Chapter 8 W Kuntjoro

Heat Transfer Analysis

Heat Conduction with Convection
qh

T h, T

Q
qx qx+dx

qh
dx

Heat transfer control volume

Conservation of Energy Principle

Ein + Egen = U + Eout

Chapter 8 W Kuntjoro

Heat Transfer Analysis

Heat Conduction with Convection
In heat transfer terminology
qx A dt  QA dx dt  U  qx  dx A dt  qh P dx dt

qx  heat conducted into the control volume (heat flux) [kW/m2]

Q  internal heat source [kW/m3]

qx  -Kxx dT/dx
Kxx  thermal conductivity [kW/m/0C]
dT/dx  temperature gradient

 dT d  dT  
qx dx   K xx   K xx dx
 dx dx  dx  
Chapter 8 W Kuntjoro

Heat Transfer Analysis

Heat Conduction with Convection
U  (specific heat, c) X (mass) X (change in temperature)

U  c  A dx dT 

c  specific heat [kW.hr / (kg . 0C)]

Convective heat transfer, qh,

qh = h (T - T)

h  convective coefficient [kW / (m2 . 0C)]

T  temperature of solid surface exposed to the fluid
T  fluid temperature
P  perimeter of solid
Chapter 8 W Kuntjoro

Heat Transfer Analysis

Heat Conduction with Convection
The equation for one-dimensional heat conduction with convection,

  T  T hP
 K xx Q   c  T  T 
x  x  t A

In a steady state situation,

  T 
 K xx Q
hP
T  T   0
x  x  A
Chapter 8 W Kuntjoro

Heat Transfer Analysis

Element Equation in Heat Transfer
Functional used in heat transfer

 h  U  Q  q  h

1   T  2  T  
2

U    K xx    K yy    dV
2 V   x   y  

 Q    QT dV
V

 q    q T dS
S2

1
 
2 
h  
2
h T T dS
S3
Chapter 8 W Kuntjoro

Heat Transfer Analysis

Element Equation in Heat Transfer
One Dimensional Finite Element Formulation
t1 t2
x

1 L 2

The temperature function can be written as follow,

T = N1 t1 + N2 t2

with the shape function matrix,

N   1  x x 
 L L

The temperature gradient is,

g    dT   B t
 dx 
Chapter 8 W Kuntjoro

Heat Transfer Analysis

One Dimensional Finite Element Formulation
The differentiation of the shape function is,

B   dN1 dN 2    1 L 1 L
 dx dx 

The heat conducted is,
q x  D g 
with [D] = Kxx

Stifness terms
(i) stiffness in conduction:
L
AK xx L  1  1
k c    B DB dV   B DB A dx  2  
T T
 dx
V 0 L 0  1 1 
AK xx  1  1
k c  
L  1 1 
Chapter 8 W Kuntjoro

Heat Transfer Analysis

One Dimensional Finite Element Formulation
(ii) stiffness in convection:
L 1  x  x x
k h    h N  N  dS  hP  x L1 
T
 dx
 L 
S 0
L L

k h   hPL  
2 1
6 1 2 
h
T

1 2
Convection from the free end of element.

The stiffness expression for the free end convection is,

k h END   h N T N  dS   h  0 1 dS  hA 
0 0 0
S 1 0 1 
Chapter 8 W Kuntjoro

Heat Transfer Analysis

One Dimensional Finite Element Formulation
The components of the force matrix {f} can be derived as follows:

f    N  Q dV  QAL 11

Q
T

V
2 
q * PL 1
f    N 
q
T
q * dS  
S2
2 1

 f h    N T hT dS  hT PL  
1
S3
2 1

For the special case of the convection force from the free end,
 N x  L  0
 f h END  hT A  1   hT  
A
 2
N  x  L  1