure next slide)
 Recently, Cellular Phone Networks introduced to provide similar

service to Mobile Telephone subscribers.
 Radio based Cellular Phone Networks Connection technique is
used for the connection
 Switches used in a cellular phone networks are known as Mobile
Service Centers (MSCs), these work as PBX and connected
through PSTN for connection from/to mobiles and old (fixed land
line) telephones
 International calls are routed through International Gateway
Exchanges (IGEs)
 Since Microphone is used for the signal conversion, Circuit Switch technique
was preferred (because speech / audio signal varies with respect to time)
 Circuit Switch mode contains Access Circuits which interconnects
Telephone to a PSTN or PBX, which will carry two-way signals
 Now a days, in PSTN, all switches and transmission circuits operate in
Digital Mode, which carry stream of binary 1s and 0s, for which MODEM
is necessary (Refer to following figure of Digital Transmission using MODEM)
 Advancement in MODEM Technology:
 Earlier MODEMS supported 300 bps of bit rates (Existed for only
audio tones), now they support bit rates more than 56 kbps (there for
high resolution videos / images)
 Entertainment related applications require approximately more than
1.5 Mbps of bit rate
More info on Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
1. Why DSL technology is classified under Asymmetric category?
2. Symmetric DSL are rarely found
3. Typical wiring, as shown
2. Data Networks:
• Data Networks were designed to provide Data Communication Services such as
Electronic Mail (email) and general file transfer
• Data Terminals used in data networks are PC, Workstation, or an email file server
• The two most widely deployed Data networks are
• X.25 Network – Supports Low Bit Rate for data applications and is unstable for
most multimedia applications (ITU-T / CCITT Standard suits Packet Switched WAN)
• Internet – Vast collection of interconnected networks, in turn use some
set of communication protocols (agreed set of rules adhered to by all
communicating parties for the exchange of information)
• Concept of Open System Interconnection (OSI)
• Internet Access is possible with Internet Service Provider (ISP) for Home /
Small Office using PSTN with MODEMs or through ISDN, enabling
Higher Bit Rates
• Business users obtain internet access through Site / Campus Network, and
Single Site / Campus may use LAN
• If Business comprises only a Single Site or, Multiple Sites, access is made
possible with Enterprise – Wide Private Network (Used by most of the
Colleges and Universities)
• In case of Multiple Sites, the sites are interconnected together using an
Inter-Site Backbone Network, which provides set of Enterprise-Wide
communication protocols (including all communication protocols of
Internet) and is usually referred to as Internet Backbone Network
(For overview, Refer to figure next slide)

• Unique Properties of Data Networks:
• Operate in Packet Mode, packet contains a block of data
• Packet Mode is considered since data availability is in the form of
Discrete Blocks of text or binary data with varying time intervals between
each block and more over multimedia PCs are available which support
variety range of other applications (Audio-Video, Video Conferencing, etc)
• Each packet contains its Head, which is the address of the intended
recipient computer. This information is helpful to route the packet
through network
• In general, Data Networks support all data formats in addition to the
basic needs
3. Broadcast Television Networks:
• These Networks were designed to support diffusion of Analog TV (and
Radio) programs throughout Wide Geographical Areas
• Classification of Broadcast Television Networks
• Cable Television Networks (Fig (a)) – Large Town / City - PSTN
• Satellite / Terrestrial Broadcast Networks (Fig (b)) - Use of STB
technology, which uses both PSTN and Internet
(Fig (a)) (Fig (b))

4. Integrated Services Digital Networks:
• Deployed during 1980s, originally designed to provide PSTN users with more
services
• Two major changes found in ISDN are
• First, in Telephone Networks, Analog Access Circuits converted all to
Digital form
• Second, Introduction of Two Separate channels over the above mentioned
circuits (Two Different Calls or a Telephone Call and a Data Call)
• In an ISDN, Access Circuit is referred to as a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

• The subscriber telephones can be either a Digital Phone or a Conventional Analog
Phone
• Digital Phone – Contain all ADC (electronics) circuit in the phone handset
• Analog Phone - All electronics is present in the Network Termination
Equipment
• Basic DSL of the ISDN is known as Bit Rate Access,
• Which supports two 64 kbps channels. These channels can be used independently
or can be combined as a single 128 kbps channel.
• Two circuits are physically made available for independent operation
• Synchronization between two 64 kbps channels is done with an additional
electronics box called as Aggregation Function
• In addition to this, ISDN is provided with the support of Higher Bit Rate channel
of either 1.5 Mbps or 2 Mbps. This channel is referred to as Primary Rate Access
• Advantage of ISDN: This can provide single switched channel of

p X 64 kbps, where p = 1, 2, …30
• Disadvantage of ISDN:
• Costlier compared to other equivalent PSTN networks
MPLS VPN Technology: Multi Protocol Label Switching Virtual Private Networking
http://www.bsnl.in/opencms/bsnl/BSNL/services/enterprises/mplsvpn.html
5. Broadband Multiservice Networks:
• These Networks were designed in the mid 1980s for use as Public
Switch Networks (PSNs) to support wide range of multimedia
applications
• The term Broadband was used to provide bit rates in excess with
maximum bit rate of 2 Mbps (30 X 64 kbps – of an ISDN)
• For this reason – Broadband – ISDN (B-ISDN)
– Narrowband –ISDN (N-ISDN)
• Earlier, B-ISDN was not supported with Video files, since only
digitization was present, but inclusion of Compression Techniques
later on made B-ISDN to support Video files too
• Important Chattels:
• All media types were converted to digital form in source equipment
• Integration of all these bit streams together, dividing them into multiple fixed
sized packets known as Cells (Such type of transmission mode is referred to
as Asynchronous Transfer Mode [ATM], such networks are well known as
ATM Networks or Cell Switching Networks)
(Refer to ATM example in the next slide…..)
• Real time ATM-LANs and ATM-MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks)
• In practice, this type of information bit streaming provides much more
flexible way of both transmitting and switching, for a given application

Example of an ATM Broadband Multiservice Networks

Multimedia Applications
• Classification of Multimedia Applications
1. Interpersonal Communications
2. Interactive Applications over Internet
3. Entertainment Applications
Multimedia Applications Contd…
 Involves Speech, Image, Text or Video (Any Multimedia Data)
 In some cases – Single Media
 In some other cases – Two or more media types integrated
(A) If Speech Only:
 Traditionally, Speech – Telephony – Telephones
 Connected through Public or Private Switched Telephone
Networks – PSTN / ISDN / Cellular Phone Network / PBX as
shown in the next slide
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

(Digital European Cordless Telecommunications)
1. Interpersonal Communications Contd…
 Multimedia PC equipped through Microphone – Telephone calls
through PC is made possible, requires telephone interface card,
associated software and Computer Telephone Interface (CTI)
 Advantages of CTI:
 Own directory creation of telephone numbers and selection of
number to make a call
 Provides larger bandwidth, integration of telephone with all types
of networked services provided by PC
 Support is also provided by many public and private networks
 Examples: (1) Voice Mail
(2) Teleconferencing
 Examples: (1) Voice Mail
 Used when Called Party is Unavailable
 A Spoken Message is then be left in Voice Mail Box
 Voice Mail Box is located in a central repository known as Voice
Mail Server (major producers - CISCO Technologies)
 Voice Mail is made available after to the Called Party after
connecting to Voice Mail Server
 Examples: (2) Teleconferencing
 Telephony over Internet
1. Interpersonal Communications Contd….
(B) Image :
 An alternative form of Interpersonal Communication
 Example: Facsimile in short FAX – Exchange of Electronic
Images of Documents
 Fax: Involves use of Pair of a Fax machines, one at each
network termination point
 Operation: Telephone Principle is useful in transmitting /
receiving a document
 Both Fax machines (Source & Destination) have an integral MODEM within
them, and each page is scanned, its digitized image is simultaneously transmitted
over a network, received in a printed form at the receiver
 After the last page is received and printed, the connection through the network is
cleared by the calling machine in the normal way
 PC Fax is also possible through Enterprise Network, in which LAN card and
associated software is used
 Additional Info:
 JBIG is a Lossless Image Compression Standard from the Joint Bit Level
Image Experts Group, standardized as ISO/IEC standard 11544 and as ITU-T
recommendation T.82
 Modified Huffman (MH) – codebook - based run-length encoding scheme -
optimized to efficiently compress whitespace
(C) Text:
 Example: Electronic Mail
 User Terminal: PC or Workstation using media called Internet
 In case of Home, access of Internet is through ISP network
 Business users access internet either through an Enterprise Network or a
Site / Campus Network
 Associated with one or more server computers, each is known as an
Email Server
 Collectively, these contain a Mailbox for each user connected to that
network
 A user can both create and deposit mail into his or her mailbox and read
mail from it
 Both email servers and the Internetwork Gateway operate using Standard
Internet Communication Protocols
 Message Format Details:
 To - Primary Address, CC – Carbon Copy, Bcc – Blind Carbon Copy
 Email contain Unformatted Text Data (ASCII)
(D) Text and Images:
 Example: Integration of Text and Image – Computer Supported
Cooperative Working (CSCW)
 Usage: By distributed group of people, each in his or her place of work
– all are working on same project
 The user terminal: PC or Workstation and a window on each person’s
display, referred as Shared Workspace
 Shared workspace is also known as Shared Whiteboard, and normally,
the display comprises Text and Images integrated together
 Software associated with CSCW comprises a central program is known
as Whiteboard Program – and a linked set of support programs, one
each PC / Workstation
 Other components: (1) Change Notification:
(2) Update Control
(Used whenever Content Updating is done by member of a group and
updating of whiteboard takes place in each other PCs / Workstations)
(E) Speech and Video:
(a) Two Party Video Telephone Call
Example: Video Telephony
 In Home and Office – Dedicated Videophone Service
 Essentials of Videophone
 Video Camera, Microphone, Speaker
 With a dedicated terminal, a separate Screen is used for display
whilst (at the same time) with a multimedia PC / Workstation
 Support of a Two Way Communication Channel with sufficient
bandwidth
 Video-Speech Integration needs more bandwidth than that of speech only
(E) Speech and Video contd
(b) Videoconferencing using Multipoint Control Unit
 As the concept of Teleconferencing, presence of Desktop / Video
Conferencing
 Useful in large corporations involving multiple geographically distributed
sites, which minimizes travel between various locations
 Use of Enterprise-Wide Network for communication, made available with
Multipoint Control Unit or Videoconferencing Server
(E) Speech and Video contd…
(c) Videoconferencing using Broadcast Network
 Some networks support LAN and Internet, what is termed as Multicasting
 Multicasting – All transmissions from any of the PCs / Workstations
belonging to pre - defined Multicast group are received by all other
members of the group
 In Multicasting, conferencing session can be done with no MCU
 Works fine for limited number of participants, otherwise it puts high
load onto network
(D) Remote Lecture
 Person at one location (Transmitter side) is communicating with a group of
people at another location
 Integrated Speech-Video and along with Images, transparencies and other
documents could be part of data transmission
 Receiver side (Remote Centre) can only send queries through Speech only or
Speech-Video
 If the lecture is replayed to multiple locations, either a separate
communications channels is required to each remote site or an MCU is used at
the lectures site
 Network type could be ISDN, which supports 64 kbps channels or broadband
multiservice network, since relatively high bandwidth is involved
(E) Multiparty (Group) Videoconference
 Group of people located at either side
 First practical application of Videoconferencing
 The rooms equipped with such application is termed as Videoconferencing
Studios, contain necessary audio-video equipments
 Studio’s ingredients: One or more Cameras, Large Screen Display, Audio
equipments
 Interconnection of studio equipments is usually termed as
Videoconferencing System
(F) Structure of Electronic Multimedia Mail
(A) World Wide Web (www):
 This contains a linked set of multimedia information servers that are
geographically distributed around the internet
 The content of servers is equal to a vast library of documents
 The general principle / structure is as shown below
(A) World Wide Web (www) Contd…
 Each document contains a linked set of pages and the linkages between
the pages are known as Hyperlinks
 There are pointers – also known as references either to other pages of
same document or within the total web
 Jumping to other pages option is also available, which is done at
reader’s convenience and also returning back to the original page
 The optional linkage points within documents are defined by the
creator of the document and are known as Anchors
 Hypertext comprises only document, and with multimedia data
Hypermedia is created
 There is no central authority for the introduction of new documents

into the Web
 Anyone can create a new document at a particular site – providing the
server has been allocated an internet address – and make hyperlink
reference from it to any other document on the Web
 Each document has a unique address known as Uniform Resource
Locator (URL), which identifies the following
 The location of the server on the internet where the first page of
the document is stored
 The file reference on that server
 The first page of the document is known as Home Page
 A standard format is used for writing documents. This is referred to as

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
 It is also useful in writing client software to explore the total contents
of the Web
 The client function is called as Browser
 Functions of Browser
 Exploring Web, Creating own directory, History Creation, Video
Download option, Playing mp3, .flvs, etc…
Additional Info….
Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language, Cascading Style Sheets

Business Promotion Technologies
W3C- World Wide Web Consortium
[Interactions with Video Server]
 Networking Schematic
(A) Video on Demand (VOD) or Movie on

Demand (MOD)
[Interactions with Video Server]
Classification of Entertainment Applications:
(A) Video on Demand (VOD) or Movie on Demand (MOD)
(B) Interactive Television
(A) VOD or MOD:
 Requires Higher Quality / Resolution, since wide-screen TVs and
Stereophonic sound are often used
 Minimum channel bandwidth required would be 1.5 Mbps, in turn uses
PSTN or high bit rate MODEM
 Movies / Videos are available in the form of Digital Data
 Conventional TVs are connected with Set-Top-Box (STB), which also
contains high bit rate MODEM
 By means of suitable menu, the subscriber is able to browse through the
set of movies / videos available and initiate the showing of a selected
movie
 This is usually referred to as VOD and MOD
 Control is achieved as it was found in VCR
3. Entertainment Applications Contd…
(A) VOD or MOD Contd…:
 Salient Feature of MOD:
 Subscriber can initiate movie show from a large library of movies at
any point of time
 Server should be capable of playing out simultaneously a large
number of video streams equal to the number of subscribers
currently watching a movie
 Technically challenging and very costly affair
3. Entertainment Applications Contd…
(A) Near Movie on Demand (NMOD):
 If multiple subscribers request for the same movie, which are made
during the period up to the next play out time, are satisfied
simultaneously by the server outputting a single video stream. This
mode of operation is known as Near Movie on Demand
 Clearly, however, the viewer is unable to control the play out of the
movie
 Solution is to go for CD-ROMs
 Classification of Interactive TV:
 Cable Distribution Network
 Satellite / Terrestrial Broadcast Network
Cable Distribution Network

 Satellite / Terrestrial Broadcast Network
Satellite / Terrestrial Broadcast Network

Application and Networking Terminology
1. Media Types:
Application and Networking Terminology
2. Communication Modes:
 Classification of Communication Modes
 Unicast
 Broadcast
 Multicast
Some History and Innovations in
Multimedia Communications
A phenakistoscope (The phenakistoscope (also spelled
phenakistiscope) was an early animation device that used the
persistence of motion principle) disc by Eadweard Muybridge
(1893)
The phenakistoscope – a couple waltzing
Did u know????
Praxinoscope, The first projection (1877)

An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by
rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th century photos
Excerpt (Extracted) from the 1919 Feline Follies with Felix the Cat
2D animation
Clay animation
A laser show is a live multimedia performance.
Multimedia (multi-image) setup for the 1988 Ford New Car Announcement
Show, August 1987, Detroit, MI
Virtual reality uses multimedia content. Applications and
delivery platforms of multimedia are virtually limitless.
Application and Networking Terminology Contd..
• Network Types:
1. Circuit Switching
– Time Dependent – Synchronous Mode
– Interconnection of Subscriber Terminals / Computers
with Switching Offices / Exchanges
– Each Subscriber / Computer has a unique network-wide
number / address associated with it
– Call connection is as similar as normal telephone operation

Network Types Contd…
2. Packet Switching – Time Varying – Asynchronous Mode
a. Connection Oriented (CO)
b. Connectionless (CL)
Connection Oriented (CO)

Connectionless (CL)
Multipoint Conferencing
Classification:
a. Centralized
b. Decentralized
c. Hybrid
a. Centralized
b. Decentralized
c. Hybrid
Network QoS (Quality of Service)
 What is Network QoS?
- Operational Parameters associated with Communication
Channel
- Collectively determine suitability of the channel in relation to
its use for a particular application
- In practice, the QoS parameters associated with a circuit
switched network are different from those associated with a
packet switched networks
Network QoS (Quality of Service) Contd…
Quandary = Dilemma
 QoS for Circuit Switched Networks

1. The Bit Rate – The probability of a bit being corrupted during
transmission across the channel in a defined time interval. Hence,
for a constant bit rate channel, the bit rate is the probability of bit
being corrupted in a defined number of bits
2. The Mean Bit Error Rate (BER) – A Mean BER of 10-3 therefore,
means that, on an average, for every 1000 bits that are transmitted,
1 of these bits will be corrupted
PB = 1 – (1 – P)N (if Random Errors)
P is Probability of Block, P is Probability of BER, N is Block Size
B
Which is approximated to N X P if N X P is less than 1

- In practice, most networks (CSN & PSN) provide an Unreliable Service
which is also known as Best Try or Best Effort Service
- This means that blocks containing bit errors will be discarded either
within the network or in network interface at the destination.
- Block is erroneous, should be discarded and if so, use Go Back N
protocol, such service offered then can be termed as Reliable Service
- For ease in error identification, one can go for smaller block size data, but
the consequence is it increases Overhead in terms of Loss of
Transmission Bandwidth
3. The Transmission Delay
– Depends on Bit Rate and delay occurring in terminal /
computer, known as CODEC Delay
– Measured with the help of Physical separation between two
communicating devices and Velocity of Propagation of a
signal across transmission media
– Propagation Delay in each case is independent of the rate of
communication channel, and assuming the CODEC delay is
constant (1 kbps, 1 Mbps, 1 Gbps)

 QoS for Packet Switched Networks
1. The Maximum Packet Size – Bit Rate is dependent on interconnecting
links because of variable store and forward delay present in PSE / Router
2. The Mean Packet Transfer Rate (MPTR) – Average number of packets that
are transferred across the network per second and depends on packet size
3. The Mean Packet Error Rate – PER is the probability of a received packets
containing one or more bit errors. Depends on maximum packet size and
4. Worst case BER of links – Interconnection / Terminal Links BER
5. The Mean Packet Transfer Delay
6. The Worst Case Jitter: Jitter is the undesired deviation from true
periodicity of an assumed periodic signal in electronics-communications,
often in relation to a reference clock source.
7. The Transmission Delay
Application QoS (Quality of Service)
 What is Application QoS?
- The Application has QoS Parameters associated with it. Where as
Network QoS parameters define what the particular network being
used
Example: Image Applications: Minimum Image Resolution, Size
Video Applications: Digitization Formats, Refresh Rate
-The application QoS parameters may also be related to Network as
1. Bit Rate or Mean Packet Rate
2. The Maximum Start-up Delay
3. The Maximum End-to-End Delay
4. The Maximum Delay Variation / Jitter
5. The Maximum Round-Trip Delay
Timing Schematic of Constant Bit Rate Streaming
over a Packet Switched Network
Buffering in Constant Bit Rate Streaming
over a Packet Switched Network
Transmission Delay = Packetization Delay + Start-up Delay + Mean Packet Transmission Delay
More info on AppQoS….
More info on AppQoS….
List of Projects for 20 Marks
• Image Compression JPEG Standard (DCT)
• DCT based Image Compression using following coding
– Run Length Coding
– Area Coding
– Arithmetic Coding
– Golomb Coding
– Huffman Coding
– LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) Coding
– Symbol based coding
– Bit Plane Coding
– Block Transform Coding
• JPEG codec - Encoding
– Color space transformation
– Block splitting
– Quantization
– Entropy coding
• JPEG Stereoscopic
• JPEG Multi-Picture Format
• DWT based Image Compression
– Up Sampling
– Down Sampling
• Linear Transformation based Image Compression
– Experimental Results
• MSE, PSNR, Artifacts, Filtering, Histogram (probability distribution function), etc…

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Assistant Professor, Dept.

• Four Prime Multimedia Types

• Formatted Text – Strings with structuring, access and

4. Video: Short Sequence of Moving Image (Video Clips, Movies,

Classification of Communication – A Broad Spectrum

2. Person to System Communication – Personnel Computer or Workstations

3. System to System Communication

– Signals vary with respect to time (Amplitude of Speech,

– Typically, applications involving Audio-Video run hours

• Preference of Representation for Multimedia Data

– Single type of media

• Particular basic form of representation is often useful

– Either Text and Images or Audio and Video

• Corresponding basic form is preferred, since two media types in these

applications have same form of representation

– If different media types are integrated together in some way,

Video Signals) except Text and Image

• Bit Rate – Bits per Second (bps)

• Speech Signal – Typical bit-rate is 64 kbps, since Audio can be of long

• Video Signal – Much Higher bit-rates and longer time durations

• To overcome channel constraints in communication networks such as

bit-rates and bandwidth, Compression is applied first to the digitized signals

• Compression is also applied to Text and Images to reduce time delay

• Classification of Communication Networks used to provide Multimedia

Designed for Single Type of Service

3. Broadcast Television Networks

4. Integrated Services Digital Networks

 Recently, Cellular Phone Networks introduced to provide similar

(For overview, Refer to figure next slide)

(Fig (a)) (Fig (b))

4. Integrated Services Digital Networks:

• Two major changes found in ISDN are

• First, in Telephone Networks, Analog Access Circuits converted all to

• Second, Introduction of Two Separate channels over the above mentioned

circuits (Two Different Calls or a Telephone Call and a Data Call)

• In an ISDN, Access Circuit is referred to as a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

• Advantage of ISDN: This can provide single switched channel of

• All media types were converted to digital form in source equipment

sized packets known as Cells (Such type of transmission mode is referred to

as Asynchronous Transfer Mode [ATM], such networks are well known as

ATM Networks or Cell Switching Networks)

(Refer to ATM example in the next slide…..)

• Real time ATM-LANs and ATM-MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks)

• In practice, this type of information bit streaming provides much more

flexible way of both transmitting and switching, for a given application

Example of an ATM Broadband Multiservice Networks

2. Interactive Applications over Internet

Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

2. Interactive Applications over Internet

 There is no central authority for the introduction of new documents

 A standard format is used for writing documents. This is referred to as

Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language, Cascading Style Sheets

(A) Video on Demand (VOD) or Movie on

2. Interactive Applications over Internet

Cable Distribution Network

Satellite / Terrestrial Broadcast Network

Praxinoscope, The first projection (1877)

– Time Dependent – Synchronous Mode

– Interconnection of Subscriber Terminals / Computers

with Switching Offices / Exchanges

– Each Subscriber / Computer has a unique network-wide

number / address associated with it