Ch1

1.1
Criteria for selection of line coding
• A Spectrum that is suitable for the channel: For example, if the channel is AC
coupled, the power spectral density (psd) of the signal should be negligible
near zero frequency.
• Transmission Bandwidth: It is preferable to be as narrow as possible to
conserve spectrum.
• Self-Clocking: Some systems won’t transmit the clock signal separately and
require the clock to be recovered from the signal itself. Thus there should be
enough timing information built into the coded signal.
• Error Detection: It is preferable to have error detection feature without
introducing redundant bits.
• Low Probability of Bit Error: Receiver can be designed that will recover the
data with a low probability of bit error when the signal is corrupted by noise
or intersymbol-interference (ISI).
∞
1
𝑃(𝜔) = ∑ 𝑅𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑗𝑟𝜔𝑇)
𝑇
𝑟=−∞

𝑆(𝜔) = |𝐻(𝜔)|2 𝑃(𝜔)

𝐴2 𝐴2
𝑅0 = 𝑅 =− = 𝑅−1
2 1 4
1
𝑃(𝜔) = [𝑅 𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝑗𝜔𝑇) + 𝑅0 𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝑗0) + 𝑅1 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑗𝜔𝑇)]
𝑇 −1
𝐴2 −1 1 −1
𝑃(𝜔) = [ 𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝑗𝜔𝑇) + + 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑗𝜔𝑇)]
𝑇 4 2 4
𝐴2 1 1 𝐴2 𝜔𝑇
𝑃(𝜔) = [ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑇)] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( )
𝑇 2 2 𝑇 2
𝜔𝑇
𝐻(𝜔) = 𝑇 𝑆𝑎 ( )
2
1.2
1 1 𝑧 − 𝑎1 2
𝑃(𝑧|𝑠1 ) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− ( ) ]
𝜎0 √2𝜋 2 𝜎0
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃(𝑒|𝑠1 )𝑃(𝑠1 ) + 𝑃(𝑒|𝑠2 )𝑃(𝑠2 )
Multilevel signaling:
Advantages: reduce the bandwidth
Disadvantage:1. Degrade the error performance 2. complex hardware design
1.3

Matched filter output

• A matched filter is a linear filter designed to provide maximum SNR at its
output. That is z(T) for a given transmitted symbol waveform.
Correlator Realization of the Matched Filter
𝑡

𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡) ⊗ ℎ(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑟(𝜏)ℎ(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏

0

Correlator output

Bipolar NRZ Signal

𝑑 = (𝑎1 −𝑎2 )⁄2 = 2𝐴2 𝑇
(𝐴)2 𝑇 (−𝐴)2 𝑇
𝐸𝑏 = [ + ] = 𝐴2 𝑇
2 2
4𝑁0 𝐴2 𝑇
𝜎02
= = 2𝑁0 𝐴2 𝑇
2
1 1
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑄(𝑑 ⁄𝜎0 ) + 𝑄(𝑑 ⁄𝜎0 ) = 𝑄(𝑑 ⁄𝜎0 )
2 2

2𝐴2 𝑇 2𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑄 (√ ) = 𝑄 (√ )
𝑁0 𝑁0
Unipolar NRZ Signal
𝑎1 −𝑎2 𝐴2 𝑇 − 0
𝑑= =
2 2
𝑇
2
𝑁0 2
𝑁0 𝐴2 𝑇
𝜎0 = ∫ 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 =
2 0 2
𝐴2 𝑇
𝐸𝑏 =
2
1 1
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑄(𝑑 ⁄𝜎0 ) + 𝑄(𝑑 ⁄𝜎0 ) = 𝑄(𝑑 ⁄𝜎0 )
2 2

𝐴2 𝑇 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑄 (√ ) = 𝑄 (√ )
2𝑁0 𝑁0

1.4
inter-symbol interference (ISI)
In a bandlimited environment, the pulse will spread in time, and the pulse for each
symbol may be smeared into adjacent time slot
Raised Cosine Filter
One frequently used system transfer function, called raised cosine filter, achieves
zero ISI with small excess bandwidth and can be practically realized.

Extra:
𝑓𝛥 𝐵−𝑓0
excess bandwidth, 𝛼= = ,
𝑓0 𝑓0
Nyquist minimum bandwidth with zero ISI for a 8-level 10Mb/s system is
10Mb/2/3=1.67MHz
6dB bandwidth: 6dB bandwidth is the minimum Nyquist bandwidth = 45/2=22.5MHz
 𝐸𝑆
𝐸𝑏 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀
M-PSK

1 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑑 = 𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐸 (2 ∙ ) = 𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑀)
𝑀

𝑑 2 𝜋 2𝐸𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀 𝜋
𝑃𝑆𝑖 = 2𝑄 [ ] = 2𝑄 [𝐸√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] = 2𝑄 [√ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
𝜎0 𝑁0 𝑀 𝑁0 𝑀

2
𝑀
1 2 𝑇
𝐸𝑆 = ∑ (√ 𝐸) = 𝐸2
𝑀 𝑇 2
𝑖=1

M-QAM

2(𝑀 − 1) 𝐸2
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑄 [√ ]
𝑀 2𝑁0

2(√𝑀 − 1) (2𝐸)2 2(√𝑀 − 1) 2𝐸 2

𝑃𝑆𝐼 = 𝑃𝑆𝑄 = 𝑄 [√ ]= 𝑄 [√ ]
√𝑀 2𝑁0 √𝑀 𝑁0

4(√𝑀 − 1) 2𝐸 2
𝑃𝑆 ≅ 2𝑃𝑆𝐼 = 𝑄 [√ ]
√𝑀 𝑁0
 2 2
2 𝑇 2 𝑇
(√𝑇 𝐸) 2 √𝑀⁄2 (√𝑇 𝐸) 2 √𝑀⁄2

𝐸𝑆 = ∑ (2𝑖 − 1)2 + ∑ (2𝑖 − 1)2

√𝑀 √𝑀
𝑖=−√𝑀⁄2+1 𝑖=−√𝑀 ⁄2+1

2(𝑀 − 1)𝐸 2
=
3

1 3𝐸𝑆 1 3𝐸𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑀

𝑃𝑆 ≅ 4 (1 − ) 𝑄 [√ ] = 4 (1 − ) 𝑄 [√ ]
√𝑀 (𝑀 − 1)𝑁0 √𝑀 (𝑀 − 1)𝑁0

𝑀 𝑀!
( )= = 𝑀𝐶𝑗
𝑗 (𝑀 − 𝑗)! 𝑗!